Snap for 11048893 from 213e38c06e7f68c1f1587585c7501d44dbaeb7c6 to androidx-lifecycle-release

Change-Id: I7c93129ee02debe454bd885f003c84a0593718e2

705 files changed, 42324 insertions, 12799 deletions

diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/00-bug_report.md b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/00-bug_report.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 1edf3de0..00000000
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/00-bug_report.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
----
-name: Bug report
-about: Create a report to help us improve
-title: ''
-labels: 'bug'
-assignees: ''
----
-
-**Describe the bug**
-
-Include a clear and concise description of what the problem is, including what
-you expected to happen, and what actually happened.
-
-**Steps to reproduce the bug**
-
-It's important that we are able to reproduce the problem that you are
-experiencing. Please provide all code and relevant steps to reproduce the
-problem, including your `BUILD`/`CMakeLists.txt` file and build commands. Links
-to a GitHub branch or [godbolt.org](https://godbolt.org/) that demonstrate the
-problem are also helpful.
-
-**What version of Abseil are you using?**
-
-**What operating system and version are you using**
-
-If you are using a Linux distribution please include the name and version of the
-distribution as well.
-
-**What compiler and version are you using?**
-
-Please include the output of `gcc -v` or `clang -v`, or the equivalent for your
-compiler.
-
-**What build system are you using?**
-
-Please include the output of `bazel --version` or `cmake --version`, or the
-equivalent for your build system.
-
-**Additional context**
-
-Add any other context about the problem here.
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/00-bug_report.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/00-bug_report.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..32cebe15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/00-bug_report.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+name: Bug Report
+description: Let us know that something does not work as expected.
+title: "[Bug]: Please title this bug report"
+body:
+  - type: textarea
+    id: what-happened
+    attributes:
+      label: Describe the issue
+      description: What happened, and what did you expect to happen?
+    validations:
+      required: true
+  - type: textarea
+    id: steps
+    attributes:
+      label: Steps to reproduce the problem
+      description: It is important that we are able to reproduce the problem that you are experiencing. Please provide all code and relevant steps to reproduce the problem, including your `BUILD`/`CMakeLists.txt` file and build commands. Links to a GitHub branch or [godbolt.org](https://godbolt.org/) that demonstrate the problem are also helpful.
+    validations:
+      required: true
+  - type: textarea
+    id: version
+    attributes:
+      label: What version of Abseil are you using?
+      description: Please include the output of `git rev-parse HEAD` or the name of the LTS release that you are using.
+    validations:
+      required: true
+  - type: textarea
+    id: os
+    attributes:
+      label: What operating system and version are you using?
+      description: If you are using a Linux distribution please include the name and version of the distribution as well.
+    validations:
+      required: true
+  - type: textarea
+    id: compiler
+    attributes:
+      label: What compiler and version are you using?
+      description: Please include the output of `gcc -v` or `clang -v`, or the equivalent for your compiler.
+    validations:
+      required: true
+  - type: textarea
+    id: buildsystem
+    attributes:
+      label: What build system are you using?
+      description: Please include the output of `bazel --version` or `cmake --version`, or the equivalent for your build system.
+    validations:
+      required: true
+  - type: textarea
+    id: additional
+    attributes:
+      label: Additional context
+      description: Add any other context about the problem here.
+    validations:
+      required: false
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/90-question.md b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/90-question.md
deleted file mode 100644
index 84cf3491..00000000
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/90-question.md
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
----
-name: Question
-about: Have a question? Ask us anything! :-)
-title: ''
-labels: 'question'
-assignees: ''
----
diff --git a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml
index 0086358d..c690fd9a 100644
--- a/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml
+++ b/.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml
@@ -1 +1,5 @@
-blank_issues_enabled: true
+blank_issues_enabled: false
+contact_links:
+    - name: Question
+      url: https://github.com/abseil/abseil-cpp/discussions
+      about: Have a question? Ask us anything! :-)
diff --git a/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md b/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ff55e352
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+Thank you for your contribution to Abseil!
+
+Before submitting this PR, please be sure to read our [contributing
+guidelines](https://github.com/abseil/abseil-cpp/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
+
+If you are a Googler, please also note that it is required that you send us a
+Piper CL instead of using the GitHub pull-request process. The code propagation
+process will deliver the change to GitHub.
diff --git a/Android.bp b/Android.bp
index 13dedf13..de126595 100644
--- a/Android.bp
+++ b/Android.bp
@@ -9,235 +9,54 @@ license {
     license_text: ["LICENSE"],
 }
 
-cc_library_headers {
-    name: "libabsl_headers",
-    device_supported: false,
+// Monolithic module for use on device. Currently restricted to 3P libraries
+// which require it as a dependency. See go/absl-android for more information.
+cc_library_static {
+    name: "libabsl",
     host_supported: true,
-    export_include_dirs: ["."],
-}
-
-cc_defaults {
-    name: "libabsl_library_defaults",
-    header_libs: ["libabsl_headers"],
-    export_header_lib_headers: ["libabsl_headers"],
-    whole_static_libs: ["libabsl_base"],
-}
-
-cc_library_host_static {
-    name: "libabsl_base",
-    defaults: ["libabsl_library_defaults"],
+    vendor_available: true,
     srcs: [
-        "absl/base/internal/cycleclock.cc",
-        "absl/base/internal/low_level_alloc.cc",
-        "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.cc",
-        "absl/base/internal/scoped_set_env.cc",
-        "absl/base/internal/spinlock.cc",
-        "absl/base/internal/spinlock_wait.cc",
-        "absl/base/internal/strerror.cc",
-        "absl/base/internal/sysinfo.cc",
-        "absl/base/internal/thread_identity.cc",
-        "absl/base/internal/throw_delegate.cc",
-        "absl/base/internal/unscaledcycleclock.cc",
-        "absl/base/log_severity.cc",
+        "absl/**/*.cc",
     ],
-    exclude_static_libs: ["libabsl_base"], // don't depend on itself
-}
-
-cc_library_host_static {
-    name: "libabsl_container",
-    defaults: ["libabsl_library_defaults"],
-    srcs: [
-        "absl/container/internal/test_instance_tracker.cc",
-        "absl/container/internal/hashtablez_sampler.cc",
-        "absl/container/internal/hashtablez_sampler_force_weak_definition.cc",
-        "absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set.cc",
-    ],
-}
-
-cc_library_host_static {
-    name: "libabsl_debugging",
-    defaults: ["libabsl_library_defaults"],
-    srcs: [
-        "absl/debugging/failure_signal_handler.cc",
-        "absl/debugging/internal/address_is_readable.cc",
-        "absl/debugging/internal/demangle.cc",
-        "absl/debugging/internal/elf_mem_image.cc",
-        "absl/debugging/internal/examine_stack.cc",
-        "absl/debugging/internal/stack_consumption.cc",
-        "absl/debugging/internal/vdso_support.cc",
-        "absl/debugging/leak_check.cc",
-        "absl/debugging/stacktrace.cc",
-        "absl/debugging/symbolize.cc",
-    ],
-}
-
-cc_library_host_static {
-    name: "libabsl_flags",
-    defaults: ["libabsl_library_defaults"],
-    srcs: [
-        "absl/flags/commandlineflag.cc",
-        "absl/flags/flag_test_defs.cc",
-        "absl/flags/flag.cc",
-        "absl/flags/internal/commandlineflag.cc",
-        "absl/flags/internal/flag.cc",
-        "absl/flags/internal/private_handle_accessor.cc",
-        "absl/flags/internal/program_name.cc",
-        "absl/flags/internal/usage.cc",
-        "absl/flags/marshalling.cc",
-        "absl/flags/parse.cc",
-        "absl/flags/reflection.cc",
-        "absl/flags/usage_config.cc",
-        "absl/flags/usage.cc",
-    ],
-}
-
-cc_library_host_static {
-    name: "libabsl_hash",
-    defaults: ["libabsl_library_defaults"],
-    srcs: [
-        "absl/hash/internal/city.cc",
-        "absl/hash/internal/hash.cc",
-        "absl/hash/internal/low_level_hash.cc",
+    exclude_srcs: [
+        "absl/**/*benchmark.cc",
+        "absl/**/*benchmarks.cc",
+        "absl/**/*_test.cc",
+        "absl/**/*_testing.cc",
+        "absl/base/spinlock_test_common.cc",
         "absl/hash/internal/print_hash_of.cc",
-    ],
-}
-
-cc_library_host_static {
-    name: "libabsl_numeric",
-    defaults: ["libabsl_library_defaults"],
-    srcs: ["absl/numeric/int128.cc"],
-}
-
-cc_library_host_static {
-    name: "libabsl_profiling",
-    defaults: ["libabsl_library_defaults"],
-    srcs: [
-        "absl/profiling/internal/exponential_biased.cc",
-        "absl/profiling/internal/periodic_sampler.cc",
-    ],
-}
-
-cc_library_host_static {
-    name: "libabsl_random",
-    defaults: ["libabsl_library_defaults"],
-    srcs: [
-        "absl/random/discrete_distribution.cc",
-        "absl/random/gaussian_distribution.cc",
-        "absl/random/internal/chi_square.cc",
-        "absl/random/internal/distribution_test_util.cc",
+        "absl/log/internal/test_helpers.cc",
+        "absl/log/internal/test_matchers.cc",
+        "absl/log/scoped_mock_log.cc",
         "absl/random/internal/gaussian_distribution_gentables.cc",
-        "absl/random/internal/nanobenchmark.cc",
-        "absl/random/internal/pool_urbg.cc",
-        "absl/random/internal/randen_benchmarks.cc",
-        "absl/random/internal/randen.cc",
-        "absl/random/internal/randen_detect.cc",
-        "absl/random/internal/randen_hwaes.cc",
-        "absl/random/internal/randen_round_keys.cc",
-        "absl/random/internal/randen_slow.cc",
-        "absl/random/internal/seed_material.cc",
-        "absl/random/seed_gen_exception.cc",
-        "absl/random/seed_sequences.cc",
     ],
-    cflags: ["-Wno-unused-parameter"],
-}
-
-cc_library_host_static {
-    name: "libabsl_status",
-    defaults: ["libabsl_library_defaults"],
-    srcs: [
-        "absl/status/status.cc",
-        "absl/status/status_payload_printer.cc",
-        "absl/status/statusor.cc",
+    export_include_dirs: ["."],
+    shared_libs: [
+        "liblog",
     ],
-}
-
-cc_library_host_static {
-    name: "libabsl_strings",
-    defaults: ["libabsl_library_defaults"],
-    srcs: [
-        "absl/strings/ascii.cc",
-        "absl/strings/charconv.cc",
-        "absl/strings/cord_analysis.cc",
-        "absl/strings/cord_buffer.cc",
-        "absl/strings/cord.cc",
-        "absl/strings/escaping.cc",
-        "absl/strings/internal/charconv_bigint.cc",
-        "absl/strings/internal/charconv_parse.cc",
-        "absl/strings/internal/cord_internal.cc",
-        "absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree.cc",
-        "absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree_navigator.cc",
-        "absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree_reader.cc",
-        "absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_consume.cc",
-        "absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_crc.cc",
-        "absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_ring.cc",
-        "absl/strings/internal/cordz_functions.cc",
-        "absl/strings/internal/cordz_handle.cc",
-        "absl/strings/internal/cordz_info.cc",
-        "absl/strings/internal/cordz_sample_token.cc",
-        "absl/strings/internal/escaping.cc",
-        "absl/strings/internal/memutil.cc",
-        "absl/strings/internal/ostringstream.cc",
-        "absl/strings/internal/pow10_helper.cc",
-        "absl/strings/internal/str_format/arg.cc",
-        "absl/strings/internal/str_format/bind.cc",
-        "absl/strings/internal/str_format/extension.cc",
-        "absl/strings/internal/str_format/float_conversion.cc",
-        "absl/strings/internal/str_format/output.cc",
-        "absl/strings/internal/str_format/parser.cc",
-        "absl/strings/internal/utf8.cc",
-        "absl/strings/match.cc",
-        "absl/strings/numbers.cc",
-        "absl/strings/str_cat.cc",
-        "absl/strings/str_replace.cc",
-        "absl/strings/str_split.cc",
-        "absl/strings/string_view.cc",
-        "absl/strings/substitute.cc",
+    stl: "libc++",
+    apex_available: [
+        "//apex_available:platform",
     ],
-}
-
-cc_library_host_static {
-    name: "libabsl_synchronization",
-    defaults: ["libabsl_library_defaults"],
-    srcs: [
-        "absl/synchronization/barrier.cc",
-        "absl/synchronization/blocking_counter.cc",
-        "absl/synchronization/internal/create_thread_identity.cc",
-        "absl/synchronization/internal/per_thread_sem.cc",
-        "absl/synchronization/internal/waiter.cc",
-        "absl/synchronization/internal/graphcycles.cc",
-        "absl/synchronization/mutex.cc",
-        "absl/synchronization/notification.cc",
+    visibility: [
+        "//external/grpc-grpc:__subpackages__",
+        "//external/kythe:__subpackages__",
     ],
 }
 
+// Globally visible host-only library.
 cc_library_host_static {
-    name: "libabsl_time",
-    defaults: ["libabsl_library_defaults"],
-    srcs: [
-        "absl/time/civil_time.cc",
-        "absl/time/clock.cc",
-        "absl/time/duration.cc",
-        "absl/time/format.cc",
-        "absl/time/internal/cctz/src/civil_time_detail.cc",
-        "absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_fixed.cc",
-        "absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_format.cc",
-        "absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_if.cc",
-        "absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_impl.cc",
-        "absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_info.cc",
-        "absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_libc.cc",
-        "absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_lookup.cc",
-        "absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_posix.cc",
-        "absl/time/internal/cctz/src/zone_info_source.cc",
-        "absl/time/time.cc",
-    ],
+    name: "libabsl_host",
+    whole_static_libs: ["libabsl"],
+    export_include_dirs: ["."],
+    stl: "libc++",
 }
 
-cc_library_host_static {
-    name: "libabsl_types",
-    defaults: ["libabsl_library_defaults"],
-    srcs: [
-        "absl/types/bad_any_cast.cc",
-        "absl/types/bad_optional_access.cc",
-        "absl/types/bad_variant_access.cc",
-    ],
+// Targets below are deprecated.
+
+cc_library_headers {
+    name: "libabsl_headers",
+    device_supported: false,
+    host_supported: true,
+    export_include_dirs: ["."],
 }
diff --git a/CMake/AbseilDll.cmake b/CMake/AbseilDll.cmake
index 00cddb84..f0d984ae 100644
--- a/CMake/AbseilDll.cmake
+++ b/CMake/AbseilDll.cmake
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ set(ABSL_INTERNAL_DLL_FILES
   "base/internal/atomic_hook.h"
   "base/internal/cycleclock.cc"
   "base/internal/cycleclock.h"
+  "base/internal/cycleclock_config.h"
   "base/internal/direct_mmap.h"
   "base/internal/dynamic_annotations.h"
   "base/internal/endian.h"
@@ -25,8 +26,10 @@ set(ABSL_INTERNAL_DLL_FILES
   "base/internal/low_level_alloc.cc"
   "base/internal/low_level_alloc.h"
   "base/internal/low_level_scheduling.h"
+  "base/internal/nullability_impl.h"
   "base/internal/per_thread_tls.h"
   "base/internal/prefetch.h"
+  "base/prefetch.h"
   "base/internal/pretty_function.h"
   "base/internal/raw_logging.cc"
   "base/internal/raw_logging.h"
@@ -50,9 +53,11 @@ set(ABSL_INTERNAL_DLL_FILES
   "base/internal/unaligned_access.h"
   "base/internal/unscaledcycleclock.cc"
   "base/internal/unscaledcycleclock.h"
+  "base/internal/unscaledcycleclock_config.h"
   "base/log_severity.cc"
   "base/log_severity.h"
   "base/macros.h"
+  "base/nullability.h"
   "base/optimization.h"
   "base/options.h"
   "base/policy_checks.h"
@@ -69,6 +74,7 @@ set(ABSL_INTERNAL_DLL_FILES
   "container/internal/btree.h"
   "container/internal/btree_container.h"
   "container/internal/common.h"
+  "container/internal/common_policy_traits.h"
   "container/internal/compressed_tuple.h"
   "container/internal/container_memory.h"
   "container/internal/counting_allocator.h"
@@ -88,6 +94,26 @@ set(ABSL_INTERNAL_DLL_FILES
   "container/internal/tracked.h"
   "container/node_hash_map.h"
   "container/node_hash_set.h"
+  "crc/crc32c.cc"
+  "crc/crc32c.h"
+  "crc/internal/cpu_detect.cc"
+  "crc/internal/cpu_detect.h"
+  "crc/internal/crc32c.h"
+  "crc/internal/crc32c_inline.h"
+  "crc/internal/crc32_x86_arm_combined_simd.h"
+  "crc/internal/crc.cc"
+  "crc/internal/crc.h"
+  "crc/internal/crc_cord_state.cc"
+  "crc/internal/crc_cord_state.h"
+  "crc/internal/crc_internal.h"
+  "crc/internal/crc_x86_arm_combined.cc"
+  "crc/internal/crc_memcpy_fallback.cc"
+  "crc/internal/crc_memcpy.h"
+  "crc/internal/crc_memcpy_x86_64.cc"
+  "crc/internal/crc_non_temporal_memcpy.cc"
+  "crc/internal/crc_x86_arm_combined.cc"
+  "crc/internal/non_temporal_arm_intrinsics.h"
+  "crc/internal/non_temporal_memcpy.h"
   "debugging/failure_signal_handler.cc"
   "debugging/failure_signal_handler.h"
   "debugging/leak_check.h"
@@ -123,6 +149,47 @@ set(ABSL_INTERNAL_DLL_FILES
   "hash/internal/spy_hash_state.h"
   "hash/internal/low_level_hash.h"
   "hash/internal/low_level_hash.cc"
+  "log/absl_check.h"
+  "log/absl_log.h"
+  "log/check.h"
+  "log/die_if_null.cc"
+  "log/die_if_null.h"
+  "log/globals.cc"
+  "log/globals.h"
+  "log/internal/append_truncated.h"
+  "log/internal/check_impl.h"
+  "log/internal/check_op.cc"
+  "log/internal/check_op.h"
+  "log/internal/conditions.cc"
+  "log/internal/conditions.h"
+  "log/internal/config.h"
+  "log/internal/globals.cc"
+  "log/internal/globals.h"
+  "log/internal/log_format.cc"
+  "log/internal/log_format.h"
+  "log/internal/log_impl.h"
+  "log/internal/log_message.cc"
+  "log/internal/log_message.h"
+  "log/internal/log_sink_set.cc"
+  "log/internal/log_sink_set.h"
+  "log/internal/nullguard.cc"
+  "log/internal/nullguard.h"
+  "log/internal/nullstream.h"
+  "log/internal/proto.h"
+  "log/internal/proto.cc"
+  "log/internal/strip.h"
+  "log/internal/structured.h"
+  "log/internal/voidify.h"
+  "log/initialize.cc"
+  "log/initialize.h"
+  "log/log.h"
+  "log/log_entry.cc"
+  "log/log_entry.h"
+  "log/log_sink.cc"
+  "log/log_sink.h"
+  "log/log_sink_registry.h"
+  "log/log_streamer.h"
+  "log/structured.h"
   "memory/memory.h"
   "meta/type_traits.h"
   "numeric/bits.h"
@@ -149,7 +216,6 @@ set(ABSL_INTERNAL_DLL_FILES
   "random/internal/fast_uniform_bits.h"
   "random/internal/generate_real.h"
   "random/internal/iostream_state_saver.h"
-  "random/internal/mock_helpers.h"
   "random/internal/nonsecure_base.h"
   "random/internal/pcg_engine.h"
   "random/internal/platform.h"
@@ -235,8 +301,13 @@ set(ABSL_INTERNAL_DLL_FILES
   "strings/internal/cordz_statistics.h"
   "strings/internal/cordz_update_scope.h"
   "strings/internal/cordz_update_tracker.h"
+  "strings/internal/damerau_levenshtein_distance.h"
+  "strings/internal/damerau_levenshtein_distance.cc"
   "strings/internal/stl_type_traits.h"
   "strings/internal/string_constant.h"
+  "strings/internal/stringify_sink.h"
+  "strings/internal/stringify_sink.cc"
+  "strings/internal/has_absl_stringify.h"
   "strings/match.cc"
   "strings/match.h"
   "strings/numbers.cc"
@@ -269,6 +340,7 @@ set(ABSL_INTERNAL_DLL_FILES
   "strings/internal/str_format/bind.cc"
   "strings/internal/str_format/bind.h"
   "strings/internal/str_format/checker.h"
+  "strings/internal/str_format/constexpr_parser.h"
   "strings/internal/str_format/extension.cc"
   "strings/internal/str_format/extension.h"
   "strings/internal/str_format/float_conversion.cc"
@@ -292,14 +364,26 @@ set(ABSL_INTERNAL_DLL_FILES
   "synchronization/internal/create_thread_identity.cc"
   "synchronization/internal/create_thread_identity.h"
   "synchronization/internal/futex.h"
+  "synchronization/internal/futex_waiter.h"
+  "synchronization/internal/futex_waiter.cc"
   "synchronization/internal/graphcycles.cc"
   "synchronization/internal/graphcycles.h"
   "synchronization/internal/kernel_timeout.h"
+  "synchronization/internal/kernel_timeout.cc"
   "synchronization/internal/per_thread_sem.cc"
   "synchronization/internal/per_thread_sem.h"
+  "synchronization/internal/pthread_waiter.h"
+  "synchronization/internal/pthread_waiter.cc"
+  "synchronization/internal/sem_waiter.h"
+  "synchronization/internal/sem_waiter.cc"
+  "synchronization/internal/stdcpp_waiter.h"
+  "synchronization/internal/stdcpp_waiter.cc"
   "synchronization/internal/thread_pool.h"
-  "synchronization/internal/waiter.cc"
   "synchronization/internal/waiter.h"
+  "synchronization/internal/waiter_base.h"
+  "synchronization/internal/waiter_base.cc"
+  "synchronization/internal/win32_waiter.h"
+  "synchronization/internal/win32_waiter.cc"
   "time/civil_time.cc"
   "time/civil_time.h"
   "time/clock.cc"
@@ -348,127 +432,217 @@ set(ABSL_INTERNAL_DLL_FILES
   "types/span.h"
   "types/internal/span.h"
   "types/variant.h"
+  "utility/internal/if_constexpr.h"
   "utility/utility.h"
   "debugging/leak_check.cc"
 )
 
 set(ABSL_INTERNAL_DLL_TARGETS
-  "stacktrace"
-  "symbolize"
-  "examine_stack"
-  "failure_signal_handler"
-  "debugging_internal"
-  "demangle_internal"
-  "leak_check"
-  "stack_consumption"
-  "debugging"
-  "hash"
-  "spy_hash_state"
-  "city"
-  "memory"
-  "strings"
-  "strings_internal"
-  "cord"
-  "str_format"
-  "str_format_internal"
-  "pow10_helper"
-  "int128"
-  "numeric"
-  "utility"
+  "absl_check"
+  "absl_log"
+  "algorithm"
+  "algorithm_container"
   "any"
+  "any_invocable"
+  "atomic_hook"
   "bad_any_cast"
   "bad_any_cast_impl"
-  "span"
-  "optional"
   "bad_optional_access"
   "bad_variant_access"
-  "variant"
-  "compare"
-  "algorithm"
-  "algorithm_container"
-  "graphcycles_internal"
-  "kernel_timeout_internal"
-  "synchronization"
-  "thread_pool"
-  "any_invocable"
+  "base"
+  "base_internal"
   "bind_front"
-  "function_ref"
-  "atomic_hook"
-  "log_severity"
-  "raw_logging_internal"
-  "spinlock_wait"
+  "bits"
+  "btree"
+  "check"
+  "city"
+  "civil_time"
+  "compare"
+  "compressed_tuple"
   "config"
-  "dynamic_annotations"
+  "container"
+  "container_common"
+  "container_memory"
+  "cord"
+  "cord_internal"
+  "cordz_functions"
+  "cordz_handle"
+  "cordz_info"
+  "cordz_sample_token"
   "core_headers"
-  "malloc_internal"
-  "base_internal"
-  "base"
-  "throw_delegate"
-  "pretty_function"
+  "counting_allocator"
+  "crc_cord_state"
+  "crc_cpu_detect"
+  "crc_internal"
+  "crc32c"
+  "debugging"
+  "debugging_internal"
+  "demangle_internal"
+  "die_if_null"
+  "dynamic_annotations"
   "endian"
-  "bits"
+  "examine_stack"
   "exponential_biased"
-  "periodic_sampler"
-  "scoped_set_env"
-  "type_traits"
+  "failure_signal_handler"
+  "fixed_array"
+  "flat_hash_map"
+  "flat_hash_set"
+  "function_ref"
+  "graphcycles_internal"
+  "hash"
+  "hash_function_defaults"
+  "hash_policy_traits"
+  "hashtable_debug"
+  "hashtable_debug_hooks"
+  "hashtablez_sampler"
+  "inlined_vector"
+  "inlined_vector_internal"
+  "int128"
+  "kernel_timeout_internal"
+  "layout"
+  "leak_check"
+  "log_internal_check_impl"
+  "log_internal_check_op"
+  "log_internal_conditions"
+  "log_internal_config"
+  "log_internal_format"
+  "log_internal_globals"
+  "log_internal_log_impl"
+  "log_internal_proto"
+  "log_internal_message"
+  "log_internal_log_sink_set"
+  "log_internal_nullguard"
+  "log_internal_nullstream"
+  "log_internal_strip"
+  "log_internal_voidify"
+  "log_internal_append_truncated"
+  "log_globals"
+  "log_initialize"
+  "log"
+  "log_entry"
+  "log_sink"
+  "log_sink_registry"
+  "log_streamer"
+  "log_internal_structured"
+  "log_severity"
+  "log_structured"
+  "low_level_hash"
+  "malloc_internal"
+  "memory"
   "meta"
-  "random_random"
+  "node_hash_map"
+  "node_hash_set"
+  "node_slot_policy"
+  "non_temporal_arm_intrinsics"
+  "non_temporal_memcpy"
+  "numeric"
+  "optional"
+  "periodic_sampler"
+  "pow10_helper"
+  "pretty_function"
   "random_bit_gen_ref"
   "random_distributions"
-  "random_seed_gen_exception"
-  "random_seed_sequences"
-  "random_internal_traits"
   "random_internal_distribution_caller"
   "random_internal_distributions"
-  "random_internal_fast_uniform_bits"
-  "random_internal_seed_material"
-  "random_internal_pool_urbg"
   "random_internal_explicit_seed_seq"
-  "random_internal_sequence_urbg"
-  "random_internal_salted_seed_seq"
-  "random_internal_iostream_state_saver"
-  "random_internal_generate_real"
-  "random_internal_wide_multiply"
   "random_internal_fastmath"
+  "random_internal_fast_uniform_bits"
+  "random_internal_generate_real"
+  "random_internal_iostream_state_saver"
   "random_internal_nonsecure_base"
   "random_internal_pcg_engine"
-  "random_internal_randen_engine"
   "random_internal_platform"
+  "random_internal_pool_urbg"
   "random_internal_randen"
-  "random_internal_randen_slow"
+  "random_internal_randen_engine"
   "random_internal_randen_hwaes"
   "random_internal_randen_hwaes_impl"
+  "random_internal_randen_slow"
+  "random_internal_salted_seed_seq"
+  "random_internal_seed_material"
+  "random_internal_sequence_urbg"
+  "random_internal_traits"
   "random_internal_uniform_helper"
+  "random_internal_wide_multiply"
+  "random_random"
+  "random_seed_gen_exception"
+  "random_seed_sequences"
+  "raw_hash_map"
+  "raw_hash_set"
+  "raw_logging_internal"
+  "sample_recorder"
+  "scoped_set_env"
+  "span"
+  "spinlock_wait"
+  "spy_hash_state"
+  "stack_consumption"
+  "stacktrace"
   "status"
+  "statusor"
+  "str_format"
+  "str_format_internal"
+  "strerror"
+  "strings"
+  "strings_internal"
+  "symbolize"
+  "synchronization"
+  "thread_pool"
+  "throw_delegate"
   "time"
-  "civil_time"
   "time_zone"
-  "container"
-  "btree"
-  "compressed_tuple"
-  "fixed_array"
-  "inlined_vector_internal"
-  "inlined_vector"
-  "counting_allocator"
-  "flat_hash_map"
-  "flat_hash_set"
-  "node_hash_map"
-  "node_hash_set"
-  "container_memory"
-  "hash_function_defaults"
-  "hash_policy_traits"
-  "hashtablez_sampler"
-  "hashtable_debug"
-  "hashtable_debug_hooks"
-  "node_slot_policy"
-  "raw_hash_map"
-  "container_common"
-  "raw_hash_set"
-  "layout"
   "tracked"
-  "sample_recorder"
+  "type_traits"
+  "utility"
+  "variant"
+)
+
+set(ABSL_INTERNAL_TEST_DLL_FILES
+  "hash/hash_testing.h"
+  "log/scoped_mock_log.cc"
+  "log/scoped_mock_log.h"
+  "random/internal/chi_square.cc"
+  "random/internal/chi_square.h"
+  "random/internal/distribution_test_util.cc"
+  "random/internal/distribution_test_util.h"
+  "random/internal/mock_helpers.h"
+  "random/internal/mock_overload_set.h"
+  "random/mocking_bit_gen.h"
+  "random/mock_distributions.h"
+  "strings/cordz_test_helpers.h"
+  "strings/cord_test_helpers.h"
 )
 
+set(ABSL_INTERNAL_TEST_DLL_TARGETS
+  "cord_test_helpers"
+  "cordz_test_helpers"
+  "hash_testing"
+  "random_mocking_bit_gen"
+  "random_internal_distribution_test_util"
+  "random_internal_mock_overload_set"
+  "scoped_mock_log"
+)
+
+include(CheckCXXSourceCompiles)
+
+check_cxx_source_compiles(
+  [==[
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#  if _MSVC_LANG < 201700L
+#    error "The compiler defaults or is configured for C++ < 17"
+#  endif
+#elif __cplusplus < 201700L
+#  error "The compiler defaults or is configured for C++ < 17"
+#endif
+int main() { return 0; }
+]==]
+  ABSL_INTERNAL_AT_LEAST_CXX17)
+
+if(ABSL_INTERNAL_AT_LEAST_CXX17)
+  set(ABSL_INTERNAL_CXX_STD_FEATURE cxx_std_17)
+else()
+  set(ABSL_INTERNAL_CXX_STD_FEATURE cxx_std_14)
+endif()
+
 function(absl_internal_dll_contains)
   cmake_parse_arguments(ABSL_INTERNAL_DLL
     ""
@@ -491,6 +665,28 @@ function(absl_internal_dll_contains)
   endif()
 endfunction()
 
+function(absl_internal_test_dll_contains)
+  cmake_parse_arguments(ABSL_INTERNAL_TEST_DLL
+    ""
+    "OUTPUT;TARGET"
+    ""
+    ${ARGN}
+  )
+
+  STRING(REGEX REPLACE "^absl::" "" _target ${ABSL_INTERNAL_TEST_DLL_TARGET})
+
+  list(FIND
+    ABSL_INTERNAL_TEST_DLL_TARGETS
+    "${_target}"
+    _index)
+
+  if (${_index} GREATER -1)
+    set(${ABSL_INTERNAL_TEST_DLL_OUTPUT} 1 PARENT_SCOPE)
+  else()
+    set(${ABSL_INTERNAL_TEST_DLL_OUTPUT} 0 PARENT_SCOPE)
+  endif()
+endfunction()
+
 function(absl_internal_dll_targets)
   cmake_parse_arguments(ABSL_INTERNAL_DLL
   ""
@@ -501,9 +697,12 @@ function(absl_internal_dll_targets)
 
   set(_deps "")
   foreach(dep IN LISTS ABSL_INTERNAL_DLL_DEPS)
-    absl_internal_dll_contains(TARGET ${dep} OUTPUT _contains)
-    if (_contains)
+    absl_internal_dll_contains(TARGET ${dep} OUTPUT _dll_contains)
+    absl_internal_test_dll_contains(TARGET ${dep} OUTPUT _test_dll_contains)
+    if (_dll_contains)
       list(APPEND _deps abseil_dll)
+    elseif (_test_dll_contains)
+      list(APPEND _deps abseil_test_dll)
     else()
       list(APPEND _deps ${dep})
     endif()
@@ -515,41 +714,109 @@ function(absl_internal_dll_targets)
 endfunction()
 
 function(absl_make_dll)
+  cmake_parse_arguments(ABSL_INTERNAL_MAKE_DLL
+  ""
+  "TEST"
+  ""
+  ${ARGN}
+  )
+
+  if (ABSL_INTERNAL_MAKE_DLL_TEST)
+    set(_dll "abseil_test_dll")
+    set(_dll_files ${ABSL_INTERNAL_TEST_DLL_FILES})
+    set(_dll_libs "abseil_dll" "GTest::gtest" "GTest::gmock")
+    set(_dll_compile_definitions "GTEST_LINKED_AS_SHARED_LIBRARY=1")
+    set(_dll_includes ${absl_gtest_src_dir}/googletest/include ${absl_gtest_src_dir}/googlemock/include)
+    set(_dll_consume "ABSL_CONSUME_TEST_DLL")
+    set(_dll_build "ABSL_BUILD_TEST_DLL")
+  else()
+    set(_dll "abseil_dll")
+    set(_dll_files ${ABSL_INTERNAL_DLL_FILES})
+    set(_dll_libs "")
+    set(_dll_compile_definitions "")
+    set(_dll_includes "")
+    set(_dll_consume "ABSL_CONSUME_DLL")
+    set(_dll_build "ABSL_BUILD_DLL")
+  endif()
+
   add_library(
-    abseil_dll
+    ${_dll}
     SHARED
-      "${ABSL_INTERNAL_DLL_FILES}"
+      ${_dll_files}
   )
   target_link_libraries(
-    abseil_dll
+    ${_dll}
     PRIVATE
+      ${_dll_libs}
       ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
   )
-  set_property(TARGET abseil_dll PROPERTY LINKER_LANGUAGE "CXX")
+  set_property(TARGET ${_dll} PROPERTY LINKER_LANGUAGE "CXX")
   target_include_directories(
-    abseil_dll
+    ${_dll}
     PUBLIC
       "$<BUILD_INTERFACE:${ABSL_COMMON_INCLUDE_DIRS}>"
       $<INSTALL_INTERFACE:${CMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR}>
+    PRIVATE
+      ${_dll_includes}
   )
 
   target_compile_options(
-    abseil_dll
+    ${_dll}
     PRIVATE
       ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
   )
 
+  foreach(cflag ${ABSL_CC_LIB_COPTS})
+    if(${cflag} MATCHES "^(-Wno|/wd)")
+      # These flags are needed to suppress warnings that might fire in our headers.
+      set(PC_CFLAGS "${PC_CFLAGS} ${cflag}")
+    elseif(${cflag} MATCHES "^(-W|/w[1234eo])")
+      # Don't impose our warnings on others.
+    else()
+      set(PC_CFLAGS "${PC_CFLAGS} ${cflag}")
+    endif()
+  endforeach()
+  string(REPLACE ";" " " PC_LINKOPTS "${ABSL_CC_LIB_LINKOPTS}")
+
+  FILE(GENERATE OUTPUT "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/lib/pkgconfig/${_dll}.pc" CONTENT "\
+prefix=${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}\n\
+exec_prefix=\${prefix}\n\
+libdir=${CMAKE_INSTALL_FULL_LIBDIR}\n\
+includedir=${CMAKE_INSTALL_FULL_INCLUDEDIR}\n\
+\n\
+Name: ${_dll}\n\
+Description: Abseil DLL library\n\
+URL: https://abseil.io/\n\
+Version: ${absl_VERSION}\n\
+Libs: -L\${libdir} $<$<NOT:$<BOOL:${ABSL_CC_LIB_IS_INTERFACE}>>:-l${_dll}> ${PC_LINKOPTS}\n\
+Cflags: -I\${includedir}${PC_CFLAGS}\n")
+  INSTALL(FILES "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/lib/pkgconfig/${_dll}.pc"
+    DESTINATION "${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}/pkgconfig")
+
   target_compile_definitions(
-    abseil_dll
+    ${_dll}
+    PUBLIC
+      ${_dll_compile_definitions}
     PRIVATE
-      ABSL_BUILD_DLL
+      ${_dll_build}
       NOMINMAX
     INTERFACE
       ${ABSL_CC_LIB_DEFINES}
+      ${_dll_consume}
   )
-  install(TARGETS abseil_dll EXPORT ${PROJECT_NAME}Targets
+
+  if(ABSL_PROPAGATE_CXX_STD)
+    # Abseil libraries require C++14 as the current minimum standard. When
+    # compiled with C++17 (either because it is the compiler's default or
+    # explicitly requested), then Abseil requires C++17.
+    target_compile_features(${_dll} PUBLIC ${ABSL_INTERNAL_CXX_STD_FEATURE})
+  endif()
+
+  install(TARGETS ${_dll} EXPORT ${PROJECT_NAME}Targets
         RUNTIME DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR}
         LIBRARY DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}
         ARCHIVE DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}
   )
+
+  add_library(absl::${_dll} ALIAS ${_dll})
 endfunction()
diff --git a/CMake/AbseilHelpers.cmake b/CMake/AbseilHelpers.cmake
index dbb09fe2..3bd33ce8 100644
--- a/CMake/AbseilHelpers.cmake
+++ b/CMake/AbseilHelpers.cmake
@@ -26,6 +26,12 @@ if(NOT DEFINED ABSL_IDE_FOLDER)
   set(ABSL_IDE_FOLDER Abseil)
 endif()
 
+if(ABSL_USE_SYSTEM_INCLUDES)
+  set(ABSL_INTERNAL_INCLUDE_WARNING_GUARD SYSTEM)
+else()
+  set(ABSL_INTERNAL_INCLUDE_WARNING_GUARD "")
+endif()
+
 # absl_cc_library()
 #
 # CMake function to imitate Bazel's cc_library rule.
@@ -83,8 +89,9 @@ function(absl_cc_library)
     ${ARGN}
   )
 
-  if(NOT ABSL_CC_LIB_PUBLIC AND ABSL_CC_LIB_TESTONLY AND
-      NOT (BUILD_TESTING AND ABSL_BUILD_TESTING))
+  if(ABSL_CC_LIB_TESTONLY AND
+      NOT ((BUILD_TESTING AND ABSL_BUILD_TESTING) OR
+        (ABSL_BUILD_TEST_HELPERS AND ABSL_CC_LIB_PUBLIC)))
     return()
   endif()
 
@@ -125,10 +132,12 @@ function(absl_cc_library)
   if (${ABSL_BUILD_DLL})
     if(ABSL_ENABLE_INSTALL)
       absl_internal_dll_contains(TARGET ${_NAME} OUTPUT _in_dll)
+      absl_internal_test_dll_contains(TARGET ${_NAME} OUTPUT _in_test_dll)
     else()
       absl_internal_dll_contains(TARGET ${ABSL_CC_LIB_NAME} OUTPUT _in_dll)
+      absl_internal_test_dll_contains(TARGET ${ABSL_CC_LIB_NAME} OUTPUT _in_test_dll)
     endif()
-    if (${_in_dll})
+    if (${_in_dll} OR ${_in_test_dll})
       # This target should be replaced by the DLL
       set(_build_type "dll")
       set(ABSL_CC_LIB_IS_INTERFACE 1)
@@ -143,35 +152,55 @@ function(absl_cc_library)
   endif()
 
   # Generate a pkg-config file for every library:
-  if((_build_type STREQUAL "static" OR _build_type STREQUAL "shared")
-     AND ABSL_ENABLE_INSTALL)
-    if(NOT ABSL_CC_LIB_TESTONLY)
-      if(absl_VERSION)
-        set(PC_VERSION "${absl_VERSION}")
-      else()
-        set(PC_VERSION "head")
-      endif()
-      foreach(dep ${ABSL_CC_LIB_DEPS})
-        if(${dep} MATCHES "^absl::(.*)")
-	  # Join deps with commas.
+  if(ABSL_ENABLE_INSTALL)
+    if(absl_VERSION)
+      set(PC_VERSION "${absl_VERSION}")
+    else()
+      set(PC_VERSION "head")
+    endif()
+    if(NOT _build_type STREQUAL "dll")
+      set(LNK_LIB "${LNK_LIB} -labsl_${_NAME}")
+    endif()
+    foreach(dep ${ABSL_CC_LIB_DEPS})
+      if(${dep} MATCHES "^absl::(.*)")
+        # for DLL builds many libs are not created, but add
+        # the pkgconfigs nevertheless, pointing to the dll.
+        if(_build_type STREQUAL "dll")
+          # hide this MATCHES in an if-clause so it doesn't overwrite
+          # the CMAKE_MATCH_1 from (${dep} MATCHES "^absl::(.*)")
+          if(NOT PC_DEPS MATCHES "abseil_dll")
+            # Join deps with commas.
+            if(PC_DEPS)
+              set(PC_DEPS "${PC_DEPS},")
+            endif()
+            # don't duplicate dll-dep if it exists already
+            set(PC_DEPS "${PC_DEPS} abseil_dll = ${PC_VERSION}")
+            set(LNK_LIB "${LNK_LIB} -labseil_dll")
+          endif()
+        else()
+          # Join deps with commas.
           if(PC_DEPS)
             set(PC_DEPS "${PC_DEPS},")
           endif()
           set(PC_DEPS "${PC_DEPS} absl_${CMAKE_MATCH_1} = ${PC_VERSION}")
         endif()
-      endforeach()
-      foreach(cflag ${ABSL_CC_LIB_COPTS})
-        if(${cflag} MATCHES "^(-Wno|/wd)")
-          # These flags are needed to suppress warnings that might fire in our headers.
-          set(PC_CFLAGS "${PC_CFLAGS} ${cflag}")
-        elseif(${cflag} MATCHES "^(-W|/w[1234eo])")
-          # Don't impose our warnings on others.
-        else()
-          set(PC_CFLAGS "${PC_CFLAGS} ${cflag}")
-        endif()
-      endforeach()
-      string(REPLACE ";" " " PC_LINKOPTS "${ABSL_CC_LIB_LINKOPTS}")
-      FILE(GENERATE OUTPUT "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/lib/pkgconfig/absl_${_NAME}.pc" CONTENT "\
+      endif()
+    endforeach()
+    foreach(cflag ${ABSL_CC_LIB_COPTS})
+      if(${cflag} MATCHES "^(-Wno|/wd)")
+        # These flags are needed to suppress warnings that might fire in our headers.
+        set(PC_CFLAGS "${PC_CFLAGS} ${cflag}")
+      elseif(${cflag} MATCHES "^(-W|/w[1234eo])")
+        # Don't impose our warnings on others.
+      elseif(${cflag} MATCHES "^-m")
+        # Don't impose CPU instruction requirements on others, as
+        # the code performs feature detection on runtime.
+      else()
+        set(PC_CFLAGS "${PC_CFLAGS} ${cflag}")
+      endif()
+    endforeach()
+    string(REPLACE ";" " " PC_LINKOPTS "${ABSL_CC_LIB_LINKOPTS}")
+    FILE(GENERATE OUTPUT "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/lib/pkgconfig/absl_${_NAME}.pc" CONTENT "\
 prefix=${CMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX}\n\
 exec_prefix=\${prefix}\n\
 libdir=${CMAKE_INSTALL_FULL_LIBDIR}\n\
@@ -182,11 +211,10 @@ Description: Abseil ${_NAME} library\n\
 URL: https://abseil.io/\n\
 Version: ${PC_VERSION}\n\
 Requires:${PC_DEPS}\n\
-Libs: -L\${libdir} ${PC_LINKOPTS} $<$<NOT:$<BOOL:${ABSL_CC_LIB_IS_INTERFACE}>>:-labsl_${_NAME}>\n\
+Libs: -L\${libdir} $<$<NOT:$<BOOL:${ABSL_CC_LIB_IS_INTERFACE}>>:${LNK_LIB}> ${PC_LINKOPTS}\n\
 Cflags: -I\${includedir}${PC_CFLAGS}\n")
-      INSTALL(FILES "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/lib/pkgconfig/absl_${_NAME}.pc"
-              DESTINATION "${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}/pkgconfig")
-    endif()
+    INSTALL(FILES "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/lib/pkgconfig/absl_${_NAME}.pc"
+            DESTINATION "${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}/pkgconfig")
   endif()
 
   if(NOT ABSL_CC_LIB_IS_INTERFACE)
@@ -239,7 +267,7 @@ Cflags: -I\${includedir}${PC_CFLAGS}\n")
     # unconditionally.
     set_property(TARGET ${_NAME} PROPERTY LINKER_LANGUAGE "CXX")
 
-    target_include_directories(${_NAME}
+    target_include_directories(${_NAME} ${ABSL_INTERNAL_INCLUDE_WARNING_GUARD}
       PUBLIC
         "$<BUILD_INTERFACE:${ABSL_COMMON_INCLUDE_DIRS}>"
         $<INSTALL_INTERFACE:${CMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR}>
@@ -258,21 +286,10 @@ Cflags: -I\${includedir}${PC_CFLAGS}\n")
     endif()
 
     if(ABSL_PROPAGATE_CXX_STD)
-      # Abseil libraries require C++11 as the current minimum standard.
-      # Top-level application CMake projects should ensure a consistent C++
-      # standard for all compiled sources by setting CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD.
-      target_compile_features(${_NAME} PUBLIC cxx_std_11)
-    else()
-      # Note: This is legacy (before CMake 3.8) behavior. Setting the
-      # target-level CXX_STANDARD property to ABSL_CXX_STANDARD (which is
-      # initialized by CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD) should have no real effect, since
-      # that is the default value anyway.
-      #
-      # CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED does guard against the top-level CMake project
-      # not having enabled CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED (which prevents
-      # "decaying" to an older standard if the requested one isn't available).
-      set_property(TARGET ${_NAME} PROPERTY CXX_STANDARD ${ABSL_CXX_STANDARD})
-      set_property(TARGET ${_NAME} PROPERTY CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON)
+      # Abseil libraries require C++14 as the current minimum standard. When
+      # compiled with C++17 (either because it is the compiler's default or
+      # explicitly requested), then Abseil requires C++17.
+      target_compile_features(${_NAME} PUBLIC ${ABSL_INTERNAL_CXX_STD_FEATURE})
     endif()
 
     # When being installed, we lose the absl_ prefix.  We want to put it back
@@ -281,13 +298,13 @@ Cflags: -I\${includedir}${PC_CFLAGS}\n")
     if(ABSL_ENABLE_INSTALL)
       set_target_properties(${_NAME} PROPERTIES
         OUTPUT_NAME "absl_${_NAME}"
-        SOVERSION "2206.0.0"
+        SOVERSION "2308.0.0"
       )
     endif()
   else()
     # Generating header-only library
     add_library(${_NAME} INTERFACE)
-    target_include_directories(${_NAME}
+    target_include_directories(${_NAME} ${ABSL_INTERNAL_INCLUDE_WARNING_GUARD}
       INTERFACE
         "$<BUILD_INTERFACE:${ABSL_COMMON_INCLUDE_DIRS}>"
         $<INSTALL_INTERFACE:${CMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR}>
@@ -306,19 +323,14 @@ Cflags: -I\${includedir}${PC_CFLAGS}\n")
     target_compile_definitions(${_NAME} INTERFACE ${ABSL_CC_LIB_DEFINES})
 
     if(ABSL_PROPAGATE_CXX_STD)
-      # Abseil libraries require C++11 as the current minimum standard.
+      # Abseil libraries require C++14 as the current minimum standard.
       # Top-level application CMake projects should ensure a consistent C++
       # standard for all compiled sources by setting CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD.
-      target_compile_features(${_NAME} INTERFACE cxx_std_11)
-
-      # (INTERFACE libraries can't have the CXX_STANDARD property set, so there
-      # is no legacy behavior else case).
+      target_compile_features(${_NAME} INTERFACE ${ABSL_INTERNAL_CXX_STD_FEATURE})
     endif()
   endif()
 
-  # TODO currently we don't install googletest alongside abseil sources, so
-  # installed abseil can't be tested.
-  if(NOT ABSL_CC_LIB_TESTONLY AND ABSL_ENABLE_INSTALL)
+  if(ABSL_ENABLE_INSTALL)
     install(TARGETS ${_NAME} EXPORT ${PROJECT_NAME}Targets
           RUNTIME DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR}
           LIBRARY DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}
@@ -384,7 +396,7 @@ function(absl_cc_test)
   target_sources(${_NAME} PRIVATE ${ABSL_CC_TEST_SRCS})
   target_include_directories(${_NAME}
     PUBLIC ${ABSL_COMMON_INCLUDE_DIRS}
-    PRIVATE ${GMOCK_INCLUDE_DIRS} ${GTEST_INCLUDE_DIRS}
+    PRIVATE ${absl_gtest_src_dir}/googletest/include ${absl_gtest_src_dir}/googlemock/include
   )
 
   if (${ABSL_BUILD_DLL})
@@ -392,6 +404,7 @@ function(absl_cc_test)
       PUBLIC
         ${ABSL_CC_TEST_DEFINES}
         ABSL_CONSUME_DLL
+        ABSL_CONSUME_TEST_DLL
         GTEST_LINKED_AS_SHARED_LIBRARY=1
     )
 
@@ -400,6 +413,10 @@ function(absl_cc_test)
       DEPS ${ABSL_CC_TEST_DEPS}
       OUTPUT ABSL_CC_TEST_DEPS
     )
+    absl_internal_dll_targets(
+      DEPS ${ABSL_CC_TEST_LINKOPTS}
+      OUTPUT ABSL_CC_TEST_LINKOPTS
+    )
   else()
     target_compile_definitions(${_NAME}
       PUBLIC
@@ -418,30 +435,11 @@ function(absl_cc_test)
   set_property(TARGET ${_NAME} PROPERTY FOLDER ${ABSL_IDE_FOLDER}/test)
 
   if(ABSL_PROPAGATE_CXX_STD)
-    # Abseil libraries require C++11 as the current minimum standard.
+    # Abseil libraries require C++14 as the current minimum standard.
     # Top-level application CMake projects should ensure a consistent C++
     # standard for all compiled sources by setting CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD.
-    target_compile_features(${_NAME} PUBLIC cxx_std_11)
-  else()
-    # Note: This is legacy (before CMake 3.8) behavior. Setting the
-    # target-level CXX_STANDARD property to ABSL_CXX_STANDARD (which is
-    # initialized by CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD) should have no real effect, since
-    # that is the default value anyway.
-    #
-    # CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED does guard against the top-level CMake project
-    # not having enabled CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED (which prevents
-    # "decaying" to an older standard if the requested one isn't available).
-    set_property(TARGET ${_NAME} PROPERTY CXX_STANDARD ${ABSL_CXX_STANDARD})
-    set_property(TARGET ${_NAME} PROPERTY CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON)
+    target_compile_features(${_NAME} PUBLIC ${ABSL_INTERNAL_CXX_STD_FEATURE})
   endif()
 
   add_test(NAME ${_NAME} COMMAND ${_NAME})
 endfunction()
-
-
-function(check_target my_target)
-  if(NOT TARGET ${my_target})
-    message(FATAL_ERROR " ABSL: compiling absl requires a ${my_target} CMake target in your project,
-                   see CMake/README.md for more details")
-  endif(NOT TARGET ${my_target})
-endfunction()
diff --git a/CMake/Googletest/CMakeLists.txt.in b/CMake/Googletest/CMakeLists.txt.in
index 5769e3a9..75691b11 100644
--- a/CMake/Googletest/CMakeLists.txt.in
+++ b/CMake/Googletest/CMakeLists.txt.in
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.8.2)
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.10)
 
 project(googletest-external NONE)
 
diff --git a/CMake/README.md b/CMake/README.md
index 8134615e..c7ddee64 100644
--- a/CMake/README.md
+++ b/CMake/README.md
@@ -39,12 +39,12 @@ section of your executable or of your library.<br>
 Here is a short CMakeLists.txt example of an application project using Abseil.
 
 ```cmake
-cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.8.2)
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.10)
 project(my_app_project)
 
 # Pick the C++ standard to compile with.
-# Abseil currently supports C++11, C++14, and C++17.
-set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 11)
+# Abseil currently supports C++14, C++17, and C++20.
+set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 14)
 set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON)
 
 add_subdirectory(abseil-cpp)
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ will control Abseil library targets) is set to at least that minimum. For
 example:
 
 ```cmake
-cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.8.2)
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.10)
 project(my_lib_project)
 
 # Leave C++ standard up to the root application, so set it only if this is the
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ And finally install:
 cmake --build /temporary/build/abseil-cpp --target install
 ```
 
-# CMake Option Synposis
+# CMake Option Synopsis
 
 ## Enable Standard CMake Installation
 
diff --git a/CMake/install_test_project/CMakeLists.txt b/CMake/install_test_project/CMakeLists.txt
index b865b2ec..30c23b2c 100644
--- a/CMake/install_test_project/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMake/install_test_project/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 
 # A simple CMakeLists.txt for testing cmake installation
 
-cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5)
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.10)
 project(absl_cmake_testing CXX)
 
 add_executable(simple simple.cc)
diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index e3a7e9ff..eef66267 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -14,12 +14,9 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 #
 
-# Most widely used distributions have cmake 3.5 or greater available as of March
-# 2019.  A notable exception is RHEL-7 (CentOS7).  You can install a current
-# version of CMake by first installing Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux
-# (https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/EPEL#Extra_Packages_for_Enterprise_Linux_.28EPEL.29)
-# and then issuing `yum install cmake3` on the command line.
-cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5)
+# https://github.com/google/oss-policies-info/blob/main/foundational-cxx-support-matrix.md
+# As of 2022-09-06, CMake 3.10 is the minimum supported version.
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.10)
 
 # Compiler id for Apple Clang is now AppleClang.
 if (POLICY CMP0025)
@@ -46,7 +43,17 @@ if (POLICY CMP0091)
   cmake_policy(SET CMP0091 NEW)
 endif (POLICY CMP0091)
 
-project(absl LANGUAGES CXX VERSION 20220623)
+# try_compile() honors the CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD value
+if (POLICY CMP0067)
+  cmake_policy(SET CMP0067 NEW)
+endif (POLICY CMP0067)
+
+# Allow the user to specify the CMAKE_MSVC_DEBUG_INFORMATION_FORMAT
+if (POLICY CMP0141)
+  cmake_policy(SET CMP0141 NEW)
+endif (POLICY CMP0141)
+
+project(absl LANGUAGES CXX VERSION 20230802)
 include(CTest)
 
 # Output directory is correct by default for most build setups. However, when
@@ -64,12 +71,16 @@ else()
 endif()
 
 option(ABSL_PROPAGATE_CXX_STD
-  "Use CMake C++ standard meta features (e.g. cxx_std_11) that propagate to targets that link to Abseil"
+  "Use CMake C++ standard meta features (e.g. cxx_std_14) that propagate to targets that link to Abseil"
   OFF)  # TODO: Default to ON for CMake 3.8 and greater.
-if((${CMAKE_VERSION} VERSION_GREATER_EQUAL 3.8) AND (NOT ABSL_PROPAGATE_CXX_STD))
+if(NOT ABSL_PROPAGATE_CXX_STD)
   message(WARNING "A future Abseil release will default ABSL_PROPAGATE_CXX_STD to ON for CMake 3.8 and up. We recommend enabling this option to ensure your project still builds correctly.")
 endif()
 
+option(ABSL_USE_SYSTEM_INCLUDES
+  "Silence warnings in Abseil headers by marking them as SYSTEM includes"
+  OFF)
+
 list(APPEND CMAKE_MODULE_PATH
   ${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/CMake
   ${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/absl/copts
@@ -110,6 +121,10 @@ include(CMakeDependentOption)
 option(ABSL_BUILD_TESTING
   "If ON, Abseil will build all of Abseil's own tests." OFF)
 
+option(ABSL_BUILD_TEST_HELPERS
+  "If ON, Abseil will build libraries that you can use to write tests against Abseil code. This option requires that Abseil is configured to use GoogleTest."
+  OFF)
+
 option(ABSL_USE_EXTERNAL_GOOGLETEST
   "If ON, Abseil will assume that the targets for GoogleTest are already provided by the including project. This makes sense when Abseil is used with add_subdirectory." OFF)
 
@@ -129,8 +144,7 @@ set(ABSL_LOCAL_GOOGLETEST_DIR "/usr/src/googletest" CACHE PATH
   "If ABSL_USE_GOOGLETEST_HEAD is OFF and ABSL_GOOGLETEST_URL is not set, specifies the directory of a local GoogleTest checkout."
   )
 
-if(BUILD_TESTING AND ABSL_BUILD_TESTING)
-  ## check targets
+if((BUILD_TESTING AND ABSL_BUILD_TESTING) OR ABSL_BUILD_TEST_HELPERS)
   if (ABSL_USE_EXTERNAL_GOOGLETEST)
     if (ABSL_FIND_GOOGLETEST)
       find_package(GTest REQUIRED)
@@ -162,17 +176,12 @@ if(BUILD_TESTING AND ABSL_BUILD_TESTING)
     endif()
     include(CMake/Googletest/DownloadGTest.cmake)
   endif()
-
-  check_target(GTest::gtest)
-  check_target(GTest::gtest_main)
-  check_target(GTest::gmock)
-  check_target(GTest::gmock_main)
 endif()
 
 add_subdirectory(absl)
 
 if(ABSL_ENABLE_INSTALL)
-
+  
 
   # install as a subdirectory only
   install(EXPORT ${PROJECT_NAME}Targets
@@ -211,4 +220,25 @@ if(ABSL_ENABLE_INSTALL)
       PATTERN "copts" EXCLUDE
       PATTERN "testdata" EXCLUDE
     )
+
+  file(READ "absl/base/options.h" ABSL_INTERNAL_OPTIONS_H_CONTENTS)
+  if (ABSL_INTERNAL_AT_LEAST_CXX17)
+    string(REGEX REPLACE
+      "#define ABSL_OPTION_USE_STD_([^ ]*) 2"
+      "#define ABSL_OPTION_USE_STD_\\1 1"
+      ABSL_INTERNAL_OPTIONS_H_PINNED
+      "${ABSL_INTERNAL_OPTIONS_H_CONTENTS}")
+  else()
+    string(REGEX REPLACE
+      "#define ABSL_OPTION_USE_STD_([^ ]*) 2"
+      "#define ABSL_OPTION_USE_STD_\\1 0"
+      ABSL_INTERNAL_OPTIONS_H_PINNED
+      "${ABSL_INTERNAL_OPTIONS_H_CONTENTS}")
+  endif()
+  file(WRITE "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/options-pinned.h" "${ABSL_INTERNAL_OPTIONS_H_PINNED}")
+
+  install(FILES "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/options-pinned.h"
+         DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR}/absl/base
+         RENAME "options.h")
+
 endif()  # ABSL_ENABLE_INSTALL
diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index 9dadae93..a87254c5 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -75,9 +75,9 @@ will be expected to conform to the style outlined
 
 ## Guidelines for Pull Requests
 
-*   If you are a Googler, it is preferable to first create an internal CL and
-    have it reviewed and submitted. The code propagation process will deliver
-    the change to GitHub.
+*   If you are a Googler, it is required that you send us a Piper CL instead of
+    using the GitHub pull-request process. The code propagation process will
+    deliver the change to GitHub.
 
 *   Create **small PRs** that are narrowly focused on **addressing a single
     concern**. We often receive PRs that are trying to fix several things at a
diff --git a/METADATA b/METADATA
index 87c5ef38..ebc58f77 100644
--- a/METADATA
+++ b/METADATA
@@ -12,8 +12,7 @@ third_party {
     type: GIT
     value: "https://github.com/abseil/abseil-cpp"
   }
-  version: "20220623.1"
-  last_upgrade_date { year: 2022 month: 9 day: 13 }
+  version: "20230802.2"
+  last_upgrade_date { year: 2023 month: 8 day: 18 }
   license_type: NOTICE
 }
-
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index db3a7b44..f834fcde 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # Abseil - C++ Common Libraries
 
 The repository contains the Abseil C++ library code. Abseil is an open-source
-collection of C++ code (compliant to C++11) designed to augment the C++
+collection of C++ code (compliant to C++14) designed to augment the C++
 standard library.
 
 ## Table of Contents
@@ -46,26 +46,28 @@ the Abseil code, running tests, and getting a simple binary working.
 
 [Bazel](https://bazel.build) and [CMake](https://cmake.org/) are the official
 build systems for Abseil.
-
 See the [quickstart](https://abseil.io/docs/cpp/quickstart) for more information
 on building Abseil using the Bazel build system.
-
 If you require CMake support, please check the [CMake build
 instructions](CMake/README.md) and [CMake
 Quickstart](https://abseil.io/docs/cpp/quickstart-cmake).
 
+<a name="support"></a>
 ## Support
 
-Abseil is officially supported on many platforms. See the [Abseil
-platform support
-guide](https://abseil.io/docs/cpp/platforms/platforms) for details on
-supported operating systems, compilers, CPUs, etc.
+Abseil follows Google's [Foundational C++ Support
+Policy](https://opensource.google/documentation/policies/cplusplus-support). See
+[this
+table](https://github.com/google/oss-policies-info/blob/main/foundational-cxx-support-matrix.md)
+for a list of currently supported versions compilers, platforms, and build
+tools.
 
+<a name="codemap"></a>
 ## Codemap
 
 Abseil contains the following C++ library components:
 
-* [`base`](absl/base/) Abseil Fundamentals
+* [`base`](absl/base/)
   <br /> The `base` library contains initialization code and other code which
   all other Abseil code depends on. Code within `base` may not depend on any
   other code (other than the C++ standard library).
@@ -78,29 +80,42 @@ Abseil contains the following C++ library components:
 * [`container`](absl/container/)
   <br /> The `container` library contains additional STL-style containers,
   including Abseil's unordered "Swiss table" containers.
+* [`crc`](absl/crc/) The `crc` library contains code for
+  computing error-detecting cyclic redundancy checks on data.
 * [`debugging`](absl/debugging/)
   <br /> The `debugging` library contains code useful for enabling leak
   checks, and stacktrace and symbolization utilities.
+* [`flags`](absl/flags/)
+  <br /> The `flags` library contains code for handling command line flags for
+  libraries and binaries built with Abseil.
 * [`hash`](absl/hash/)
   <br /> The `hash` library contains the hashing framework and default hash
   functor implementations for hashable types in Abseil.
+* [`log`](absl/log/)
+  <br /> The `log` library contains `LOG` and `CHECK` macros and facilities
+  for writing logged messages out to disk, `stderr`, or user-extensible
+  destinations.
 * [`memory`](absl/memory/)
-  <br /> The `memory` library contains C++11-compatible versions of
-  `std::make_unique()` and related memory management facilities.
+  <br /> The `memory` library contains memory management facilities that augment
+  C++'s `<memory>` library.
 * [`meta`](absl/meta/)
-  <br /> The `meta` library contains C++11-compatible versions of type checks
+  <br /> The `meta` library contains compatible versions of type checks
   available within C++14 and C++17 versions of the C++ `<type_traits>` library.
 * [`numeric`](absl/numeric/)
-  <br /> The `numeric` library contains C++11-compatible 128-bit integers.
+  <br /> The `numeric` library contains 128-bit integer types as well as
+  implementations of C++20's bitwise math functions.
 * [`profiling`](absl/profiling/)
   <br /> The `profiling` library contains utility code for profiling C++
   entities.  It is currently a private dependency of other Abseil libraries.
+* [`random`](absl/random/)
+  <br /> The `random` library contains functions for generating psuedorandom
+  values.
 * [`status`](absl/status/)
-  <br /> The `status` contains abstractions for error handling, specifically
-  `absl::Status` and `absl::StatusOr<T>`.
+  <br /> The `status` library contains abstractions for error handling,
+  specifically `absl::Status` and `absl::StatusOr<T>`.
 * [`strings`](absl/strings/)
   <br /> The `strings` library contains a variety of strings routines and
-  utilities, including a C++11-compatible version of the C++17
+  utilities, including a C++14-compatible version of the C++17
   `std::string_view` type.
 * [`synchronization`](absl/synchronization/)
   <br /> The `synchronization` library contains concurrency primitives (Abseil's
@@ -112,10 +127,11 @@ Abseil contains the following C++ library components:
   time zones.
 * [`types`](absl/types/)
   <br /> The `types` library contains non-container utility types, like a
-  C++11-compatible version of the C++17 `std::optional` type.
+  C++14-compatible version of the C++17 `std::optional` type.
 * [`utility`](absl/utility/)
   <br /> The `utility` library contains utility and helper code.
 
+<a name="releases"></a>
 ## Releases
 
 Abseil recommends users "live-at-head" (update to the latest commit from the
@@ -125,11 +141,13 @@ Releases](https://github.com/abseil/abseil-cpp/releases) to which we backport
 fixes for severe bugs. See our [release
 management](https://abseil.io/about/releases) document for more details.
 
+<a name="license"></a>
 ## License
 
 The Abseil C++ library is licensed under the terms of the Apache
 license. See [LICENSE](LICENSE) for more information.
 
+<a name="links"></a>
 ## Links
 
 For more information about Abseil:
diff --git a/UPGRADES.md b/UPGRADES.md
index 35599d08..3cac141d 100644
--- a/UPGRADES.md
+++ b/UPGRADES.md
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # C++ Upgrade Tools
 
-Abseil may occassionally release API-breaking changes. As noted in our
+Abseil may occasionally release API-breaking changes. As noted in our
 [Compatibility Guidelines][compatibility-guide], we will aim to provide a tool
 to do the work of effecting such API-breaking changes, when absolutely
 necessary.
diff --git a/WORKSPACE b/WORKSPACE
index c332ba4e..fdb615f3 100644
--- a/WORKSPACE
+++ b/WORKSPACE
@@ -20,42 +20,41 @@ load("@bazel_tools//tools/build_defs/repo:http.bzl", "http_archive")
 
 # GoogleTest/GoogleMock framework. Used by most unit-tests.
 http_archive(
-    name = "com_google_googletest",
-    sha256 = "ce7366fe57eb49928311189cb0e40e0a8bf3d3682fca89af30d884c25e983786",
-    strip_prefix = "googletest-release-1.12.0",
+    name = "com_google_googletest",  # 2023-08-02T16:45:10Z
+    sha256 = "1f357c27ca988c3f7c6b4bf68a9395005ac6761f034046e9dde0896e3aba00e4",
+    strip_prefix = "googletest-1.14.0",
     # Keep this URL in sync with ABSL_GOOGLETEST_COMMIT in ci/cmake_common.sh.
-    urls = ["https://github.com/google/googletest/archive/refs/tags/release-1.12.0.zip"],
+    urls = ["https://github.com/google/googletest/archive/refs/tags/v1.14.0.zip"],
 )
 
 # RE2 (the regular expression library used by GoogleTest)
-# Note this must use a commit from the `abseil` branch of the RE2 project.
-# https://github.com/google/re2/tree/abseil
 http_archive(
-    name = "com_googlesource_code_re2",
-    sha256 = "0a890c2aa0bb05b2ce906a15efb520d0f5ad4c7d37b8db959c43772802991887",
-    strip_prefix = "re2-a427f10b9fb4622dd6d8643032600aa1b50fbd12",
-    urls = ["https://github.com/google/re2/archive/a427f10b9fb4622dd6d8643032600aa1b50fbd12.zip"],  # 2022-06-09
+    name = "com_googlesource_code_re2",  # 2023-03-17T11:36:51Z
+    sha256 = "cb8b5312a65f2598954545a76e8bce913f35fbb3a21a5c88797a4448e9f9b9d9",
+    strip_prefix = "re2-578843a516fd1da7084ae46209a75f3613b6065e",
+    urls = ["https://github.com/google/re2/archive/578843a516fd1da7084ae46209a75f3613b6065e.zip"],
 )
 
 # Google benchmark.
 http_archive(
-    name = "com_github_google_benchmark",  # 2021-09-20T09:19:51Z
-    sha256 = "62e2f2e6d8a744d67e4bbc212fcfd06647080de4253c97ad5c6749e09faf2cb0",
-    strip_prefix = "benchmark-0baacde3618ca617da95375e0af13ce1baadea47",
-    urls = ["https://github.com/google/benchmark/archive/0baacde3618ca617da95375e0af13ce1baadea47.zip"],
+    name = "com_github_google_benchmark",  # 2023-08-01T07:47:09Z
+    sha256 = "db1e39ee71dc38aa7e57ed007f2c8b3bb59e13656435974781a9dc0617d75cc9",
+    strip_prefix = "benchmark-02a354f3f323ae8256948e1dc77ddcb1dfc297da",
+    urls = ["https://github.com/google/benchmark/archive/02a354f3f323ae8256948e1dc77ddcb1dfc297da.zip"],
 )
 
 # Bazel Skylib.
 http_archive(
-    name = "bazel_skylib",
-    urls = ["https://github.com/bazelbuild/bazel-skylib/releases/download/1.2.1/bazel-skylib-1.2.1.tar.gz"],
-    sha256 = "f7be3474d42aae265405a592bb7da8e171919d74c16f082a5457840f06054728",
+    name = "bazel_skylib",  # 2023-05-31T19:24:07Z
+    sha256 = "08c0386f45821ce246bbbf77503c973246ed6ee5c3463e41efc197fa9bc3a7f4",
+    strip_prefix = "bazel-skylib-288731ef9f7f688932bd50e704a91a45ec185f9b",
+    urls = ["https://github.com/bazelbuild/bazel-skylib/archive/288731ef9f7f688932bd50e704a91a45ec185f9b.zip"],
 )
 
 # Bazel platform rules.
 http_archive(
-    name = "platforms",
-    sha256 = "a879ea428c6d56ab0ec18224f976515948822451473a80d06c2e50af0bbe5121",
-    strip_prefix = "platforms-da5541f26b7de1dc8e04c075c99df5351742a4a2",
-    urls = ["https://github.com/bazelbuild/platforms/archive/da5541f26b7de1dc8e04c075c99df5351742a4a2.zip"],  # 2022-05-27
+    name = "platforms",  # 2023-07-28T19:44:27Z
+    sha256 = "40eb313613ff00a5c03eed20aba58890046f4d38dec7344f00bb9a8867853526",
+    strip_prefix = "platforms-4ad40ef271da8176d4fc0194d2089b8a76e19d7b",
+    urls = ["https://github.com/bazelbuild/platforms/archive/4ad40ef271da8176d4fc0194d2089b8a76e19d7b.zip"],
 )
diff --git a/absl/BUILD.bazel b/absl/BUILD.bazel
index 7cccbbba..253c0aef 100644
--- a/absl/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/absl/BUILD.bazel
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 # limitations under the License.
+#
 
 load("@bazel_skylib//lib:selects.bzl", "selects")
 
@@ -28,6 +29,30 @@ config_setting(
 )
 
 config_setting(
+    name = "gcc_compiler",
+    flag_values = {
+        "@bazel_tools//tools/cpp:compiler": "gcc",
+    },
+    visibility = [":__subpackages__"],
+)
+
+config_setting(
+    name = "mingw_unspecified_compiler",
+    flag_values = {
+        "@bazel_tools//tools/cpp:compiler": "mingw",
+    },
+    visibility = [":__subpackages__"],
+)
+
+config_setting(
+    name = "mingw-gcc_compiler",
+    flag_values = {
+        "@bazel_tools//tools/cpp:compiler": "mingw-gcc",
+    },
+    visibility = [":__subpackages__"],
+)
+
+config_setting(
     name = "msvc_compiler",
     flag_values = {
         "@bazel_tools//tools/cpp:compiler": "msvc-cl",
@@ -115,3 +140,12 @@ config_setting(
     },
     visibility = [":__subpackages__"],
 )
+
+selects.config_setting_group(
+    name = "mingw_compiler",
+    match_any = [
+        ":mingw_unspecified_compiler",
+        ":mingw-gcc_compiler",
+    ],
+    visibility = [":__subpackages__"],
+)
diff --git a/absl/CMakeLists.txt b/absl/CMakeLists.txt
index b1715846..3a7c12fe 100644
--- a/absl/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/absl/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -18,10 +18,12 @@ add_subdirectory(base)
 add_subdirectory(algorithm)
 add_subdirectory(cleanup)
 add_subdirectory(container)
+add_subdirectory(crc)
 add_subdirectory(debugging)
 add_subdirectory(flags)
 add_subdirectory(functional)
 add_subdirectory(hash)
+add_subdirectory(log)
 add_subdirectory(memory)
 add_subdirectory(meta)
 add_subdirectory(numeric)
@@ -36,4 +38,7 @@ add_subdirectory(utility)
 
 if (${ABSL_BUILD_DLL})
   absl_make_dll()
+  if (${ABSL_BUILD_TEST_HELPERS})
+    absl_make_dll(TEST ON)
+  endif()
 endif()
diff --git a/absl/algorithm/BUILD.bazel b/absl/algorithm/BUILD.bazel
index f6d74714..3a9ab013 100644
--- a/absl/algorithm/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/absl/algorithm/BUILD.bazel
@@ -48,8 +48,9 @@ cc_test(
     ],
 )
 
-cc_test(
+cc_binary(
     name = "algorithm_benchmark",
+    testonly = 1,
     srcs = ["equal_benchmark.cc"],
     copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
     linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
diff --git a/absl/algorithm/container.h b/absl/algorithm/container.h
index 26b19529..679e0267 100644
--- a/absl/algorithm/container.h
+++ b/absl/algorithm/container.h
@@ -77,9 +77,8 @@ using ContainerIterPairType =
     decltype(std::make_pair(ContainerIter<C1>(), ContainerIter<C2>()));
 
 template <typename C>
-using ContainerDifferenceType =
-    decltype(std::distance(std::declval<ContainerIter<C>>(),
-                           std::declval<ContainerIter<C>>()));
+using ContainerDifferenceType = decltype(std::distance(
+    std::declval<ContainerIter<C>>(), std::declval<ContainerIter<C>>()));
 
 template <typename C>
 using ContainerPointerType =
@@ -97,10 +96,14 @@ using ContainerPointerType =
 // These are meant for internal use only.
 
 template <typename C>
-ContainerIter<C> c_begin(C& c) { return begin(c); }
+ContainerIter<C> c_begin(C& c) {
+  return begin(c);
+}
 
 template <typename C>
-ContainerIter<C> c_end(C& c) { return end(c); }
+ContainerIter<C> c_end(C& c) {
+  return end(c);
+}
 
 template <typename T>
 struct IsUnorderedContainer : std::false_type {};
@@ -343,8 +346,8 @@ container_algorithm_internal::ContainerDifferenceType<const C> c_count_if(
 // return the first element where two ordered containers differ. Applies `==` to
 // the first N elements of `c1` and `c2`, where N = min(size(c1), size(c2)).
 template <typename C1, typename C2>
-container_algorithm_internal::ContainerIterPairType<C1, C2>
-c_mismatch(C1& c1, C2& c2) {
+container_algorithm_internal::ContainerIterPairType<C1, C2> c_mismatch(C1& c1,
+                                                                       C2& c2) {
   auto first1 = container_algorithm_internal::c_begin(c1);
   auto last1 = container_algorithm_internal::c_end(c1);
   auto first2 = container_algorithm_internal::c_begin(c2);
@@ -365,8 +368,8 @@ c_mismatch(C1& c1, C2& c2) {
 // the function's test condition. Applies `pred`to the first N elements of `c1`
 // and `c2`, where N = min(size(c1), size(c2)).
 template <typename C1, typename C2, typename BinaryPredicate>
-container_algorithm_internal::ContainerIterPairType<C1, C2>
-c_mismatch(C1& c1, C2& c2, BinaryPredicate pred) {
+container_algorithm_internal::ContainerIterPairType<C1, C2> c_mismatch(
+    C1& c1, C2& c2, BinaryPredicate pred) {
   auto first1 = container_algorithm_internal::c_begin(c1);
   auto last1 = container_algorithm_internal::c_end(c1);
   auto first2 = container_algorithm_internal::c_begin(c2);
@@ -655,11 +658,10 @@ OutputIterator c_replace_copy(const C& c, OutputIterator result, T&& old_value,
 // some condition, and return the results within an iterator.
 template <typename C, typename OutputIterator, typename Pred, typename T>
 OutputIterator c_replace_copy_if(const C& c, OutputIterator result, Pred&& pred,
-                                 T&& new_value) {
+                                 const T& new_value) {
   return std::replace_copy_if(container_algorithm_internal::c_begin(c),
                               container_algorithm_internal::c_end(c), result,
-                              std::forward<Pred>(pred),
-                              std::forward<T>(new_value));
+                              std::forward<Pred>(pred), new_value);
 }
 
 // c_fill()
@@ -667,9 +669,9 @@ OutputIterator c_replace_copy_if(const C& c, OutputIterator result, Pred&& pred,
 // Container-based version of the <algorithm> `std::fill()` function to fill a
 // container with some value.
 template <typename C, typename T>
-void c_fill(C& c, T&& value) {
+void c_fill(C& c, const T& value) {
   std::fill(container_algorithm_internal::c_begin(c),
-            container_algorithm_internal::c_end(c), std::forward<T>(value));
+            container_algorithm_internal::c_end(c), value);
 }
 
 // c_fill_n()
@@ -677,9 +679,8 @@ void c_fill(C& c, T&& value) {
 // Container-based version of the <algorithm> `std::fill_n()` function to fill
 // the first N elements in a container with some value.
 template <typename C, typename Size, typename T>
-void c_fill_n(C& c, Size n, T&& value) {
-  std::fill_n(container_algorithm_internal::c_begin(c), n,
-              std::forward<T>(value));
+void c_fill_n(C& c, Size n, const T& value) {
+  std::fill_n(container_algorithm_internal::c_begin(c), n, value);
 }
 
 // c_generate()
@@ -716,10 +717,11 @@ container_algorithm_internal::ContainerIter<C> c_generate_n(C& c, Size n,
 // copy a container's elements while removing any elements matching the given
 // `value`.
 template <typename C, typename OutputIterator, typename T>
-OutputIterator c_remove_copy(const C& c, OutputIterator result, T&& value) {
+OutputIterator c_remove_copy(const C& c, OutputIterator result,
+                             const T& value) {
   return std::remove_copy(container_algorithm_internal::c_begin(c),
                           container_algorithm_internal::c_end(c), result,
-                          std::forward<T>(value));
+                          value);
 }
 
 // c_remove_copy_if()
@@ -1064,20 +1066,19 @@ void c_nth_element(
 // which does not compare less than `value`.
 template <typename Sequence, typename T>
 container_algorithm_internal::ContainerIter<Sequence> c_lower_bound(
-    Sequence& sequence, T&& value) {
+    Sequence& sequence, const T& value) {
   return std::lower_bound(container_algorithm_internal::c_begin(sequence),
-                          container_algorithm_internal::c_end(sequence),
-                          std::forward<T>(value));
+                          container_algorithm_internal::c_end(sequence), value);
 }
 
 // Overload of c_lower_bound() for performing a `comp` comparison other than
 // the default `operator<`.
 template <typename Sequence, typename T, typename LessThan>
 container_algorithm_internal::ContainerIter<Sequence> c_lower_bound(
-    Sequence& sequence, T&& value, LessThan&& comp) {
+    Sequence& sequence, const T& value, LessThan&& comp) {
   return std::lower_bound(container_algorithm_internal::c_begin(sequence),
-                          container_algorithm_internal::c_end(sequence),
-                          std::forward<T>(value), std::forward<LessThan>(comp));
+                          container_algorithm_internal::c_end(sequence), value,
+                          std::forward<LessThan>(comp));
 }
 
 // c_upper_bound()
@@ -1087,20 +1088,19 @@ container_algorithm_internal::ContainerIter<Sequence> c_lower_bound(
 // which is greater than `value`.
 template <typename Sequence, typename T>
 container_algorithm_internal::ContainerIter<Sequence> c_upper_bound(
-    Sequence& sequence, T&& value) {
+    Sequence& sequence, const T& value) {
   return std::upper_bound(container_algorithm_internal::c_begin(sequence),
-                          container_algorithm_internal::c_end(sequence),
-                          std::forward<T>(value));
+                          container_algorithm_internal::c_end(sequence), value);
 }
 
 // Overload of c_upper_bound() for performing a `comp` comparison other than
 // the default `operator<`.
 template <typename Sequence, typename T, typename LessThan>
 container_algorithm_internal::ContainerIter<Sequence> c_upper_bound(
-    Sequence& sequence, T&& value, LessThan&& comp) {
+    Sequence& sequence, const T& value, LessThan&& comp) {
   return std::upper_bound(container_algorithm_internal::c_begin(sequence),
-                          container_algorithm_internal::c_end(sequence),
-                          std::forward<T>(value), std::forward<LessThan>(comp));
+                          container_algorithm_internal::c_end(sequence), value,
+                          std::forward<LessThan>(comp));
 }
 
 // c_equal_range()
@@ -1110,20 +1110,19 @@ container_algorithm_internal::ContainerIter<Sequence> c_upper_bound(
 // sorted container which compare equal to `value`.
 template <typename Sequence, typename T>
 container_algorithm_internal::ContainerIterPairType<Sequence, Sequence>
-c_equal_range(Sequence& sequence, T&& value) {
+c_equal_range(Sequence& sequence, const T& value) {
   return std::equal_range(container_algorithm_internal::c_begin(sequence),
-                          container_algorithm_internal::c_end(sequence),
-                          std::forward<T>(value));
+                          container_algorithm_internal::c_end(sequence), value);
 }
 
 // Overload of c_equal_range() for performing a `comp` comparison other than
 // the default `operator<`.
 template <typename Sequence, typename T, typename LessThan>
 container_algorithm_internal::ContainerIterPairType<Sequence, Sequence>
-c_equal_range(Sequence& sequence, T&& value, LessThan&& comp) {
+c_equal_range(Sequence& sequence, const T& value, LessThan&& comp) {
   return std::equal_range(container_algorithm_internal::c_begin(sequence),
-                          container_algorithm_internal::c_end(sequence),
-                          std::forward<T>(value), std::forward<LessThan>(comp));
+                          container_algorithm_internal::c_end(sequence), value,
+                          std::forward<LessThan>(comp));
 }
 
 // c_binary_search()
@@ -1132,20 +1131,20 @@ c_equal_range(Sequence& sequence, T&& value, LessThan&& comp) {
 // to test if any element in the sorted container contains a value equivalent to
 // 'value'.
 template <typename Sequence, typename T>
-bool c_binary_search(Sequence&& sequence, T&& value) {
+bool c_binary_search(const Sequence& sequence, const T& value) {
   return std::binary_search(container_algorithm_internal::c_begin(sequence),
                             container_algorithm_internal::c_end(sequence),
-                            std::forward<T>(value));
+                            value);
 }
 
 // Overload of c_binary_search() for performing a `comp` comparison other than
 // the default `operator<`.
 template <typename Sequence, typename T, typename LessThan>
-bool c_binary_search(Sequence&& sequence, T&& value, LessThan&& comp) {
+bool c_binary_search(const Sequence& sequence, const T& value,
+                     LessThan&& comp) {
   return std::binary_search(container_algorithm_internal::c_begin(sequence),
                             container_algorithm_internal::c_end(sequence),
-                            std::forward<T>(value),
-                            std::forward<LessThan>(comp));
+                            value, std::forward<LessThan>(comp));
 }
 
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1560,8 +1559,8 @@ container_algorithm_internal::ContainerIter<Sequence> c_max_element(
 // smallest and largest values, respectively, using `operator<` to make the
 // comparisons.
 template <typename C>
-container_algorithm_internal::ContainerIterPairType<C, C>
-c_minmax_element(C& c) {
+container_algorithm_internal::ContainerIterPairType<C, C> c_minmax_element(
+    C& c) {
   return std::minmax_element(container_algorithm_internal::c_begin(c),
                              container_algorithm_internal::c_end(c));
 }
@@ -1569,8 +1568,8 @@ c_minmax_element(C& c) {
 // Overload of c_minmax_element() for performing `comp` comparisons other than
 // `operator<`.
 template <typename C, typename LessThan>
-container_algorithm_internal::ContainerIterPairType<C, C>
-c_minmax_element(C& c, LessThan&& comp) {
+container_algorithm_internal::ContainerIterPairType<C, C> c_minmax_element(
+    C& c, LessThan&& comp) {
   return std::minmax_element(container_algorithm_internal::c_begin(c),
                              container_algorithm_internal::c_end(c),
                              std::forward<LessThan>(comp));
@@ -1588,7 +1587,8 @@ c_minmax_element(C& c, LessThan&& comp) {
 // that capital letters ("A-Z") have ASCII values less than lowercase letters
 // ("a-z").
 template <typename Sequence1, typename Sequence2>
-bool c_lexicographical_compare(Sequence1&& sequence1, Sequence2&& sequence2) {
+bool c_lexicographical_compare(const Sequence1& sequence1,
+                               const Sequence2& sequence2) {
   return std::lexicographical_compare(
       container_algorithm_internal::c_begin(sequence1),
       container_algorithm_internal::c_end(sequence1),
@@ -1599,8 +1599,8 @@ bool c_lexicographical_compare(Sequence1&& sequence1, Sequence2&& sequence2) {
 // Overload of c_lexicographical_compare() for performing a lexicographical
 // comparison using a `comp` operator instead of `operator<`.
 template <typename Sequence1, typename Sequence2, typename LessThan>
-bool c_lexicographical_compare(Sequence1&& sequence1, Sequence2&& sequence2,
-                               LessThan&& comp) {
+bool c_lexicographical_compare(const Sequence1& sequence1,
+                               const Sequence2& sequence2, LessThan&& comp) {
   return std::lexicographical_compare(
       container_algorithm_internal::c_begin(sequence1),
       container_algorithm_internal::c_end(sequence1),
@@ -1655,18 +1655,18 @@ bool c_prev_permutation(C& c, LessThan&& comp) {
 
 // c_iota()
 //
-// Container-based version of the <algorithm> `std::iota()` function
+// Container-based version of the <numeric> `std::iota()` function
 // to compute successive values of `value`, as if incremented with `++value`
 // after each element is written. and write them to the container.
 template <typename Sequence, typename T>
-void c_iota(Sequence& sequence, T&& value) {
+void c_iota(Sequence& sequence, const T& value) {
   std::iota(container_algorithm_internal::c_begin(sequence),
-            container_algorithm_internal::c_end(sequence),
-            std::forward<T>(value));
+            container_algorithm_internal::c_end(sequence), value);
 }
+
 // c_accumulate()
 //
-// Container-based version of the <algorithm> `std::accumulate()` function
+// Container-based version of the <numeric> `std::accumulate()` function
 // to accumulate the element values of a container to `init` and return that
 // accumulation by value.
 //
@@ -1693,7 +1693,7 @@ decay_t<T> c_accumulate(const Sequence& sequence, T&& init,
 
 // c_inner_product()
 //
-// Container-based version of the <algorithm> `std::inner_product()` function
+// Container-based version of the <numeric> `std::inner_product()` function
 // to compute the cumulative inner product of container element pairs.
 //
 // Note: Due to a language technicality this function has return type
@@ -1724,7 +1724,7 @@ decay_t<T> c_inner_product(const Sequence1& factors1, const Sequence2& factors2,
 
 // c_adjacent_difference()
 //
-// Container-based version of the <algorithm> `std::adjacent_difference()`
+// Container-based version of the <numeric> `std::adjacent_difference()`
 // function to compute the difference between each element and the one preceding
 // it and write it to an iterator.
 template <typename InputSequence, typename OutputIt>
@@ -1747,7 +1747,7 @@ OutputIt c_adjacent_difference(const InputSequence& input,
 
 // c_partial_sum()
 //
-// Container-based version of the <algorithm> `std::partial_sum()` function
+// Container-based version of the <numeric> `std::partial_sum()` function
 // to compute the partial sum of the elements in a sequence and write them
 // to an iterator. The partial sum is the sum of all element values so far in
 // the sequence.
diff --git a/absl/algorithm/container_test.cc b/absl/algorithm/container_test.cc
index 605afc80..0fbc7773 100644
--- a/absl/algorithm/container_test.cc
+++ b/absl/algorithm/container_test.cc
@@ -67,13 +67,16 @@ bool Equals(int v1, int v2) { return v1 == v2; }
 bool IsOdd(int x) { return x % 2 != 0; }
 
 TEST_F(NonMutatingTest, Distance) {
-  EXPECT_EQ(container_.size(), absl::c_distance(container_));
-  EXPECT_EQ(sequence_.size(), absl::c_distance(sequence_));
-  EXPECT_EQ(vector_.size(), absl::c_distance(vector_));
-  EXPECT_EQ(ABSL_ARRAYSIZE(array_), absl::c_distance(array_));
+  EXPECT_EQ(container_.size(),
+            static_cast<size_t>(absl::c_distance(container_)));
+  EXPECT_EQ(sequence_.size(), static_cast<size_t>(absl::c_distance(sequence_)));
+  EXPECT_EQ(vector_.size(), static_cast<size_t>(absl::c_distance(vector_)));
+  EXPECT_EQ(ABSL_ARRAYSIZE(array_),
+            static_cast<size_t>(absl::c_distance(array_)));
 
   // Works with a temporary argument.
-  EXPECT_EQ(vector_.size(), absl::c_distance(std::vector<int>(vector_)));
+  EXPECT_EQ(vector_.size(),
+            static_cast<size_t>(absl::c_distance(std::vector<int>(vector_))));
 }
 
 TEST_F(NonMutatingTest, Distance_OverloadedBeginEnd) {
diff --git a/absl/algorithm/equal_benchmark.cc b/absl/algorithm/equal_benchmark.cc
index 7bf62c9a..948cd65c 100644
--- a/absl/algorithm/equal_benchmark.cc
+++ b/absl/algorithm/equal_benchmark.cc
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <cstring>
 
-#include "benchmark/benchmark.h"
 #include "absl/algorithm/algorithm.h"
+#include "benchmark/benchmark.h"
 
 namespace {
 
diff --git a/absl/base/BUILD.bazel b/absl/base/BUILD.bazel
index bd023ad8..fb008db3 100644
--- a/absl/base/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/absl/base/BUILD.bazel
@@ -63,6 +63,18 @@ cc_library(
 )
 
 cc_library(
+    name = "nullability",
+    srcs = ["internal/nullability_impl.h"],
+    hdrs = ["nullability.h"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        ":core_headers",
+        "//absl/meta:type_traits",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_library(
     name = "raw_logging_internal",
     srcs = ["internal/raw_logging.cc"],
     hdrs = ["internal/raw_logging.h"],
@@ -114,6 +126,23 @@ cc_library(
 )
 
 cc_library(
+    name = "cycleclock_internal",
+    hdrs = [
+        "internal/cycleclock_config.h",
+        "internal/unscaledcycleclock_config.h",
+    ],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    visibility = [
+        "//absl:__subpackages__",
+    ],
+    deps = [
+        ":base_internal",
+        ":config",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_library(
     name = "dynamic_annotations",
     srcs = [
         "internal/dynamic_annotations.h",
@@ -229,6 +258,10 @@ cc_library(
         "//absl:clang-cl_compiler": [
             "-DEFAULTLIB:advapi32.lib",
         ],
+        "//absl:mingw_compiler": [
+            "-DEFAULTLIB:advapi32.lib",
+            "-ladvapi32",
+        ],
         "//absl:wasm": [],
         "//conditions:default": ["-pthread"],
     }) + ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
@@ -237,6 +270,7 @@ cc_library(
         ":base_internal",
         ":config",
         ":core_headers",
+        ":cycleclock_internal",
         ":dynamic_annotations",
         ":log_severity",
         ":raw_logging_internal",
@@ -531,6 +565,16 @@ cc_test(
 )
 
 cc_test(
+    name = "nullability_test",
+    srcs = ["nullability_test.cc"],
+    deps = [
+        ":core_headers",
+        ":nullability",
+        "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_test(
     name = "raw_logging_test",
     srcs = ["raw_logging_test.cc"],
     copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
@@ -714,21 +758,25 @@ cc_test(
 
 cc_library(
     name = "prefetch",
-    hdrs = ["internal/prefetch.h"],
+    hdrs = [
+        "internal/prefetch.h",
+        "prefetch.h",
+    ],
     copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
     linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
-    visibility = [
-        "//absl:__subpackages__",
-    ],
     deps = [
         ":config",
+        ":core_headers",  # TODO(b/265984188): remove
     ],
 )
 
 cc_test(
     name = "prefetch_test",
     size = "small",
-    srcs = ["internal/prefetch_test.cc"],
+    srcs = [
+        "internal/prefetch_test.cc",
+        "prefetch_test.cc",
+    ],
     copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
     linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
     deps = [
diff --git a/absl/base/CMakeLists.txt b/absl/base/CMakeLists.txt
index ed55093a..76c4ff1d 100644
--- a/absl/base/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/absl/base/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -54,6 +54,33 @@ absl_cc_library(
     ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
 )
 
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    nullability
+  HDRS
+    "nullability.h"
+  SRCS
+    "internal/nullability_impl.h"
+  DEPS
+    absl::core_headers
+    absl::type_traits
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+)
+
+absl_cc_test(
+  NAME
+    nullability_test
+  SRCS
+    "nullability_test.cc"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::core_headers
+    absl::nullability
+    GTest::gtest_main
+)
+
 # Internal-only target, do not depend on directly.
 absl_cc_library(
   NAME
@@ -181,6 +208,7 @@ absl_cc_library(
     "call_once.h"
     "casts.h"
     "internal/cycleclock.h"
+    "internal/cycleclock_config.h"
     "internal/low_level_scheduling.h"
     "internal/per_thread_tls.h"
     "internal/spinlock.h"
@@ -188,6 +216,7 @@ absl_cc_library(
     "internal/thread_identity.h"
     "internal/tsan_mutex_interface.h"
     "internal/unscaledcycleclock.h"
+    "internal/unscaledcycleclock_config.h"
   SRCS
     "internal/cycleclock.cc"
     "internal/spinlock.cc"
@@ -199,7 +228,7 @@ absl_cc_library(
   LINKOPTS
     ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
     $<$<BOOL:${LIBRT}>:-lrt>
-    $<$<BOOL:${MINGW}>:"advapi32">
+    $<$<BOOL:${MINGW}>:-ladvapi32>
   DEPS
     absl::atomic_hook
     absl::base_internal
@@ -643,11 +672,11 @@ absl_cc_test(
     GTest::gtest_main
 )
 
-# Internal-only target, do not depend on directly.
 absl_cc_library(
   NAME
     prefetch
   HDRS
+    "prefetch.h"
     "internal/prefetch.h"
   COPTS
     ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
@@ -655,12 +684,14 @@ absl_cc_library(
     ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
   DEPS
     absl::config
+    absl::core_headers  # TODO(b/265984188): remove
 )
 
 absl_cc_test(
   NAME
     prefetch_test
   SRCS
+    "prefetch_test.cc"
     "internal/prefetch_test.cc"
   COPTS
     ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
diff --git a/absl/base/attributes.h b/absl/base/attributes.h
index e4e7a3d8..a7f279a0 100644
--- a/absl/base/attributes.h
+++ b/absl/base/attributes.h
@@ -211,11 +211,20 @@
 // out of bounds or does other scary things with memory.
 // NOTE: GCC supports AddressSanitizer(asan) since 4.8.
 // https://gcc.gnu.org/gcc-4.8/changes.html
-#if ABSL_HAVE_ATTRIBUTE(no_sanitize_address)
+#if defined(ABSL_HAVE_ADDRESS_SANITIZER) && \
+    ABSL_HAVE_ATTRIBUTE(no_sanitize_address)
 #define ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_ADDRESS __attribute__((no_sanitize_address))
-#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1928
+#elif defined(ABSL_HAVE_ADDRESS_SANITIZER) && defined(_MSC_VER) && \
+    _MSC_VER >= 1928
 // https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/cpp/no-sanitize-address
 #define ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_ADDRESS __declspec(no_sanitize_address)
+#elif defined(ABSL_HAVE_HWADDRESS_SANITIZER) && ABSL_HAVE_ATTRIBUTE(no_sanitize)
+// HWAddressSanitizer is a sanitizer similar to AddressSanitizer, which uses CPU
+// features to detect similar bugs with less CPU and memory overhead.
+// NOTE: GCC supports HWAddressSanitizer(hwasan) since 11.
+// https://gcc.gnu.org/gcc-11/changes.html
+#define ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_ADDRESS \
+  __attribute__((no_sanitize("hwaddress")))
 #else
 #define ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_ADDRESS
 #endif
@@ -265,7 +274,7 @@
 //
 // Tells the ControlFlowIntegrity sanitizer to not instrument a given function.
 // See https://clang.llvm.org/docs/ControlFlowIntegrity.html for details.
-#if ABSL_HAVE_ATTRIBUTE(no_sanitize)
+#if ABSL_HAVE_ATTRIBUTE(no_sanitize) && defined(__llvm__)
 #define ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_CFI __attribute__((no_sanitize("cfi")))
 #else
 #define ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_CFI
@@ -322,8 +331,8 @@
 // This functionality is supported by GNU linker.
 #ifndef ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_SECTION_VARIABLE
 #ifdef _AIX
-// __attribute__((section(#name))) on AIX is achived by using the `.csect` psudo
-// op which includes an additional integer as part of its syntax indcating
+// __attribute__((section(#name))) on AIX is achieved by using the `.csect`
+// psudo op which includes an additional integer as part of its syntax indcating
 // alignment. If data fall under different alignments then you might get a
 // compilation error indicating a `Section type conflict`.
 #define ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_SECTION_VARIABLE(name)
@@ -676,6 +685,28 @@
 #define ABSL_DEPRECATED(message)
 #endif
 
+// When deprecating Abseil code, it is sometimes necessary to turn off the
+// warning within Abseil, until the deprecated code is actually removed. The
+// deprecated code can be surrounded with these directives to acheive that
+// result.
+//
+// class ABSL_DEPRECATED("Use Bar instead") Foo;
+//
+// ABSL_INTERNAL_DISABLE_DEPRECATED_DECLARATION_WARNING
+// Baz ComputeBazFromFoo(Foo f);
+// ABSL_INTERNAL_RESTORE_DEPRECATED_DECLARATION_WARNING
+#if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
+// Clang also supports these GCC pragmas.
+#define ABSL_INTERNAL_DISABLE_DEPRECATED_DECLARATION_WARNING \
+  _Pragma("GCC diagnostic push")             \
+  _Pragma("GCC diagnostic ignored \"-Wdeprecated-declarations\"")
+#define ABSL_INTERNAL_RESTORE_DEPRECATED_DECLARATION_WARNING \
+  _Pragma("GCC diagnostic pop")
+#else
+#define ABSL_INTERNAL_DISABLE_DEPRECATED_DECLARATION_WARNING
+#define ABSL_INTERNAL_RESTORE_DEPRECATED_DECLARATION_WARNING
+#endif  // defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
+
 // ABSL_CONST_INIT
 //
 // A variable declaration annotated with the `ABSL_CONST_INIT` attribute will
@@ -716,26 +747,9 @@
 #define ABSL_CONST_INIT
 #endif
 
-// ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION
-//
-// ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION is used to annotate declarations of "pure"
-// functions. A function is pure if its return value is only a function of its
-// arguments. The pure attribute prohibits a function from modifying the state
-// of the program that is observable by means other than inspecting the
-// function's return value. Declaring such functions with the pure attribute
-// allows the compiler to avoid emitting some calls in repeated invocations of
-// the function with the same argument values.
-//
-// Example:
-//
-//  ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION int64_t ToInt64Milliseconds(Duration d);
-#if ABSL_HAVE_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(gnu::pure)
-#define ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION [[gnu::pure]]
-#elif ABSL_HAVE_ATTRIBUTE(pure)
-#define ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION __attribute__((pure))
-#else
+// These annotations are not available yet due to fear of breaking code.
 #define ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION
-#endif
+#define ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION
 
 // ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND indicates that a resource owned by a function
 // parameter or implicit object parameter is retained by the return value of the
@@ -759,4 +773,63 @@
 #define ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND
 #endif
 
+// ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_TRIVIAL_ABI
+// Indicates that a type is "trivially relocatable" -- meaning it can be
+// relocated without invoking the constructor/destructor, using a form of move
+// elision.
+//
+// From a memory safety point of view, putting aside destructor ordering, it's
+// safe to apply ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_TRIVIAL_ABI if an object's location
+// can change over the course of its lifetime: if a constructor can be run one
+// place, and then the object magically teleports to another place where some
+// methods are run, and then the object teleports to yet another place where it
+// is destroyed. This is notably not true for self-referential types, where the
+// move-constructor must keep the self-reference up to date. If the type changed
+// location without invoking the move constructor, it would have a dangling
+// self-reference.
+//
+// The use of this teleporting machinery means that the number of paired
+// move/destroy operations can change, and so it is a bad idea to apply this to
+// a type meant to count the number of moves.
+//
+// Warning: applying this can, rarely, break callers. Objects passed by value
+// will be destroyed at the end of the call, instead of the end of the
+// full-expression containing the call. In addition, it changes the ABI
+// of functions accepting this type by value (e.g. to pass in registers).
+//
+// See also the upstream documentation:
+// https://clang.llvm.org/docs/AttributeReference.html#trivial-abi
+//
+#if ABSL_HAVE_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(clang::trivial_abi)
+#define ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_TRIVIAL_ABI [[clang::trivial_abi]]
+#define ABSL_HAVE_ATTRIBUTE_TRIVIAL_ABI 1
+#elif ABSL_HAVE_ATTRIBUTE(trivial_abi)
+#define ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_TRIVIAL_ABI __attribute__((trivial_abi))
+#define ABSL_HAVE_ATTRIBUTE_TRIVIAL_ABI 1
+#else
+#define ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_TRIVIAL_ABI
+#endif
+
+// ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS
+//
+// Indicates a data member can be optimized to occupy no space (if it is empty)
+// and/or its tail padding can be used for other members.
+//
+// For code that is assured to only build with C++20 or later, prefer using
+// the standard attribute `[[no_unique_address]]` directly instead of this
+// macro.
+//
+// https://devblogs.microsoft.com/cppblog/msvc-cpp20-and-the-std-cpp20-switch/#c20-no_unique_address
+// Current versions of MSVC have disabled `[[no_unique_address]]` since it
+// breaks ABI compatibility, but offers `[[msvc::no_unique_address]]` for
+// situations when it can be assured that it is desired. Since Abseil does not
+// claim ABI compatibility in mixed builds, we can offer it unconditionally.
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1929
+#define ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS [[msvc::no_unique_address]]
+#elif ABSL_HAVE_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(no_unique_address)
+#define ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS [[no_unique_address]]
+#else
+#define ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NO_UNIQUE_ADDRESS
+#endif
+
 #endif  // ABSL_BASE_ATTRIBUTES_H_
diff --git a/absl/base/call_once.h b/absl/base/call_once.h
index 96109f53..08436bac 100644
--- a/absl/base/call_once.h
+++ b/absl/base/call_once.h
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ class SchedulingHelper {
 
  private:
   base_internal::SchedulingMode mode_;
-  bool guard_result_;
+  bool guard_result_ = false;
 };
 
 // Bit patterns for call_once state machine values.  Internal implementation
diff --git a/absl/base/casts.h b/absl/base/casts.h
index b99adb06..d1958885 100644
--- a/absl/base/casts.h
+++ b/absl/base/casts.h
@@ -149,16 +149,16 @@ using std::bit_cast;
 
 #else  // defined(__cpp_lib_bit_cast) && __cpp_lib_bit_cast >= 201806L
 
-template <typename Dest, typename Source,
-          typename std::enable_if<
-              sizeof(Dest) == sizeof(Source) &&
-                  type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<Source>::value &&
-                  type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<Dest>::value
+template <
+    typename Dest, typename Source,
+    typename std::enable_if<sizeof(Dest) == sizeof(Source) &&
+                                std::is_trivially_copyable<Source>::value &&
+                                std::is_trivially_copyable<Dest>::value
 #if !ABSL_HAVE_BUILTIN(__builtin_bit_cast)
-                  && std::is_default_constructible<Dest>::value
+                                && std::is_default_constructible<Dest>::value
 #endif  // !ABSL_HAVE_BUILTIN(__builtin_bit_cast)
-              ,
-              int>::type = 0>
+                            ,
+                            int>::type = 0>
 #if ABSL_HAVE_BUILTIN(__builtin_bit_cast)
 inline constexpr Dest bit_cast(const Source& source) {
   return __builtin_bit_cast(Dest, source);
diff --git a/absl/base/config.h b/absl/base/config.h
index 705ecea0..1de79930 100644
--- a/absl/base/config.h
+++ b/absl/base/config.h
@@ -111,8 +111,8 @@
 //
 // LTS releases can be obtained from
 // https://github.com/abseil/abseil-cpp/releases.
-#define ABSL_LTS_RELEASE_VERSION 20220623
-#define ABSL_LTS_RELEASE_PATCH_LEVEL 1
+#define ABSL_LTS_RELEASE_VERSION 20230802
+#define ABSL_LTS_RELEASE_PATCH_LEVEL 0
 
 // Helper macro to convert a CPP variable to a string literal.
 #define ABSL_INTERNAL_DO_TOKEN_STR(x) #x
@@ -237,14 +237,8 @@ static_assert(ABSL_INTERNAL_INLINE_NAMESPACE_STR[0] != 'h' ||
 // ABSL_HAVE_STD_IS_TRIVIALLY_DESTRUCTIBLE
 //
 // Checks whether `std::is_trivially_destructible<T>` is supported.
-//
-// Notes: All supported compilers using libc++ support this feature, as does
-// gcc >= 4.8.1 using libstdc++, and Visual Studio.
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_STD_IS_TRIVIALLY_DESTRUCTIBLE
 #error ABSL_HAVE_STD_IS_TRIVIALLY_DESTRUCTIBLE cannot be directly set
-#elif defined(_LIBCPP_VERSION) || defined(_MSC_VER) || \
-    (!defined(__clang__) && defined(__GLIBCXX__) &&    \
-     ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_MIN_GNUC_VERSION(4, 8))
 #define ABSL_HAVE_STD_IS_TRIVIALLY_DESTRUCTIBLE 1
 #endif
 
@@ -252,27 +246,29 @@ static_assert(ABSL_INTERNAL_INLINE_NAMESPACE_STR[0] != 'h' ||
 //
 // Checks whether `std::is_trivially_default_constructible<T>` and
 // `std::is_trivially_copy_constructible<T>` are supported.
+#ifdef ABSL_HAVE_STD_IS_TRIVIALLY_CONSTRUCTIBLE
+#error ABSL_HAVE_STD_IS_TRIVIALLY_CONSTRUCTIBLE cannot be directly set
+#else
+#define ABSL_HAVE_STD_IS_TRIVIALLY_CONSTRUCTIBLE 1
+#endif
 
 // ABSL_HAVE_STD_IS_TRIVIALLY_ASSIGNABLE
 //
 // Checks whether `std::is_trivially_copy_assignable<T>` is supported.
-
-// Notes: Clang with libc++ supports these features, as does gcc >= 7.4 with
-// libstdc++, or gcc >= 8.2 with libc++, and Visual Studio (but not NVCC).
-#if defined(ABSL_HAVE_STD_IS_TRIVIALLY_CONSTRUCTIBLE)
-#error ABSL_HAVE_STD_IS_TRIVIALLY_CONSTRUCTIBLE cannot be directly set
-#elif defined(ABSL_HAVE_STD_IS_TRIVIALLY_ASSIGNABLE)
-#error ABSL_HAVE_STD_IS_TRIVIALLY_ASSIGNABLE cannot directly set
-#elif (defined(__clang__) && defined(_LIBCPP_VERSION)) ||                    \
-    (!defined(__clang__) &&                                                  \
-     ((ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_MIN_GNUC_VERSION(7, 4) && defined(__GLIBCXX__)) || \
-      (ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_MIN_GNUC_VERSION(8, 2) &&                          \
-       defined(_LIBCPP_VERSION)))) ||                                        \
-    (defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__NVCC__))
-#define ABSL_HAVE_STD_IS_TRIVIALLY_CONSTRUCTIBLE 1
+#ifdef ABSL_HAVE_STD_IS_TRIVIALLY_ASSIGNABLE
+#error ABSL_HAVE_STD_IS_TRIVIALLY_ASSIGNABLE cannot be directly set
+#else
 #define ABSL_HAVE_STD_IS_TRIVIALLY_ASSIGNABLE 1
 #endif
 
+// ABSL_HAVE_STD_IS_TRIVIALLY_COPYABLE
+//
+// Checks whether `std::is_trivially_copyable<T>` is supported.
+#ifdef ABSL_HAVE_STD_IS_TRIVIALLY_COPYABLE
+#error ABSL_HAVE_STD_IS_TRIVIALLY_COPYABLE cannot be directly set
+#define ABSL_HAVE_STD_IS_TRIVIALLY_COPYABLE 1
+#endif
+
 // ABSL_HAVE_THREAD_LOCAL
 //
 // Checks whether C++11's `thread_local` storage duration specifier is
@@ -416,7 +412,7 @@ static_assert(ABSL_INTERNAL_INLINE_NAMESPACE_STR[0] != 'h' ||
     defined(__asmjs__) || defined(__wasm__) || defined(__Fuchsia__) ||    \
     defined(__sun) || defined(__ASYLO__) || defined(__myriad2__) ||       \
     defined(__HAIKU__) || defined(__OpenBSD__) || defined(__NetBSD__) ||  \
-    defined(__QNX__)
+    defined(__QNX__) || defined(__VXWORKS__) || defined(__hexagon__)
 #define ABSL_HAVE_MMAP 1
 #endif
 
@@ -428,7 +424,7 @@ static_assert(ABSL_INTERNAL_INLINE_NAMESPACE_STR[0] != 'h' ||
 #error ABSL_HAVE_PTHREAD_GETSCHEDPARAM cannot be directly set
 #elif defined(__linux__) || defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__FreeBSD__) || \
     defined(_AIX) || defined(__ros__) || defined(__OpenBSD__) ||          \
-    defined(__NetBSD__)
+    defined(__NetBSD__) || defined(__VXWORKS__)
 #define ABSL_HAVE_PTHREAD_GETSCHEDPARAM 1
 #endif
 
@@ -447,7 +443,8 @@ static_assert(ABSL_INTERNAL_INLINE_NAMESPACE_STR[0] != 'h' ||
 // POSIX.1-2001.
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_SCHED_YIELD
 #error ABSL_HAVE_SCHED_YIELD cannot be directly set
-#elif defined(__linux__) || defined(__ros__) || defined(__native_client__)
+#elif defined(__linux__) || defined(__ros__) || defined(__native_client__) || \
+    defined(__VXWORKS__)
 #define ABSL_HAVE_SCHED_YIELD 1
 #endif
 
@@ -462,7 +459,7 @@ static_assert(ABSL_INTERNAL_INLINE_NAMESPACE_STR[0] != 'h' ||
 // platforms.
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_SEMAPHORE_H
 #error ABSL_HAVE_SEMAPHORE_H cannot be directly set
-#elif defined(__linux__) || defined(__ros__)
+#elif defined(__linux__) || defined(__ros__) || defined(__VXWORKS__)
 #define ABSL_HAVE_SEMAPHORE_H 1
 #endif
 
@@ -490,6 +487,8 @@ static_assert(ABSL_INTERNAL_INLINE_NAMESPACE_STR[0] != 'h' ||
 #elif defined(__Fuchsia__)
 // Signals don't exist on fuchsia.
 #elif defined(__native_client__)
+// Signals don't exist on hexagon/QuRT
+#elif defined(__hexagon__)
 #else
 // other standard libraries
 #define ABSL_HAVE_ALARM 1
@@ -523,41 +522,29 @@ static_assert(ABSL_INTERNAL_INLINE_NAMESPACE_STR[0] != 'h' ||
 #error "absl endian detection needs to be set up for your compiler"
 #endif
 
-// macOS < 10.13 and iOS < 11 don't let you use <any>, <optional>, or <variant>
-// even though the headers exist and are publicly noted to work, because the
-// libc++ shared library shipped on the system doesn't have the requisite
-// exported symbols.  See https://github.com/abseil/abseil-cpp/issues/207 and
+// macOS < 10.13 and iOS < 12 don't support <any>, <optional>, or <variant>
+// because the libc++ shared library shipped on the system doesn't have the
+// requisite exported symbols.  See
+// https://github.com/abseil/abseil-cpp/issues/207 and
 // https://developer.apple.com/documentation/xcode_release_notes/xcode_10_release_notes
 //
 // libc++ spells out the availability requirements in the file
 // llvm-project/libcxx/include/__config via the #define
-// _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_BAD_OPTIONAL_ACCESS.
-//
-// Unfortunately, Apple initially mis-stated the requirements as macOS < 10.14
-// and iOS < 12 in the libc++ headers. This was corrected by
+// _LIBCPP_AVAILABILITY_BAD_OPTIONAL_ACCESS. The set of versions has been
+// modified a few times, via
 // https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/7fb40e1569dd66292b647f4501b85517e9247953
-// which subsequently made it into the XCode 12.5 release. We need to match the
-// old (incorrect) conditions when built with old XCode, but can use the
-// corrected earlier versions with new XCode.
-#if defined(__APPLE__) && defined(_LIBCPP_VERSION) &&               \
-    ((_LIBCPP_VERSION >= 11000 && /* XCode 12.5 or later: */        \
-      ((defined(__ENVIRONMENT_MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) &&   \
-        __ENVIRONMENT_MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 101300) ||  \
-       (defined(__ENVIRONMENT_IPHONE_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) &&  \
-        __ENVIRONMENT_IPHONE_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 110000) || \
-       (defined(__ENVIRONMENT_WATCH_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) &&   \
-        __ENVIRONMENT_WATCH_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 40000) ||   \
-       (defined(__ENVIRONMENT_TV_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) &&      \
-        __ENVIRONMENT_TV_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 110000))) ||   \
-     (_LIBCPP_VERSION < 11000 && /* Pre-XCode 12.5: */              \
-      ((defined(__ENVIRONMENT_MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) &&   \
-        __ENVIRONMENT_MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 101400) ||  \
-       (defined(__ENVIRONMENT_IPHONE_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) &&  \
-        __ENVIRONMENT_IPHONE_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 120000) || \
-       (defined(__ENVIRONMENT_WATCH_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) &&   \
-        __ENVIRONMENT_WATCH_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 50000) ||   \
-       (defined(__ENVIRONMENT_TV_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) &&      \
-        __ENVIRONMENT_TV_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 120000))))
+// and
+// https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/0bc451e7e137c4ccadcd3377250874f641ca514a
+// The second has the actually correct versions, thus, is what we copy here.
+#if defined(__APPLE__) &&                                           \
+    ((defined(__ENVIRONMENT_MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) &&     \
+      __ENVIRONMENT_MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 101300) ||    \
+     (defined(__ENVIRONMENT_IPHONE_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) &&    \
+      __ENVIRONMENT_IPHONE_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 120000) ||   \
+     (defined(__ENVIRONMENT_WATCH_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) &&     \
+      __ENVIRONMENT_WATCH_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 50000) ||     \
+     (defined(__ENVIRONMENT_TV_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) &&        \
+      __ENVIRONMENT_TV_OS_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 120000))
 #define ABSL_INTERNAL_APPLE_CXX17_TYPES_UNAVAILABLE 1
 #else
 #define ABSL_INTERNAL_APPLE_CXX17_TYPES_UNAVAILABLE 0
@@ -565,73 +552,44 @@ static_assert(ABSL_INTERNAL_INLINE_NAMESPACE_STR[0] != 'h' ||
 
 // ABSL_HAVE_STD_ANY
 //
-// Checks whether C++17 std::any is available by checking whether <any> exists.
+// Checks whether C++17 std::any is available.
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_STD_ANY
 #error "ABSL_HAVE_STD_ANY cannot be directly set."
-#endif
-
-#ifdef __has_include
-#if __has_include(<any>) && defined(__cplusplus) && __cplusplus >= 201703L && \
+#elif defined(ABSL_INTERNAL_CPLUSPLUS_LANG) && \
+    ABSL_INTERNAL_CPLUSPLUS_LANG >= 201703L && \
     !ABSL_INTERNAL_APPLE_CXX17_TYPES_UNAVAILABLE
 #define ABSL_HAVE_STD_ANY 1
 #endif
-#endif
 
 // ABSL_HAVE_STD_OPTIONAL
 //
 // Checks whether C++17 std::optional is available.
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_STD_OPTIONAL
 #error "ABSL_HAVE_STD_OPTIONAL cannot be directly set."
-#endif
-
-#ifdef __has_include
-#if __has_include(<optional>) && defined(__cplusplus) && \
-    __cplusplus >= 201703L && !ABSL_INTERNAL_APPLE_CXX17_TYPES_UNAVAILABLE
+#elif defined(ABSL_INTERNAL_CPLUSPLUS_LANG) &&  \
+    ABSL_INTERNAL_CPLUSPLUS_LANG >= 201703L && \
+    !ABSL_INTERNAL_APPLE_CXX17_TYPES_UNAVAILABLE
 #define ABSL_HAVE_STD_OPTIONAL 1
 #endif
-#endif
 
 // ABSL_HAVE_STD_VARIANT
 //
 // Checks whether C++17 std::variant is available.
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_STD_VARIANT
 #error "ABSL_HAVE_STD_VARIANT cannot be directly set."
-#endif
-
-#ifdef __has_include
-#if __has_include(<variant>) && defined(__cplusplus) && \
-    __cplusplus >= 201703L && !ABSL_INTERNAL_APPLE_CXX17_TYPES_UNAVAILABLE
+#elif defined(ABSL_INTERNAL_CPLUSPLUS_LANG) && \
+    ABSL_INTERNAL_CPLUSPLUS_LANG >= 201703L && \
+    !ABSL_INTERNAL_APPLE_CXX17_TYPES_UNAVAILABLE
 #define ABSL_HAVE_STD_VARIANT 1
 #endif
-#endif
 
 // ABSL_HAVE_STD_STRING_VIEW
 //
 // Checks whether C++17 std::string_view is available.
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_STD_STRING_VIEW
 #error "ABSL_HAVE_STD_STRING_VIEW cannot be directly set."
-#endif
-
-#ifdef __has_include
-#if __has_include(<string_view>) && defined(__cplusplus) && \
-    __cplusplus >= 201703L
-#define ABSL_HAVE_STD_STRING_VIEW 1
-#endif
-#endif
-
-// For MSVC, `__has_include` is supported in VS 2017 15.3, which is later than
-// the support for <optional>, <any>, <string_view>, <variant>. So we use
-// _MSC_VER to check whether we have VS 2017 RTM (when <optional>, <any>,
-// <string_view>, <variant> is implemented) or higher. Also, `__cplusplus` is
-// not correctly set by MSVC, so we use `_MSVC_LANG` to check the language
-// version.
-// TODO(zhangxy): fix tests before enabling aliasing for `std::any`.
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1910 &&         \
-    ((defined(_MSVC_LANG) && _MSVC_LANG > 201402) || \
-     (defined(__cplusplus) && __cplusplus > 201402))
-// #define ABSL_HAVE_STD_ANY 1
-#define ABSL_HAVE_STD_OPTIONAL 1
-#define ABSL_HAVE_STD_VARIANT 1
+#elif defined(ABSL_INTERNAL_CPLUSPLUS_LANG) && \
+    ABSL_INTERNAL_CPLUSPLUS_LANG >= 201703L
 #define ABSL_HAVE_STD_STRING_VIEW 1
 #endif
 
@@ -746,6 +704,18 @@ static_assert(ABSL_INTERNAL_INLINE_NAMESPACE_STR[0] != 'h' ||
 #define ABSL_DLL
 #endif  // defined(_MSC_VER)
 
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+#if defined(ABSL_BUILD_TEST_DLL)
+#define ABSL_TEST_DLL __declspec(dllexport)
+#elif defined(ABSL_CONSUME_TEST_DLL)
+#define ABSL_TEST_DLL __declspec(dllimport)
+#else
+#define ABSL_TEST_DLL
+#endif
+#else
+#define ABSL_TEST_DLL
+#endif  // defined(_MSC_VER)
+
 // ABSL_HAVE_MEMORY_SANITIZER
 //
 // MemorySanitizer (MSan) is a detector of uninitialized reads. It consists of
@@ -791,6 +761,20 @@ static_assert(ABSL_INTERNAL_INLINE_NAMESPACE_STR[0] != 'h' ||
 #define ABSL_HAVE_HWADDRESS_SANITIZER 1
 #endif
 
+// ABSL_HAVE_DATAFLOW_SANITIZER
+//
+// Dataflow Sanitizer (or DFSAN) is a generalised dynamic data flow analysis.
+#ifdef ABSL_HAVE_DATAFLOW_SANITIZER
+#error "ABSL_HAVE_DATAFLOW_SANITIZER cannot be directly set."
+#elif defined(DATAFLOW_SANITIZER)
+// GCC provides no method for detecting the presence of the standalone
+// DataFlowSanitizer (-fsanitize=dataflow), so GCC users of -fsanitize=dataflow
+// should also use -DDATAFLOW_SANITIZER.
+#define ABSL_HAVE_DATAFLOW_SANITIZER 1
+#elif ABSL_HAVE_FEATURE(dataflow_sanitizer)
+#define ABSL_HAVE_DATAFLOW_SANITIZER 1
+#endif
+
 // ABSL_HAVE_LEAK_SANITIZER
 //
 // LeakSanitizer (or lsan) is a detector of memory leaks.
@@ -805,7 +789,7 @@ static_assert(ABSL_INTERNAL_INLINE_NAMESPACE_STR[0] != 'h' ||
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_LEAK_SANITIZER
 #error "ABSL_HAVE_LEAK_SANITIZER cannot be directly set."
 #elif defined(LEAK_SANITIZER)
-// GCC provides no method for detecting the presense of the standalone
+// GCC provides no method for detecting the presence of the standalone
 // LeakSanitizer (-fsanitize=leak), so GCC users of -fsanitize=leak should also
 // use -DLEAK_SANITIZER.
 #define ABSL_HAVE_LEAK_SANITIZER 1
@@ -853,7 +837,9 @@ static_assert(ABSL_INTERNAL_INLINE_NAMESPACE_STR[0] != 'h' ||
 // RTTI support.
 #ifdef ABSL_INTERNAL_HAS_RTTI
 #error ABSL_INTERNAL_HAS_RTTI cannot be directly set
-#elif !defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__GXX_RTTI)
+#elif (defined(__GNUC__) && defined(__GXX_RTTI)) || \
+    (defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(_CPPRTTI)) ||     \
+    (!defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(_MSC_VER))
 #define ABSL_INTERNAL_HAS_RTTI 1
 #endif  // !defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__GXX_RTTI)
 
@@ -864,7 +850,8 @@ static_assert(ABSL_INTERNAL_INLINE_NAMESPACE_STR[0] != 'h' ||
 #error ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_SSE cannot be directly set
 #elif defined(__SSE__)
 #define ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_SSE 1
-#elif defined(_M_X64) || (defined(_M_IX86_FP) && _M_IX86_FP >= 1)
+#elif (defined(_M_X64) || (defined(_M_IX86_FP) && _M_IX86_FP >= 1)) && \
+    !defined(_M_ARM64EC)
 // MSVC only defines _M_IX86_FP for x86 32-bit code, and _M_IX86_FP >= 1
 // indicates that at least SSE was targeted with the /arch:SSE option.
 // All x86-64 processors support SSE, so support can be assumed.
@@ -879,7 +866,8 @@ static_assert(ABSL_INTERNAL_INLINE_NAMESPACE_STR[0] != 'h' ||
 #error ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_SSE2 cannot be directly set
 #elif defined(__SSE2__)
 #define ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_SSE2 1
-#elif defined(_M_X64) || (defined(_M_IX86_FP) && _M_IX86_FP >= 2)
+#elif (defined(_M_X64) || (defined(_M_IX86_FP) && _M_IX86_FP >= 2)) && \
+    !defined(_M_ARM64EC)
 // MSVC only defines _M_IX86_FP for x86 32-bit code, and _M_IX86_FP >= 2
 // indicates that at least SSE2 was targeted with the /arch:SSE2 option.
 // All x86-64 processors support SSE2, so support can be assumed.
@@ -904,10 +892,46 @@ static_assert(ABSL_INTERNAL_INLINE_NAMESPACE_STR[0] != 'h' ||
 
 // ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_ARM_NEON is used for compile-time detection of NEON (ARM
 // SIMD).
+//
+// If __CUDA_ARCH__ is defined, then we are compiling CUDA code in device mode.
+// In device mode, NEON intrinsics are not available, regardless of host
+// platform.
+// https://llvm.org/docs/CompileCudaWithLLVM.html#detecting-clang-vs-nvcc-from-code
 #ifdef ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_ARM_NEON
 #error ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_ARM_NEON cannot be directly set
-#elif defined(__ARM_NEON)
+#elif defined(__ARM_NEON) && !defined(__CUDA_ARCH__)
 #define ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_ARM_NEON 1
 #endif
 
+// ABSL_HAVE_CONSTANT_EVALUATED is used for compile-time detection of
+// constant evaluation support through `absl::is_constant_evaluated`.
+#ifdef ABSL_HAVE_CONSTANT_EVALUATED
+#error ABSL_HAVE_CONSTANT_EVALUATED cannot be directly set
+#endif
+#ifdef __cpp_lib_is_constant_evaluated
+#define ABSL_HAVE_CONSTANT_EVALUATED 1
+#elif ABSL_HAVE_BUILTIN(__builtin_is_constant_evaluated)
+#define ABSL_HAVE_CONSTANT_EVALUATED 1
+#endif
+
+// ABSL_INTERNAL_EMSCRIPTEN_VERSION combines Emscripten's three version macros
+// into an integer that can be compared against.
+#ifdef ABSL_INTERNAL_EMSCRIPTEN_VERSION
+#error ABSL_INTERNAL_EMSCRIPTEN_VERSION cannot be directly set
+#endif
+#ifdef __EMSCRIPTEN__
+#include <emscripten/version.h>
+#ifdef __EMSCRIPTEN_major__
+#if __EMSCRIPTEN_minor__ >= 1000
+#error __EMSCRIPTEN_minor__ is too big to fit in ABSL_INTERNAL_EMSCRIPTEN_VERSION
+#endif
+#if __EMSCRIPTEN_tiny__ >= 1000
+#error __EMSCRIPTEN_tiny__ is too big to fit in ABSL_INTERNAL_EMSCRIPTEN_VERSION
+#endif
+#define ABSL_INTERNAL_EMSCRIPTEN_VERSION                          \
+  ((__EMSCRIPTEN_major__)*1000000 + (__EMSCRIPTEN_minor__)*1000 + \
+   (__EMSCRIPTEN_tiny__))
+#endif
+#endif
+
 #endif  // ABSL_BASE_CONFIG_H_
diff --git a/absl/base/dynamic_annotations.h b/absl/base/dynamic_annotations.h
index 3ea7c156..7ba8912e 100644
--- a/absl/base/dynamic_annotations.h
+++ b/absl/base/dynamic_annotations.h
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@
 #define ABSL_BASE_DYNAMIC_ANNOTATIONS_H_
 
 #include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
 
 #include "absl/base/attributes.h"
 #include "absl/base/config.h"
@@ -53,6 +54,10 @@
 #include "absl/base/macros.h"
 #endif
 
+#ifdef ABSL_HAVE_HWADDRESS_SANITIZER
+#include <sanitizer/hwasan_interface.h>
+#endif
+
 // TODO(rogeeff): Remove after the backward compatibility period.
 #include "absl/base/internal/dynamic_annotations.h"  // IWYU pragma: export
 
@@ -111,7 +116,7 @@
 
 #if ABSL_INTERNAL_RACE_ANNOTATIONS_ENABLED == 1
 // Some of the symbols used in this section (e.g. AnnotateBenignRaceSized) are
-// defined by the compiler-based santizer implementation, not by the Abseil
+// defined by the compiler-based sanitizer implementation, not by the Abseil
 // library. Therefore they do not use ABSL_INTERNAL_C_SYMBOL.
 
 // -------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -457,6 +462,26 @@ ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
 #endif  // ABSL_HAVE_ADDRESS_SANITIZER
 
 // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// HWAddress sanitizer annotations
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+namespace absl {
+#ifdef ABSL_HAVE_HWADDRESS_SANITIZER
+// Under HWASAN changes the tag of the pointer.
+template <typename T>
+T* HwasanTagPointer(T* ptr, uintptr_t tag) {
+  return reinterpret_cast<T*>(__hwasan_tag_pointer(ptr, tag));
+}
+#else
+template <typename T>
+T* HwasanTagPointer(T* ptr, uintptr_t) {
+  return ptr;
+}
+#endif
+}  // namespace absl
+#endif
+
+// -------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Undefine the macros intended only for this file.
 
 #undef ABSL_INTERNAL_RACE_ANNOTATIONS_ENABLED
diff --git a/absl/base/exception_safety_testing_test.cc b/absl/base/exception_safety_testing_test.cc
index a87fd6a9..bf5aa7cf 100644
--- a/absl/base/exception_safety_testing_test.cc
+++ b/absl/base/exception_safety_testing_test.cc
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ TEST(ThrowingValueTest, ThrowingBitwiseOps) {
   ThrowingValue<> bomb1, bomb2;
 
   TestOp([&bomb1]() { ~bomb1; });
-  TestOp([&]() { bomb1& bomb2; });
+  TestOp([&]() { bomb1 & bomb2; });
   TestOp([&]() { bomb1 | bomb2; });
   TestOp([&]() { bomb1 ^ bomb2; });
 }
@@ -332,13 +332,16 @@ TEST(ThrowingValueTest, NonThrowingPlacementDelete) {
   constexpr int kArrayLen = 2;
   // We intentionally create extra space to store the tag allocated by placement
   // new[].
-  constexpr int kStorageLen = 4;
+  constexpr size_t kExtraSpaceLen = sizeof(size_t) * 2;
 
   alignas(ThrowingValue<>) unsigned char buf[sizeof(ThrowingValue<>)];
   alignas(ThrowingValue<>) unsigned char
-      array_buf[sizeof(ThrowingValue<>[kStorageLen])];
+      array_buf[kExtraSpaceLen + sizeof(ThrowingValue<>[kArrayLen])];
   auto* placed = new (&buf) ThrowingValue<>(1);
   auto placed_array = new (&array_buf) ThrowingValue<>[kArrayLen];
+  auto* placed_array_end = reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(placed_array) +
+                           sizeof(ThrowingValue<>[kArrayLen]);
+  EXPECT_LE(placed_array_end, array_buf + sizeof(array_buf));
 
   SetCountdown();
   ExpectNoThrow([placed, &buf]() {
diff --git a/absl/base/internal/atomic_hook_test_helper.h b/absl/base/internal/atomic_hook_test_helper.h
index 3e72b497..c72015ef 100644
--- a/absl/base/internal/atomic_hook_test_helper.h
+++ b/absl/base/internal/atomic_hook_test_helper.h
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-#ifndef ABSL_BASE_ATOMIC_HOOK_TEST_HELPER_H_
-#define ABSL_BASE_ATOMIC_HOOK_TEST_HELPER_H_
+#ifndef ABSL_BASE_INTERNAL_ATOMIC_HOOK_TEST_HELPER_H_
+#define ABSL_BASE_INTERNAL_ATOMIC_HOOK_TEST_HELPER_H_
 
 #include "absl/base/internal/atomic_hook.h"
 
@@ -31,4 +31,4 @@ void RegisterFunc(VoidF func);
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
 }  // namespace absl
 
-#endif  // ABSL_BASE_ATOMIC_HOOK_TEST_HELPER_H_
+#endif  // ABSL_BASE_INTERNAL_ATOMIC_HOOK_TEST_HELPER_H_
diff --git a/absl/base/internal/cycleclock.h b/absl/base/internal/cycleclock.h
index 9704e388..cbfdf579 100644
--- a/absl/base/internal/cycleclock.h
+++ b/absl/base/internal/cycleclock.h
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@
 
 #include "absl/base/attributes.h"
 #include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/cycleclock_config.h"
 #include "absl/base/internal/unscaledcycleclock.h"
 
 namespace absl {
@@ -76,25 +77,9 @@ class CycleClock {
 #if ABSL_USE_UNSCALED_CYCLECLOCK
   static CycleClockSourceFunc LoadCycleClockSource();
 
-#ifdef NDEBUG
-#ifdef ABSL_INTERNAL_UNSCALED_CYCLECLOCK_FREQUENCY_IS_CPU_FREQUENCY
-  // Not debug mode and the UnscaledCycleClock frequency is the CPU
-  // frequency.  Scale the CycleClock to prevent overflow if someone
-  // tries to represent the time as cycles since the Unix epoch.
-  static constexpr int32_t kShift = 1;
-#else
-  // Not debug mode and the UnscaledCycleClock isn't operating at the
-  // raw CPU frequency. There is no need to do any scaling, so don't
-  // needlessly sacrifice precision.
-  static constexpr int32_t kShift = 0;
-#endif
-#else   // NDEBUG
-  // In debug mode use a different shift to discourage depending on a
-  // particular shift value.
-  static constexpr int32_t kShift = 2;
-#endif  // NDEBUG
+  static constexpr int32_t kShift = kCycleClockShift;
+  static constexpr double kFrequencyScale = kCycleClockFrequencyScale;
 
-  static constexpr double kFrequencyScale = 1.0 / (1 << kShift);
   ABSL_CONST_INIT static std::atomic<CycleClockSourceFunc> cycle_clock_source_;
 #endif  //  ABSL_USE_UNSCALED_CYCLECLOC
 
diff --git a/absl/base/internal/cycleclock_config.h b/absl/base/internal/cycleclock_config.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..191112b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/base/internal/cycleclock_config.h
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_BASE_INTERNAL_CYCLECLOCK_CONFIG_H_
+#define ABSL_BASE_INTERNAL_CYCLECLOCK_CONFIG_H_
+
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/inline_variable.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/unscaledcycleclock_config.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace base_internal {
+
+#if ABSL_USE_UNSCALED_CYCLECLOCK
+#ifdef NDEBUG
+#ifdef ABSL_INTERNAL_UNSCALED_CYCLECLOCK_FREQUENCY_IS_CPU_FREQUENCY
+// Not debug mode and the UnscaledCycleClock frequency is the CPU
+// frequency.  Scale the CycleClock to prevent overflow if someone
+// tries to represent the time as cycles since the Unix epoch.
+ABSL_INTERNAL_INLINE_CONSTEXPR(int32_t, kCycleClockShift, 1);
+#else
+// Not debug mode and the UnscaledCycleClock isn't operating at the
+// raw CPU frequency. There is no need to do any scaling, so don't
+// needlessly sacrifice precision.
+ABSL_INTERNAL_INLINE_CONSTEXPR(int32_t, kCycleClockShift, 0);
+#endif
+#else   // NDEBUG
+// In debug mode use a different shift to discourage depending on a
+// particular shift value.
+ABSL_INTERNAL_INLINE_CONSTEXPR(int32_t, kCycleClockShift, 2);
+#endif  // NDEBUG
+
+ABSL_INTERNAL_INLINE_CONSTEXPR(double, kCycleClockFrequencyScale,
+                               1.0 / (1 << kCycleClockShift));
+#endif  //  ABSL_USE_UNSCALED_CYCLECLOC
+
+}  // namespace base_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_BASE_INTERNAL_CYCLECLOCK_CONFIG_H_
diff --git a/absl/base/internal/direct_mmap.h b/absl/base/internal/direct_mmap.h
index e492bb00..1beb2ee4 100644
--- a/absl/base/internal/direct_mmap.h
+++ b/absl/base/internal/direct_mmap.h
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ namespace base_internal {
 // Platform specific logic extracted from
 // https://chromium.googlesource.com/linux-syscall-support/+/master/linux_syscall_support.h
 inline void* DirectMmap(void* start, size_t length, int prot, int flags, int fd,
-                        off64_t offset) noexcept {
+                        off_t offset) noexcept {
 #if defined(__i386__) || defined(__ARM_ARCH_3__) || defined(__ARM_EABI__) || \
     defined(__m68k__) || defined(__sh__) ||                                  \
     (defined(__hppa__) && !defined(__LP64__)) ||                             \
@@ -97,11 +97,12 @@ inline void* DirectMmap(void* start, size_t length, int prot, int flags, int fd,
 #ifdef __BIONIC__
   // SYS_mmap2 has problems on Android API level <= 16.
   // Workaround by invoking __mmap2() instead.
-  return __mmap2(start, length, prot, flags, fd, offset / pagesize);
+  return __mmap2(start, length, prot, flags, fd,
+                 static_cast<size_t>(offset / pagesize));
 #else
   return reinterpret_cast<void*>(
       syscall(SYS_mmap2, start, length, prot, flags, fd,
-              static_cast<off_t>(offset / pagesize)));
+              static_cast<unsigned long>(offset / pagesize)));  // NOLINT
 #endif
 #elif defined(__s390x__)
   // On s390x, mmap() arguments are passed in memory.
diff --git a/absl/base/internal/exception_safety_testing.h b/absl/base/internal/exception_safety_testing.h
index 77a5aec6..c1061544 100644
--- a/absl/base/internal/exception_safety_testing.h
+++ b/absl/base/internal/exception_safety_testing.h
@@ -946,7 +946,7 @@ class ExceptionSafetyTest {
  *   `std::unique_ptr<T> operator()() const` where T is the type being tested.
  *   It is used for reliably creating identical T instances to test on.
  *
- * - Operation: The operation object (passsed in via tester.WithOperation(...)
+ * - Operation: The operation object (passed in via tester.WithOperation(...)
  *   or tester.Test(...)) must be invocable with the signature
  *   `void operator()(T*) const` where T is the type being tested. It is used
  *   for performing steps on a T instance that may throw and that need to be
diff --git a/absl/base/internal/inline_variable.h b/absl/base/internal/inline_variable.h
index 130d8c24..df933faf 100644
--- a/absl/base/internal/inline_variable.h
+++ b/absl/base/internal/inline_variable.h
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-#ifndef ABSL_BASE_INTERNAL_INLINE_VARIABLE_EMULATION_H_
-#define ABSL_BASE_INTERNAL_INLINE_VARIABLE_EMULATION_H_
+#ifndef ABSL_BASE_INTERNAL_INLINE_VARIABLE_H_
+#define ABSL_BASE_INTERNAL_INLINE_VARIABLE_H_
 
 #include <type_traits>
 
@@ -104,4 +104,4 @@
 
 #endif  // __cpp_inline_variables
 
-#endif  // ABSL_BASE_INTERNAL_INLINE_VARIABLE_EMULATION_H_
+#endif  // ABSL_BASE_INTERNAL_INLINE_VARIABLE_H_
diff --git a/absl/base/internal/inline_variable_testing.h b/absl/base/internal/inline_variable_testing.h
index 3856b9f8..f3c81459 100644
--- a/absl/base/internal/inline_variable_testing.h
+++ b/absl/base/internal/inline_variable_testing.h
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-#ifndef ABSL_BASE_INLINE_VARIABLE_TESTING_H_
-#define ABSL_BASE_INLINE_VARIABLE_TESTING_H_
+#ifndef ABSL_BASE_INTERNAL_INLINE_VARIABLE_TESTING_H_
+#define ABSL_BASE_INTERNAL_INLINE_VARIABLE_TESTING_H_
 
 #include "absl/base/internal/inline_variable.h"
 
@@ -43,4 +43,4 @@ const int& get_int_b();
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
 }  // namespace absl
 
-#endif  // ABSL_BASE_INLINE_VARIABLE_TESTING_H_
+#endif  // ABSL_BASE_INTERNAL_INLINE_VARIABLE_TESTING_H_
diff --git a/absl/base/internal/low_level_alloc.cc b/absl/base/internal/low_level_alloc.cc
index 229ab916..6d2cfeac 100644
--- a/absl/base/internal/low_level_alloc.cc
+++ b/absl/base/internal/low_level_alloc.cc
@@ -42,25 +42,25 @@
 #include <windows.h>
 #endif
 
+#ifdef __linux__
+#include <sys/prctl.h>
+#endif
+
 #include <string.h>
+
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <atomic>
 #include <cerrno>
 #include <cstddef>
-#include <new>                   // for placement-new
+#include <new>  // for placement-new
 
 #include "absl/base/dynamic_annotations.h"
 #include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
 #include "absl/base/internal/spinlock.h"
 
-// MAP_ANONYMOUS
-#if defined(__APPLE__)
-// For mmap, Linux defines both MAP_ANONYMOUS and MAP_ANON and says MAP_ANON is
-// deprecated. In Darwin, MAP_ANON is all there is.
-#if !defined MAP_ANONYMOUS
+#if defined(MAP_ANON) && !defined(MAP_ANONYMOUS)
 #define MAP_ANONYMOUS MAP_ANON
-#endif  // !MAP_ANONYMOUS
-#endif  // __APPLE__
+#endif
 
 namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ static int IntLog2(size_t size, size_t base) {
 static int Random(uint32_t *state) {
   uint32_t r = *state;
   int result = 1;
-  while ((((r = r*1103515245 + 12345) >> 30) & 1) == 0) {
+  while ((((r = r * 1103515245 + 12345) >> 30) & 1) == 0) {
     result++;
   }
   *state = r;
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ static int LLA_SkiplistLevels(size_t size, size_t base, uint32_t *random) {
   size_t max_fit = (size - offsetof(AllocList, next)) / sizeof(AllocList *);
   int level = IntLog2(size, base) + (random != nullptr ? Random(random) : 1);
   if (static_cast<size_t>(level) > max_fit) level = static_cast<int>(max_fit);
-  if (level > kMaxLevel-1) level = kMaxLevel - 1;
+  if (level > kMaxLevel - 1) level = kMaxLevel - 1;
   ABSL_RAW_CHECK(level >= 1, "block not big enough for even one level");
   return level;
 }
@@ -153,8 +153,8 @@ static int LLA_SkiplistLevels(size_t size, size_t base, uint32_t *random) {
 // For 0 <= i < head->levels, set prev[i] to "no_greater", where no_greater
 // points to the last element at level i in the AllocList less than *e, or is
 // head if no such element exists.
-static AllocList *LLA_SkiplistSearch(AllocList *head,
-                                     AllocList *e, AllocList **prev) {
+static AllocList *LLA_SkiplistSearch(AllocList *head, AllocList *e,
+                                     AllocList **prev) {
   AllocList *p = head;
   for (int level = head->levels - 1; level >= 0; level--) {
     for (AllocList *n; (n = p->next[level]) != nullptr && n < e; p = n) {
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ static void LLA_SkiplistDelete(AllocList *head, AllocList *e,
     prev[i]->next[i] = e->next[i];
   }
   while (head->levels > 0 && head->next[head->levels - 1] == nullptr) {
-    head->levels--;   // reduce head->levels if level unused
+    head->levels--;  // reduce head->levels if level unused
   }
 }
 
@@ -249,9 +249,9 @@ void CreateGlobalArenas() {
 
 // Returns a global arena that does not call into hooks.  Used by NewArena()
 // when kCallMallocHook is not set.
-LowLevelAlloc::Arena* UnhookedArena() {
+LowLevelAlloc::Arena *UnhookedArena() {
   base_internal::LowLevelCallOnce(&create_globals_once, CreateGlobalArenas);
-  return reinterpret_cast<LowLevelAlloc::Arena*>(&unhooked_arena_storage);
+  return reinterpret_cast<LowLevelAlloc::Arena *>(&unhooked_arena_storage);
 }
 
 #ifndef ABSL_LOW_LEVEL_ALLOC_ASYNC_SIGNAL_SAFE_MISSING
@@ -269,7 +269,7 @@ LowLevelAlloc::Arena *UnhookedAsyncSigSafeArena() {
 // Returns the default arena, as used by LowLevelAlloc::Alloc() and friends.
 LowLevelAlloc::Arena *LowLevelAlloc::DefaultArena() {
   base_internal::LowLevelCallOnce(&create_globals_once, CreateGlobalArenas);
-  return reinterpret_cast<LowLevelAlloc::Arena*>(&default_arena_storage);
+  return reinterpret_cast<LowLevelAlloc::Arena *>(&default_arena_storage);
 }
 
 // magic numbers to identify allocated and unallocated blocks
@@ -332,7 +332,7 @@ size_t GetPageSize() {
 #elif defined(__wasm__) || defined(__asmjs__)
   return getpagesize();
 #else
-  return sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
+  return static_cast<size_t>(sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE));
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -356,15 +356,14 @@ LowLevelAlloc::Arena::Arena(uint32_t flags_value)
       min_size(2 * round_up),
       random(0) {
   freelist.header.size = 0;
-  freelist.header.magic =
-      Magic(kMagicUnallocated, &freelist.header);
+  freelist.header.magic = Magic(kMagicUnallocated, &freelist.header);
   freelist.header.arena = this;
   freelist.levels = 0;
   memset(freelist.next, 0, sizeof(freelist.next));
 }
 
 // L < meta_data_arena->mu
-LowLevelAlloc::Arena *LowLevelAlloc::NewArena(int32_t flags) {
+LowLevelAlloc::Arena *LowLevelAlloc::NewArena(uint32_t flags) {
   Arena *meta_data_arena = DefaultArena();
 #ifndef ABSL_LOW_LEVEL_ALLOC_ASYNC_SIGNAL_SAFE_MISSING
   if ((flags & LowLevelAlloc::kAsyncSignalSafe) != 0) {
@@ -375,7 +374,7 @@ LowLevelAlloc::Arena *LowLevelAlloc::NewArena(int32_t flags) {
     meta_data_arena = UnhookedArena();
   }
   Arena *result =
-    new (AllocWithArena(sizeof (*result), meta_data_arena)) Arena(flags);
+      new (AllocWithArena(sizeof(*result), meta_data_arena)) Arena(flags);
   return result;
 }
 
@@ -480,8 +479,8 @@ static void Coalesce(AllocList *a) {
     AllocList *prev[kMaxLevel];
     LLA_SkiplistDelete(&arena->freelist, n, prev);
     LLA_SkiplistDelete(&arena->freelist, a, prev);
-    a->levels = LLA_SkiplistLevels(a->header.size, arena->min_size,
-                                   &arena->random);
+    a->levels =
+        LLA_SkiplistLevels(a->header.size, arena->min_size, &arena->random);
     LLA_SkiplistInsert(&arena->freelist, a, prev);
   }
 }
@@ -489,27 +488,27 @@ static void Coalesce(AllocList *a) {
 // Adds block at location "v" to the free list
 // L >= arena->mu
 static void AddToFreelist(void *v, LowLevelAlloc::Arena *arena) {
-  AllocList *f = reinterpret_cast<AllocList *>(
-                        reinterpret_cast<char *>(v) - sizeof (f->header));
+  AllocList *f = reinterpret_cast<AllocList *>(reinterpret_cast<char *>(v) -
+                                               sizeof(f->header));
   ABSL_RAW_CHECK(f->header.magic == Magic(kMagicAllocated, &f->header),
                  "bad magic number in AddToFreelist()");
   ABSL_RAW_CHECK(f->header.arena == arena,
                  "bad arena pointer in AddToFreelist()");
-  f->levels = LLA_SkiplistLevels(f->header.size, arena->min_size,
-                                 &arena->random);
+  f->levels =
+      LLA_SkiplistLevels(f->header.size, arena->min_size, &arena->random);
   AllocList *prev[kMaxLevel];
   LLA_SkiplistInsert(&arena->freelist, f, prev);
   f->header.magic = Magic(kMagicUnallocated, &f->header);
-  Coalesce(f);                  // maybe coalesce with successor
-  Coalesce(prev[0]);            // maybe coalesce with predecessor
+  Coalesce(f);        // maybe coalesce with successor
+  Coalesce(prev[0]);  // maybe coalesce with predecessor
 }
 
 // Frees storage allocated by LowLevelAlloc::Alloc().
 // L < arena->mu
 void LowLevelAlloc::Free(void *v) {
   if (v != nullptr) {
-    AllocList *f = reinterpret_cast<AllocList *>(
-                        reinterpret_cast<char *>(v) - sizeof (f->header));
+    AllocList *f = reinterpret_cast<AllocList *>(reinterpret_cast<char *>(v) -
+                                                 sizeof(f->header));
     LowLevelAlloc::Arena *arena = f->header.arena;
     ArenaLock section(arena);
     AddToFreelist(v, arena);
@@ -524,21 +523,21 @@ void LowLevelAlloc::Free(void *v) {
 static void *DoAllocWithArena(size_t request, LowLevelAlloc::Arena *arena) {
   void *result = nullptr;
   if (request != 0) {
-    AllocList *s;       // will point to region that satisfies request
+    AllocList *s;  // will point to region that satisfies request
     ArenaLock section(arena);
     // round up with header
-    size_t req_rnd = RoundUp(CheckedAdd(request, sizeof (s->header)),
-                             arena->round_up);
-    for (;;) {      // loop until we find a suitable region
+    size_t req_rnd =
+        RoundUp(CheckedAdd(request, sizeof(s->header)), arena->round_up);
+    for (;;) {  // loop until we find a suitable region
       // find the minimum levels that a block of this size must have
       int i = LLA_SkiplistLevels(req_rnd, arena->min_size, nullptr) - 1;
-      if (i < arena->freelist.levels) {   // potential blocks exist
+      if (i < arena->freelist.levels) {        // potential blocks exist
         AllocList *before = &arena->freelist;  // predecessor of s
         while ((s = Next(i, before, arena)) != nullptr &&
                s->header.size < req_rnd) {
           before = s;
         }
-        if (s != nullptr) {       // we found a region
+        if (s != nullptr) {  // we found a region
           break;
         }
       }
@@ -550,7 +549,7 @@ static void *DoAllocWithArena(size_t request, LowLevelAlloc::Arena *arena) {
       size_t new_pages_size = RoundUp(req_rnd, arena->pagesize * 16);
       void *new_pages;
 #ifdef _WIN32
-      new_pages = VirtualAlloc(0, new_pages_size,
+      new_pages = VirtualAlloc(nullptr, new_pages_size,
                                MEM_RESERVE | MEM_COMMIT, PAGE_READWRITE);
       ABSL_RAW_CHECK(new_pages != nullptr, "VirtualAlloc failed");
 #else
@@ -570,6 +569,18 @@ static void *DoAllocWithArena(size_t request, LowLevelAlloc::Arena *arena) {
         ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "mmap error: %d", errno);
       }
 
+#ifdef __linux__
+#if defined(PR_SET_VMA) && defined(PR_SET_VMA_ANON_NAME)
+      // Attempt to name the allocated address range in /proc/$PID/smaps on
+      // Linux.
+      //
+      // This invocation of prctl() may fail if the Linux kernel was not
+      // configured with the CONFIG_ANON_VMA_NAME option.  This is OK since
+      // the naming of arenas is primarily a debugging aid.
+      prctl(PR_SET_VMA, PR_SET_VMA_ANON_NAME, new_pages, new_pages_size,
+            "absl");
+#endif
+#endif  // __linux__
 #endif  // _WIN32
       arena->mu.Lock();
       s = reinterpret_cast<AllocList *>(new_pages);
@@ -580,12 +591,12 @@ static void *DoAllocWithArena(size_t request, LowLevelAlloc::Arena *arena) {
       AddToFreelist(&s->levels, arena);  // insert new region into free list
     }
     AllocList *prev[kMaxLevel];
-    LLA_SkiplistDelete(&arena->freelist, s, prev);    // remove from free list
+    LLA_SkiplistDelete(&arena->freelist, s, prev);  // remove from free list
     // s points to the first free region that's big enough
     if (CheckedAdd(req_rnd, arena->min_size) <= s->header.size) {
       // big enough to split
-      AllocList *n = reinterpret_cast<AllocList *>
-                        (req_rnd + reinterpret_cast<char *>(s));
+      AllocList *n =
+          reinterpret_cast<AllocList *>(req_rnd + reinterpret_cast<char *>(s));
       n->header.size = s->header.size - req_rnd;
       n->header.magic = Magic(kMagicAllocated, &n->header);
       n->header.arena = arena;
diff --git a/absl/base/internal/low_level_alloc.h b/absl/base/internal/low_level_alloc.h
index db91951c..c2f1f25d 100644
--- a/absl/base/internal/low_level_alloc.h
+++ b/absl/base/internal/low_level_alloc.h
@@ -46,7 +46,8 @@
 // for more information.
 #ifdef ABSL_LOW_LEVEL_ALLOC_ASYNC_SIGNAL_SAFE_MISSING
 #error ABSL_LOW_LEVEL_ALLOC_ASYNC_SIGNAL_SAFE_MISSING cannot be directly set
-#elif defined(_WIN32) || defined(__asmjs__) || defined(__wasm__)
+#elif defined(_WIN32) || defined(__asmjs__) || defined(__wasm__) || \
+    defined(__hexagon__)
 #define ABSL_LOW_LEVEL_ALLOC_ASYNC_SIGNAL_SAFE_MISSING 1
 #endif
 
@@ -103,7 +104,7 @@ class LowLevelAlloc {
   // the provided flags.  For example, the call NewArena(kAsyncSignalSafe)
   // is itself async-signal-safe, as well as generatating an arena that provides
   // async-signal-safe Alloc/Free.
-  static Arena *NewArena(int32_t flags);
+  static Arena *NewArena(uint32_t flags);
 
   // Destroys an arena allocated by NewArena and returns true,
   // provided no allocated blocks remain in the arena.
diff --git a/absl/base/internal/nullability_impl.h b/absl/base/internal/nullability_impl.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..36e1b33d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/base/internal/nullability_impl.h
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_BASE_INTERNAL_NULLABILITY_IMPL_H_
+#define ABSL_BASE_INTERNAL_NULLABILITY_IMPL_H_
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
+#include "absl/meta/type_traits.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+
+namespace nullability_internal {
+
+// `IsNullabilityCompatible` checks whether its first argument is a class
+// explicitly tagged as supporting nullability annotations. The tag is the type
+// declaration `absl_nullability_compatible`.
+template <typename, typename = void>
+struct IsNullabilityCompatible : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct IsNullabilityCompatible<
+    T, absl::void_t<typename T::absl_nullability_compatible>> : std::true_type {
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr bool IsSupportedType = IsNullabilityCompatible<T>::value;
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr bool IsSupportedType<T*> = true;
+
+template <typename T, typename U>
+constexpr bool IsSupportedType<T U::*> = true;
+
+template <typename T, typename... Deleter>
+constexpr bool IsSupportedType<std::unique_ptr<T, Deleter...>> = true;
+
+template <typename T>
+constexpr bool IsSupportedType<std::shared_ptr<T>> = true;
+
+template <typename T>
+struct EnableNullable {
+  static_assert(nullability_internal::IsSupportedType<std::remove_cv_t<T>>,
+                "Template argument must be a raw or supported smart pointer "
+                "type. See absl/base/nullability.h.");
+  using type = T;
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct EnableNonnull {
+  static_assert(nullability_internal::IsSupportedType<std::remove_cv_t<T>>,
+                "Template argument must be a raw or supported smart pointer "
+                "type. See absl/base/nullability.h.");
+  using type = T;
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct EnableNullabilityUnknown {
+  static_assert(nullability_internal::IsSupportedType<std::remove_cv_t<T>>,
+                "Template argument must be a raw or supported smart pointer "
+                "type. See absl/base/nullability.h.");
+  using type = T;
+};
+
+// Note: we do not apply Clang nullability attributes (e.g. _Nullable).  These
+// only support raw pointers, and conditionally enabling them only for raw
+// pointers inhibits template arg deduction.  Ideally, they would support all
+// pointer-like types.
+template <typename T, typename = typename EnableNullable<T>::type>
+using NullableImpl
+#if ABSL_HAVE_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(clang::annotate)
+    [[clang::annotate("Nullable")]]
+#endif
+    = T;
+
+template <typename T, typename = typename EnableNonnull<T>::type>
+using NonnullImpl
+#if ABSL_HAVE_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(clang::annotate)
+    [[clang::annotate("Nonnull")]]
+#endif
+    = T;
+
+template <typename T, typename = typename EnableNullabilityUnknown<T>::type>
+using NullabilityUnknownImpl
+#if ABSL_HAVE_CPP_ATTRIBUTE(clang::annotate)
+    [[clang::annotate("Nullability_Unspecified")]]
+#endif
+    = T;
+
+}  // namespace nullability_internal
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_BASE_INTERNAL_NULLABILITY_IMPL_H_
diff --git a/absl/base/internal/prefetch.h b/absl/base/internal/prefetch.h
index 06419283..aecfd877 100644
--- a/absl/base/internal/prefetch.h
+++ b/absl/base/internal/prefetch.h
@@ -12,10 +12,14 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
+// TODO(b/265984188): remove all uses and delete this header.
+
 #ifndef ABSL_BASE_INTERNAL_PREFETCH_H_
 #define ABSL_BASE_INTERNAL_PREFETCH_H_
 
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
 #include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/prefetch.h"
 
 #ifdef __SSE__
 #include <xmmintrin.h>
@@ -72,10 +76,21 @@ namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 namespace base_internal {
 
-void PrefetchT0(const void* addr);
+ABSL_DEPRECATED("Use absl::PrefetchToLocalCache() instead")
+inline void PrefetchT0(const void* address) {
+  absl::PrefetchToLocalCache(address);
+}
+
+ABSL_DEPRECATED("Use absl::PrefetchToLocalCache() instead")
+inline void PrefetchNta(const void* address) {
+  absl::PrefetchToLocalCacheNta(address);
+}
+
+ABSL_DEPRECATED("Use __builtin_prefetch() for advanced prefetch logic instead")
 void PrefetchT1(const void* addr);
+
+ABSL_DEPRECATED("Use __builtin_prefetch() for advanced prefetch logic instead")
 void PrefetchT2(const void* addr);
-void PrefetchNta(const void* addr);
 
 // Implementation details follow.
 
@@ -90,10 +105,6 @@ void PrefetchNta(const void* addr);
 // safe for all currently supported platforms. However, prefetch for
 // store may have problems depending on the target platform.
 //
-inline void PrefetchT0(const void* addr) {
-  // Note: this uses prefetcht0 on Intel.
-  __builtin_prefetch(addr, 0, 3);
-}
 inline void PrefetchT1(const void* addr) {
   // Note: this uses prefetcht1 on Intel.
   __builtin_prefetch(addr, 0, 2);
@@ -102,33 +113,21 @@ inline void PrefetchT2(const void* addr) {
   // Note: this uses prefetcht2 on Intel.
   __builtin_prefetch(addr, 0, 1);
 }
-inline void PrefetchNta(const void* addr) {
-  // Note: this uses prefetchtnta on Intel.
-  __builtin_prefetch(addr, 0, 0);
-}
 
 #elif defined(ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_SSE)
 
 #define ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_PREFETCH 1
 
-inline void PrefetchT0(const void* addr) {
-  _mm_prefetch(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(addr), _MM_HINT_T0);
-}
 inline void PrefetchT1(const void* addr) {
   _mm_prefetch(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(addr), _MM_HINT_T1);
 }
 inline void PrefetchT2(const void* addr) {
   _mm_prefetch(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(addr), _MM_HINT_T2);
 }
-inline void PrefetchNta(const void* addr) {
-  _mm_prefetch(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(addr), _MM_HINT_NTA);
-}
 
 #else
-inline void PrefetchT0(const void*) {}
 inline void PrefetchT1(const void*) {}
 inline void PrefetchT2(const void*) {}
-inline void PrefetchNta(const void*) {}
 #endif
 
 }  // namespace base_internal
diff --git a/absl/base/internal/raw_logging.cc b/absl/base/internal/raw_logging.cc
index 54e71a3f..4c922ccf 100644
--- a/absl/base/internal/raw_logging.cc
+++ b/absl/base/internal/raw_logging.cc
@@ -21,6 +21,10 @@
 #include <cstring>
 #include <string>
 
+#ifdef __EMSCRIPTEN__
+#include <emscripten/console.h>
+#endif
+
 #include "absl/base/attributes.h"
 #include "absl/base/config.h"
 #include "absl/base/internal/atomic_hook.h"
@@ -72,7 +76,7 @@
 
 namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-namespace raw_logging_internal {
+namespace raw_log_internal {
 namespace {
 
 // TODO(gfalcon): We want raw-logging to work on as many platforms as possible.
@@ -89,12 +93,14 @@ constexpr char kTruncated[] = " ... (message truncated)\n";
 bool VADoRawLog(char** buf, int* size, const char* format, va_list ap)
     ABSL_PRINTF_ATTRIBUTE(3, 0);
 bool VADoRawLog(char** buf, int* size, const char* format, va_list ap) {
-  int n = vsnprintf(*buf, *size, format, ap);
+  if (*size < 0)
+    return false;
+  int n = vsnprintf(*buf, static_cast<size_t>(*size), format, ap);
   bool result = true;
   if (n < 0 || n > *size) {
     result = false;
     if (static_cast<size_t>(*size) > sizeof(kTruncated)) {
-      n = *size - sizeof(kTruncated);  // room for truncation message
+      n = *size - static_cast<int>(sizeof(kTruncated));
     } else {
       n = 0;  // no room for truncation message
     }
@@ -116,9 +122,11 @@ constexpr int kLogBufSize = 3000;
 bool DoRawLog(char** buf, int* size, const char* format, ...)
     ABSL_PRINTF_ATTRIBUTE(3, 4);
 bool DoRawLog(char** buf, int* size, const char* format, ...) {
+  if (*size < 0)
+    return false;
   va_list ap;
   va_start(ap, format);
-  int n = vsnprintf(*buf, *size, format, ap);
+  int n = vsnprintf(*buf, static_cast<size_t>(*size), format, ap);
   va_end(ap);
   if (n < 0 || n > *size) return false;
   *size -= n;
@@ -169,7 +177,7 @@ void RawLogVA(absl::LogSeverity severity, const char* file, int line,
     } else {
       DoRawLog(&buf, &size, "%s", kTruncated);
     }
-    AsyncSignalSafeWriteToStderr(buffer, strlen(buffer));
+    AsyncSignalSafeWriteError(buffer, strlen(buffer));
   }
 #else
   static_cast<void>(format);
@@ -197,16 +205,41 @@ void DefaultInternalLog(absl::LogSeverity severity, const char* file, int line,
 
 }  // namespace
 
-void AsyncSignalSafeWriteToStderr(const char* s, size_t len) {
+void AsyncSignalSafeWriteError(const char* s, size_t len) {
+  if (!len) return;
   absl::base_internal::ErrnoSaver errno_saver;
-#if defined(ABSL_HAVE_SYSCALL_WRITE)
+#if defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
+  // In WebAssembly, bypass filesystem emulation via fwrite.
+  if (s[len - 1] == '\n') {
+    // Skip a trailing newline character as emscripten_errn adds one itself.
+    len--;
+  }
+  // emscripten_errn was introduced in 3.1.41 but broken in standalone mode
+  // until 3.1.43.
+#if ABSL_INTERNAL_EMSCRIPTEN_VERSION >= 3001043
+  emscripten_errn(s, len);
+#else
+  char buf[kLogBufSize];
+  if (len >= kLogBufSize) {
+    len = kLogBufSize - 1;
+    constexpr size_t trunc_len = sizeof(kTruncated) - 2;
+    memcpy(buf + len - trunc_len, kTruncated, trunc_len);
+    buf[len] = '\0';
+    len -= trunc_len;
+  } else {
+    buf[len] = '\0';
+  }
+  memcpy(buf, s, len);
+  _emscripten_err(buf);
+#endif
+#elif defined(ABSL_HAVE_SYSCALL_WRITE)
   // We prefer calling write via `syscall` to minimize the risk of libc doing
   // something "helpful".
   syscall(SYS_write, STDERR_FILENO, s, len);
 #elif defined(ABSL_HAVE_POSIX_WRITE)
   write(STDERR_FILENO, s, len);
 #elif defined(ABSL_HAVE_RAW_IO)
-  _write(/* stderr */ 2, s, len);
+  _write(/* stderr */ 2, s, static_cast<unsigned>(len));
 #else
   // stderr logging unsupported on this platform
   (void) s;
@@ -244,6 +277,6 @@ void RegisterInternalLogFunction(InternalLogFunction func) {
   internal_log_function.Store(func);
 }
 
-}  // namespace raw_logging_internal
+}  // namespace raw_log_internal
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
 }  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h b/absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h
index 0747c9df..b79550b2 100644
--- a/absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h
+++ b/absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h
@@ -43,12 +43,12 @@
 
 #define ABSL_RAW_LOG(severity, ...)                                            \
   do {                                                                         \
-    constexpr const char* absl_raw_logging_internal_basename =                 \
-        ::absl::raw_logging_internal::Basename(__FILE__,                       \
-                                               sizeof(__FILE__) - 1);          \
-    ::absl::raw_logging_internal::RawLog(ABSL_RAW_LOGGING_INTERNAL_##severity, \
-                                         absl_raw_logging_internal_basename,   \
-                                         __LINE__, __VA_ARGS__);               \
+    constexpr const char* absl_raw_log_internal_basename =                     \
+        ::absl::raw_log_internal::Basename(__FILE__, sizeof(__FILE__) - 1);    \
+    ::absl::raw_log_internal::RawLog(ABSL_RAW_LOG_INTERNAL_##severity,         \
+                                     absl_raw_log_internal_basename, __LINE__, \
+                                     __VA_ARGS__);                             \
+    ABSL_RAW_LOG_INTERNAL_MAYBE_UNREACHABLE_##severity;                        \
   } while (0)
 
 // Similar to CHECK(condition) << message, but for low-level modules:
@@ -72,14 +72,13 @@
 //
 // The API is a subset of the above: each macro only takes two arguments.  Use
 // StrCat if you need to build a richer message.
-#define ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(severity, message)                                 \
-  do {                                                                       \
-    constexpr const char* absl_raw_logging_internal_filename = __FILE__;     \
-    ::absl::raw_logging_internal::internal_log_function(                     \
-        ABSL_RAW_LOGGING_INTERNAL_##severity,                                \
-        absl_raw_logging_internal_filename, __LINE__, message);              \
-    if (ABSL_RAW_LOGGING_INTERNAL_##severity == ::absl::LogSeverity::kFatal) \
-      ABSL_INTERNAL_UNREACHABLE;                                             \
+#define ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(severity, message)                              \
+  do {                                                                    \
+    constexpr const char* absl_raw_log_internal_filename = __FILE__;      \
+    ::absl::raw_log_internal::internal_log_function(                      \
+        ABSL_RAW_LOG_INTERNAL_##severity, absl_raw_log_internal_filename, \
+        __LINE__, message);                                               \
+    ABSL_RAW_LOG_INTERNAL_MAYBE_UNREACHABLE_##severity;                   \
   } while (0)
 
 #define ABSL_INTERNAL_CHECK(condition, message)                    \
@@ -91,16 +90,36 @@
     }                                                              \
   } while (0)
 
-#define ABSL_RAW_LOGGING_INTERNAL_INFO ::absl::LogSeverity::kInfo
-#define ABSL_RAW_LOGGING_INTERNAL_WARNING ::absl::LogSeverity::kWarning
-#define ABSL_RAW_LOGGING_INTERNAL_ERROR ::absl::LogSeverity::kError
-#define ABSL_RAW_LOGGING_INTERNAL_FATAL ::absl::LogSeverity::kFatal
-#define ABSL_RAW_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LEVEL(severity) \
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+
+#define ABSL_RAW_DLOG(severity, ...) ABSL_RAW_LOG(severity, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define ABSL_RAW_DCHECK(condition, message) ABSL_RAW_CHECK(condition, message)
+
+#else  // NDEBUG
+
+#define ABSL_RAW_DLOG(severity, ...)                   \
+  while (false) ABSL_RAW_LOG(severity, __VA_ARGS__)
+#define ABSL_RAW_DCHECK(condition, message) \
+  while (false) ABSL_RAW_CHECK(condition, message)
+
+#endif  // NDEBUG
+
+#define ABSL_RAW_LOG_INTERNAL_INFO ::absl::LogSeverity::kInfo
+#define ABSL_RAW_LOG_INTERNAL_WARNING ::absl::LogSeverity::kWarning
+#define ABSL_RAW_LOG_INTERNAL_ERROR ::absl::LogSeverity::kError
+#define ABSL_RAW_LOG_INTERNAL_FATAL ::absl::LogSeverity::kFatal
+#define ABSL_RAW_LOG_INTERNAL_LEVEL(severity) \
   ::absl::NormalizeLogSeverity(severity)
 
+#define ABSL_RAW_LOG_INTERNAL_MAYBE_UNREACHABLE_INFO
+#define ABSL_RAW_LOG_INTERNAL_MAYBE_UNREACHABLE_WARNING
+#define ABSL_RAW_LOG_INTERNAL_MAYBE_UNREACHABLE_ERROR
+#define ABSL_RAW_LOG_INTERNAL_MAYBE_UNREACHABLE_FATAL ABSL_UNREACHABLE()
+#define ABSL_RAW_LOG_INTERNAL_MAYBE_UNREACHABLE_LEVEL(severity)
+
 namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-namespace raw_logging_internal {
+namespace raw_log_internal {
 
 // Helper function to implement ABSL_RAW_LOG
 // Logs format... at "severity" level, reporting it
@@ -110,8 +129,8 @@ void RawLog(absl::LogSeverity severity, const char* file, int line,
             const char* format, ...) ABSL_PRINTF_ATTRIBUTE(4, 5);
 
 // Writes the provided buffer directly to stderr, in a signal-safe, low-level
-// manner.
-void AsyncSignalSafeWriteToStderr(const char* s, size_t len);
+// manner.  Preserves errno.
+void AsyncSignalSafeWriteError(const char* s, size_t len);
 
 // compile-time function to get the "base" filename, that is, the part of
 // a filename after the last "/" or "\" path separator.  The search starts at
@@ -130,7 +149,7 @@ constexpr const char* Basename(const char* fname, int offset) {
 // TODO(gfalcon): Come up with a better name for this method.
 bool RawLoggingFullySupported();
 
-// Function type for a raw_logging customization hook for suppressing messages
+// Function type for a raw_log customization hook for suppressing messages
 // by severity, and for writing custom prefixes on non-suppressed messages.
 //
 // The installed hook is called for every raw log invocation.  The message will
@@ -139,7 +158,7 @@ bool RawLoggingFullySupported();
 // also provided with an output buffer, where it can write a custom log message
 // prefix.
 //
-// The raw_logging system does not allocate memory or grab locks.  User-provided
+// The raw_log system does not allocate memory or grab locks.  User-provided
 // hooks must avoid these operations, and must not throw exceptions.
 //
 // 'severity' is the severity level of the message being written.
@@ -152,7 +171,7 @@ using LogFilterAndPrefixHook = bool (*)(absl::LogSeverity severity,
                                         const char* file, int line, char** buf,
                                         int* buf_size);
 
-// Function type for a raw_logging customization hook called to abort a process
+// Function type for a raw_log customization hook called to abort a process
 // when a FATAL message is logged.  If the provided AbortHook() returns, the
 // logging system will call abort().
 //
@@ -189,7 +208,7 @@ void RegisterLogFilterAndPrefixHook(LogFilterAndPrefixHook func);
 void RegisterAbortHook(AbortHook func);
 void RegisterInternalLogFunction(InternalLogFunction func);
 
-}  // namespace raw_logging_internal
+}  // namespace raw_log_internal
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
 }  // namespace absl
 
diff --git a/absl/base/internal/spinlock.cc b/absl/base/internal/spinlock.cc
index 9b5ed6e4..381b913b 100644
--- a/absl/base/internal/spinlock.cc
+++ b/absl/base/internal/spinlock.cc
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ void SpinLock::SlowUnlock(uint32_t lock_value) {
   // reserve a unitary wait time to represent that a waiter exists without our
   // own acquisition having been contended.
   if ((lock_value & kWaitTimeMask) != kSpinLockSleeper) {
-    const uint64_t wait_cycles = DecodeWaitCycles(lock_value);
+    const int64_t wait_cycles = DecodeWaitCycles(lock_value);
     ABSL_TSAN_MUTEX_PRE_DIVERT(this, 0);
     submit_profile_data(this, wait_cycles);
     ABSL_TSAN_MUTEX_POST_DIVERT(this, 0);
@@ -220,9 +220,9 @@ uint32_t SpinLock::EncodeWaitCycles(int64_t wait_start_time,
   return clamped;
 }
 
-uint64_t SpinLock::DecodeWaitCycles(uint32_t lock_value) {
+int64_t SpinLock::DecodeWaitCycles(uint32_t lock_value) {
   // Cast to uint32_t first to ensure bits [63:32] are cleared.
-  const uint64_t scaled_wait_time =
+  const int64_t scaled_wait_time =
       static_cast<uint32_t>(lock_value & kWaitTimeMask);
   return scaled_wait_time << (kProfileTimestampShift - kLockwordReservedShift);
 }
diff --git a/absl/base/internal/spinlock.h b/absl/base/internal/spinlock.h
index 6d8d8ddd..09ba5824 100644
--- a/absl/base/internal/spinlock.h
+++ b/absl/base/internal/spinlock.h
@@ -29,10 +29,8 @@
 #ifndef ABSL_BASE_INTERNAL_SPINLOCK_H_
 #define ABSL_BASE_INTERNAL_SPINLOCK_H_
 
-#include <stdint.h>
-#include <sys/types.h>
-
 #include <atomic>
+#include <cstdint>
 
 #include "absl/base/attributes.h"
 #include "absl/base/const_init.h"
@@ -41,8 +39,6 @@
 #include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
 #include "absl/base/internal/scheduling_mode.h"
 #include "absl/base/internal/tsan_mutex_interface.h"
-#include "absl/base/macros.h"
-#include "absl/base/port.h"
 #include "absl/base/thread_annotations.h"
 
 namespace absl {
@@ -137,7 +133,7 @@ class ABSL_LOCKABLE SpinLock {
                                    int64_t wait_end_time);
 
   // Extract number of wait cycles in a lock value.
-  static uint64_t DecodeWaitCycles(uint32_t lock_value);
+  static int64_t DecodeWaitCycles(uint32_t lock_value);
 
   // Provide access to protected method above.  Use for testing only.
   friend struct SpinLockTest;
diff --git a/absl/base/internal/spinlock_win32.inc b/absl/base/internal/spinlock_win32.inc
index 9d224813..934c2016 100644
--- a/absl/base/internal/spinlock_win32.inc
+++ b/absl/base/internal/spinlock_win32.inc
@@ -27,7 +27,10 @@ void ABSL_INTERNAL_C_SYMBOL(AbslInternalSpinLockDelay)(
   } else if (loop == 1) {
     Sleep(0);
   } else {
-    Sleep(absl::base_internal::SpinLockSuggestedDelayNS(loop) / 1000000);
+    // SpinLockSuggestedDelayNS() always returns a positive integer, so this
+    // static_cast is safe.
+    Sleep(static_cast<DWORD>(
+        absl::base_internal::SpinLockSuggestedDelayNS(loop) / 1000000));
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/absl/base/internal/strerror.cc b/absl/base/internal/strerror.cc
index 0d6226fd..de91c05e 100644
--- a/absl/base/internal/strerror.cc
+++ b/absl/base/internal/strerror.cc
@@ -66,8 +66,8 @@ constexpr int kSysNerr = 135;
 
 std::array<std::string, kSysNerr>* NewStrErrorTable() {
   auto* table = new std::array<std::string, kSysNerr>;
-  for (int i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(table->size()); ++i) {
-    (*table)[i] = StrErrorInternal(i);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < table->size(); ++i) {
+    (*table)[i] = StrErrorInternal(static_cast<int>(i));
   }
   return table;
 }
@@ -77,8 +77,8 @@ std::array<std::string, kSysNerr>* NewStrErrorTable() {
 std::string StrError(int errnum) {
   absl::base_internal::ErrnoSaver errno_saver;
   static const auto* table = NewStrErrorTable();
-  if (errnum >= 0 && errnum < static_cast<int>(table->size())) {
-    return (*table)[errnum];
+  if (errnum >= 0 && static_cast<size_t>(errnum) < table->size()) {
+    return (*table)[static_cast<size_t>(errnum)];
   }
   return StrErrorInternal(errnum);
 }
diff --git a/absl/base/internal/sysinfo.cc b/absl/base/internal/sysinfo.cc
index c8366df1..8bcc4faf 100644
--- a/absl/base/internal/sysinfo.cc
+++ b/absl/base/internal/sysinfo.cc
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@
 #include <string.h>
 
 #include <cassert>
+#include <cerrno>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <cstdio>
 #include <cstdlib>
@@ -117,7 +118,7 @@ int Win32NumCPUs() {
     }
   }
   free(info);
-  return logicalProcessorCount;
+  return static_cast<int>(logicalProcessorCount);
 }
 
 #endif
@@ -128,7 +129,7 @@ static int GetNumCPUs() {
 #if defined(__myriad2__)
   return 1;
 #elif defined(_WIN32)
-  const unsigned hardware_concurrency = Win32NumCPUs();
+  const int hardware_concurrency = Win32NumCPUs();
   return hardware_concurrency ? hardware_concurrency : 1;
 #elif defined(_AIX)
   return sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN);
@@ -136,7 +137,7 @@ static int GetNumCPUs() {
   // Other possibilities:
   //  - Read /sys/devices/system/cpu/online and use cpumask_parse()
   //  - sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN)
-  return std::thread::hardware_concurrency();
+  return static_cast<int>(std::thread::hardware_concurrency());
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -159,7 +160,7 @@ static double GetNominalCPUFrequency() {
     DWORD type = 0;
     DWORD data = 0;
     DWORD data_size = sizeof(data);
-    auto result = RegQueryValueExA(key, "~MHz", 0, &type,
+    auto result = RegQueryValueExA(key, "~MHz", nullptr, &type,
                                    reinterpret_cast<LPBYTE>(&data), &data_size);
     RegCloseKey(key);
     if (result == ERROR_SUCCESS && type == REG_DWORD &&
@@ -189,12 +190,21 @@ static double GetNominalCPUFrequency() {
 // and the memory location pointed to by value is set to the value read.
 static bool ReadLongFromFile(const char *file, long *value) {
   bool ret = false;
-  int fd = open(file, O_RDONLY);
+#if defined(_POSIX_C_SOURCE)
+  const int file_mode = (O_RDONLY | O_CLOEXEC);
+#else
+  const int file_mode = O_RDONLY;
+#endif
+
+  int fd = open(file, file_mode);
   if (fd != -1) {
     char line[1024];
     char *err;
     memset(line, '\0', sizeof(line));
-    int len = read(fd, line, sizeof(line) - 1);
+    ssize_t len;
+    do {
+      len = read(fd, line, sizeof(line) - 1);
+    } while (len < 0 && errno == EINTR);
     if (len <= 0) {
       ret = false;
     } else {
@@ -222,8 +232,8 @@ static int64_t ReadMonotonicClockNanos() {
   int rc = clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &t);
 #endif
   if (rc != 0) {
-    perror("clock_gettime() failed");
-    abort();
+    ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(
+        FATAL, "clock_gettime() failed: (" + std::to_string(errno) + ")");
   }
   return int64_t{t.tv_sec} * 1000000000 + t.tv_nsec;
 }
@@ -376,7 +386,7 @@ pid_t GetTID() {
 #endif
 
 pid_t GetTID() {
-  return syscall(SYS_gettid);
+  return static_cast<pid_t>(syscall(SYS_gettid));
 }
 
 #elif defined(__akaros__)
@@ -411,81 +421,33 @@ pid_t GetTID() {
   return tid;
 }
 
-#else
+#elif defined(__APPLE__)
 
-// Fallback implementation of GetTID using pthread_getspecific.
-ABSL_CONST_INIT static once_flag tid_once;
-ABSL_CONST_INIT static pthread_key_t tid_key;
-ABSL_CONST_INIT static absl::base_internal::SpinLock tid_lock(
-    absl::kConstInit, base_internal::SCHEDULE_KERNEL_ONLY);
-
-// We set a bit per thread in this array to indicate that an ID is in
-// use. ID 0 is unused because it is the default value returned by
-// pthread_getspecific().
-ABSL_CONST_INIT static std::vector<uint32_t> *tid_array
-    ABSL_GUARDED_BY(tid_lock) = nullptr;
-static constexpr int kBitsPerWord = 32;  // tid_array is uint32_t.
-
-// Returns the TID to tid_array.
-static void FreeTID(void *v) {
-  intptr_t tid = reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(v);
-  int word = tid / kBitsPerWord;
-  uint32_t mask = ~(1u << (tid % kBitsPerWord));
-  absl::base_internal::SpinLockHolder lock(&tid_lock);
-  assert(0 <= word && static_cast<size_t>(word) < tid_array->size());
-  (*tid_array)[word] &= mask;
+pid_t GetTID() {
+  uint64_t tid;
+  // `nullptr` here implies this thread.  This only fails if the specified
+  // thread is invalid or the pointer-to-tid is null, so we needn't worry about
+  // it.
+  pthread_threadid_np(nullptr, &tid);
+  return static_cast<pid_t>(tid);
 }
 
-static void InitGetTID() {
-  if (pthread_key_create(&tid_key, FreeTID) != 0) {
-    // The logging system calls GetTID() so it can't be used here.
-    perror("pthread_key_create failed");
-    abort();
-  }
-
-  // Initialize tid_array.
-  absl::base_internal::SpinLockHolder lock(&tid_lock);
-  tid_array = new std::vector<uint32_t>(1);
-  (*tid_array)[0] = 1;  // ID 0 is never-allocated.
-}
+#elif defined(__native_client__)
 
-// Return a per-thread small integer ID from pthread's thread-specific data.
 pid_t GetTID() {
-  absl::call_once(tid_once, InitGetTID);
-
-  intptr_t tid = reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(pthread_getspecific(tid_key));
-  if (tid != 0) {
-    return tid;
-  }
-
-  int bit;  // tid_array[word] = 1u << bit;
-  size_t word;
-  {
-    // Search for the first unused ID.
-    absl::base_internal::SpinLockHolder lock(&tid_lock);
-    // First search for a word in the array that is not all ones.
-    word = 0;
-    while (word < tid_array->size() && ~(*tid_array)[word] == 0) {
-      ++word;
-    }
-    if (word == tid_array->size()) {
-      tid_array->push_back(0);  // No space left, add kBitsPerWord more IDs.
-    }
-    // Search for a zero bit in the word.
-    bit = 0;
-    while (bit < kBitsPerWord && (((*tid_array)[word] >> bit) & 1) != 0) {
-      ++bit;
-    }
-    tid = (word * kBitsPerWord) + bit;
-    (*tid_array)[word] |= 1u << bit;  // Mark the TID as allocated.
-  }
+  auto* thread = pthread_self();
+  static_assert(sizeof(pid_t) == sizeof(thread),
+                "In NaCL int expected to be the same size as a pointer");
+  return reinterpret_cast<pid_t>(thread);
+}
 
-  if (pthread_setspecific(tid_key, reinterpret_cast<void *>(tid)) != 0) {
-    perror("pthread_setspecific failed");
-    abort();
-  }
+#else
 
-  return static_cast<pid_t>(tid);
+// Fallback implementation of `GetTID` using `pthread_self`.
+pid_t GetTID() {
+  // `pthread_t` need not be arithmetic per POSIX; platforms where it isn't
+  // should be handled above.
+  return static_cast<pid_t>(pthread_self());
 }
 
 #endif
diff --git a/absl/base/internal/thread_annotations.h b/absl/base/internal/thread_annotations.h
index 4dab6a9c..8c5c67e0 100644
--- a/absl/base/internal/thread_annotations.h
+++ b/absl/base/internal/thread_annotations.h
@@ -38,6 +38,13 @@
 #ifndef ABSL_BASE_INTERNAL_THREAD_ANNOTATIONS_H_
 #define ABSL_BASE_INTERNAL_THREAD_ANNOTATIONS_H_
 
+// ABSL_LEGACY_THREAD_ANNOTATIONS is a *temporary* compatibility macro that can
+// be defined on the compile command-line to restore the legacy spellings of the
+// thread annotations macros/functions. The macros in this file are available
+// under ABSL_ prefixed spellings in absl/base/thread_annotations.h. This macro
+// and the legacy spellings will be removed in the future.
+#ifdef ABSL_LEGACY_THREAD_ANNOTATIONS
+
 #if defined(__clang__)
 #define THREAD_ANNOTATION_ATTRIBUTE__(x)   __attribute__((x))
 #else
@@ -268,4 +275,6 @@ inline T& ts_unchecked_read(T& v) NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
 
 }  // namespace thread_safety_analysis
 
+#endif  // defined(ABSL_LEGACY_THREAD_ANNOTATIONS)
+
 #endif  // ABSL_BASE_INTERNAL_THREAD_ANNOTATIONS_H_
diff --git a/absl/base/internal/thread_identity.cc b/absl/base/internal/thread_identity.cc
index 79853f09..252443eb 100644
--- a/absl/base/internal/thread_identity.cc
+++ b/absl/base/internal/thread_identity.cc
@@ -58,18 +58,19 @@ void AllocateThreadIdentityKey(ThreadIdentityReclaimerFunction reclaimer) {
 // that protected visibility is unsupported.
 ABSL_CONST_INIT  // Must come before __attribute__((visibility("protected")))
 #if ABSL_HAVE_ATTRIBUTE(visibility) && !defined(__APPLE__)
-__attribute__((visibility("protected")))
+    __attribute__((visibility("protected")))
 #endif  // ABSL_HAVE_ATTRIBUTE(visibility) && !defined(__APPLE__)
 #if ABSL_PER_THREAD_TLS
-// Prefer __thread to thread_local as benchmarks indicate it is a bit faster.
-ABSL_PER_THREAD_TLS_KEYWORD ThreadIdentity* thread_identity_ptr = nullptr;
+    // Prefer __thread to thread_local as benchmarks indicate it is a bit
+    // faster.
+    ABSL_PER_THREAD_TLS_KEYWORD ThreadIdentity* thread_identity_ptr = nullptr;
 #elif defined(ABSL_HAVE_THREAD_LOCAL)
-thread_local ThreadIdentity* thread_identity_ptr = nullptr;
+    thread_local ThreadIdentity* thread_identity_ptr = nullptr;
 #endif  // ABSL_PER_THREAD_TLS
 #endif  // TLS or CPP11
 
-void SetCurrentThreadIdentity(
-    ThreadIdentity* identity, ThreadIdentityReclaimerFunction reclaimer) {
+void SetCurrentThreadIdentity(ThreadIdentity* identity,
+                              ThreadIdentityReclaimerFunction reclaimer) {
   assert(CurrentThreadIdentityIfPresent() == nullptr);
   // Associate our destructor.
   // NOTE: This call to pthread_setspecific is currently the only immovable
@@ -79,7 +80,7 @@ void SetCurrentThreadIdentity(
   absl::call_once(init_thread_identity_key_once, AllocateThreadIdentityKey,
                   reclaimer);
 
-#if defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__) || defined(__MINGW32__)
+#if defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__) || defined(__MINGW32__) || defined(__hexagon__)
   // Emscripten and MinGW pthread implementations does not support signals.
   // See https://kripken.github.io/emscripten-site/docs/porting/pthreads.html
   // for more information.
@@ -134,7 +135,7 @@ void ClearCurrentThreadIdentity() {
     ABSL_THREAD_IDENTITY_MODE == ABSL_THREAD_IDENTITY_MODE_USE_CPP11
   thread_identity_ptr = nullptr;
 #elif ABSL_THREAD_IDENTITY_MODE == \
-      ABSL_THREAD_IDENTITY_MODE_USE_POSIX_SETSPECIFIC
+    ABSL_THREAD_IDENTITY_MODE_USE_POSIX_SETSPECIFIC
   // pthread_setspecific expected to clear value on destruction
   assert(CurrentThreadIdentityIfPresent() == nullptr);
 #endif
diff --git a/absl/base/internal/thread_identity.h b/absl/base/internal/thread_identity.h
index 659694b3..b6e917ce 100644
--- a/absl/base/internal/thread_identity.h
+++ b/absl/base/internal/thread_identity.h
@@ -62,8 +62,8 @@ struct PerThreadSynch {
     return reinterpret_cast<ThreadIdentity*>(this);
   }
 
-  PerThreadSynch *next;  // Circular waiter queue; initialized to 0.
-  PerThreadSynch *skip;  // If non-zero, all entries in Mutex queue
+  PerThreadSynch* next;  // Circular waiter queue; initialized to 0.
+  PerThreadSynch* skip;  // If non-zero, all entries in Mutex queue
                          // up to and including "skip" have same
                          // condition as this, and will be woken later
   bool may_skip;         // if false while on mutex queue, a mutex unlocker
@@ -104,10 +104,7 @@ struct PerThreadSynch {
   //
   // Transitions from kAvailable to kQueued require no barrier, they
   // are externally ordered by the Mutex.
-  enum State {
-    kAvailable,
-    kQueued
-  };
+  enum State { kAvailable, kQueued };
   std::atomic<State> state;
 
   // The wait parameters of the current wait.  waitp is null if the
@@ -122,18 +119,22 @@ struct PerThreadSynch {
   // pointer unchanged.
   SynchWaitParams* waitp;
 
-  intptr_t readers;     // Number of readers in mutex.
+  intptr_t readers;  // Number of readers in mutex.
 
   // When priority will next be read (cycles).
   int64_t next_priority_read_cycles;
 
   // Locks held; used during deadlock detection.
   // Allocated in Synch_GetAllLocks() and freed in ReclaimThreadIdentity().
-  SynchLocksHeld *all_locks;
+  SynchLocksHeld* all_locks;
 };
 
 // The instances of this class are allocated in NewThreadIdentity() with an
 // alignment of PerThreadSynch::kAlignment.
+//
+// NOTE: The layout of fields in this structure is critical, please do not
+//       add, remove, or modify the field placements without fully auditing the
+//       layout.
 struct ThreadIdentity {
   // Must be the first member.  The Mutex implementation requires that
   // the PerThreadSynch object associated with each thread is
@@ -143,7 +144,7 @@ struct ThreadIdentity {
 
   // Private: Reserved for absl::synchronization_internal::Waiter.
   struct WaiterState {
-    alignas(void*) char data[128];
+    alignas(void*) char data[256];
   } waiter_state;
 
   // Used by PerThreadSem::{Get,Set}ThreadBlockedCounter().
@@ -166,7 +167,10 @@ struct ThreadIdentity {
 //
 // Does not malloc(*), and is async-signal safe.
 // [*] Technically pthread_setspecific() does malloc on first use; however this
-// is handled internally within tcmalloc's initialization already.
+// is handled internally within tcmalloc's initialization already. Note that
+// darwin does *not* use tcmalloc, so this can catch you if using MallocHooks
+// on Apple platforms. Whatever function is calling your MallocHooks will need
+// to watch for recursion on Apple platforms.
 //
 // New ThreadIdentity objects can be constructed and associated with a thread
 // by calling GetOrCreateCurrentThreadIdentity() in per-thread-sem.h.
@@ -213,7 +217,7 @@ void ClearCurrentThreadIdentity();
 #define ABSL_THREAD_IDENTITY_MODE ABSL_THREAD_IDENTITY_MODE_USE_CPP11
 #elif defined(__APPLE__) && defined(ABSL_HAVE_THREAD_LOCAL)
 #define ABSL_THREAD_IDENTITY_MODE ABSL_THREAD_IDENTITY_MODE_USE_CPP11
-#elif ABSL_PER_THREAD_TLS && defined(__GOOGLE_GRTE_VERSION__) &&        \
+#elif ABSL_PER_THREAD_TLS && defined(__GOOGLE_GRTE_VERSION__) && \
     (__GOOGLE_GRTE_VERSION__ >= 20140228L)
 // Support for async-safe TLS was specifically added in GRTEv4.  It's not
 // present in the upstream eglibc.
diff --git a/absl/base/internal/thread_identity_test.cc b/absl/base/internal/thread_identity_test.cc
index 46a6f743..5f17553e 100644
--- a/absl/base/internal/thread_identity_test.cc
+++ b/absl/base/internal/thread_identity_test.cc
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ TEST(ThreadIdentityTest, BasicIdentityWorksThreaded) {
 }
 
 TEST(ThreadIdentityTest, ReusedThreadIdentityMutexTest) {
-  // This test repeatly creates and joins a series of threads, each of
+  // This test repeatedly creates and joins a series of threads, each of
   // which acquires and releases shared Mutex locks. This verifies
   // Mutex operations work correctly under a reused
   // ThreadIdentity. Note that the most likely failure mode of this
diff --git a/absl/base/internal/throw_delegate.cc b/absl/base/internal/throw_delegate.cc
index c260ff1e..337e870c 100644
--- a/absl/base/internal/throw_delegate.cc
+++ b/absl/base/internal/throw_delegate.cc
@@ -26,22 +26,13 @@ namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 namespace base_internal {
 
-// NOTE: The various STL exception throwing functions are placed within the
-// #ifdef blocks so the symbols aren't exposed on platforms that don't support
-// them, such as the Android NDK. For example, ANGLE fails to link when building
-// within AOSP without them, since the STL functions don't exist.
-namespace {
-#ifdef ABSL_HAVE_EXCEPTIONS
-template <typename T>
-[[noreturn]] void Throw(const T& error) {
-  throw error;
-}
-#endif
-}  // namespace
+// NOTE: The exception types, like `std::logic_error`, do not exist on all
+// platforms. (For example, the Android NDK does not have them.)
+// Therefore, their use must be guarded by `#ifdef` or equivalent.
 
 void ThrowStdLogicError(const std::string& what_arg) {
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_EXCEPTIONS
-  Throw(std::logic_error(what_arg));
+  throw std::logic_error(what_arg);
 #else
   ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "%s", what_arg.c_str());
   std::abort();
@@ -49,7 +40,7 @@ void ThrowStdLogicError(const std::string& what_arg) {
 }
 void ThrowStdLogicError(const char* what_arg) {
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_EXCEPTIONS
-  Throw(std::logic_error(what_arg));
+  throw std::logic_error(what_arg);
 #else
   ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "%s", what_arg);
   std::abort();
@@ -57,7 +48,7 @@ void ThrowStdLogicError(const char* what_arg) {
 }
 void ThrowStdInvalidArgument(const std::string& what_arg) {
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_EXCEPTIONS
-  Throw(std::invalid_argument(what_arg));
+  throw std::invalid_argument(what_arg);
 #else
   ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "%s", what_arg.c_str());
   std::abort();
@@ -65,7 +56,7 @@ void ThrowStdInvalidArgument(const std::string& what_arg) {
 }
 void ThrowStdInvalidArgument(const char* what_arg) {
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_EXCEPTIONS
-  Throw(std::invalid_argument(what_arg));
+  throw std::invalid_argument(what_arg);
 #else
   ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "%s", what_arg);
   std::abort();
@@ -74,7 +65,7 @@ void ThrowStdInvalidArgument(const char* what_arg) {
 
 void ThrowStdDomainError(const std::string& what_arg) {
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_EXCEPTIONS
-  Throw(std::domain_error(what_arg));
+  throw std::domain_error(what_arg);
 #else
   ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "%s", what_arg.c_str());
   std::abort();
@@ -82,7 +73,7 @@ void ThrowStdDomainError(const std::string& what_arg) {
 }
 void ThrowStdDomainError(const char* what_arg) {
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_EXCEPTIONS
-  Throw(std::domain_error(what_arg));
+  throw std::domain_error(what_arg);
 #else
   ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "%s", what_arg);
   std::abort();
@@ -91,7 +82,7 @@ void ThrowStdDomainError(const char* what_arg) {
 
 void ThrowStdLengthError(const std::string& what_arg) {
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_EXCEPTIONS
-  Throw(std::length_error(what_arg));
+  throw std::length_error(what_arg);
 #else
   ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "%s", what_arg.c_str());
   std::abort();
@@ -99,7 +90,7 @@ void ThrowStdLengthError(const std::string& what_arg) {
 }
 void ThrowStdLengthError(const char* what_arg) {
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_EXCEPTIONS
-  Throw(std::length_error(what_arg));
+  throw std::length_error(what_arg);
 #else
   ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "%s", what_arg);
   std::abort();
@@ -108,7 +99,7 @@ void ThrowStdLengthError(const char* what_arg) {
 
 void ThrowStdOutOfRange(const std::string& what_arg) {
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_EXCEPTIONS
-  Throw(std::out_of_range(what_arg));
+  throw std::out_of_range(what_arg);
 #else
   ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "%s", what_arg.c_str());
   std::abort();
@@ -116,7 +107,7 @@ void ThrowStdOutOfRange(const std::string& what_arg) {
 }
 void ThrowStdOutOfRange(const char* what_arg) {
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_EXCEPTIONS
-  Throw(std::out_of_range(what_arg));
+  throw std::out_of_range(what_arg);
 #else
   ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "%s", what_arg);
   std::abort();
@@ -125,7 +116,7 @@ void ThrowStdOutOfRange(const char* what_arg) {
 
 void ThrowStdRuntimeError(const std::string& what_arg) {
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_EXCEPTIONS
-  Throw(std::runtime_error(what_arg));
+  throw std::runtime_error(what_arg);
 #else
   ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "%s", what_arg.c_str());
   std::abort();
@@ -133,7 +124,7 @@ void ThrowStdRuntimeError(const std::string& what_arg) {
 }
 void ThrowStdRuntimeError(const char* what_arg) {
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_EXCEPTIONS
-  Throw(std::runtime_error(what_arg));
+  throw std::runtime_error(what_arg);
 #else
   ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "%s", what_arg);
   std::abort();
@@ -142,7 +133,7 @@ void ThrowStdRuntimeError(const char* what_arg) {
 
 void ThrowStdRangeError(const std::string& what_arg) {
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_EXCEPTIONS
-  Throw(std::range_error(what_arg));
+  throw std::range_error(what_arg);
 #else
   ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "%s", what_arg.c_str());
   std::abort();
@@ -150,7 +141,7 @@ void ThrowStdRangeError(const std::string& what_arg) {
 }
 void ThrowStdRangeError(const char* what_arg) {
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_EXCEPTIONS
-  Throw(std::range_error(what_arg));
+  throw std::range_error(what_arg);
 #else
   ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "%s", what_arg);
   std::abort();
@@ -159,7 +150,7 @@ void ThrowStdRangeError(const char* what_arg) {
 
 void ThrowStdOverflowError(const std::string& what_arg) {
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_EXCEPTIONS
-  Throw(std::overflow_error(what_arg));
+  throw std::overflow_error(what_arg);
 #else
   ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "%s", what_arg.c_str());
   std::abort();
@@ -167,7 +158,7 @@ void ThrowStdOverflowError(const std::string& what_arg) {
 }
 void ThrowStdOverflowError(const char* what_arg) {
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_EXCEPTIONS
-  Throw(std::overflow_error(what_arg));
+  throw std::overflow_error(what_arg);
 #else
   ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "%s", what_arg);
   std::abort();
@@ -176,7 +167,7 @@ void ThrowStdOverflowError(const char* what_arg) {
 
 void ThrowStdUnderflowError(const std::string& what_arg) {
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_EXCEPTIONS
-  Throw(std::underflow_error(what_arg));
+  throw std::underflow_error(what_arg);
 #else
   ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "%s", what_arg.c_str());
   std::abort();
@@ -184,7 +175,7 @@ void ThrowStdUnderflowError(const std::string& what_arg) {
 }
 void ThrowStdUnderflowError(const char* what_arg) {
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_EXCEPTIONS
-  Throw(std::underflow_error(what_arg));
+  throw std::underflow_error(what_arg);
 #else
   ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "%s", what_arg);
   std::abort();
@@ -193,7 +184,7 @@ void ThrowStdUnderflowError(const char* what_arg) {
 
 void ThrowStdBadFunctionCall() {
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_EXCEPTIONS
-  Throw(std::bad_function_call());
+  throw std::bad_function_call();
 #else
   std::abort();
 #endif
@@ -201,7 +192,7 @@ void ThrowStdBadFunctionCall() {
 
 void ThrowStdBadAlloc() {
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_EXCEPTIONS
-  Throw(std::bad_alloc());
+  throw std::bad_alloc();
 #else
   std::abort();
 #endif
diff --git a/absl/base/internal/unscaledcycleclock.cc b/absl/base/internal/unscaledcycleclock.cc
index b1c396c6..05e0e7ba 100644
--- a/absl/base/internal/unscaledcycleclock.cc
+++ b/absl/base/internal/unscaledcycleclock.cc
@@ -71,13 +71,12 @@ int64_t UnscaledCycleClock::Now() {
 #else
   int32_t tbu, tbl, tmp;
   asm volatile(
-      "0:\n"
       "mftbu %[hi32]\n"
       "mftb %[lo32]\n"
       "mftbu %[tmp]\n"
       "cmpw %[tmp],%[hi32]\n"
-      "bne 0b\n"
-      : [ hi32 ] "=r"(tbu), [ lo32 ] "=r"(tbl), [ tmp ] "=r"(tmp));
+      "bne $-16\n"  // Retry on failure.
+      : [hi32] "=r"(tbu), [lo32] "=r"(tbl), [tmp] "=r"(tmp));
   return (static_cast<int64_t>(tbu) << 32) | tbl;
 #endif
 #endif
diff --git a/absl/base/internal/unscaledcycleclock.h b/absl/base/internal/unscaledcycleclock.h
index 2cbeae31..cc1276ba 100644
--- a/absl/base/internal/unscaledcycleclock.h
+++ b/absl/base/internal/unscaledcycleclock.h
@@ -42,48 +42,11 @@
 #include <TargetConditionals.h>
 #endif
 
-#include "absl/base/port.h"
-
-// The following platforms have an implementation of a hardware counter.
-#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__aarch64__) || \
-    defined(__powerpc__) || defined(__ppc__) || defined(__riscv) ||     \
-    defined(_M_IX86) || (defined(_M_X64) && !defined(_M_ARM64EC))
-#define ABSL_HAVE_UNSCALED_CYCLECLOCK_IMPLEMENTATION 1
-#else
-#define ABSL_HAVE_UNSCALED_CYCLECLOCK_IMPLEMENTATION 0
-#endif
-
-// The following platforms often disable access to the hardware
-// counter (through a sandbox) even if the underlying hardware has a
-// usable counter. The CycleTimer interface also requires a *scaled*
-// CycleClock that runs at atleast 1 MHz. We've found some Android
-// ARM64 devices where this is not the case, so we disable it by
-// default on Android ARM64.
-#if defined(__native_client__) || (defined(__APPLE__)) || \
-    (defined(__ANDROID__) && defined(__aarch64__))
-#define ABSL_USE_UNSCALED_CYCLECLOCK_DEFAULT 0
-#else
-#define ABSL_USE_UNSCALED_CYCLECLOCK_DEFAULT 1
-#endif
-
-// UnscaledCycleClock is an optional internal feature.
-// Use "#if ABSL_USE_UNSCALED_CYCLECLOCK" to test for its presence.
-// Can be overridden at compile-time via -DABSL_USE_UNSCALED_CYCLECLOCK=0|1
-#if !defined(ABSL_USE_UNSCALED_CYCLECLOCK)
-#define ABSL_USE_UNSCALED_CYCLECLOCK               \
-  (ABSL_HAVE_UNSCALED_CYCLECLOCK_IMPLEMENTATION && \
-   ABSL_USE_UNSCALED_CYCLECLOCK_DEFAULT)
-#endif
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/unscaledcycleclock_config.h"
 
 #if ABSL_USE_UNSCALED_CYCLECLOCK
 
-// This macro can be used to test if UnscaledCycleClock::Frequency()
-// is NominalCPUFrequency() on a particular platform.
-#if (defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__riscv) || \
-     defined(_M_IX86) || defined(_M_X64))
-#define ABSL_INTERNAL_UNSCALED_CYCLECLOCK_FREQUENCY_IS_CPU_FREQUENCY
-#endif
-
 namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 namespace time_internal {
@@ -119,7 +82,7 @@ class UnscaledCycleClock {
 inline int64_t UnscaledCycleClock::Now() {
   uint64_t low, high;
   __asm__ volatile("rdtsc" : "=a"(low), "=d"(high));
-  return (high << 32) | low;
+  return static_cast<int64_t>((high << 32) | low);
 }
 
 #endif
diff --git a/absl/base/internal/unscaledcycleclock_config.h b/absl/base/internal/unscaledcycleclock_config.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..24b324ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/base/internal/unscaledcycleclock_config.h
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_BASE_INTERNAL_UNSCALEDCYCLECLOCK_CONFIG_H_
+#define ABSL_BASE_INTERNAL_UNSCALEDCYCLECLOCK_CONFIG_H_
+
+#if defined(__APPLE__)
+#include <TargetConditionals.h>
+#endif
+
+// The following platforms have an implementation of a hardware counter.
+#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__aarch64__) || \
+    defined(__powerpc__) || defined(__ppc__) || defined(__riscv) ||     \
+    defined(_M_IX86) || (defined(_M_X64) && !defined(_M_ARM64EC))
+#define ABSL_HAVE_UNSCALED_CYCLECLOCK_IMPLEMENTATION 1
+#else
+#define ABSL_HAVE_UNSCALED_CYCLECLOCK_IMPLEMENTATION 0
+#endif
+
+// The following platforms often disable access to the hardware
+// counter (through a sandbox) even if the underlying hardware has a
+// usable counter. The CycleTimer interface also requires a *scaled*
+// CycleClock that runs at atleast 1 MHz. We've found some Android
+// ARM64 devices where this is not the case, so we disable it by
+// default on Android ARM64.
+#if defined(__native_client__) || (defined(__APPLE__)) || \
+    (defined(__ANDROID__) && defined(__aarch64__))
+#define ABSL_USE_UNSCALED_CYCLECLOCK_DEFAULT 0
+#else
+#define ABSL_USE_UNSCALED_CYCLECLOCK_DEFAULT 1
+#endif
+
+// UnscaledCycleClock is an optional internal feature.
+// Use "#if ABSL_USE_UNSCALED_CYCLECLOCK" to test for its presence.
+// Can be overridden at compile-time via -DABSL_USE_UNSCALED_CYCLECLOCK=0|1
+#if !defined(ABSL_USE_UNSCALED_CYCLECLOCK)
+#define ABSL_USE_UNSCALED_CYCLECLOCK               \
+  (ABSL_HAVE_UNSCALED_CYCLECLOCK_IMPLEMENTATION && \
+   ABSL_USE_UNSCALED_CYCLECLOCK_DEFAULT)
+#endif
+
+#if ABSL_USE_UNSCALED_CYCLECLOCK
+// This macro can be used to test if UnscaledCycleClock::Frequency()
+// is NominalCPUFrequency() on a particular platform.
+#if (defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__riscv) || \
+     defined(_M_IX86) || defined(_M_X64))
+#define ABSL_INTERNAL_UNSCALED_CYCLECLOCK_FREQUENCY_IS_CPU_FREQUENCY
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#endif  // ABSL_BASE_INTERNAL_UNSCALEDCYCLECLOCK_CONFIG_H_
diff --git a/absl/base/macros.h b/absl/base/macros.h
index 3e085a91..f33cd192 100644
--- a/absl/base/macros.h
+++ b/absl/base/macros.h
@@ -103,17 +103,11 @@ ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
 // aborts the program in release mode (when NDEBUG is defined). The
 // implementation should abort the program as quickly as possible and ideally it
 // should not be possible to ignore the abort request.
-#if (ABSL_HAVE_BUILTIN(__builtin_trap) &&         \
-     ABSL_HAVE_BUILTIN(__builtin_unreachable)) || \
-    (defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__))
-#define ABSL_INTERNAL_HARDENING_ABORT() \
-  do {                                  \
-    __builtin_trap();                   \
-    __builtin_unreachable();            \
+#define ABSL_INTERNAL_HARDENING_ABORT()   \
+  do {                                    \
+    ABSL_INTERNAL_IMMEDIATE_ABORT_IMPL(); \
+    ABSL_INTERNAL_UNREACHABLE_IMPL();     \
   } while (false)
-#else
-#define ABSL_INTERNAL_HARDENING_ABORT() abort()
-#endif
 
 // ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT()
 //
@@ -144,15 +138,4 @@ ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
 #define ABSL_INTERNAL_RETHROW do {} while (false)
 #endif  // ABSL_HAVE_EXCEPTIONS
 
-// `ABSL_INTERNAL_UNREACHABLE` is an unreachable statement.  A program which
-// reaches one has undefined behavior, and the compiler may optimize
-// accordingly.
-#if defined(__GNUC__) || ABSL_HAVE_BUILTIN(__builtin_unreachable)
-#define ABSL_INTERNAL_UNREACHABLE __builtin_unreachable()
-#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
-#define ABSL_INTERNAL_UNREACHABLE __assume(0)
-#else
-#define ABSL_INTERNAL_UNREACHABLE
-#endif
-
 #endif  // ABSL_BASE_MACROS_H_
diff --git a/absl/base/nullability.h b/absl/base/nullability.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6f49b6f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/base/nullability.h
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// File: nullability.h
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// This header file defines a set of "templated annotations" for designating the
+// expected nullability of pointers. These annotations allow you to designate
+// pointers in one of three classification states:
+//
+//  * "Non-null" (for pointers annotated `Nonnull<T>`), indicating that it is
+//    invalid for the given pointer to ever be null.
+//  * "Nullable" (for pointers annotated `Nullable<T>`), indicating that it is
+//    valid for the given pointer to be null.
+//  * "Unknown" (for pointers annotated `NullabilityUnknown<T>`), indicating
+//    that the given pointer has not been yet classified as either nullable or
+//    non-null. This is the default state of unannotated pointers.
+//
+// NOTE: unannotated pointers implicitly bear the annotation
+// `NullabilityUnknown<T>`; you should rarely, if ever, see this annotation used
+// in the codebase explicitly.
+//
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Nullability and Contracts
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// These nullability annotations allow you to more clearly specify contracts on
+// software components by narrowing the *preconditions*, *postconditions*, and
+// *invariants* of pointer state(s) in any given interface. It then depends on
+// context who is responsible for fulfilling the annotation's requirements.
+//
+// For example, a function may receive a pointer argument. Designating that
+// pointer argument as "non-null" tightens the precondition of the contract of
+// that function. It is then the responsibility of anyone calling such a
+// function to ensure that the passed pointer is not null.
+//
+// Similarly, a function may have a pointer as a return value. Designating that
+// return value as "non-null" tightens the postcondition of the contract of that
+// function. In this case, however, it is the responsibility of the function
+// itself to ensure that the returned pointer is not null.
+//
+// Clearly defining these contracts allows providers (and consumers) of such
+// pointers to have more confidence in their null state. If a function declares
+// a return value as "non-null", for example, the caller should not need to
+// check whether the returned value is `nullptr`; it can simply assume the
+// pointer is valid.
+//
+// Of course most interfaces already have expectations on the nullability state
+// of pointers, and these expectations are, in effect, a contract; often,
+// however, those contracts are either poorly or partially specified, assumed,
+// or misunderstood. These nullability annotations are designed to allow you to
+// formalize those contracts within the codebase.
+//
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Using Nullability Annotations
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// It is important to note that these annotations are not distinct strong
+// *types*. They are alias templates defined to be equal to the underlying
+// pointer type. A pointer annotated `Nonnull<T*>`, for example, is simply a
+// pointer of type `T*`. Each annotation acts as a form of documentation about
+// the contract for the given pointer. Each annotation requires providers or
+// consumers of these pointers across API boundaries to take appropriate steps
+// when setting or using these pointers:
+//
+// * "Non-null" pointers should never be null. It is the responsibility of the
+//   provider of this pointer to ensure that the pointer may never be set to
+//   null. Consumers of such pointers can treat such pointers as non-null.
+// * "Nullable" pointers may or may not be null. Consumers of such pointers
+//   should precede any usage of that pointer (e.g. a dereference operation)
+//   with a a `nullptr` check.
+// * "Unknown" pointers may be either "non-null" or "nullable" but have not been
+//   definitively determined to be in either classification state. Providers of
+//   such pointers across API boundaries should determine --  over time -- to
+//   annotate the pointer in either of the above two states. Consumers of such
+//   pointers across an API boundary should continue to treat such pointers as
+//   they currently do.
+//
+// Example:
+//
+// // PaySalary() requires the passed pointer to an `Employee` to be non-null.
+// void PaySalary(absl::Nonnull<Employee *> e) {
+//   pay(e->salary);  // OK to dereference
+// }
+//
+// // CompleteTransaction() guarantees the returned pointer to an `Account` to
+// // be non-null.
+// absl::Nonnull<Account *> balance CompleteTransaction(double fee) {
+// ...
+// }
+//
+// // Note that specifying a nullability annotation does not prevent someone
+// // from violating the contract:
+//
+// Nullable<Employee *> find(Map& employees, std::string_view name);
+//
+// void g(Map& employees) {
+//   Employee *e = find(employees, "Pat");
+//   // `e` can now be null.
+//   PaySalary(e); // Violates contract, but compiles!
+// }
+//
+// Nullability annotations, in other words, are useful for defining and
+// narrowing contracts; *enforcement* of those contracts depends on use and any
+// additional (static or dynamic analysis) tooling.
+//
+// NOTE: The "unknown" annotation state indicates that a pointer's contract has
+// not yet been positively identified. The unknown state therefore acts as a
+// form of documentation of your technical debt, and a codebase that adopts
+// nullability annotations should aspire to annotate every pointer as either
+// "non-null" or "nullable".
+//
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Applicability of Nullability Annotations
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// By default, nullability annotations are applicable to raw and smart
+// pointers. User-defined types can indicate compatibility with nullability
+// annotations by providing an `absl_nullability_compatible` nested type. The
+// actual definition of this inner type is not relevant as it is used merely as
+// a marker. It is common to use a using declaration of
+// `absl_nullability_compatible` set to void.
+//
+// // Example:
+// struct MyPtr {
+//   using absl_nullability_compatible = void;
+//   ...
+// };
+//
+// DISCLAIMER:
+// ===========================================================================
+// These nullability annotations are primarily a human readable signal about the
+// intended contract of the pointer. They are not *types* and do not currently
+// provide any correctness guarantees. For example, a pointer annotated as
+// `Nonnull<T*>` is *not guaranteed* to be non-null, and the compiler won't
+// alert or prevent assignment of a `Nullable<T*>` to a `Nonnull<T*>`.
+// ===========================================================================
+#ifndef ABSL_BASE_NULLABILITY_H_
+#define ABSL_BASE_NULLABILITY_H_
+
+#include "absl/base/internal/nullability_impl.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+
+// absl::Nonnull
+//
+// The indicated pointer is never null. It is the responsibility of the provider
+// of this pointer across an API boundary to ensure that the pointer is never be
+// set to null. Consumers of this pointer across an API boundary may safely
+// dereference the pointer.
+//
+// Example:
+//
+// // `employee` is designated as not null.
+// void PaySalary(absl::Nonnull<Employee *> employee) {
+//   pay(*employee);  // OK to dereference
+// }
+template <typename T>
+using Nonnull = nullability_internal::NonnullImpl<T>;
+
+// absl::Nullable
+//
+// The indicated pointer may, by design, be either null or non-null. Consumers
+// of this pointer across an API boundary should perform a `nullptr` check
+// before performing any operation using the pointer.
+//
+// Example:
+//
+// // `employee` may  be null.
+// void PaySalary(absl::Nullable<Employee *> employee) {
+//   if (employee != nullptr) {
+//     Pay(*employee);  // OK to dereference
+//   }
+// }
+template <typename T>
+using Nullable = nullability_internal::NullableImpl<T>;
+
+// absl::NullabilityUnknown (default)
+//
+// The indicated pointer has not yet been determined to be definitively
+// "non-null" or "nullable." Providers of such pointers across API boundaries
+// should, over time, annotate such pointers as either "non-null" or "nullable."
+// Consumers of these pointers across an API boundary should treat such pointers
+// with the same caution they treat currently unannotated pointers. Most
+// existing code will have "unknown"  pointers, which should eventually be
+// migrated into one of the above two nullability states: `Nonnull<T>` or
+//  `Nullable<T>`.
+//
+// NOTE: Because this annotation is the global default state, pointers without
+// any annotation are assumed to have "unknown" semantics. This assumption is
+// designed to minimize churn and reduce clutter within the codebase.
+//
+// Example:
+//
+// // `employee`s nullability state is unknown.
+// void PaySalary(absl::NullabilityUnknown<Employee *> employee) {
+//   Pay(*employee); // Potentially dangerous. API provider should investigate.
+// }
+//
+// Note that a pointer without an annotation, by default, is assumed to have the
+// annotation `NullabilityUnknown`.
+//
+// // `employee`s nullability state is unknown.
+// void PaySalary(Employee* employee) {
+//   Pay(*employee); // Potentially dangerous. API provider should investigate.
+// }
+template <typename T>
+using NullabilityUnknown = nullability_internal::NullabilityUnknownImpl<T>;
+
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_BASE_NULLABILITY_H_
diff --git a/absl/base/nullability_test.cc b/absl/base/nullability_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..028ea6ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/base/nullability_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/base/nullability.h"
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <memory>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
+
+namespace {
+using ::absl::Nonnull;
+using ::absl::NullabilityUnknown;
+using ::absl::Nullable;
+
+void funcWithNonnullArg(Nonnull<int*> /*arg*/) {}
+template <typename T>
+void funcWithDeducedNonnullArg(Nonnull<T*> /*arg*/) {}
+
+TEST(NonnullTest, NonnullArgument) {
+  int var = 0;
+  funcWithNonnullArg(&var);
+  funcWithDeducedNonnullArg(&var);
+}
+
+Nonnull<int*> funcWithNonnullReturn() {
+  static int var = 0;
+  return &var;
+}
+
+TEST(NonnullTest, NonnullReturn) {
+  auto var = funcWithNonnullReturn();
+  (void)var;
+}
+
+TEST(PassThroughTest, PassesThroughRawPointerToInt) {
+  EXPECT_TRUE((std::is_same<Nonnull<int*>, int*>::value));
+  EXPECT_TRUE((std::is_same<Nullable<int*>, int*>::value));
+  EXPECT_TRUE((std::is_same<NullabilityUnknown<int*>, int*>::value));
+}
+
+TEST(PassThroughTest, PassesThroughRawPointerToVoid) {
+  EXPECT_TRUE((std::is_same<Nonnull<void*>, void*>::value));
+  EXPECT_TRUE((std::is_same<Nullable<void*>, void*>::value));
+  EXPECT_TRUE((std::is_same<NullabilityUnknown<void*>, void*>::value));
+}
+
+TEST(PassThroughTest, PassesThroughUniquePointerToInt) {
+  using T = std::unique_ptr<int>;
+  EXPECT_TRUE((std::is_same<Nonnull<T>, T>::value));
+  EXPECT_TRUE((std::is_same<Nullable<T>, T>::value));
+  EXPECT_TRUE((std::is_same<NullabilityUnknown<T>, T>::value));
+}
+
+TEST(PassThroughTest, PassesThroughSharedPointerToInt) {
+  using T = std::shared_ptr<int>;
+  EXPECT_TRUE((std::is_same<Nonnull<T>, T>::value));
+  EXPECT_TRUE((std::is_same<Nullable<T>, T>::value));
+  EXPECT_TRUE((std::is_same<NullabilityUnknown<T>, T>::value));
+}
+
+TEST(PassThroughTest, PassesThroughSharedPointerToVoid) {
+  using T = std::shared_ptr<void>;
+  EXPECT_TRUE((std::is_same<Nonnull<T>, T>::value));
+  EXPECT_TRUE((std::is_same<Nullable<T>, T>::value));
+  EXPECT_TRUE((std::is_same<NullabilityUnknown<T>, T>::value));
+}
+
+TEST(PassThroughTest, PassesThroughPointerToMemberObject) {
+  using T = decltype(&std::pair<int, int>::first);
+  EXPECT_TRUE((std::is_same<Nonnull<T>, T>::value));
+  EXPECT_TRUE((std::is_same<Nullable<T>, T>::value));
+  EXPECT_TRUE((std::is_same<NullabilityUnknown<T>, T>::value));
+}
+
+TEST(PassThroughTest, PassesThroughPointerToMemberFunction) {
+  using T = decltype(&std::unique_ptr<int>::reset);
+  EXPECT_TRUE((std::is_same<Nonnull<T>, T>::value));
+  EXPECT_TRUE((std::is_same<Nullable<T>, T>::value));
+  EXPECT_TRUE((std::is_same<NullabilityUnknown<T>, T>::value));
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+// Nullable ADL lookup test
+namespace util {
+// Helper for NullableAdlTest.  Returns true, denoting that argument-dependent
+// lookup found this implementation of DidAdlWin.  Must be in namespace
+// util itself, not a nested anonymous namespace.
+template <typename T>
+bool DidAdlWin(T*) {
+  return true;
+}
+
+// Because this type is defined in namespace util, an unqualified call to
+// DidAdlWin with a pointer to MakeAdlWin will find the above implementation.
+struct MakeAdlWin {};
+}  // namespace util
+
+namespace {
+// Returns false, denoting that ADL did not inspect namespace util.  If it
+// had, the better match (T*) above would have won out over the (...) here.
+bool DidAdlWin(...) { return false; }
+
+TEST(NullableAdlTest, NullableAddsNothingToArgumentDependentLookup) {
+  // Treatment: util::Nullable<int*> contributes nothing to ADL because
+  // int* itself doesn't.
+  EXPECT_FALSE(DidAdlWin((int*)nullptr));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(DidAdlWin((Nullable<int*>)nullptr));
+
+  // Control: Argument-dependent lookup does find the implementation in
+  // namespace util when the underlying pointee type resides there.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(DidAdlWin((util::MakeAdlWin*)nullptr));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(DidAdlWin((Nullable<util::MakeAdlWin*>)nullptr));
+}
+}  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/base/optimization.h b/absl/base/optimization.h
index db5cc097..ad0121ad 100644
--- a/absl/base/optimization.h
+++ b/absl/base/optimization.h
@@ -91,6 +91,7 @@
 #define ABSL_CACHELINE_SIZE 64
 #endif
 #endif
+#endif
 
 #ifndef ABSL_CACHELINE_SIZE
 // A reasonable default guess.  Note that overestimates tend to waste more
@@ -141,12 +142,11 @@
 //    the generated machine code.
 // 3) Prefer applying this attribute to individual variables. Avoid
 //    applying it to types. This tends to localize the effect.
+#if defined(__clang__) || defined(__GNUC__)
 #define ABSL_CACHELINE_ALIGNED __attribute__((aligned(ABSL_CACHELINE_SIZE)))
 #elif defined(_MSC_VER)
-#define ABSL_CACHELINE_SIZE 64
 #define ABSL_CACHELINE_ALIGNED __declspec(align(ABSL_CACHELINE_SIZE))
 #else
-#define ABSL_CACHELINE_SIZE 64
 #define ABSL_CACHELINE_ALIGNED
 #endif
 
@@ -181,6 +181,53 @@
 #define ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(x) (x)
 #endif
 
+// `ABSL_INTERNAL_IMMEDIATE_ABORT_IMPL()` aborts the program in the fastest
+// possible way, with no attempt at logging. One use is to implement hardening
+// aborts with ABSL_OPTION_HARDENED.  Since this is an internal symbol, it
+// should not be used directly outside of Abseil.
+#if ABSL_HAVE_BUILTIN(__builtin_trap) || \
+    (defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__))
+#define ABSL_INTERNAL_IMMEDIATE_ABORT_IMPL() __builtin_trap()
+#else
+#define ABSL_INTERNAL_IMMEDIATE_ABORT_IMPL() abort()
+#endif
+
+// `ABSL_INTERNAL_UNREACHABLE_IMPL()` is the platform specific directive to
+// indicate that a statement is unreachable, and to allow the compiler to
+// optimize accordingly. Clients should use `ABSL_UNREACHABLE()`, which is
+// defined below.
+#if defined(__cpp_lib_unreachable) && __cpp_lib_unreachable >= 202202L
+#define ABSL_INTERNAL_UNREACHABLE_IMPL() std::unreachable()
+#elif defined(__GNUC__) || ABSL_HAVE_BUILTIN(__builtin_unreachable)
+#define ABSL_INTERNAL_UNREACHABLE_IMPL() __builtin_unreachable()
+#elif ABSL_HAVE_BUILTIN(__builtin_assume)
+#define ABSL_INTERNAL_UNREACHABLE_IMPL() __builtin_assume(false)
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+#define ABSL_INTERNAL_UNREACHABLE_IMPL() __assume(false)
+#else
+#define ABSL_INTERNAL_UNREACHABLE_IMPL()
+#endif
+
+// `ABSL_UNREACHABLE()` is an unreachable statement.  A program which reaches
+// one has undefined behavior, and the compiler may optimize accordingly.
+#if ABSL_OPTION_HARDENED == 1 && defined(NDEBUG)
+// Abort in hardened mode to avoid dangerous undefined behavior.
+#define ABSL_UNREACHABLE()                \
+  do {                                    \
+    ABSL_INTERNAL_IMMEDIATE_ABORT_IMPL(); \
+    ABSL_INTERNAL_UNREACHABLE_IMPL();     \
+  } while (false)
+#else
+// The assert only fires in debug mode to aid in debugging.
+// When NDEBUG is defined, reaching ABSL_UNREACHABLE() is undefined behavior.
+#define ABSL_UNREACHABLE()                       \
+  do {                                           \
+    /* NOLINTNEXTLINE: misc-static-assert */     \
+    assert(false && "ABSL_UNREACHABLE reached"); \
+    ABSL_INTERNAL_UNREACHABLE_IMPL();            \
+  } while (false)
+#endif
+
 // ABSL_ASSUME(cond)
 //
 // Informs the compiler that a condition is always true and that it can assume
@@ -209,18 +256,23 @@
 #define ABSL_ASSUME(cond) assert(cond)
 #elif ABSL_HAVE_BUILTIN(__builtin_assume)
 #define ABSL_ASSUME(cond) __builtin_assume(cond)
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+#define ABSL_ASSUME(cond) __assume(cond)
+#elif defined(__cpp_lib_unreachable) && __cpp_lib_unreachable >= 202202L
+#define ABSL_ASSUME(cond)            \
+  do {                               \
+    if (!(cond)) std::unreachable(); \
+  } while (false)
 #elif defined(__GNUC__) || ABSL_HAVE_BUILTIN(__builtin_unreachable)
 #define ABSL_ASSUME(cond)                 \
   do {                                    \
     if (!(cond)) __builtin_unreachable(); \
-  } while (0)
-#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
-#define ABSL_ASSUME(cond) __assume(cond)
+  } while (false)
 #else
 #define ABSL_ASSUME(cond)               \
   do {                                  \
     static_cast<void>(false && (cond)); \
-  } while (0)
+  } while (false)
 #endif
 
 // ABSL_INTERNAL_UNIQUE_SMALL_NAME(cond)
diff --git a/absl/base/options.h b/absl/base/options.h
index 85d235d8..09b98ee2 100644
--- a/absl/base/options.h
+++ b/absl/base/options.h
@@ -67,12 +67,6 @@
 #ifndef ABSL_BASE_OPTIONS_H_
 #define ABSL_BASE_OPTIONS_H_
 
-// Include a standard library header to allow configuration based on the
-// standard library in use.
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-#include <ciso646>
-#endif
-
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Type Compatibility Options
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -206,7 +200,7 @@
 // allowed.
 
 #define ABSL_OPTION_USE_INLINE_NAMESPACE 1
-#define ABSL_OPTION_INLINE_NAMESPACE_NAME lts_20220623
+#define ABSL_OPTION_INLINE_NAMESPACE_NAME lts_20230802
 
 // ABSL_OPTION_HARDENED
 //
diff --git a/absl/base/policy_checks.h b/absl/base/policy_checks.h
index 06b32439..372e848d 100644
--- a/absl/base/policy_checks.h
+++ b/absl/base/policy_checks.h
@@ -44,17 +44,17 @@
 // Toolchain Check
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-// We support MSVC++ 14.0 update 2 and later.
+// We support Visual Studio 2019 (MSVC++ 16.0) and later.
 // This minimum will go up.
-#if defined(_MSC_FULL_VER) && _MSC_FULL_VER < 190023918 && !defined(__clang__)
-#error "This package requires Visual Studio 2015 Update 2 or higher."
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1920 && !defined(__clang__)
+#error "This package requires Visual Studio 2019 (MSVC++ 16.0) or higher."
 #endif
 
-// We support gcc 4.7 and later.
+// We support GCC 7 and later.
 // This minimum will go up.
 #if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__)
-#if __GNUC__ < 4 || (__GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ < 7)
-#error "This package requires gcc 4.7 or higher."
+#if __GNUC__ < 7
+#error "This package requires GCC 7 or higher."
 #endif
 #endif
 
@@ -69,13 +69,15 @@
 // C++ Version Check
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-// Enforce C++11 as the minimum.  Note that Visual Studio has not
-// advanced __cplusplus despite being good enough for our purposes, so
-// so we exempt it from the check.
-#if defined(__cplusplus) && !defined(_MSC_VER)
-#if __cplusplus < 201103L
-#error "C++ versions less than C++11 are not supported."
-#endif
+// Enforce C++14 as the minimum.
+#if defined(_MSVC_LANG)
+#if _MSVC_LANG < 201402L
+#error "C++ versions less than C++14 are not supported."
+#endif  // _MSVC_LANG < 201402L
+#elif defined(__cplusplus)
+#if __cplusplus < 201402L
+#error "C++ versions less than C++14 are not supported."
+#endif  // __cplusplus < 201402L
 #endif
 
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/absl/base/prefetch.h b/absl/base/prefetch.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..de7a180d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/base/prefetch.h
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// File: prefetch.h
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// This header file defines prefetch functions to prefetch memory contents
+// into the first level cache (L1) for the current CPU. The prefetch logic
+// offered in this header is limited to prefetching first level cachelines
+// only, and is aimed at relatively 'simple' prefetching logic.
+//
+#ifndef ABSL_BASE_PREFETCH_H_
+#define ABSL_BASE_PREFETCH_H_
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+
+#if defined(ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_SSE)
+#include <xmmintrin.h>
+#endif
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1900 && \
+    (defined(_M_X64) || defined(_M_IX86))
+#include <intrin.h>
+#pragma intrinsic(_mm_prefetch)
+#endif
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+// Moves data into the L1 cache before it is read, or "prefetches" it.
+//
+// The value of `addr` is the address of the memory to prefetch. If
+// the target and compiler support it, data prefetch instructions are
+// generated. If the prefetch is done some time before the memory is
+// read, it may be in the cache by the time the read occurs.
+//
+// This method prefetches data with the highest degree of temporal locality;
+// data is prefetched where possible into all levels of the cache.
+//
+// Incorrect or gratuitous use of this function can degrade performance.
+// Use this function only when representative benchmarks show an improvement.
+//
+// Example:
+//
+//  // Computes incremental checksum for `data`.
+//  int ComputeChecksum(int sum, absl::string_view data);
+//
+//  // Computes cumulative checksum for all values in `data`
+//  int ComputeChecksum(absl::Span<const std::string> data) {
+//    int sum = 0;
+//    auto it = data.begin();
+//    auto pit = data.begin();
+//    auto end = data.end();
+//    for (int dist = 8; dist > 0 && pit != data.end(); --dist, ++pit) {
+//      absl::PrefetchToLocalCache(pit->data());
+//    }
+//    for (; pit != end; ++pit, ++it) {
+//      sum = ComputeChecksum(sum, *it);
+//      absl::PrefetchToLocalCache(pit->data());
+//    }
+//    for (; it != end; ++it) {
+//      sum = ComputeChecksum(sum, *it);
+//    }
+//    return sum;
+//  }
+//
+void PrefetchToLocalCache(const void* addr);
+
+// Moves data into the L1 cache before it is read, or "prefetches" it.
+//
+// This function is identical to `PrefetchToLocalCache()` except that it has
+// non-temporal locality: the fetched data should not be left in any of the
+// cache tiers. This is useful for cases where the data is used only once /
+// short term, for example, invoking a destructor on an object.
+//
+// Incorrect or gratuitous use of this function can degrade performance.
+// Use this function only when representative benchmarks show an improvement.
+//
+// Example:
+//
+//  template <typename Iterator>
+//  void DestroyPointers(Iterator begin, Iterator end) {
+//    size_t distance = std::min(8U, bars.size());
+//
+//    int dist = 8;
+//    auto prefetch_it = begin;
+//    while (prefetch_it != end && --dist;) {
+//      absl::PrefetchToLocalCacheNta(*prefetch_it++);
+//    }
+//    while (prefetch_it != end) {
+//      delete *begin++;
+//      absl::PrefetchToLocalCacheNta(*prefetch_it++);
+//    }
+//    while (begin != end) {
+//      delete *begin++;
+//    }
+//  }
+//
+void PrefetchToLocalCacheNta(const void* addr);
+
+// Moves data into the L1 cache with the intent to modify it.
+//
+// This function is similar to `PrefetchToLocalCache()` except that it
+// prefetches cachelines with an 'intent to modify' This typically includes
+// invalidating cache entries for this address in all other cache tiers, and an
+// exclusive access intent.
+//
+// Incorrect or gratuitous use of this function can degrade performance. As this
+// function can invalidate cached cachelines on other caches and computer cores,
+// incorrect usage of this function can have an even greater negative impact
+// than incorrect regular prefetches.
+// Use this function only when representative benchmarks show an improvement.
+//
+// Example:
+//
+//  void* Arena::Allocate(size_t size) {
+//    void* ptr = AllocateBlock(size);
+//    absl::PrefetchToLocalCacheForWrite(p);
+//    return ptr;
+//  }
+//
+void PrefetchToLocalCacheForWrite(const void* addr);
+
+#if ABSL_HAVE_BUILTIN(__builtin_prefetch) || defined(__GNUC__)
+
+#define ABSL_HAVE_PREFETCH 1
+
+// See __builtin_prefetch:
+// https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Other-Builtins.html.
+//
+inline void PrefetchToLocalCache(const void* addr) {
+  __builtin_prefetch(addr, 0, 3);
+}
+
+inline void PrefetchToLocalCacheNta(const void* addr) {
+  __builtin_prefetch(addr, 0, 0);
+}
+
+inline void PrefetchToLocalCacheForWrite(const void* addr) {
+  // [x86] gcc/clang don't generate PREFETCHW for __builtin_prefetch(.., 1)
+  // unless -march=broadwell or newer; this is not generally the default, so we
+  // manually emit prefetchw. PREFETCHW is recognized as a no-op on older Intel
+  // processors and has been present on AMD processors since the K6-2.
+#if defined(__x86_64__)
+  asm("prefetchw (%0)" : : "r"(addr));
+#else
+  __builtin_prefetch(addr, 1, 3);
+#endif
+}
+
+#elif defined(ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_SSE)
+
+#define ABSL_HAVE_PREFETCH 1
+
+inline void PrefetchToLocalCache(const void* addr) {
+  _mm_prefetch(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(addr), _MM_HINT_T0);
+}
+
+inline void PrefetchToLocalCacheNta(const void* addr) {
+  _mm_prefetch(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(addr), _MM_HINT_NTA);
+}
+
+inline void PrefetchToLocalCacheForWrite(const void* addr) {
+#if defined(_MM_HINT_ET0)
+  _mm_prefetch(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(addr), _MM_HINT_ET0);
+#elif !defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(__x86_64__)
+  // _MM_HINT_ET0 is not universally supported. As we commented further
+  // up, PREFETCHW is recognized as a no-op on older Intel processors
+  // and has been present on AMD processors since the K6-2. We have this
+  // disabled for MSVC compilers as this miscompiles on older MSVC compilers.
+  asm("prefetchw (%0)" : : "r"(addr));
+#endif
+}
+
+#else
+
+inline void PrefetchToLocalCache(const void* addr) {}
+inline void PrefetchToLocalCacheNta(const void* addr) {}
+inline void PrefetchToLocalCacheForWrite(const void* addr) {}
+
+#endif
+
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_BASE_PREFETCH_H_
diff --git a/absl/base/prefetch_test.cc b/absl/base/prefetch_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ee219897
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/base/prefetch_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/base/prefetch.h"
+
+#include <memory>
+
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+
+namespace {
+
+// Below tests exercise the functions only to guarantee they compile and execute
+// correctly. We make no attempt at verifying any prefetch instructions being
+// generated and executed: we assume the various implementation in terms of
+// __builtin_prefetch() or x86 intrinsics to be correct and well tested.
+
+TEST(PrefetchTest, PrefetchToLocalCache_StackA) {
+  char buf[100] = {};
+  absl::PrefetchToLocalCache(buf);
+  absl::PrefetchToLocalCacheNta(buf);
+  absl::PrefetchToLocalCacheForWrite(buf);
+}
+
+TEST(PrefetchTest, PrefetchToLocalCache_Heap) {
+  auto memory = std::make_unique<char[]>(200 << 10);
+  memset(memory.get(), 0, 200 << 10);
+  absl::PrefetchToLocalCache(memory.get());
+  absl::PrefetchToLocalCacheNta(memory.get());
+  absl::PrefetchToLocalCacheForWrite(memory.get());
+  absl::PrefetchToLocalCache(memory.get() + (50 << 10));
+  absl::PrefetchToLocalCacheNta(memory.get() + (50 << 10));
+  absl::PrefetchToLocalCacheForWrite(memory.get() + (50 << 10));
+  absl::PrefetchToLocalCache(memory.get() + (100 << 10));
+  absl::PrefetchToLocalCacheNta(memory.get() + (100 << 10));
+  absl::PrefetchToLocalCacheForWrite(memory.get() + (100 << 10));
+  absl::PrefetchToLocalCache(memory.get() + (150 << 10));
+  absl::PrefetchToLocalCacheNta(memory.get() + (150 << 10));
+  absl::PrefetchToLocalCacheForWrite(memory.get() + (150 << 10));
+}
+
+TEST(PrefetchTest, PrefetchToLocalCache_Nullptr) {
+  absl::PrefetchToLocalCache(nullptr);
+  absl::PrefetchToLocalCacheNta(nullptr);
+  absl::PrefetchToLocalCacheForWrite(nullptr);
+}
+
+TEST(PrefetchTest, PrefetchToLocalCache_InvalidPtr) {
+  absl::PrefetchToLocalCache(reinterpret_cast<const void*>(0x785326532L));
+  absl::PrefetchToLocalCacheNta(reinterpret_cast<const void*>(0x785326532L));
+  absl::PrefetchToLocalCacheForWrite(reinterpret_cast<const void*>(0x78532L));
+}
+
+}  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/base/spinlock_test_common.cc b/absl/base/spinlock_test_common.cc
index 2b572c5b..52ecf580 100644
--- a/absl/base/spinlock_test_common.cc
+++ b/absl/base/spinlock_test_common.cc
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
 #include "absl/synchronization/blocking_counter.h"
 #include "absl/synchronization/notification.h"
 
-constexpr int32_t kNumThreads = 10;
+constexpr uint32_t kNumThreads = 10;
 constexpr int32_t kIters = 1000;
 
 namespace absl {
@@ -48,14 +48,14 @@ struct SpinLockTest {
                                    int64_t wait_end_time) {
     return SpinLock::EncodeWaitCycles(wait_start_time, wait_end_time);
   }
-  static uint64_t DecodeWaitCycles(uint32_t lock_value) {
+  static int64_t DecodeWaitCycles(uint32_t lock_value) {
     return SpinLock::DecodeWaitCycles(lock_value);
   }
 };
 
 namespace {
 
-static constexpr int kArrayLength = 10;
+static constexpr size_t kArrayLength = 10;
 static uint32_t values[kArrayLength];
 
 ABSL_CONST_INIT static SpinLock static_cooperative_spinlock(
@@ -79,11 +79,11 @@ static uint32_t Hash32(uint32_t a, uint32_t c) {
   return c;
 }
 
-static void TestFunction(int thread_salt, SpinLock* spinlock) {
+static void TestFunction(uint32_t thread_salt, SpinLock* spinlock) {
   for (int i = 0; i < kIters; i++) {
     SpinLockHolder h(spinlock);
-    for (int j = 0; j < kArrayLength; j++) {
-      const int index = (j + thread_salt) % kArrayLength;
+    for (size_t j = 0; j < kArrayLength; j++) {
+      const size_t index = (j + thread_salt) % kArrayLength;
       values[index] = Hash32(values[index], thread_salt);
       std::this_thread::yield();
     }
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ static void TestFunction(int thread_salt, SpinLock* spinlock) {
 static void ThreadedTest(SpinLock* spinlock) {
   std::vector<std::thread> threads;
   threads.reserve(kNumThreads);
-  for (int i = 0; i < kNumThreads; ++i) {
+  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < kNumThreads; ++i) {
     threads.push_back(std::thread(TestFunction, i, spinlock));
   }
   for (auto& thread : threads) {
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ static void ThreadedTest(SpinLock* spinlock) {
   }
 
   SpinLockHolder h(spinlock);
-  for (int i = 1; i < kArrayLength; i++) {
+  for (size_t i = 1; i < kArrayLength; i++) {
     EXPECT_EQ(values[0], values[i]);
   }
 }
@@ -133,28 +133,28 @@ TEST(SpinLock, WaitCyclesEncoding) {
   // but the lower kProfileTimestampShift will be dropped.
   const int kMaxCyclesShift =
     32 - kLockwordReservedShift + kProfileTimestampShift;
-  const uint64_t kMaxCycles = (int64_t{1} << kMaxCyclesShift) - 1;
+  const int64_t kMaxCycles = (int64_t{1} << kMaxCyclesShift) - 1;
 
   // These bits should be zero after encoding.
   const uint32_t kLockwordReservedMask = (1 << kLockwordReservedShift) - 1;
 
   // These bits are dropped when wait cycles are encoded.
-  const uint64_t kProfileTimestampMask = (1 << kProfileTimestampShift) - 1;
+  const int64_t kProfileTimestampMask = (1 << kProfileTimestampShift) - 1;
 
   // Test a bunch of random values
   std::default_random_engine generator;
   // Shift to avoid overflow below.
-  std::uniform_int_distribution<uint64_t> time_distribution(
-      0, std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max() >> 4);
-  std::uniform_int_distribution<uint64_t> cycle_distribution(0, kMaxCycles);
+  std::uniform_int_distribution<int64_t> time_distribution(
+      0, std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max() >> 3);
+  std::uniform_int_distribution<int64_t> cycle_distribution(0, kMaxCycles);
 
   for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
     int64_t start_time = time_distribution(generator);
     int64_t cycles = cycle_distribution(generator);
     int64_t end_time = start_time + cycles;
     uint32_t lock_value = SpinLockTest::EncodeWaitCycles(start_time, end_time);
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, lock_value & kLockwordReservedMask);
-    uint64_t decoded = SpinLockTest::DecodeWaitCycles(lock_value);
+    EXPECT_EQ(0u, lock_value & kLockwordReservedMask);
+    int64_t decoded = SpinLockTest::DecodeWaitCycles(lock_value);
     EXPECT_EQ(0, decoded & kProfileTimestampMask);
     EXPECT_EQ(cycles & ~kProfileTimestampMask, decoded);
   }
@@ -178,21 +178,21 @@ TEST(SpinLock, WaitCyclesEncoding) {
   // Test clamping
   uint32_t max_value =
     SpinLockTest::EncodeWaitCycles(start_time, start_time + kMaxCycles);
-  uint64_t max_value_decoded = SpinLockTest::DecodeWaitCycles(max_value);
-  uint64_t expected_max_value_decoded = kMaxCycles & ~kProfileTimestampMask;
+  int64_t max_value_decoded = SpinLockTest::DecodeWaitCycles(max_value);
+  int64_t expected_max_value_decoded = kMaxCycles & ~kProfileTimestampMask;
   EXPECT_EQ(expected_max_value_decoded, max_value_decoded);
 
   const int64_t step = (1 << kProfileTimestampShift);
   uint32_t after_max_value =
     SpinLockTest::EncodeWaitCycles(start_time, start_time + kMaxCycles + step);
-  uint64_t after_max_value_decoded =
+  int64_t after_max_value_decoded =
       SpinLockTest::DecodeWaitCycles(after_max_value);
   EXPECT_EQ(expected_max_value_decoded, after_max_value_decoded);
 
   uint32_t before_max_value = SpinLockTest::EncodeWaitCycles(
       start_time, start_time + kMaxCycles - step);
-  uint64_t before_max_value_decoded =
-    SpinLockTest::DecodeWaitCycles(before_max_value);
+  int64_t before_max_value_decoded =
+      SpinLockTest::DecodeWaitCycles(before_max_value);
   EXPECT_GT(expected_max_value_decoded, before_max_value_decoded);
 }
 
diff --git a/absl/base/throw_delegate_test.cc b/absl/base/throw_delegate_test.cc
index 5ba4ce55..e74362b7 100644
--- a/absl/base/throw_delegate_test.cc
+++ b/absl/base/throw_delegate_test.cc
@@ -78,29 +78,97 @@ void ExpectThrowNoWhat(void (*f)()) {
 #endif
 }
 
-TEST(ThrowHelper, Test) {
-  // Not using EXPECT_THROW because we want to check the .what() message too.
+TEST(ThrowDelegate, ThrowStdLogicErrorChar) {
   ExpectThrowChar<std::logic_error>(ThrowStdLogicError);
+}
+
+TEST(ThrowDelegate, ThrowStdInvalidArgumentChar) {
   ExpectThrowChar<std::invalid_argument>(ThrowStdInvalidArgument);
+}
+
+TEST(ThrowDelegate, ThrowStdDomainErrorChar) {
   ExpectThrowChar<std::domain_error>(ThrowStdDomainError);
+}
+
+TEST(ThrowDelegate, ThrowStdLengthErrorChar) {
   ExpectThrowChar<std::length_error>(ThrowStdLengthError);
+}
+
+TEST(ThrowDelegate, ThrowStdOutOfRangeChar) {
   ExpectThrowChar<std::out_of_range>(ThrowStdOutOfRange);
+}
+
+TEST(ThrowDelegate, ThrowStdRuntimeErrorChar) {
   ExpectThrowChar<std::runtime_error>(ThrowStdRuntimeError);
+}
+
+TEST(ThrowDelegate, ThrowStdRangeErrorChar) {
   ExpectThrowChar<std::range_error>(ThrowStdRangeError);
+}
+
+TEST(ThrowDelegate, ThrowStdOverflowErrorChar) {
   ExpectThrowChar<std::overflow_error>(ThrowStdOverflowError);
+}
+
+TEST(ThrowDelegate, ThrowStdUnderflowErrorChar) {
   ExpectThrowChar<std::underflow_error>(ThrowStdUnderflowError);
+}
 
+TEST(ThrowDelegate, ThrowStdLogicErrorString) {
   ExpectThrowString<std::logic_error>(ThrowStdLogicError);
+}
+
+TEST(ThrowDelegate, ThrowStdInvalidArgumentString) {
   ExpectThrowString<std::invalid_argument>(ThrowStdInvalidArgument);
+}
+
+TEST(ThrowDelegate, ThrowStdDomainErrorString) {
   ExpectThrowString<std::domain_error>(ThrowStdDomainError);
+}
+
+TEST(ThrowDelegate, ThrowStdLengthErrorString) {
   ExpectThrowString<std::length_error>(ThrowStdLengthError);
+}
+
+TEST(ThrowDelegate, ThrowStdOutOfRangeString) {
   ExpectThrowString<std::out_of_range>(ThrowStdOutOfRange);
+}
+
+TEST(ThrowDelegate, ThrowStdRuntimeErrorString) {
   ExpectThrowString<std::runtime_error>(ThrowStdRuntimeError);
+}
+
+TEST(ThrowDelegate, ThrowStdRangeErrorString) {
   ExpectThrowString<std::range_error>(ThrowStdRangeError);
+}
+
+TEST(ThrowDelegate, ThrowStdOverflowErrorString) {
   ExpectThrowString<std::overflow_error>(ThrowStdOverflowError);
+}
+
+TEST(ThrowDelegate, ThrowStdUnderflowErrorString) {
   ExpectThrowString<std::underflow_error>(ThrowStdUnderflowError);
+}
+
+TEST(ThrowDelegate, ThrowStdBadFunctionCallNoWhat) {
+#ifdef ABSL_HAVE_EXCEPTIONS
+  try {
+    ThrowStdBadFunctionCall();
+    FAIL() << "Didn't throw";
+  } catch (const std::bad_function_call&) {
+  }
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_VERSION
+  catch (const std::exception&) {
+    // https://reviews.llvm.org/D92397 causes issues with the vtable for
+    // std::bad_function_call when using libc++ as a shared library.
+  }
+#endif
+#else
+  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(ThrowStdBadFunctionCall(), "");
+#endif
+}
 
-  ExpectThrowNoWhat<std::bad_function_call>(ThrowStdBadFunctionCall);
+TEST(ThrowDelegate, ThrowStdBadAllocNoWhat) {
   ExpectThrowNoWhat<std::bad_alloc>(ThrowStdBadAlloc);
 }
 
diff --git a/absl/container/BUILD.bazel b/absl/container/BUILD.bazel
index d01d78e5..f22da59a 100644
--- a/absl/container/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/absl/container/BUILD.bazel
@@ -96,8 +96,9 @@ cc_test(
     ],
 )
 
-cc_test(
+cc_binary(
     name = "fixed_array_benchmark",
+    testonly = 1,
     srcs = ["fixed_array_benchmark.cc"],
     copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS + ["$(STACK_FRAME_UNLIMITED)"],
     linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
@@ -133,6 +134,7 @@ cc_library(
         "//absl/base:core_headers",
         "//absl/base:throw_delegate",
         "//absl/memory",
+        "//absl/meta:type_traits",
     ],
 )
 
@@ -158,16 +160,17 @@ cc_test(
         "//absl/base:config",
         "//absl/base:core_headers",
         "//absl/base:exception_testing",
-        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
         "//absl/hash:hash_testing",
+        "//absl/log:check",
         "//absl/memory",
         "//absl/strings",
         "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
     ],
 )
 
-cc_test(
+cc_binary(
     name = "inlined_vector_benchmark",
+    testonly = 1,
     srcs = ["inlined_vector_benchmark.cc"],
     copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
     linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
@@ -252,7 +255,7 @@ cc_test(
         ":unordered_map_lookup_test",
         ":unordered_map_members_test",
         ":unordered_map_modifiers_test",
-        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
+        "//absl/log:check",
         "//absl/types:any",
         "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
     ],
@@ -286,7 +289,7 @@ cc_test(
         ":unordered_set_lookup_test",
         ":unordered_set_members_test",
         ":unordered_set_modifiers_test",
-        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
+        "//absl/log:check",
         "//absl/memory",
         "//absl/strings",
         "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
@@ -390,6 +393,9 @@ cc_library(
     hdrs = ["internal/hash_function_defaults.h"],
     copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
     linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    visibility = [
+        "//visibility:private",
+    ],
     deps = [
         "//absl/base:config",
         "//absl/hash",
@@ -458,7 +464,10 @@ cc_library(
     hdrs = ["internal/hash_policy_traits.h"],
     copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
     linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
-    deps = ["//absl/meta:type_traits"],
+    deps = [
+        ":common_policy_traits",
+        "//absl/meta:type_traits",
+    ],
 )
 
 cc_test(
@@ -473,6 +482,26 @@ cc_test(
 )
 
 cc_library(
+    name = "common_policy_traits",
+    hdrs = ["internal/common_policy_traits.h"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    visibility = ["//visibility:private"],
+    deps = ["//absl/meta:type_traits"],
+)
+
+cc_test(
+    name = "common_policy_traits_test",
+    srcs = ["internal/common_policy_traits_test.cc"],
+    copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        ":common_policy_traits",
+        "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_library(
     name = "hashtable_debug",
     hdrs = ["internal/hashtable_debug.h"],
     copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
@@ -505,11 +534,13 @@ cc_library(
         "//absl/base",
         "//absl/base:config",
         "//absl/base:core_headers",
+        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
         "//absl/debugging:stacktrace",
         "//absl/memory",
         "//absl/profiling:exponential_biased",
         "//absl/profiling:sample_recorder",
         "//absl/synchronization",
+        "//absl/time",
         "//absl/utility",
     ],
 )
@@ -591,8 +622,11 @@ cc_library(
         ":hashtablez_sampler",
         "//absl/base:config",
         "//absl/base:core_headers",
+        "//absl/base:dynamic_annotations",
         "//absl/base:endian",
         "//absl/base:prefetch",
+        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
+        "//absl/hash",
         "//absl/memory",
         "//absl/meta:type_traits",
         "//absl/numeric:bits",
@@ -605,9 +639,15 @@ cc_test(
     srcs = ["internal/raw_hash_set_test.cc"],
     copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
     linkstatic = 1,
-    tags = NOTEST_TAGS_MOBILE + ["no_test_loonix"],
+    tags = NOTEST_TAGS_MOBILE + [
+        "no_test_loonix",
+        # TODO(b/237097643): investigate race and remove
+        "noarm_gemu",
+    ],
     deps = [
         ":container_memory",
+        ":flat_hash_map",
+        ":flat_hash_set",
         ":hash_function_defaults",
         ":hash_policy_testing",
         ":hashtable_debug",
@@ -616,7 +656,7 @@ cc_test(
         "//absl/base:config",
         "//absl/base:core_headers",
         "//absl/base:prefetch",
-        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
+        "//absl/log",
         "//absl/strings",
         "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
     ],
@@ -702,7 +742,7 @@ cc_test(
         ":layout",
         "//absl/base:config",
         "//absl/base:core_headers",
-        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
+        "//absl/log:check",
         "//absl/types:span",
         "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
     ],
@@ -899,6 +939,7 @@ cc_library(
     visibility = ["//visibility:public"],
     deps = [
         ":common",
+        ":common_policy_traits",
         ":compressed_tuple",
         ":container_memory",
         ":layout",
@@ -940,6 +981,7 @@ cc_test(
     linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
     shard_count = 10,
     tags = [
+        "no_test:os:ios",
         "no_test_ios",
         "no_test_wasm",
     ],
@@ -949,14 +991,16 @@ cc_test(
         ":btree_test_common",
         ":counting_allocator",
         ":test_instance_tracker",
+        "//absl/algorithm:container",
         "//absl/base:core_headers",
         "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
         "//absl/flags:flag",
         "//absl/hash:hash_testing",
         "//absl/memory",
-        "//absl/meta:type_traits",
+        "//absl/random",
         "//absl/strings",
         "//absl/types:compare",
+        "//absl/types:optional",
         "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
     ],
 )
@@ -977,10 +1021,12 @@ cc_binary(
         ":flat_hash_map",
         ":flat_hash_set",
         ":hashtable_debug",
+        "//absl/algorithm:container",
         "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
-        "//absl/flags:flag",
         "//absl/hash",
+        "//absl/log",
         "//absl/memory",
+        "//absl/random",
         "//absl/strings:cord",
         "//absl/strings:str_format",
         "//absl/time",
diff --git a/absl/container/CMakeLists.txt b/absl/container/CMakeLists.txt
index 9b5c59a4..39d95e02 100644
--- a/absl/container/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/absl/container/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ absl_cc_library(
     ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
   DEPS
     absl::container_common
+    absl::common_policy_traits
     absl::compare
     absl::compressed_tuple
     absl::container_memory
@@ -71,6 +72,7 @@ absl_cc_test(
   LINKOPTS
     ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
   DEPS
+    absl::algorithm_container
     absl::btree
     absl::btree_test_common
     absl::compare
@@ -78,10 +80,11 @@ absl_cc_test(
     absl::counting_allocator
     absl::flags
     absl::hash_testing
+    absl::optional
+    absl::random_random
     absl::raw_logging_internal
     absl::strings
     absl::test_instance_tracker
-    absl::type_traits
     GTest::gmock_main
 )
 
@@ -194,6 +197,7 @@ absl_cc_library(
     absl::inlined_vector_internal
     absl::throw_delegate
     absl::memory
+    absl::type_traits
   PUBLIC
 )
 
@@ -217,16 +221,16 @@ absl_cc_test(
   COPTS
     ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
   DEPS
-    absl::counting_allocator
-    absl::inlined_vector
-    absl::test_instance_tracker
+    absl::check
     absl::config
     absl::core_headers
+    absl::counting_allocator
     absl::exception_testing
     absl::hash_testing
+    absl::inlined_vector
     absl::memory
-    absl::raw_logging_internal
     absl::strings
+    absl::test_instance_tracker
     GTest::gmock_main
 )
 
@@ -296,14 +300,14 @@ absl_cc_test(
   COPTS
     ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
   DEPS
+    absl::any
+    absl::check
     absl::flat_hash_map
     absl::hash_generator_testing
     absl::unordered_map_constructor_test
     absl::unordered_map_lookup_test
     absl::unordered_map_members_test
     absl::unordered_map_modifiers_test
-    absl::any
-    absl::raw_logging_internal
     GTest::gmock_main
 )
 
@@ -333,15 +337,15 @@ absl_cc_test(
     ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
     "-DUNORDERED_SET_CXX17"
   DEPS
+    absl::check
     absl::flat_hash_set
     absl::hash_generator_testing
+    absl::memory
+    absl::strings
     absl::unordered_set_constructor_test
     absl::unordered_set_lookup_test
     absl::unordered_set_members_test
     absl::unordered_set_modifiers_test
-    absl::memory
-    absl::raw_logging_internal
-    absl::strings
     GTest::gmock_main
 )
 
@@ -532,6 +536,7 @@ absl_cc_library(
   COPTS
     ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
   DEPS
+    absl::common_policy_traits
     absl::meta
   PUBLIC
 )
@@ -551,6 +556,31 @@ absl_cc_test(
 # Internal-only target, do not depend on directly.
 absl_cc_library(
   NAME
+    common_policy_traits
+  HDRS
+    "internal/common_policy_traits.h"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::meta
+  PUBLIC
+)
+
+absl_cc_test(
+  NAME
+    common_policy_traits_test
+  SRCS
+    "internal/common_policy_traits_test.cc"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::common_policy_traits
+    GTest::gmock_main
+)
+
+# Internal-only target, do not depend on directly.
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
     hashtablez_sampler
   HDRS
     "internal/hashtablez_sampler.h"
@@ -563,8 +593,10 @@ absl_cc_library(
     absl::base
     absl::config
     absl::exponential_biased
+    absl::raw_logging_internal
     absl::sample_recorder
     absl::synchronization
+    absl::time
 )
 
 absl_cc_test(
@@ -675,15 +707,18 @@ absl_cc_library(
     absl::container_common
     absl::container_memory
     absl::core_headers
+    absl::dynamic_annotations
     absl::endian
+    absl::hash
     absl::hash_policy_traits
     absl::hashtable_debug_hooks
+    absl::hashtablez_sampler
     absl::memory
     absl::meta
     absl::optional
     absl::prefetch
+    absl::raw_logging_internal
     absl::utility
-    absl::hashtablez_sampler
   PUBLIC
 )
 
@@ -695,16 +730,18 @@ absl_cc_test(
   COPTS
     ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
   DEPS
+    absl::base
+    absl::config
     absl::container_memory
+    absl::core_headers
+    absl::flat_hash_map
+    absl::flat_hash_set
     absl::hash_function_defaults
     absl::hash_policy_testing
     absl::hashtable_debug
-    absl::raw_hash_set
-    absl::base
-    absl::config
-    absl::core_headers
+    absl::log
     absl::prefetch
-    absl::raw_logging_internal
+    absl::raw_hash_set
     absl::strings
     GTest::gmock_main
 )
@@ -750,9 +787,9 @@ absl_cc_test(
     ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
   DEPS
     absl::layout
+    absl::check
     absl::config
     absl::core_headers
-    absl::raw_logging_internal
     absl::span
     GTest::gmock_main
 )
diff --git a/absl/container/btree_benchmark.cc b/absl/container/btree_benchmark.cc
index 0ca497c8..0d26fd42 100644
--- a/absl/container/btree_benchmark.cc
+++ b/absl/container/btree_benchmark.cc
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "benchmark/benchmark.h"
+#include "absl/algorithm/container.h"
 #include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
 #include "absl/container/btree_map.h"
 #include "absl/container/btree_set.h"
@@ -34,9 +35,10 @@
 #include "absl/container/flat_hash_map.h"
 #include "absl/container/flat_hash_set.h"
 #include "absl/container/internal/hashtable_debug.h"
-#include "absl/flags/flag.h"
 #include "absl/hash/hash.h"
+#include "absl/log/log.h"
 #include "absl/memory/memory.h"
+#include "absl/random/random.h"
 #include "absl/strings/cord.h"
 #include "absl/strings/str_format.h"
 #include "absl/time/time.h"
@@ -733,6 +735,29 @@ double ContainerInfo(const btree_map<int, BigTypePtr<Size>>& b) {
 
 BIG_TYPE_PTR_BENCHMARKS(32);
 
+void BM_BtreeSet_IteratorSubtraction(benchmark::State& state) {
+  absl::InsecureBitGen bitgen;
+  std::vector<int> vec;
+  // Randomize the set's insertion order so the nodes aren't all full.
+  vec.reserve(state.range(0));
+  for (int i = 0; i < state.range(0); ++i) vec.push_back(i);
+  absl::c_shuffle(vec, bitgen);
+
+  absl::btree_set<int> set;
+  for (int i : vec) set.insert(i);
+
+  size_t distance = absl::Uniform(bitgen, 0u, set.size());
+  while (state.KeepRunningBatch(distance)) {
+    size_t end = absl::Uniform(bitgen, distance, set.size());
+    size_t begin = end - distance;
+    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(set.find(static_cast<int>(end)) -
+                             set.find(static_cast<int>(begin)));
+    distance = absl::Uniform(bitgen, 0u, set.size());
+  }
+}
+
+BENCHMARK(BM_BtreeSet_IteratorSubtraction)->Range(1 << 10, 1 << 20);
+
 }  // namespace
 }  // namespace container_internal
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
diff --git a/absl/container/btree_map.h b/absl/container/btree_map.h
index 286817f1..cd3ee2b4 100644
--- a/absl/container/btree_map.h
+++ b/absl/container/btree_map.h
@@ -42,10 +42,13 @@
 // Importantly, insertions and deletions may invalidate outstanding iterators,
 // pointers, and references to elements. Such invalidations are typically only
 // an issue if insertion and deletion operations are interleaved with the use of
-// more than one iterator, pointer, or reference simultaneously. For this
-// reason, `insert()` and `erase()` return a valid iterator at the current
-// position. Another important difference is that key-types must be
-// copy-constructible.
+// more than one iterator, pointer, or reference simultaneously.  For this
+// reason, `insert()`, `erase()`, and `extract_and_get_next()` return a valid
+// iterator at the current position. Another important difference is that
+// key-types must be copy-constructible.
+//
+// Another API difference is that btree iterators can be subtracted, and this
+// is faster than using std::distance.
 
 #ifndef ABSL_CONTAINER_BTREE_MAP_H_
 #define ABSL_CONTAINER_BTREE_MAP_H_
@@ -322,7 +325,8 @@ class btree_map
   // btree_map::extract()
   //
   // Extracts the indicated element, erasing it in the process, and returns it
-  // as a C++17-compatible node handle. Overloads are listed below.
+  // as a C++17-compatible node handle. Any references, pointers, or iterators
+  // are invalidated. Overloads are listed below.
   //
   // node_type extract(const_iterator position):
   //
@@ -347,6 +351,21 @@ class btree_map
   // It does NOT refer to the data layout of the underlying btree.
   using Base::extract;
 
+  // btree_map::extract_and_get_next()
+  //
+  // Extracts the indicated element, erasing it in the process, and returns it
+  // as a C++17-compatible node handle along with an iterator to the next
+  // element.
+  //
+  // extract_and_get_next_return_type extract_and_get_next(
+  //     const_iterator position):
+  //
+  //   Extracts the element at the indicated position, returns a struct
+  //   containing a member named `node`: a node handle owning that extracted
+  //   data and a member named `next`: an iterator pointing to the next element
+  //   in the btree.
+  using Base::extract_and_get_next;
+
   // btree_map::merge()
   //
   // Extracts elements from a given `source` btree_map into this
@@ -698,6 +717,21 @@ class btree_multimap
   // It does NOT refer to the data layout of the underlying btree.
   using Base::extract;
 
+  // btree_multimap::extract_and_get_next()
+  //
+  // Extracts the indicated element, erasing it in the process, and returns it
+  // as a C++17-compatible node handle along with an iterator to the next
+  // element.
+  //
+  // extract_and_get_next_return_type extract_and_get_next(
+  //     const_iterator position):
+  //
+  //   Extracts the element at the indicated position, returns a struct
+  //   containing a member named `node`: a node handle owning that extracted
+  //   data and a member named `next`: an iterator pointing to the next element
+  //   in the btree.
+  using Base::extract_and_get_next;
+
   // btree_multimap::merge()
   //
   // Extracts all elements from a given `source` btree_multimap into this
diff --git a/absl/container/btree_set.h b/absl/container/btree_set.h
index 695b09f5..51dc42b7 100644
--- a/absl/container/btree_set.h
+++ b/absl/container/btree_set.h
@@ -43,8 +43,11 @@
 // pointers, and references to elements. Such invalidations are typically only
 // an issue if insertion and deletion operations are interleaved with the use of
 // more than one iterator, pointer, or reference simultaneously. For this
-// reason, `insert()` and `erase()` return a valid iterator at the current
-// position.
+// reason, `insert()`, `erase()`, and `extract_and_get_next()` return a valid
+// iterator at the current position.
+//
+// Another API difference is that btree iterators can be subtracted, and this
+// is faster than using std::distance.
 
 #ifndef ABSL_CONTAINER_BTREE_SET_H_
 #define ABSL_CONTAINER_BTREE_SET_H_
@@ -269,7 +272,8 @@ class btree_set
   // btree_set::extract()
   //
   // Extracts the indicated element, erasing it in the process, and returns it
-  // as a C++17-compatible node handle. Overloads are listed below.
+  // as a C++17-compatible node handle. Any references, pointers, or iterators
+  // are invalidated. Overloads are listed below.
   //
   // node_type extract(const_iterator position):
   //
@@ -289,6 +293,21 @@ class btree_set
   // It does NOT refer to the data layout of the underlying btree.
   using Base::extract;
 
+  // btree_set::extract_and_get_next()
+  //
+  // Extracts the indicated element, erasing it in the process, and returns it
+  // as a C++17-compatible node handle along with an iterator to the next
+  // element.
+  //
+  // extract_and_get_next_return_type extract_and_get_next(
+  //     const_iterator position):
+  //
+  //   Extracts the element at the indicated position, returns a struct
+  //   containing a member named `node`: a node handle owning that extracted
+  //   data and a member named `next`: an iterator pointing to the next element
+  //   in the btree.
+  using Base::extract_and_get_next;
+
   // btree_set::merge()
   //
   // Extracts elements from a given `source` btree_set into this
@@ -611,6 +630,21 @@ class btree_multiset
   // It does NOT refer to the data layout of the underlying btree.
   using Base::extract;
 
+  // btree_multiset::extract_and_get_next()
+  //
+  // Extracts the indicated element, erasing it in the process, and returns it
+  // as a C++17-compatible node handle along with an iterator to the next
+  // element.
+  //
+  // extract_and_get_next_return_type extract_and_get_next(
+  //     const_iterator position):
+  //
+  //   Extracts the element at the indicated position, returns a struct
+  //   containing a member named `node`: a node handle owning that extracted
+  //   data and a member named `next`: an iterator pointing to the next element
+  //   in the btree.
+  using Base::extract_and_get_next;
+
   // btree_multiset::merge()
   //
   // Extracts all elements from a given `source` btree_multiset into this
@@ -760,12 +794,6 @@ struct set_slot_policy {
   static void destroy(Alloc *alloc, slot_type *slot) {
     absl::allocator_traits<Alloc>::destroy(*alloc, slot);
   }
-
-  template <typename Alloc>
-  static void transfer(Alloc *alloc, slot_type *new_slot, slot_type *old_slot) {
-    construct(alloc, new_slot, old_slot);
-    destroy(alloc, old_slot);
-  }
 };
 
 // A parameters structure for holding the type parameters for a btree_set.
diff --git a/absl/container/btree_test.cc b/absl/container/btree_test.cc
index f20f3430..72f446b2 100644
--- a/absl/container/btree_test.cc
+++ b/absl/container/btree_test.cc
@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@
 #include <array>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <functional>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <iterator>
 #include <limits>
 #include <map>
 #include <memory>
@@ -26,9 +28,11 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <utility>
+#include <vector>
 
 #include "gmock/gmock.h"
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/algorithm/container.h"
 #include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
 #include "absl/base/macros.h"
 #include "absl/container/btree_map.h"
@@ -38,11 +42,12 @@
 #include "absl/flags/flag.h"
 #include "absl/hash/hash_testing.h"
 #include "absl/memory/memory.h"
-#include "absl/meta/type_traits.h"
+#include "absl/random/random.h"
 #include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
 #include "absl/strings/str_split.h"
 #include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
 #include "absl/types/compare.h"
+#include "absl/types/optional.h"
 
 ABSL_FLAG(int, test_values, 10000, "The number of values to use for tests");
 
@@ -71,6 +76,16 @@ void CheckPairEquals(const std::pair<T, U> &x, const std::pair<V, W> &y) {
   CheckPairEquals(x.first, y.first);
   CheckPairEquals(x.second, y.second);
 }
+
+bool IsAssertEnabled() {
+  // Use an assert with side-effects to figure out if they are actually enabled.
+  bool assert_enabled = false;
+  assert([&]() {  // NOLINT
+    assert_enabled = true;
+    return true;
+  }());
+  return assert_enabled;
+}
 }  // namespace
 
 // The base class for a sorted associative container checker. TreeType is the
@@ -1218,8 +1233,10 @@ class BtreeNodePeer {
   }
 
   template <typename Btree>
-  constexpr static bool UsesGenerations() {
-    return Btree::params_type::kEnableGenerations;
+  constexpr static bool FieldTypeEqualsSlotType() {
+    return std::is_same<
+        typename btree_node<typename Btree::params_type>::field_type,
+        typename btree_node<typename Btree::params_type>::slot_type>::value;
   }
 };
 
@@ -1448,7 +1465,7 @@ class SizedBtreeSet
   using Base = typename SizedBtreeSet::btree_set_container;
 
  public:
-  SizedBtreeSet() {}
+  SizedBtreeSet() = default;
   using Base::Base;
 };
 
@@ -1466,9 +1483,17 @@ void ExpectOperationCounts(const int expected_moves,
   tracker->ResetCopiesMovesSwaps();
 }
 
+#ifdef ABSL_HAVE_ADDRESS_SANITIZER
+constexpr bool kAsan = true;
+#else
+constexpr bool kAsan = false;
+#endif
+
 // Note: when the values in this test change, it is expected to have an impact
 // on performance.
 TEST(Btree, MovesComparisonsCopiesSwapsTracking) {
+  if (kAsan) GTEST_SKIP() << "We do extra operations in ASan mode.";
+
   InstanceTracker tracker;
   // Note: this is minimum number of values per node.
   SizedBtreeSet<MovableOnlyInstance, /*TargetValuesPerNode=*/4> set4;
@@ -1486,10 +1511,9 @@ TEST(Btree, MovesComparisonsCopiesSwapsTracking) {
   EXPECT_EQ(BtreeNodePeer::GetNumSlotsPerNode<decltype(set61)>(), 61);
   EXPECT_EQ(BtreeNodePeer::GetNumSlotsPerNode<decltype(set100)>(), 100);
   if (sizeof(void *) == 8) {
-    EXPECT_EQ(
-        BtreeNodePeer::GetNumSlotsPerNode<absl::btree_set<int32_t>>(),
-        // When we have generations, there is one fewer slot.
-        BtreeNodePeer::UsesGenerations<absl::btree_set<int32_t>>() ? 60 : 61);
+    EXPECT_EQ(BtreeNodePeer::GetNumSlotsPerNode<absl::btree_set<int32_t>>(),
+              // When we have generations, there is one fewer slot.
+              BtreeGenerationsEnabled() ? 60 : 61);
   }
 
   // Test key insertion/deletion in random order.
@@ -1520,6 +1544,8 @@ struct MovableOnlyInstanceThreeWayCompare {
 // Note: when the values in this test change, it is expected to have an impact
 // on performance.
 TEST(Btree, MovesComparisonsCopiesSwapsTrackingThreeWayCompare) {
+  if (kAsan) GTEST_SKIP() << "We do extra operations in ASan mode.";
+
   InstanceTracker tracker;
   // Note: this is minimum number of values per node.
   SizedBtreeSet<MovableOnlyInstance, /*TargetValuesPerNode=*/4,
@@ -1543,10 +1569,9 @@ TEST(Btree, MovesComparisonsCopiesSwapsTrackingThreeWayCompare) {
   EXPECT_EQ(BtreeNodePeer::GetNumSlotsPerNode<decltype(set61)>(), 61);
   EXPECT_EQ(BtreeNodePeer::GetNumSlotsPerNode<decltype(set100)>(), 100);
   if (sizeof(void *) == 8) {
-    EXPECT_EQ(
-        BtreeNodePeer::GetNumSlotsPerNode<absl::btree_set<int32_t>>(),
-        // When we have generations, there is one fewer slot.
-        BtreeNodePeer::UsesGenerations<absl::btree_set<int32_t>>() ? 60 : 61);
+    EXPECT_EQ(BtreeNodePeer::GetNumSlotsPerNode<absl::btree_set<int32_t>>(),
+              // When we have generations, there is one fewer slot.
+              BtreeGenerationsEnabled() ? 60 : 61);
   }
 
   // Test key insertion/deletion in random order.
@@ -1648,10 +1673,9 @@ TEST(Btree, BtreeMultisetEmplace) {
   auto iter = s.emplace(value_to_insert);
   ASSERT_NE(iter, s.end());
   EXPECT_EQ(*iter, value_to_insert);
-  auto iter2 = s.emplace(value_to_insert);
-  EXPECT_NE(iter2, iter);
-  ASSERT_NE(iter2, s.end());
-  EXPECT_EQ(*iter2, value_to_insert);
+  iter = s.emplace(value_to_insert);
+  ASSERT_NE(iter, s.end());
+  EXPECT_EQ(*iter, value_to_insert);
   auto result = s.equal_range(value_to_insert);
   EXPECT_EQ(std::distance(result.first, result.second), 2);
 }
@@ -1662,44 +1686,45 @@ TEST(Btree, BtreeMultisetEmplaceHint) {
   auto iter = s.emplace(value_to_insert);
   ASSERT_NE(iter, s.end());
   EXPECT_EQ(*iter, value_to_insert);
-  auto emplace_iter = s.emplace_hint(iter, value_to_insert);
-  EXPECT_NE(emplace_iter, iter);
-  ASSERT_NE(emplace_iter, s.end());
-  EXPECT_EQ(*emplace_iter, value_to_insert);
+  iter = s.emplace_hint(iter, value_to_insert);
+  // The new element should be before the previously inserted one.
+  EXPECT_EQ(iter, s.lower_bound(value_to_insert));
+  ASSERT_NE(iter, s.end());
+  EXPECT_EQ(*iter, value_to_insert);
 }
 
 TEST(Btree, BtreeMultimapEmplace) {
   const int key_to_insert = 123456;
   const char value0[] = "a";
-  absl::btree_multimap<int, std::string> s;
-  auto iter = s.emplace(key_to_insert, value0);
-  ASSERT_NE(iter, s.end());
+  absl::btree_multimap<int, std::string> m;
+  auto iter = m.emplace(key_to_insert, value0);
+  ASSERT_NE(iter, m.end());
   EXPECT_EQ(iter->first, key_to_insert);
   EXPECT_EQ(iter->second, value0);
   const char value1[] = "b";
-  auto iter2 = s.emplace(key_to_insert, value1);
-  EXPECT_NE(iter2, iter);
-  ASSERT_NE(iter2, s.end());
-  EXPECT_EQ(iter2->first, key_to_insert);
-  EXPECT_EQ(iter2->second, value1);
-  auto result = s.equal_range(key_to_insert);
+  iter = m.emplace(key_to_insert, value1);
+  ASSERT_NE(iter, m.end());
+  EXPECT_EQ(iter->first, key_to_insert);
+  EXPECT_EQ(iter->second, value1);
+  auto result = m.equal_range(key_to_insert);
   EXPECT_EQ(std::distance(result.first, result.second), 2);
 }
 
 TEST(Btree, BtreeMultimapEmplaceHint) {
   const int key_to_insert = 123456;
   const char value0[] = "a";
-  absl::btree_multimap<int, std::string> s;
-  auto iter = s.emplace(key_to_insert, value0);
-  ASSERT_NE(iter, s.end());
+  absl::btree_multimap<int, std::string> m;
+  auto iter = m.emplace(key_to_insert, value0);
+  ASSERT_NE(iter, m.end());
   EXPECT_EQ(iter->first, key_to_insert);
   EXPECT_EQ(iter->second, value0);
   const char value1[] = "b";
-  auto emplace_iter = s.emplace_hint(iter, key_to_insert, value1);
-  EXPECT_NE(emplace_iter, iter);
-  ASSERT_NE(emplace_iter, s.end());
-  EXPECT_EQ(emplace_iter->first, key_to_insert);
-  EXPECT_EQ(emplace_iter->second, value1);
+  iter = m.emplace_hint(iter, key_to_insert, value1);
+  // The new element should be before the previously inserted one.
+  EXPECT_EQ(iter, m.lower_bound(key_to_insert));
+  ASSERT_NE(iter, m.end());
+  EXPECT_EQ(iter->first, key_to_insert);
+  EXPECT_EQ(iter->second, value1);
 }
 
 TEST(Btree, ConstIteratorAccessors) {
@@ -2110,6 +2135,79 @@ TEST(Btree, ExtractMultiMapEquivalentKeys) {
   }
 }
 
+TEST(Btree, ExtractAndGetNextSet) {
+  absl::btree_set<int> src = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
+  auto it = src.find(3);
+  auto extracted_and_next = src.extract_and_get_next(it);
+  EXPECT_THAT(src, ElementsAre(1, 2, 4, 5));
+  EXPECT_EQ(extracted_and_next.node.value(), 3);
+  EXPECT_EQ(*extracted_and_next.next, 4);
+}
+
+TEST(Btree, ExtractAndGetNextMultiSet) {
+  absl::btree_multiset<int> src = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
+  auto it = src.find(3);
+  auto extracted_and_next = src.extract_and_get_next(it);
+  EXPECT_THAT(src, ElementsAre(1, 2, 4, 5));
+  EXPECT_EQ(extracted_and_next.node.value(), 3);
+  EXPECT_EQ(*extracted_and_next.next, 4);
+}
+
+TEST(Btree, ExtractAndGetNextMap) {
+  absl::btree_map<int, int> src = {{1, 2}, {3, 4}, {5, 6}};
+  auto it = src.find(3);
+  auto extracted_and_next = src.extract_and_get_next(it);
+  EXPECT_THAT(src, ElementsAre(Pair(1, 2), Pair(5, 6)));
+  EXPECT_EQ(extracted_and_next.node.key(), 3);
+  EXPECT_EQ(extracted_and_next.node.mapped(), 4);
+  EXPECT_THAT(*extracted_and_next.next, Pair(5, 6));
+}
+
+TEST(Btree, ExtractAndGetNextMultiMap) {
+  absl::btree_multimap<int, int> src = {{1, 2}, {3, 4}, {5, 6}};
+  auto it = src.find(3);
+  auto extracted_and_next = src.extract_and_get_next(it);
+  EXPECT_THAT(src, ElementsAre(Pair(1, 2), Pair(5, 6)));
+  EXPECT_EQ(extracted_and_next.node.key(), 3);
+  EXPECT_EQ(extracted_and_next.node.mapped(), 4);
+  EXPECT_THAT(*extracted_and_next.next, Pair(5, 6));
+}
+
+TEST(Btree, ExtractAndGetNextEndIter) {
+  absl::btree_set<int> src = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
+  auto it = src.find(5);
+  auto extracted_and_next = src.extract_and_get_next(it);
+  EXPECT_THAT(src, ElementsAre(1, 2, 3, 4));
+  EXPECT_EQ(extracted_and_next.node.value(), 5);
+  EXPECT_EQ(extracted_and_next.next, src.end());
+}
+
+TEST(Btree, ExtractDoesntCauseExtraMoves) {
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+  GTEST_SKIP() << "This test fails on MSVC.";
+#endif
+
+  using Set = absl::btree_set<MovableOnlyInstance>;
+  std::array<std::function<void(Set &)>, 3> extracters = {
+      [](Set &s) { auto node = s.extract(s.begin()); },
+      [](Set &s) { auto ret = s.extract_and_get_next(s.begin()); },
+      [](Set &s) { auto node = s.extract(MovableOnlyInstance(0)); }};
+
+  InstanceTracker tracker;
+  for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
+    Set s;
+    s.insert(MovableOnlyInstance(0));
+    tracker.ResetCopiesMovesSwaps();
+
+    extracters[i](s);
+    // We expect to see exactly 1 move: from the original slot into the
+    // extracted node.
+    EXPECT_EQ(tracker.copies(), 0) << i;
+    EXPECT_EQ(tracker.moves(), 1) << i;
+    EXPECT_EQ(tracker.swaps(), 0) << i;
+  }
+}
+
 // For multisets, insert with hint also affects correctness because we need to
 // insert immediately before the hint if possible.
 struct InsertMultiHintData {
@@ -3002,8 +3100,9 @@ TEST(Btree, ConstructImplicitlyWithUnadaptedComparator) {
   absl::btree_set<MultiKey, MultiKeyComp> set = {{}, MultiKeyComp{}};
 }
 
-#ifndef NDEBUG
 TEST(Btree, InvalidComparatorsCaught) {
+  if (!IsAssertEnabled()) GTEST_SKIP() << "Assertions not enabled.";
+
   {
     struct ZeroAlwaysLessCmp {
       bool operator()(int lhs, int rhs) const {
@@ -3050,28 +3149,104 @@ TEST(Btree, InvalidComparatorsCaught) {
     absl::btree_set<int, ThreeWaySumGreaterZeroCmp> set;
     EXPECT_DEATH(set.insert({0, 1, 2}), "lhs_comp_rhs < 0 -> rhs_comp_lhs > 0");
   }
+  // Verify that we detect cases of comparators that violate transitivity.
+  // When the comparators below check for the presence of an optional field,
+  // they violate transitivity because instances that have the optional field
+  // compare differently with each other from how they compare with instances
+  // that don't have the optional field.
+  struct ClockTime {
+    absl::optional<int> hour;
+    int minute;
+  };
+  // `comp(a,b) && comp(b,c) && !comp(a,c)` violates transitivity.
+  ClockTime a = {absl::nullopt, 1};
+  ClockTime b = {2, 5};
+  ClockTime c = {6, 0};
+  {
+    struct NonTransitiveTimeCmp {
+      bool operator()(ClockTime lhs, ClockTime rhs) const {
+        if (lhs.hour.has_value() && rhs.hour.has_value() &&
+            *lhs.hour != *rhs.hour) {
+          return *lhs.hour < *rhs.hour;
+        }
+        return lhs.minute < rhs.minute;
+      }
+    };
+    NonTransitiveTimeCmp cmp;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(cmp(a, b) && cmp(b, c) && !cmp(a, c));
+    absl::btree_set<ClockTime, NonTransitiveTimeCmp> set;
+    EXPECT_DEATH(set.insert({a, b, c}), "is_ordered_correctly");
+    absl::btree_multiset<ClockTime, NonTransitiveTimeCmp> mset;
+    EXPECT_DEATH(mset.insert({a, a, b, b, c, c}), "is_ordered_correctly");
+  }
+  {
+    struct ThreeWayNonTransitiveTimeCmp {
+      absl::weak_ordering operator()(ClockTime lhs, ClockTime rhs) const {
+        if (lhs.hour.has_value() && rhs.hour.has_value() &&
+            *lhs.hour != *rhs.hour) {
+          return *lhs.hour < *rhs.hour ? absl::weak_ordering::less
+                                       : absl::weak_ordering::greater;
+        }
+        return lhs.minute < rhs.minute    ? absl::weak_ordering::less
+               : lhs.minute == rhs.minute ? absl::weak_ordering::equivalent
+                                          : absl::weak_ordering::greater;
+      }
+    };
+    ThreeWayNonTransitiveTimeCmp cmp;
+    ASSERT_TRUE(cmp(a, b) < 0 && cmp(b, c) < 0 && cmp(a, c) > 0);
+    absl::btree_set<ClockTime, ThreeWayNonTransitiveTimeCmp> set;
+    EXPECT_DEATH(set.insert({a, b, c}), "is_ordered_correctly");
+    absl::btree_multiset<ClockTime, ThreeWayNonTransitiveTimeCmp> mset;
+    EXPECT_DEATH(mset.insert({a, a, b, b, c, c}), "is_ordered_correctly");
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(Btree, MutatedKeysCaught) {
+  if (!IsAssertEnabled()) GTEST_SKIP() << "Assertions not enabled.";
+
+  struct IntPtrCmp {
+    bool operator()(int *lhs, int *rhs) const { return *lhs < *rhs; }
+  };
+  {
+    absl::btree_set<int *, IntPtrCmp> set;
+    int arr[] = {0, 1, 2};
+    set.insert({&arr[0], &arr[1], &arr[2]});
+    arr[0] = 100;
+    EXPECT_DEATH(set.insert(&arr[0]), "is_ordered_correctly");
+  }
+  {
+    absl::btree_multiset<int *, IntPtrCmp> set;
+    int arr[] = {0, 1, 2};
+    set.insert({&arr[0], &arr[0], &arr[1], &arr[1], &arr[2], &arr[2]});
+    arr[0] = 100;
+    EXPECT_DEATH(set.insert(&arr[0]), "is_ordered_correctly");
+  }
 }
-#endif
 
 #ifndef _MSC_VER
 // This test crashes on MSVC.
 TEST(Btree, InvalidIteratorUse) {
-  if (!BtreeNodePeer::UsesGenerations<absl::btree_set<int>>())
+  if (!BtreeGenerationsEnabled())
     GTEST_SKIP() << "Generation validation for iterators is disabled.";
 
+  // Invalid memory use can trigger heap-use-after-free in ASan or invalidated
+  // iterator assertions.
+  constexpr const char *kInvalidMemoryDeathMessage =
+      "heap-use-after-free|invalidated iterator";
+
   {
     absl::btree_set<int> set;
     for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) set.insert(i);
     auto it = set.begin();
     set.erase(it++);
-    EXPECT_DEATH(set.erase(it++), "invalidated iterator");
+    EXPECT_DEATH(set.erase(it++), kInvalidMemoryDeathMessage);
   }
   {
     absl::btree_set<int> set;
     for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) set.insert(i);
     auto it = set.insert(20).first;
     set.insert(30);
-    EXPECT_DEATH(*it, "invalidated iterator");
+    EXPECT_DEATH(*it, kInvalidMemoryDeathMessage);
   }
   {
     absl::btree_set<int> set;
@@ -3079,7 +3254,15 @@ TEST(Btree, InvalidIteratorUse) {
     auto it = set.find(5000);
     ASSERT_NE(it, set.end());
     set.erase(1);
-    EXPECT_DEATH(*it, "invalidated iterator");
+    EXPECT_DEATH(*it, kInvalidMemoryDeathMessage);
+  }
+  {
+    absl::btree_set<int> set;
+    for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) set.insert(i);
+    auto it = set.insert(20).first;
+    set.insert(30);
+    EXPECT_DEATH(void(it == set.begin()), kInvalidMemoryDeathMessage);
+    EXPECT_DEATH(void(set.begin() == it), kInvalidMemoryDeathMessage);
   }
 }
 #endif
@@ -3248,6 +3431,179 @@ TEST(Btree, NotAssignableType) {
   }
 }
 
+struct ArenaLike {
+  void* recycled = nullptr;
+  size_t recycled_size = 0;
+};
+
+// A very simple implementation of arena allocation.
+template <typename T>
+class ArenaLikeAllocator : public std::allocator<T> {
+ public:
+  // Standard library containers require the ability to allocate objects of
+  // different types which they can do so via rebind.other.
+  template <typename U>
+  struct rebind {
+    using other = ArenaLikeAllocator<U>;
+  };
+
+  explicit ArenaLikeAllocator(ArenaLike* arena) noexcept : arena_(arena) {}
+
+  ~ArenaLikeAllocator() {
+    if (arena_->recycled != nullptr) {
+      delete [] static_cast<T*>(arena_->recycled);
+      arena_->recycled = nullptr;
+    }
+  }
+
+  template<typename U>
+  explicit ArenaLikeAllocator(const ArenaLikeAllocator<U>& other) noexcept
+      : arena_(other.arena_) {}
+
+  T* allocate(size_t num_objects, const void* = nullptr) {
+    size_t size = num_objects * sizeof(T);
+    if (arena_->recycled != nullptr && arena_->recycled_size == size) {
+      T* result = static_cast<T*>(arena_->recycled);
+      arena_->recycled = nullptr;
+      return result;
+    }
+    return new T[num_objects];
+  }
+
+  void deallocate(T* p, size_t num_objects) {
+    size_t size = num_objects * sizeof(T);
+
+    // Simulate writing to the freed memory as an actual arena allocator might
+    // do. This triggers an error report if the memory is poisoned.
+    memset(p, 0xde, size);
+
+    if (arena_->recycled == nullptr) {
+      arena_->recycled = p;
+      arena_->recycled_size = size;
+    } else {
+      delete [] p;
+    }
+  }
+
+  ArenaLike* arena_;
+};
+
+// This test verifies that an arena allocator that reuses memory will not be
+// asked to free poisoned BTree memory.
+TEST(Btree, ReusePoisonMemory) {
+  using Alloc = ArenaLikeAllocator<int64_t>;
+  using Set = absl::btree_set<int64_t, std::less<int64_t>, Alloc>;
+  ArenaLike arena;
+  Alloc alloc(&arena);
+  Set set(alloc);
+
+  set.insert(0);
+  set.erase(0);
+  set.insert(0);
+}
+
+TEST(Btree, IteratorSubtraction) {
+  absl::BitGen bitgen;
+  std::vector<int> vec;
+  // Randomize the set's insertion order so the nodes aren't all full.
+  for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; ++i) vec.push_back(i);
+  absl::c_shuffle(vec, bitgen);
+
+  absl::btree_set<int> set;
+  for (int i : vec) set.insert(i);
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < 1000; ++i) {
+    size_t begin = absl::Uniform(bitgen, 0u, set.size());
+    size_t end = absl::Uniform(bitgen, begin, set.size());
+    ASSERT_EQ(end - begin, set.find(end) - set.find(begin))
+        << begin << " " << end;
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(Btree, DereferencingEndIterator) {
+  if (!IsAssertEnabled()) GTEST_SKIP() << "Assertions not enabled.";
+
+  absl::btree_set<int> set;
+  for (int i = 0; i < 1000; ++i) set.insert(i);
+  EXPECT_DEATH(*set.end(), R"regex(Dereferencing end\(\) iterator)regex");
+}
+
+TEST(Btree, InvalidIteratorComparison) {
+  if (!IsAssertEnabled()) GTEST_SKIP() << "Assertions not enabled.";
+
+  absl::btree_set<int> set1, set2;
+  for (int i = 0; i < 1000; ++i) {
+    set1.insert(i);
+    set2.insert(i);
+  }
+
+  constexpr const char *kValueInitDeathMessage =
+      "Comparing default-constructed iterator with .*non-default-constructed "
+      "iterator";
+  typename absl::btree_set<int>::iterator iter1, iter2;
+  EXPECT_EQ(iter1, iter2);
+  EXPECT_DEATH(void(set1.begin() == iter1), kValueInitDeathMessage);
+  EXPECT_DEATH(void(iter1 == set1.begin()), kValueInitDeathMessage);
+
+  constexpr const char *kDifferentContainerDeathMessage =
+      "Comparing iterators from different containers";
+  iter1 = set1.begin();
+  iter2 = set2.begin();
+  EXPECT_DEATH(void(iter1 == iter2), kDifferentContainerDeathMessage);
+  EXPECT_DEATH(void(iter2 == iter1), kDifferentContainerDeathMessage);
+}
+
+TEST(Btree, InvalidPointerUse) {
+  if (!kAsan)
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "We only detect invalid pointer use in ASan mode.";
+
+  absl::btree_set<int> set;
+  set.insert(0);
+  const int *ptr = &*set.begin();
+  set.insert(1);
+  EXPECT_DEATH(std::cout << *ptr, "heap-use-after-free");
+  size_t slots_per_node = BtreeNodePeer::GetNumSlotsPerNode<decltype(set)>();
+  for (int i = 2; i < slots_per_node - 1; ++i) set.insert(i);
+  ptr = &*set.begin();
+  set.insert(static_cast<int>(slots_per_node));
+  EXPECT_DEATH(std::cout << *ptr, "heap-use-after-free");
+}
+
+template<typename Set>
+void TestBasicFunctionality(Set set) {
+  using value_type = typename Set::value_type;
+  for (int i = 0; i < 100; ++i) { set.insert(value_type(i)); }
+  for (int i = 50; i < 100; ++i) { set.erase(value_type(i)); }
+  auto it = set.begin();
+  for (int i = 0; i < 50; ++i, ++it) {
+    ASSERT_EQ(set.find(value_type(i)), it) << i;
+  }
+}
+
+template<size_t align>
+struct alignas(align) OveralignedKey {
+  explicit OveralignedKey(int i) : key(i) {}
+  bool operator<(const OveralignedKey &other) const { return key < other.key; }
+  int key = 0;
+};
+
+TEST(Btree, OveralignedKey) {
+  // Test basic functionality with both even and odd numbers of slots per node.
+  // The goal here is to detect cases where alignment may be incorrect.
+  TestBasicFunctionality(
+      SizedBtreeSet<OveralignedKey<16>, /*TargetValuesPerNode=*/8>());
+  TestBasicFunctionality(
+      SizedBtreeSet<OveralignedKey<16>, /*TargetValuesPerNode=*/9>());
+}
+
+TEST(Btree, FieldTypeEqualsSlotType) {
+  // This breaks if we try to do layout_type::Pointer<slot_type> because
+  // slot_type is the same as field_type.
+  using set_type = absl::btree_set<uint8_t>;
+  static_assert(BtreeNodePeer::FieldTypeEqualsSlotType<set_type>(), "");
+  TestBasicFunctionality(set_type());
+}
+
 }  // namespace
 }  // namespace container_internal
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
diff --git a/absl/container/fixed_array.h b/absl/container/fixed_array.h
index 2aefae3b..9f1c813d 100644
--- a/absl/container/fixed_array.h
+++ b/absl/container/fixed_array.h
@@ -62,11 +62,10 @@ constexpr static auto kFixedArrayUseDefault = static_cast<size_t>(-1);
 // A `FixedArray` provides a run-time fixed-size array, allocating a small array
 // inline for efficiency.
 //
-// Most users should not specify an `inline_elements` argument and let
-// `FixedArray` automatically determine the number of elements
-// to store inline based on `sizeof(T)`. If `inline_elements` is specified, the
-// `FixedArray` implementation will use inline storage for arrays with a
-// length <= `inline_elements`.
+// Most users should not specify the `N` template parameter and let `FixedArray`
+// automatically determine the number of elements to store inline based on
+// `sizeof(T)`. If `N` is specified, the `FixedArray` implementation will use
+// inline storage for arrays with a length <= `N`.
 //
 // Note that a `FixedArray` constructed with a `size_type` argument will
 // default-initialize its values by leaving trivially constructible types
@@ -118,14 +117,20 @@ class FixedArray {
       (N == kFixedArrayUseDefault ? kInlineBytesDefault / sizeof(value_type)
                                   : static_cast<size_type>(N));
 
-  FixedArray(
-      const FixedArray& other,
-      const allocator_type& a = allocator_type()) noexcept(NoexceptCopyable())
+  FixedArray(const FixedArray& other) noexcept(NoexceptCopyable())
+      : FixedArray(other,
+                   AllocatorTraits::select_on_container_copy_construction(
+                       other.storage_.alloc())) {}
+
+  FixedArray(const FixedArray& other,
+             const allocator_type& a) noexcept(NoexceptCopyable())
       : FixedArray(other.begin(), other.end(), a) {}
 
-  FixedArray(
-      FixedArray&& other,
-      const allocator_type& a = allocator_type()) noexcept(NoexceptMovable())
+  FixedArray(FixedArray&& other) noexcept(NoexceptMovable())
+      : FixedArray(std::move(other), other.storage_.alloc()) {}
+
+  FixedArray(FixedArray&& other,
+             const allocator_type& a) noexcept(NoexceptMovable())
       : FixedArray(std::make_move_iterator(other.begin()),
                    std::make_move_iterator(other.end()), a) {}
 
@@ -201,18 +206,22 @@ class FixedArray {
   //
   // Returns a const T* pointer to elements of the `FixedArray`. This pointer
   // can be used to access (but not modify) the contained elements.
-  const_pointer data() const { return AsValueType(storage_.begin()); }
+  const_pointer data() const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return AsValueType(storage_.begin());
+  }
 
   // Overload of FixedArray::data() to return a T* pointer to elements of the
   // fixed array. This pointer can be used to access and modify the contained
   // elements.
-  pointer data() { return AsValueType(storage_.begin()); }
+  pointer data() ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return AsValueType(storage_.begin());
+  }
 
   // FixedArray::operator[]
   //
   // Returns a reference the ith element of the fixed array.
   // REQUIRES: 0 <= i < size()
-  reference operator[](size_type i) {
+  reference operator[](size_type i) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(i < size());
     return data()[i];
   }
@@ -220,7 +229,7 @@ class FixedArray {
   // Overload of FixedArray::operator()[] to return a const reference to the
   // ith element of the fixed array.
   // REQUIRES: 0 <= i < size()
-  const_reference operator[](size_type i) const {
+  const_reference operator[](size_type i) const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(i < size());
     return data()[i];
   }
@@ -229,7 +238,7 @@ class FixedArray {
   //
   // Bounds-checked access.  Returns a reference to the ith element of the fixed
   // array, or throws std::out_of_range
-  reference at(size_type i) {
+  reference at(size_type i) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(i >= size())) {
       base_internal::ThrowStdOutOfRange("FixedArray::at failed bounds check");
     }
@@ -238,7 +247,7 @@ class FixedArray {
 
   // Overload of FixedArray::at() to return a const reference to the ith element
   // of the fixed array.
-  const_reference at(size_type i) const {
+  const_reference at(size_type i) const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(i >= size())) {
       base_internal::ThrowStdOutOfRange("FixedArray::at failed bounds check");
     }
@@ -248,14 +257,14 @@ class FixedArray {
   // FixedArray::front()
   //
   // Returns a reference to the first element of the fixed array.
-  reference front() {
+  reference front() ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(!empty());
     return data()[0];
   }
 
   // Overload of FixedArray::front() to return a reference to the first element
   // of a fixed array of const values.
-  const_reference front() const {
+  const_reference front() const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(!empty());
     return data()[0];
   }
@@ -263,14 +272,14 @@ class FixedArray {
   // FixedArray::back()
   //
   // Returns a reference to the last element of the fixed array.
-  reference back() {
+  reference back() ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(!empty());
     return data()[size() - 1];
   }
 
   // Overload of FixedArray::back() to return a reference to the last element
   // of a fixed array of const values.
-  const_reference back() const {
+  const_reference back() const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(!empty());
     return data()[size() - 1];
   }
@@ -278,62 +287,74 @@ class FixedArray {
   // FixedArray::begin()
   //
   // Returns an iterator to the beginning of the fixed array.
-  iterator begin() { return data(); }
+  iterator begin() ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND { return data(); }
 
   // Overload of FixedArray::begin() to return a const iterator to the
   // beginning of the fixed array.
-  const_iterator begin() const { return data(); }
+  const_iterator begin() const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND { return data(); }
 
   // FixedArray::cbegin()
   //
   // Returns a const iterator to the beginning of the fixed array.
-  const_iterator cbegin() const { return begin(); }
+  const_iterator cbegin() const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return begin();
+  }
 
   // FixedArray::end()
   //
   // Returns an iterator to the end of the fixed array.
-  iterator end() { return data() + size(); }
+  iterator end() ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND { return data() + size(); }
 
   // Overload of FixedArray::end() to return a const iterator to the end of the
   // fixed array.
-  const_iterator end() const { return data() + size(); }
+  const_iterator end() const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return data() + size();
+  }
 
   // FixedArray::cend()
   //
   // Returns a const iterator to the end of the fixed array.
-  const_iterator cend() const { return end(); }
+  const_iterator cend() const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND { return end(); }
 
   // FixedArray::rbegin()
   //
   // Returns a reverse iterator from the end of the fixed array.
-  reverse_iterator rbegin() { return reverse_iterator(end()); }
+  reverse_iterator rbegin() ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return reverse_iterator(end());
+  }
 
   // Overload of FixedArray::rbegin() to return a const reverse iterator from
   // the end of the fixed array.
-  const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const {
+  const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return const_reverse_iterator(end());
   }
 
   // FixedArray::crbegin()
   //
   // Returns a const reverse iterator from the end of the fixed array.
-  const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const { return rbegin(); }
+  const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return rbegin();
+  }
 
   // FixedArray::rend()
   //
   // Returns a reverse iterator from the beginning of the fixed array.
-  reverse_iterator rend() { return reverse_iterator(begin()); }
+  reverse_iterator rend() ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return reverse_iterator(begin());
+  }
 
   // Overload of FixedArray::rend() for returning a const reverse iterator
   // from the beginning of the fixed array.
-  const_reverse_iterator rend() const {
+  const_reverse_iterator rend() const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return const_reverse_iterator(begin());
   }
 
   // FixedArray::crend()
   //
   // Returns a reverse iterator from the beginning of the fixed array.
-  const_reverse_iterator crend() const { return rend(); }
+  const_reverse_iterator crend() const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return rend();
+  }
 
   // FixedArray::fill()
   //
@@ -343,7 +364,7 @@ class FixedArray {
   // Relational operators. Equality operators are elementwise using
   // `operator==`, while order operators order FixedArrays lexicographically.
   friend bool operator==(const FixedArray& lhs, const FixedArray& rhs) {
-    return absl::equal(lhs.begin(), lhs.end(), rhs.begin(), rhs.end());
+    return std::equal(lhs.begin(), lhs.end(), rhs.begin(), rhs.end());
   }
 
   friend bool operator!=(const FixedArray& lhs, const FixedArray& rhs) {
@@ -465,12 +486,18 @@ class FixedArray {
     StorageElement* begin() const { return data_; }
     StorageElement* end() const { return begin() + size(); }
     allocator_type& alloc() { return size_alloc_.template get<1>(); }
+    const allocator_type& alloc() const {
+      return size_alloc_.template get<1>();
+    }
 
    private:
     static bool UsingInlinedStorage(size_type n) {
       return n <= inline_elements;
     }
 
+#ifdef ABSL_HAVE_ADDRESS_SANITIZER
+    ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE
+#endif  // ABSL_HAVE_ADDRESS_SANITIZER
     StorageElement* InitializeData() {
       if (UsingInlinedStorage(size())) {
         InlinedStorage::AnnotateConstruct(size());
diff --git a/absl/container/fixed_array_benchmark.cc b/absl/container/fixed_array_benchmark.cc
index 3c7a5a72..db6663e6 100644
--- a/absl/container/fixed_array_benchmark.cc
+++ b/absl/container/fixed_array_benchmark.cc
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@
 
 #include <string>
 
-#include "benchmark/benchmark.h"
 #include "absl/container/fixed_array.h"
+#include "benchmark/benchmark.h"
 
 namespace {
 
diff --git a/absl/container/fixed_array_test.cc b/absl/container/fixed_array_test.cc
index 49598e7a..9dbf2a84 100644
--- a/absl/container/fixed_array_test.cc
+++ b/absl/container/fixed_array_test.cc
@@ -768,6 +768,22 @@ TEST(AllocatorSupportTest, SizeValAllocConstructor) {
   }
 }
 
+TEST(AllocatorSupportTest, PropagatesStatefulAllocator) {
+  constexpr size_t inlined_size = 4;
+  using Alloc = absl::container_internal::CountingAllocator<int>;
+  using AllocFxdArr = absl::FixedArray<int, inlined_size, Alloc>;
+
+  auto len = inlined_size * 2;
+  auto val = 0;
+  int64_t allocated = 0;
+  AllocFxdArr arr(len, val, Alloc(&allocated));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(allocated, len * sizeof(int));
+
+  AllocFxdArr copy = arr;
+  EXPECT_EQ(allocated, len * sizeof(int) * 2);
+}
+
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_ADDRESS_SANITIZER
 TEST(FixedArrayTest, AddressSanitizerAnnotations1) {
   absl::FixedArray<int, 32> a(10);
diff --git a/absl/container/flat_hash_map.h b/absl/container/flat_hash_map.h
index e6bdbd9e..8f4d9939 100644
--- a/absl/container/flat_hash_map.h
+++ b/absl/container/flat_hash_map.h
@@ -235,7 +235,11 @@ class flat_hash_map : public absl::container_internal::raw_hash_map<
   // iterator erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last):
   //
   //   Erases the elements in the open interval [`first`, `last`), returning an
-  //   iterator pointing to `last`.
+  //   iterator pointing to `last`. The special case of calling
+  //   `erase(begin(), end())` resets the reserved growth such that if
+  //   `reserve(N)` has previously been called and there has been no intervening
+  //   call to `clear()`, then after calling `erase(begin(), end())`, it is safe
+  //   to assume that inserting N elements will not cause a rehash.
   //
   // size_type erase(const key_type& key):
   //
diff --git a/absl/container/flat_hash_map_test.cc b/absl/container/flat_hash_map_test.cc
index 263951f1..e6acbea2 100644
--- a/absl/container/flat_hash_map_test.cc
+++ b/absl/container/flat_hash_map_test.cc
@@ -16,12 +16,12 @@
 
 #include <memory>
 
-#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
 #include "absl/container/internal/hash_generator_testing.h"
 #include "absl/container/internal/unordered_map_constructor_test.h"
 #include "absl/container/internal/unordered_map_lookup_test.h"
 #include "absl/container/internal/unordered_map_members_test.h"
 #include "absl/container/internal/unordered_map_modifiers_test.h"
+#include "absl/log/check.h"
 #include "absl/types/any.h"
 
 namespace absl {
@@ -40,10 +40,10 @@ struct BeforeMain {
   BeforeMain() {
     absl::flat_hash_map<int, int> x;
     x.insert({1, 1});
-    ABSL_RAW_CHECK(x.find(0) == x.end(), "x should not contain 0");
+    CHECK(x.find(0) == x.end()) << "x should not contain 0";
     auto it = x.find(1);
-    ABSL_RAW_CHECK(it != x.end(), "x should contain 1");
-    ABSL_RAW_CHECK(it->second, "1 should map to 1");
+    CHECK(it != x.end()) << "x should contain 1";
+    CHECK(it->second) << "1 should map to 1";
   }
 };
 const BeforeMain before_main;
@@ -311,6 +311,14 @@ TEST(FlatHashMap, Reserve) {
   }
 }
 
+TEST(FlatHashMap, RecursiveTypeCompiles) {
+  struct RecursiveType {
+    flat_hash_map<int, RecursiveType> m;
+  };
+  RecursiveType t;
+  t.m[0] = RecursiveType{};
+}
+
 }  // namespace
 }  // namespace container_internal
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
diff --git a/absl/container/flat_hash_set.h b/absl/container/flat_hash_set.h
index 4938c703..c789c7ef 100644
--- a/absl/container/flat_hash_set.h
+++ b/absl/container/flat_hash_set.h
@@ -227,7 +227,11 @@ class flat_hash_set
   // iterator erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last):
   //
   //   Erases the elements in the open interval [`first`, `last`), returning an
-  //   iterator pointing to `last`.
+  //   iterator pointing to `last`. The special case of calling
+  //   `erase(begin(), end())` resets the reserved growth such that if
+  //   `reserve(N)` has previously been called and there has been no intervening
+  //   call to `clear()`, then after calling `erase(begin(), end())`, it is safe
+  //   to assume that inserting N elements will not cause a rehash.
   //
   // size_type erase(const key_type& key):
   //
@@ -343,7 +347,7 @@ class flat_hash_set
   // for the past-the-end iterator, which is invalidated.
   //
   // `swap()` requires that the flat hash set's hashing and key equivalence
-  // functions be Swappable, and are exchaged using unqualified calls to
+  // functions be Swappable, and are exchanged using unqualified calls to
   // non-member `swap()`. If the set's allocator has
   // `std::allocator_traits<allocator_type>::propagate_on_container_swap::value`
   // set to `true`, the allocators are also exchanged using an unqualified call
@@ -474,13 +478,6 @@ struct FlatHashSetPolicy {
     absl::allocator_traits<Allocator>::destroy(*alloc, slot);
   }
 
-  template <class Allocator>
-  static void transfer(Allocator* alloc, slot_type* new_slot,
-                       slot_type* old_slot) {
-    construct(alloc, new_slot, std::move(*old_slot));
-    destroy(alloc, old_slot);
-  }
-
   static T& element(slot_type* slot) { return *slot; }
 
   template <class F, class... Args>
diff --git a/absl/container/flat_hash_set_test.cc b/absl/container/flat_hash_set_test.cc
index b6a72a20..20130f91 100644
--- a/absl/container/flat_hash_set_test.cc
+++ b/absl/container/flat_hash_set_test.cc
@@ -16,12 +16,12 @@
 
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
 #include "absl/container/internal/hash_generator_testing.h"
 #include "absl/container/internal/unordered_set_constructor_test.h"
 #include "absl/container/internal/unordered_set_lookup_test.h"
 #include "absl/container/internal/unordered_set_members_test.h"
 #include "absl/container/internal/unordered_set_modifiers_test.h"
+#include "absl/log/check.h"
 #include "absl/memory/memory.h"
 #include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
 
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ struct BeforeMain {
   BeforeMain() {
     absl::flat_hash_set<int> x;
     x.insert(1);
-    ABSL_RAW_CHECK(!x.contains(0), "x should not contain 0");
-    ABSL_RAW_CHECK(x.contains(1), "x should contain 1");
+    CHECK(!x.contains(0)) << "x should not contain 0";
+    CHECK(x.contains(1)) << "x should contain 1";
   }
 };
 const BeforeMain before_main;
diff --git a/absl/container/inlined_vector.h b/absl/container/inlined_vector.h
index bc1c4a77..04e2c385 100644
--- a/absl/container/inlined_vector.h
+++ b/absl/container/inlined_vector.h
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@
 #include "absl/base/port.h"
 #include "absl/container/internal/inlined_vector.h"
 #include "absl/memory/memory.h"
+#include "absl/meta/type_traits.h"
 
 namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ class InlinedVector {
   template <typename TheA>
   using MoveIterator = inlined_vector_internal::MoveIterator<TheA>;
   template <typename TheA>
-  using IsMemcpyOk = inlined_vector_internal::IsMemcpyOk<TheA>;
+  using IsMoveAssignOk = inlined_vector_internal::IsMoveAssignOk<TheA>;
 
   template <typename TheA, typename Iterator>
   using IteratorValueAdapter =
@@ -94,6 +95,12 @@ class InlinedVector {
   using DisableIfAtLeastForwardIterator = absl::enable_if_t<
       !inlined_vector_internal::IsAtLeastForwardIterator<Iterator>::value, int>;
 
+  using MemcpyPolicy = typename Storage::MemcpyPolicy;
+  using ElementwiseAssignPolicy = typename Storage::ElementwiseAssignPolicy;
+  using ElementwiseConstructPolicy =
+      typename Storage::ElementwiseConstructPolicy;
+  using MoveAssignmentPolicy = typename Storage::MoveAssignmentPolicy;
+
  public:
   using allocator_type = A;
   using value_type = inlined_vector_internal::ValueType<A>;
@@ -173,14 +180,23 @@ class InlinedVector {
   // provided `allocator`.
   InlinedVector(const InlinedVector& other, const allocator_type& allocator)
       : storage_(allocator) {
+    // Fast path: if the other vector is empty, there's nothing for us to do.
     if (other.empty()) {
-      // Empty; nothing to do.
-    } else if (IsMemcpyOk<A>::value && !other.storage_.GetIsAllocated()) {
-      // Memcpy-able and do not need allocation.
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Fast path: if the value type is trivially copy constructible, we know the
+    // allocator doesn't do anything fancy, and there is nothing on the heap
+    // then we know it is legal for us to simply memcpy the other vector's
+    // inlined bytes to form our copy of its elements.
+    if (absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<value_type>::value &&
+        std::is_same<A, std::allocator<value_type>>::value &&
+        !other.storage_.GetIsAllocated()) {
       storage_.MemcpyFrom(other.storage_);
-    } else {
-      storage_.InitFrom(other.storage_);
+      return;
     }
+
+    storage_.InitFrom(other.storage_);
   }
 
   // Creates an inlined vector by moving in the contents of `other` without
@@ -201,26 +217,38 @@ class InlinedVector {
       absl::allocator_is_nothrow<allocator_type>::value ||
       std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<value_type>::value)
       : storage_(other.storage_.GetAllocator()) {
-    if (IsMemcpyOk<A>::value) {
+    // Fast path: if the value type can be trivially relocated (i.e. moved from
+    // and destroyed), and we know the allocator doesn't do anything fancy, then
+    // it's safe for us to simply adopt the contents of the storage for `other`
+    // and remove its own reference to them. It's as if we had individually
+    // move-constructed each value and then destroyed the original.
+    if (absl::is_trivially_relocatable<value_type>::value &&
+        std::is_same<A, std::allocator<value_type>>::value) {
       storage_.MemcpyFrom(other.storage_);
-
       other.storage_.SetInlinedSize(0);
-    } else if (other.storage_.GetIsAllocated()) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Fast path: if the other vector is on the heap, we can simply take over
+    // its allocation.
+    if (other.storage_.GetIsAllocated()) {
       storage_.SetAllocation({other.storage_.GetAllocatedData(),
                               other.storage_.GetAllocatedCapacity()});
       storage_.SetAllocatedSize(other.storage_.GetSize());
 
       other.storage_.SetInlinedSize(0);
-    } else {
-      IteratorValueAdapter<A, MoveIterator<A>> other_values(
-          MoveIterator<A>(other.storage_.GetInlinedData()));
+      return;
+    }
 
-      inlined_vector_internal::ConstructElements<A>(
-          storage_.GetAllocator(), storage_.GetInlinedData(), other_values,
-          other.storage_.GetSize());
+    // Otherwise we must move each element individually.
+    IteratorValueAdapter<A, MoveIterator<A>> other_values(
+        MoveIterator<A>(other.storage_.GetInlinedData()));
 
-      storage_.SetInlinedSize(other.storage_.GetSize());
-    }
+    inlined_vector_internal::ConstructElements<A>(
+        storage_.GetAllocator(), storage_.GetInlinedData(), other_values,
+        other.storage_.GetSize());
+
+    storage_.SetInlinedSize(other.storage_.GetSize());
   }
 
   // Creates an inlined vector by moving in the contents of `other` with a copy
@@ -235,22 +263,34 @@ class InlinedVector {
       const allocator_type&
           allocator) noexcept(absl::allocator_is_nothrow<allocator_type>::value)
       : storage_(allocator) {
-    if (IsMemcpyOk<A>::value) {
+    // Fast path: if the value type can be trivially relocated (i.e. moved from
+    // and destroyed), and we know the allocator doesn't do anything fancy, then
+    // it's safe for us to simply adopt the contents of the storage for `other`
+    // and remove its own reference to them. It's as if we had individually
+    // move-constructed each value and then destroyed the original.
+    if (absl::is_trivially_relocatable<value_type>::value &&
+        std::is_same<A, std::allocator<value_type>>::value) {
       storage_.MemcpyFrom(other.storage_);
-
       other.storage_.SetInlinedSize(0);
-    } else if ((storage_.GetAllocator() == other.storage_.GetAllocator()) &&
-               other.storage_.GetIsAllocated()) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Fast path: if the other vector is on the heap and shared the same
+    // allocator, we can simply take over its allocation.
+    if ((storage_.GetAllocator() == other.storage_.GetAllocator()) &&
+        other.storage_.GetIsAllocated()) {
       storage_.SetAllocation({other.storage_.GetAllocatedData(),
                               other.storage_.GetAllocatedCapacity()});
       storage_.SetAllocatedSize(other.storage_.GetSize());
 
       other.storage_.SetInlinedSize(0);
-    } else {
-      storage_.Initialize(IteratorValueAdapter<A, MoveIterator<A>>(
-                              MoveIterator<A>(other.data())),
-                          other.size());
+      return;
     }
+
+    // Otherwise we must move each element individually.
+    storage_.Initialize(
+        IteratorValueAdapter<A, MoveIterator<A>>(MoveIterator<A>(other.data())),
+        other.size());
   }
 
   ~InlinedVector() {}
@@ -275,8 +315,10 @@ class InlinedVector {
   size_type max_size() const noexcept {
     // One bit of the size storage is used to indicate whether the inlined
     // vector contains allocated memory. As a result, the maximum size that the
-    // inlined vector can express is half of the max for `size_type`.
-    return (std::numeric_limits<size_type>::max)() / 2;
+    // inlined vector can express is the minimum of the limit of how many
+    // objects we can allocate and std::numeric_limits<size_type>::max() / 2.
+    return (std::min)(AllocatorTraits<A>::max_size(storage_.GetAllocator()),
+                      (std::numeric_limits<size_type>::max)() / 2);
   }
 
   // `InlinedVector::capacity()`
@@ -299,7 +341,7 @@ class InlinedVector {
   // can be used to access and modify the contained elements.
   //
   // NOTE: only elements within [`data()`, `data() + size()`) are valid.
-  pointer data() noexcept {
+  pointer data() noexcept ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return storage_.GetIsAllocated() ? storage_.GetAllocatedData()
                                      : storage_.GetInlinedData();
   }
@@ -309,7 +351,7 @@ class InlinedVector {
   // modify the contained elements.
   //
   // NOTE: only elements within [`data()`, `data() + size()`) are valid.
-  const_pointer data() const noexcept {
+  const_pointer data() const noexcept ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return storage_.GetIsAllocated() ? storage_.GetAllocatedData()
                                      : storage_.GetInlinedData();
   }
@@ -317,14 +359,14 @@ class InlinedVector {
   // `InlinedVector::operator[](...)`
   //
   // Returns a `reference` to the `i`th element of the inlined vector.
-  reference operator[](size_type i) {
+  reference operator[](size_type i) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(i < size());
     return data()[i];
   }
 
   // Overload of `InlinedVector::operator[](...)` that returns a
   // `const_reference` to the `i`th element of the inlined vector.
-  const_reference operator[](size_type i) const {
+  const_reference operator[](size_type i) const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(i < size());
     return data()[i];
   }
@@ -335,7 +377,7 @@ class InlinedVector {
   //
   // NOTE: if `i` is not within the required range of `InlinedVector::at(...)`,
   // in both debug and non-debug builds, `std::out_of_range` will be thrown.
-  reference at(size_type i) {
+  reference at(size_type i) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(i >= size())) {
       base_internal::ThrowStdOutOfRange(
           "`InlinedVector::at(size_type)` failed bounds check");
@@ -348,7 +390,7 @@ class InlinedVector {
   //
   // NOTE: if `i` is not within the required range of `InlinedVector::at(...)`,
   // in both debug and non-debug builds, `std::out_of_range` will be thrown.
-  const_reference at(size_type i) const {
+  const_reference at(size_type i) const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(i >= size())) {
       base_internal::ThrowStdOutOfRange(
           "`InlinedVector::at(size_type) const` failed bounds check");
@@ -359,14 +401,14 @@ class InlinedVector {
   // `InlinedVector::front()`
   //
   // Returns a `reference` to the first element of the inlined vector.
-  reference front() {
+  reference front() ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(!empty());
     return data()[0];
   }
 
   // Overload of `InlinedVector::front()` that returns a `const_reference` to
   // the first element of the inlined vector.
-  const_reference front() const {
+  const_reference front() const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(!empty());
     return data()[0];
   }
@@ -374,14 +416,14 @@ class InlinedVector {
   // `InlinedVector::back()`
   //
   // Returns a `reference` to the last element of the inlined vector.
-  reference back() {
+  reference back() ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(!empty());
     return data()[size() - 1];
   }
 
   // Overload of `InlinedVector::back()` that returns a `const_reference` to the
   // last element of the inlined vector.
-  const_reference back() const {
+  const_reference back() const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(!empty());
     return data()[size() - 1];
   }
@@ -389,63 +431,82 @@ class InlinedVector {
   // `InlinedVector::begin()`
   //
   // Returns an `iterator` to the beginning of the inlined vector.
-  iterator begin() noexcept { return data(); }
+  iterator begin() noexcept ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND { return data(); }
 
   // Overload of `InlinedVector::begin()` that returns a `const_iterator` to
   // the beginning of the inlined vector.
-  const_iterator begin() const noexcept { return data(); }
+  const_iterator begin() const noexcept ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return data();
+  }
 
   // `InlinedVector::end()`
   //
   // Returns an `iterator` to the end of the inlined vector.
-  iterator end() noexcept { return data() + size(); }
+  iterator end() noexcept ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return data() + size();
+  }
 
   // Overload of `InlinedVector::end()` that returns a `const_iterator` to the
   // end of the inlined vector.
-  const_iterator end() const noexcept { return data() + size(); }
+  const_iterator end() const noexcept ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return data() + size();
+  }
 
   // `InlinedVector::cbegin()`
   //
   // Returns a `const_iterator` to the beginning of the inlined vector.
-  const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept { return begin(); }
+  const_iterator cbegin() const noexcept ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return begin();
+  }
 
   // `InlinedVector::cend()`
   //
   // Returns a `const_iterator` to the end of the inlined vector.
-  const_iterator cend() const noexcept { return end(); }
+  const_iterator cend() const noexcept ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return end();
+  }
 
   // `InlinedVector::rbegin()`
   //
   // Returns a `reverse_iterator` from the end of the inlined vector.
-  reverse_iterator rbegin() noexcept { return reverse_iterator(end()); }
+  reverse_iterator rbegin() noexcept ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return reverse_iterator(end());
+  }
 
   // Overload of `InlinedVector::rbegin()` that returns a
   // `const_reverse_iterator` from the end of the inlined vector.
-  const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const noexcept {
+  const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const noexcept ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return const_reverse_iterator(end());
   }
 
   // `InlinedVector::rend()`
   //
   // Returns a `reverse_iterator` from the beginning of the inlined vector.
-  reverse_iterator rend() noexcept { return reverse_iterator(begin()); }
+  reverse_iterator rend() noexcept ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return reverse_iterator(begin());
+  }
 
   // Overload of `InlinedVector::rend()` that returns a `const_reverse_iterator`
   // from the beginning of the inlined vector.
-  const_reverse_iterator rend() const noexcept {
+  const_reverse_iterator rend() const noexcept ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return const_reverse_iterator(begin());
   }
 
   // `InlinedVector::crbegin()`
   //
   // Returns a `const_reverse_iterator` from the end of the inlined vector.
-  const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const noexcept { return rbegin(); }
+  const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const noexcept
+      ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return rbegin();
+  }
 
   // `InlinedVector::crend()`
   //
   // Returns a `const_reverse_iterator` from the beginning of the inlined
   // vector.
-  const_reverse_iterator crend() const noexcept { return rend(); }
+  const_reverse_iterator crend() const noexcept ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return rend();
+  }
 
   // `InlinedVector::get_allocator()`
   //
@@ -484,18 +545,7 @@ class InlinedVector {
   // unspecified state.
   InlinedVector& operator=(InlinedVector&& other) {
     if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(this != std::addressof(other))) {
-      if (IsMemcpyOk<A>::value || other.storage_.GetIsAllocated()) {
-        inlined_vector_internal::DestroyAdapter<A>::DestroyElements(
-            storage_.GetAllocator(), data(), size());
-        storage_.DeallocateIfAllocated();
-        storage_.MemcpyFrom(other.storage_);
-
-        other.storage_.SetInlinedSize(0);
-      } else {
-        storage_.Assign(IteratorValueAdapter<A, MoveIterator<A>>(
-                            MoveIterator<A>(other.storage_.GetInlinedData())),
-                        other.size());
-      }
+      MoveAssignment(MoveAssignmentPolicy{}, std::move(other));
     }
 
     return *this;
@@ -566,20 +616,23 @@ class InlinedVector {
   //
   // Inserts a copy of `v` at `pos`, returning an `iterator` to the newly
   // inserted element.
-  iterator insert(const_iterator pos, const_reference v) {
+  iterator insert(const_iterator pos,
+                  const_reference v) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return emplace(pos, v);
   }
 
   // Overload of `InlinedVector::insert(...)` that inserts `v` at `pos` using
   // move semantics, returning an `iterator` to the newly inserted element.
-  iterator insert(const_iterator pos, value_type&& v) {
+  iterator insert(const_iterator pos,
+                  value_type&& v) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return emplace(pos, std::move(v));
   }
 
   // Overload of `InlinedVector::insert(...)` that inserts `n` contiguous copies
   // of `v` starting at `pos`, returning an `iterator` pointing to the first of
   // the newly inserted elements.
-  iterator insert(const_iterator pos, size_type n, const_reference v) {
+  iterator insert(const_iterator pos, size_type n,
+                  const_reference v) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(pos >= begin());
     ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(pos <= end());
 
@@ -607,7 +660,8 @@ class InlinedVector {
   // Overload of `InlinedVector::insert(...)` that inserts copies of the
   // elements of `list` starting at `pos`, returning an `iterator` pointing to
   // the first of the newly inserted elements.
-  iterator insert(const_iterator pos, std::initializer_list<value_type> list) {
+  iterator insert(const_iterator pos, std::initializer_list<value_type> list)
+      ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return insert(pos, list.begin(), list.end());
   }
 
@@ -619,14 +673,14 @@ class InlinedVector {
   template <typename ForwardIterator,
             EnableIfAtLeastForwardIterator<ForwardIterator> = 0>
   iterator insert(const_iterator pos, ForwardIterator first,
-                  ForwardIterator last) {
+                  ForwardIterator last) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(pos >= begin());
     ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(pos <= end());
 
     if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(first != last)) {
-      return storage_.Insert(pos,
-                             IteratorValueAdapter<A, ForwardIterator>(first),
-                             std::distance(first, last));
+      return storage_.Insert(
+          pos, IteratorValueAdapter<A, ForwardIterator>(first),
+          static_cast<size_type>(std::distance(first, last)));
     } else {
       return const_cast<iterator>(pos);
     }
@@ -639,11 +693,12 @@ class InlinedVector {
   // NOTE: this overload is for iterators that are "input" category.
   template <typename InputIterator,
             DisableIfAtLeastForwardIterator<InputIterator> = 0>
-  iterator insert(const_iterator pos, InputIterator first, InputIterator last) {
+  iterator insert(const_iterator pos, InputIterator first,
+                  InputIterator last) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(pos >= begin());
     ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(pos <= end());
 
-    size_type index = std::distance(cbegin(), pos);
+    size_type index = static_cast<size_type>(std::distance(cbegin(), pos));
     for (size_type i = index; first != last; ++i, static_cast<void>(++first)) {
       insert(data() + i, *first);
     }
@@ -656,15 +711,28 @@ class InlinedVector {
   // Constructs and inserts an element using `args...` in the inlined vector at
   // `pos`, returning an `iterator` pointing to the newly emplaced element.
   template <typename... Args>
-  iterator emplace(const_iterator pos, Args&&... args) {
+  iterator emplace(const_iterator pos,
+                   Args&&... args) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(pos >= begin());
     ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(pos <= end());
 
     value_type dealias(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    // https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=102329#c2
+    // It appears that GCC thinks that since `pos` is a const pointer and may
+    // point to uninitialized memory at this point, a warning should be
+    // issued. But `pos` is actually only used to compute an array index to
+    // write to.
+#if !defined(__clang__) && defined(__GNUC__)
+#pragma GCC diagnostic push
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wmaybe-uninitialized"
+#endif
     return storage_.Insert(pos,
                            IteratorValueAdapter<A, MoveIterator<A>>(
                                MoveIterator<A>(std::addressof(dealias))),
                            1);
+#if !defined(__clang__) && defined(__GNUC__)
+#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
+#endif
   }
 
   // `InlinedVector::emplace_back(...)`
@@ -672,7 +740,7 @@ class InlinedVector {
   // Constructs and inserts an element using `args...` in the inlined vector at
   // `end()`, returning a `reference` to the newly emplaced element.
   template <typename... Args>
-  reference emplace_back(Args&&... args) {
+  reference emplace_back(Args&&... args) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return storage_.EmplaceBack(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
   }
 
@@ -702,8 +770,8 @@ class InlinedVector {
   // Erases the element at `pos`, returning an `iterator` pointing to where the
   // erased element was located.
   //
-  // NOTE: may return `end()`, which is not dereferencable.
-  iterator erase(const_iterator pos) {
+  // NOTE: may return `end()`, which is not dereferenceable.
+  iterator erase(const_iterator pos) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(pos >= begin());
     ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(pos < end());
 
@@ -714,8 +782,9 @@ class InlinedVector {
   // range [`from`, `to`), returning an `iterator` pointing to where the first
   // erased element was located.
   //
-  // NOTE: may return `end()`, which is not dereferencable.
-  iterator erase(const_iterator from, const_iterator to) {
+  // NOTE: may return `end()`, which is not dereferenceable.
+  iterator erase(const_iterator from,
+                 const_iterator to) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(from >= begin());
     ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(from <= to);
     ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(to <= end());
@@ -771,6 +840,73 @@ class InlinedVector {
   template <typename H, typename TheT, size_t TheN, typename TheA>
   friend H AbslHashValue(H h, const absl::InlinedVector<TheT, TheN, TheA>& a);
 
+  void MoveAssignment(MemcpyPolicy, InlinedVector&& other) {
+    // Assumption check: we shouldn't be told to use memcpy to implement move
+    // assignment unless we have trivially destructible elements and an
+    // allocator that does nothing fancy.
+    static_assert(absl::is_trivially_destructible<value_type>::value, "");
+    static_assert(std::is_same<A, std::allocator<value_type>>::value, "");
+
+    // Throw away our existing heap allocation, if any. There is no need to
+    // destroy the existing elements one by one because we know they are
+    // trivially destructible.
+    storage_.DeallocateIfAllocated();
+
+    // Adopt the other vector's inline elements or heap allocation.
+    storage_.MemcpyFrom(other.storage_);
+    other.storage_.SetInlinedSize(0);
+  }
+
+  // Destroy our existing elements, if any, and adopt the heap-allocated
+  // elements of the other vector.
+  //
+  // REQUIRES: other.storage_.GetIsAllocated()
+  void DestroyExistingAndAdopt(InlinedVector&& other) {
+    ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(other.storage_.GetIsAllocated());
+
+    inlined_vector_internal::DestroyAdapter<A>::DestroyElements(
+        storage_.GetAllocator(), data(), size());
+    storage_.DeallocateIfAllocated();
+
+    storage_.MemcpyFrom(other.storage_);
+    other.storage_.SetInlinedSize(0);
+  }
+
+  void MoveAssignment(ElementwiseAssignPolicy, InlinedVector&& other) {
+    // Fast path: if the other vector is on the heap then we don't worry about
+    // actually move-assigning each element. Instead we only throw away our own
+    // existing elements and adopt the heap allocation of the other vector.
+    if (other.storage_.GetIsAllocated()) {
+      DestroyExistingAndAdopt(std::move(other));
+      return;
+    }
+
+    storage_.Assign(IteratorValueAdapter<A, MoveIterator<A>>(
+                        MoveIterator<A>(other.storage_.GetInlinedData())),
+                    other.size());
+  }
+
+  void MoveAssignment(ElementwiseConstructPolicy, InlinedVector&& other) {
+    // Fast path: if the other vector is on the heap then we don't worry about
+    // actually move-assigning each element. Instead we only throw away our own
+    // existing elements and adopt the heap allocation of the other vector.
+    if (other.storage_.GetIsAllocated()) {
+      DestroyExistingAndAdopt(std::move(other));
+      return;
+    }
+
+    inlined_vector_internal::DestroyAdapter<A>::DestroyElements(
+        storage_.GetAllocator(), data(), size());
+    storage_.DeallocateIfAllocated();
+
+    IteratorValueAdapter<A, MoveIterator<A>> other_values(
+        MoveIterator<A>(other.storage_.GetInlinedData()));
+    inlined_vector_internal::ConstructElements<A>(
+        storage_.GetAllocator(), storage_.GetInlinedData(), other_values,
+        other.storage_.GetSize());
+    storage_.SetInlinedSize(other.storage_.GetSize());
+  }
+
   Storage storage_;
 };
 
@@ -795,7 +931,7 @@ bool operator==(const absl::InlinedVector<T, N, A>& a,
                 const absl::InlinedVector<T, N, A>& b) {
   auto a_data = a.data();
   auto b_data = b.data();
-  return absl::equal(a_data, a_data + a.size(), b_data, b_data + b.size());
+  return std::equal(a_data, a_data + a.size(), b_data, b_data + b.size());
 }
 
 // `operator!=(...)`
diff --git a/absl/container/inlined_vector_benchmark.cc b/absl/container/inlined_vector_benchmark.cc
index e256fad6..5a04277c 100644
--- a/absl/container/inlined_vector_benchmark.cc
+++ b/absl/container/inlined_vector_benchmark.cc
@@ -16,11 +16,11 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
-#include "benchmark/benchmark.h"
 #include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
 #include "absl/base/macros.h"
 #include "absl/container/inlined_vector.h"
 #include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
+#include "benchmark/benchmark.h"
 
 namespace {
 
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ void BM_StdVectorFill(benchmark::State& state) {
 BENCHMARK(BM_StdVectorFill)->Range(1, 256);
 
 // The purpose of the next two benchmarks is to verify that
-// absl::InlinedVector is efficient when moving is more efficent than
+// absl::InlinedVector is efficient when moving is more efficient than
 // copying. To do so, we use strings that are larger than the short
 // string optimization.
 bool StringRepresentedInline(std::string s) {
diff --git a/absl/container/inlined_vector_test.cc b/absl/container/inlined_vector_test.cc
index 4c1ba04a..b9a79f5b 100644
--- a/absl/container/inlined_vector_test.cc
+++ b/absl/container/inlined_vector_test.cc
@@ -15,25 +15,28 @@
 #include "absl/container/inlined_vector.h"
 
 #include <algorithm>
+#include <cstddef>
 #include <forward_list>
+#include <iterator>
 #include <list>
 #include <memory>
 #include <scoped_allocator>
 #include <sstream>
 #include <stdexcept>
 #include <string>
+#include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "gmock/gmock.h"
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
 #include "absl/base/attributes.h"
 #include "absl/base/internal/exception_testing.h"
-#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
 #include "absl/base/macros.h"
 #include "absl/base/options.h"
 #include "absl/container/internal/counting_allocator.h"
 #include "absl/container/internal/test_instance_tracker.h"
 #include "absl/hash/hash_testing.h"
+#include "absl/log/check.h"
 #include "absl/memory/memory.h"
 #include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
 
@@ -49,14 +52,13 @@ using testing::ElementsAre;
 using testing::ElementsAreArray;
 using testing::Eq;
 using testing::Gt;
+using testing::Pointee;
+using testing::Pointwise;
 using testing::PrintToString;
+using testing::SizeIs;
 
 using IntVec = absl::InlinedVector<int, 8>;
 
-MATCHER_P(SizeIs, n, "") {
-  return testing::ExplainMatchResult(n, arg.size(), result_listener);
-}
-
 MATCHER_P(CapacityIs, n, "") {
   return testing::ExplainMatchResult(n, arg.capacity(), result_listener);
 }
@@ -101,13 +103,13 @@ class RefCounted {
   }
 
   void Ref() const {
-    ABSL_RAW_CHECK(count_ != nullptr, "");
+    CHECK_NE(count_, nullptr);
     ++(*count_);
   }
 
   void Unref() const {
     --(*count_);
-    ABSL_RAW_CHECK(*count_ >= 0, "");
+    CHECK_GE(*count_, 0);
   }
 
   int value_;
@@ -126,20 +128,20 @@ using DynamicVec = absl::InlinedVector<Dynamic, 8>;
 
 // Append 0..len-1 to *v
 template <typename Container>
-static void Fill(Container* v, int len, int offset = 0) {
-  for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-    v->push_back(i + offset);
+static void Fill(Container* v, size_t len, int offset = 0) {
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+    v->push_back(static_cast<int>(i) + offset);
   }
 }
 
-static IntVec Fill(int len, int offset = 0) {
+static IntVec Fill(size_t len, int offset = 0) {
   IntVec v;
   Fill(&v, len, offset);
   return v;
 }
 
 TEST(IntVec, SimpleOps) {
-  for (int len = 0; len < 20; len++) {
+  for (size_t len = 0; len < 20; len++) {
     IntVec v;
     const IntVec& cv = v;  // const alias
 
@@ -147,42 +149,42 @@ TEST(IntVec, SimpleOps) {
     EXPECT_EQ(len, v.size());
     EXPECT_LE(len, v.capacity());
 
-    for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-      EXPECT_EQ(i, v[i]);
-      EXPECT_EQ(i, v.at(i));
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+      EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<int>(i), v[i]);
+      EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<int>(i), v.at(i));
     }
     EXPECT_EQ(v.begin(), v.data());
     EXPECT_EQ(cv.begin(), cv.data());
 
-    int counter = 0;
+    size_t counter = 0;
     for (IntVec::iterator iter = v.begin(); iter != v.end(); ++iter) {
-      EXPECT_EQ(counter, *iter);
+      EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<int>(counter), *iter);
       counter++;
     }
     EXPECT_EQ(counter, len);
 
     counter = 0;
     for (IntVec::const_iterator iter = v.begin(); iter != v.end(); ++iter) {
-      EXPECT_EQ(counter, *iter);
+      EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<int>(counter), *iter);
       counter++;
     }
     EXPECT_EQ(counter, len);
 
     counter = 0;
     for (IntVec::const_iterator iter = v.cbegin(); iter != v.cend(); ++iter) {
-      EXPECT_EQ(counter, *iter);
+      EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<int>(counter), *iter);
       counter++;
     }
     EXPECT_EQ(counter, len);
 
     if (len > 0) {
       EXPECT_EQ(0, v.front());
-      EXPECT_EQ(len - 1, v.back());
+      EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<int>(len - 1), v.back());
       v.pop_back();
       EXPECT_EQ(len - 1, v.size());
-      for (int i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i) {
-        EXPECT_EQ(i, v[i]);
-        EXPECT_EQ(i, v.at(i));
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i) {
+        EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<int>(i), v[i]);
+        EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<int>(i), v.at(i));
       }
     }
   }
@@ -191,7 +193,7 @@ TEST(IntVec, SimpleOps) {
 TEST(IntVec, PopBackNoOverflow) {
   IntVec v = {1};
   v.pop_back();
-  EXPECT_EQ(v.size(), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(v.size(), 0u);
 }
 
 TEST(IntVec, AtThrows) {
@@ -202,47 +204,47 @@ TEST(IntVec, AtThrows) {
 }
 
 TEST(IntVec, ReverseIterator) {
-  for (int len = 0; len < 20; len++) {
+  for (size_t len = 0; len < 20; len++) {
     IntVec v;
     Fill(&v, len);
 
-    int counter = len;
+    size_t counter = len;
     for (IntVec::reverse_iterator iter = v.rbegin(); iter != v.rend(); ++iter) {
       counter--;
-      EXPECT_EQ(counter, *iter);
+      EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<int>(counter), *iter);
     }
-    EXPECT_EQ(counter, 0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(counter, 0u);
 
     counter = len;
     for (IntVec::const_reverse_iterator iter = v.rbegin(); iter != v.rend();
          ++iter) {
       counter--;
-      EXPECT_EQ(counter, *iter);
+      EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<int>(counter), *iter);
     }
-    EXPECT_EQ(counter, 0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(counter, 0u);
 
     counter = len;
     for (IntVec::const_reverse_iterator iter = v.crbegin(); iter != v.crend();
          ++iter) {
       counter--;
-      EXPECT_EQ(counter, *iter);
+      EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<int>(counter), *iter);
     }
-    EXPECT_EQ(counter, 0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(counter, 0u);
   }
 }
 
 TEST(IntVec, Erase) {
-  for (int len = 1; len < 20; len++) {
-    for (int i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+  for (size_t len = 1; len < 20; len++) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
       IntVec v;
       Fill(&v, len);
       v.erase(v.begin() + i);
       EXPECT_EQ(len - 1, v.size());
-      for (int j = 0; j < i; ++j) {
-        EXPECT_EQ(j, v[j]);
+      for (size_t j = 0; j < i; ++j) {
+        EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<int>(j), v[j]);
       }
-      for (int j = i; j < len - 1; ++j) {
-        EXPECT_EQ(j + 1, v[j]);
+      for (size_t j = i; j < len - 1; ++j) {
+        EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<int>(j + 1), v[j]);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -254,51 +256,95 @@ TEST(IntVec, Hardened) {
   EXPECT_EQ(v[9], 9);
 #if !defined(NDEBUG) || ABSL_OPTION_HARDENED
   EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(v[10], "");
-  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(v[-1], "");
+  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(v[static_cast<size_t>(-1)], "");
+  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(v.resize(v.max_size() + 1), "");
 #endif
 }
 
+// Move construction of a container of unique pointers should work fine, with no
+// leaks, despite the fact that unique pointers are trivially relocatable but
+// not trivially destructible.
+TEST(UniquePtr, MoveConstruct) {
+  for (size_t size = 0; size < 16; ++size) {
+    SCOPED_TRACE(size);
+
+    absl::InlinedVector<std::unique_ptr<size_t>, 2> a;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+      a.push_back(std::make_unique<size_t>(i));
+    }
+
+    absl::InlinedVector<std::unique_ptr<size_t>, 2> b(std::move(a));
+
+    ASSERT_THAT(b, SizeIs(size));
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+      ASSERT_THAT(b[i], Pointee(i));
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Move assignment of a container of unique pointers should work fine, with no
+// leaks, despite the fact that unique pointers are trivially relocatable but
+// not trivially destructible.
+TEST(UniquePtr, MoveAssign) {
+  for (size_t size = 0; size < 16; ++size) {
+    SCOPED_TRACE(size);
+
+    absl::InlinedVector<std::unique_ptr<size_t>, 2> a;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+      a.push_back(std::make_unique<size_t>(i));
+    }
+
+    absl::InlinedVector<std::unique_ptr<size_t>, 2> b;
+    b = std::move(a);
+
+    ASSERT_THAT(b, SizeIs(size));
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+      ASSERT_THAT(b[i], Pointee(i));
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 // At the end of this test loop, the elements between [erase_begin, erase_end)
 // should have reference counts == 0, and all others elements should have
 // reference counts == 1.
 TEST(RefCountedVec, EraseBeginEnd) {
-  for (int len = 1; len < 20; ++len) {
-    for (int erase_begin = 0; erase_begin < len; ++erase_begin) {
-      for (int erase_end = erase_begin; erase_end <= len; ++erase_end) {
+  for (size_t len = 1; len < 20; ++len) {
+    for (size_t erase_begin = 0; erase_begin < len; ++erase_begin) {
+      for (size_t erase_end = erase_begin; erase_end <= len; ++erase_end) {
         std::vector<int> counts(len, 0);
         RefCountedVec v;
-        for (int i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
-          v.push_back(RefCounted(i, &counts[i]));
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+          v.push_back(RefCounted(static_cast<int>(i), &counts[i]));
         }
 
-        int erase_len = erase_end - erase_begin;
+        size_t erase_len = erase_end - erase_begin;
 
         v.erase(v.begin() + erase_begin, v.begin() + erase_end);
 
         EXPECT_EQ(len - erase_len, v.size());
 
         // Check the elements before the first element erased.
-        for (int i = 0; i < erase_begin; ++i) {
-          EXPECT_EQ(i, v[i].value_);
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < erase_begin; ++i) {
+          EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<int>(i), v[i].value_);
         }
 
         // Check the elements after the first element erased.
-        for (int i = erase_begin; i < v.size(); ++i) {
-          EXPECT_EQ(i + erase_len, v[i].value_);
+        for (size_t i = erase_begin; i < v.size(); ++i) {
+          EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<int>(i + erase_len), v[i].value_);
         }
 
         // Check that the elements at the beginning are preserved.
-        for (int i = 0; i < erase_begin; ++i) {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < erase_begin; ++i) {
           EXPECT_EQ(1, counts[i]);
         }
 
         // Check that the erased elements are destroyed
-        for (int i = erase_begin; i < erase_end; ++i) {
+        for (size_t i = erase_begin; i < erase_end; ++i) {
           EXPECT_EQ(0, counts[i]);
         }
 
         // Check that the elements at the end are preserved.
-        for (int i = erase_end; i < len; ++i) {
+        for (size_t i = erase_end; i < len; ++i) {
           EXPECT_EQ(1, counts[i]);
         }
       }
@@ -377,21 +423,21 @@ TEST(InlinedVectorTest, ShrinkToFitGrowingVector) {
   absl::InlinedVector<std::pair<std::string, int>, 1> v;
 
   v.shrink_to_fit();
-  EXPECT_EQ(v.capacity(), 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(v.capacity(), 1u);
 
   v.emplace_back("answer", 42);
   v.shrink_to_fit();
-  EXPECT_EQ(v.capacity(), 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(v.capacity(), 1u);
 
   v.emplace_back("taxicab", 1729);
-  EXPECT_GE(v.capacity(), 2);
+  EXPECT_GE(v.capacity(), 2u);
   v.shrink_to_fit();
-  EXPECT_EQ(v.capacity(), 2);
+  EXPECT_EQ(v.capacity(), 2u);
 
   v.reserve(100);
-  EXPECT_GE(v.capacity(), 100);
+  EXPECT_GE(v.capacity(), 100u);
   v.shrink_to_fit();
-  EXPECT_EQ(v.capacity(), 2);
+  EXPECT_EQ(v.capacity(), 2u);
 }
 
 TEST(InlinedVectorTest, ShrinkToFitEdgeCases) {
@@ -399,10 +445,10 @@ TEST(InlinedVectorTest, ShrinkToFitEdgeCases) {
     absl::InlinedVector<std::pair<std::string, int>, 1> v;
     v.emplace_back("answer", 42);
     v.emplace_back("taxicab", 1729);
-    EXPECT_GE(v.capacity(), 2);
+    EXPECT_GE(v.capacity(), 2u);
     v.pop_back();
     v.shrink_to_fit();
-    EXPECT_EQ(v.capacity(), 1);
+    EXPECT_EQ(v.capacity(), 1u);
     EXPECT_EQ(v[0].first, "answer");
     EXPECT_EQ(v[0].second, 42);
   }
@@ -411,34 +457,34 @@ TEST(InlinedVectorTest, ShrinkToFitEdgeCases) {
     absl::InlinedVector<std::string, 2> v(100);
     v.resize(0);
     v.shrink_to_fit();
-    EXPECT_EQ(v.capacity(), 2);  // inlined capacity
+    EXPECT_EQ(v.capacity(), 2u);  // inlined capacity
   }
 
   {
     absl::InlinedVector<std::string, 2> v(100);
     v.resize(1);
     v.shrink_to_fit();
-    EXPECT_EQ(v.capacity(), 2);  // inlined capacity
+    EXPECT_EQ(v.capacity(), 2u);  // inlined capacity
   }
 
   {
     absl::InlinedVector<std::string, 2> v(100);
     v.resize(2);
     v.shrink_to_fit();
-    EXPECT_EQ(v.capacity(), 2);
+    EXPECT_EQ(v.capacity(), 2u);
   }
 
   {
     absl::InlinedVector<std::string, 2> v(100);
     v.resize(3);
     v.shrink_to_fit();
-    EXPECT_EQ(v.capacity(), 3);
+    EXPECT_EQ(v.capacity(), 3u);
   }
 }
 
 TEST(IntVec, Insert) {
-  for (int len = 0; len < 20; len++) {
-    for (int pos = 0; pos <= len; pos++) {
+  for (size_t len = 0; len < 20; len++) {
+    for (ptrdiff_t pos = 0; pos <= static_cast<ptrdiff_t>(len); pos++) {
       {
         // Single element
         std::vector<int> std_v;
@@ -526,16 +572,16 @@ TEST(IntVec, Insert) {
 TEST(RefCountedVec, InsertConstructorDestructor) {
   // Make sure the proper construction/destruction happen during insert
   // operations.
-  for (int len = 0; len < 20; len++) {
+  for (size_t len = 0; len < 20; len++) {
     SCOPED_TRACE(len);
-    for (int pos = 0; pos <= len; pos++) {
+    for (size_t pos = 0; pos <= len; pos++) {
       SCOPED_TRACE(pos);
       std::vector<int> counts(len, 0);
       int inserted_count = 0;
       RefCountedVec v;
-      for (int i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
         SCOPED_TRACE(i);
-        v.push_back(RefCounted(i, &counts[i]));
+        v.push_back(RefCounted(static_cast<int>(i), &counts[i]));
       }
 
       EXPECT_THAT(counts, Each(Eq(1)));
@@ -552,20 +598,20 @@ TEST(RefCountedVec, InsertConstructorDestructor) {
 }
 
 TEST(IntVec, Resize) {
-  for (int len = 0; len < 20; len++) {
+  for (size_t len = 0; len < 20; len++) {
     IntVec v;
     Fill(&v, len);
 
     // Try resizing up and down by k elements
     static const int kResizeElem = 1000000;
-    for (int k = 0; k < 10; k++) {
+    for (size_t k = 0; k < 10; k++) {
       // Enlarging resize
       v.resize(len + k, kResizeElem);
       EXPECT_EQ(len + k, v.size());
       EXPECT_LE(len + k, v.capacity());
-      for (int i = 0; i < len + k; i++) {
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < len + k; i++) {
         if (i < len) {
-          EXPECT_EQ(i, v[i]);
+          EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<int>(i), v[i]);
         } else {
           EXPECT_EQ(kResizeElem, v[i]);
         }
@@ -575,26 +621,26 @@ TEST(IntVec, Resize) {
       v.resize(len, kResizeElem);
       EXPECT_EQ(len, v.size());
       EXPECT_LE(len, v.capacity());
-      for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-        EXPECT_EQ(i, v[i]);
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+        EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<int>(i), v[i]);
       }
     }
   }
 }
 
 TEST(IntVec, InitWithLength) {
-  for (int len = 0; len < 20; len++) {
+  for (size_t len = 0; len < 20; len++) {
     IntVec v(len, 7);
     EXPECT_EQ(len, v.size());
     EXPECT_LE(len, v.capacity());
-    for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
       EXPECT_EQ(7, v[i]);
     }
   }
 }
 
 TEST(IntVec, CopyConstructorAndAssignment) {
-  for (int len = 0; len < 20; len++) {
+  for (size_t len = 0; len < 20; len++) {
     IntVec v;
     Fill(&v, len);
     EXPECT_EQ(len, v.size());
@@ -603,7 +649,7 @@ TEST(IntVec, CopyConstructorAndAssignment) {
     IntVec v2(v);
     EXPECT_TRUE(v == v2) << PrintToString(v) << PrintToString(v2);
 
-    for (int start_len = 0; start_len < 20; start_len++) {
+    for (size_t start_len = 0; start_len < 20; start_len++) {
       IntVec v3;
       Fill(&v3, start_len, 99);  // Add dummy elements that should go away
       v3 = v;
@@ -613,7 +659,7 @@ TEST(IntVec, CopyConstructorAndAssignment) {
 }
 
 TEST(IntVec, AliasingCopyAssignment) {
-  for (int len = 0; len < 20; ++len) {
+  for (size_t len = 0; len < 20; ++len) {
     IntVec original;
     Fill(&original, len);
     IntVec dup = original;
@@ -623,9 +669,9 @@ TEST(IntVec, AliasingCopyAssignment) {
 }
 
 TEST(IntVec, MoveConstructorAndAssignment) {
-  for (int len = 0; len < 20; len++) {
+  for (size_t len = 0; len < 20; len++) {
     IntVec v_in;
-    const int inlined_capacity = v_in.capacity();
+    const size_t inlined_capacity = v_in.capacity();
     Fill(&v_in, len);
     EXPECT_EQ(len, v_in.size());
     EXPECT_LE(len, v_in.capacity());
@@ -642,7 +688,7 @@ TEST(IntVec, MoveConstructorAndAssignment) {
         EXPECT_FALSE(v_out.data() == old_data);
       }
     }
-    for (int start_len = 0; start_len < 20; start_len++) {
+    for (size_t start_len = 0; start_len < 20; start_len++) {
       IntVec v_out;
       Fill(&v_out, start_len, 99);  // Add dummy elements that should go away
       IntVec v_temp(v_in);
@@ -681,10 +727,10 @@ class NotTriviallyDestructible {
 };
 
 TEST(AliasingTest, Emplace) {
-  for (int i = 2; i < 20; ++i) {
+  for (size_t i = 2; i < 20; ++i) {
     absl::InlinedVector<NotTriviallyDestructible, 10> vec;
-    for (int j = 0; j < i; ++j) {
-      vec.push_back(NotTriviallyDestructible(j));
+    for (size_t j = 0; j < i; ++j) {
+      vec.push_back(NotTriviallyDestructible(static_cast<int>(j)));
     }
     vec.emplace(vec.begin(), vec[0]);
     EXPECT_EQ(vec[0], vec[1]);
@@ -696,12 +742,12 @@ TEST(AliasingTest, Emplace) {
 }
 
 TEST(AliasingTest, InsertWithCount) {
-  for (int i = 1; i < 20; ++i) {
+  for (size_t i = 1; i < 20; ++i) {
     absl::InlinedVector<NotTriviallyDestructible, 10> vec;
-    for (int j = 0; j < i; ++j) {
-      vec.push_back(NotTriviallyDestructible(j));
+    for (size_t j = 0; j < i; ++j) {
+      vec.push_back(NotTriviallyDestructible(static_cast<int>(j)));
     }
-    for (int n = 0; n < 5; ++n) {
+    for (size_t n = 0; n < 5; ++n) {
       // We use back where we can because it's guaranteed to become invalidated
       vec.insert(vec.begin(), n, vec.back());
       auto b = vec.begin();
@@ -759,22 +805,22 @@ TEST(OverheadTest, Storage) {
 }
 
 TEST(IntVec, Clear) {
-  for (int len = 0; len < 20; len++) {
+  for (size_t len = 0; len < 20; len++) {
     SCOPED_TRACE(len);
     IntVec v;
     Fill(&v, len);
     v.clear();
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, v.size());
+    EXPECT_EQ(0u, v.size());
     EXPECT_EQ(v.begin(), v.end());
   }
 }
 
 TEST(IntVec, Reserve) {
-  for (int len = 0; len < 20; len++) {
+  for (size_t len = 0; len < 20; len++) {
     IntVec v;
     Fill(&v, len);
 
-    for (int newlen = 0; newlen < 100; newlen++) {
+    for (size_t newlen = 0; newlen < 100; newlen++) {
       const int* start_rep = v.data();
       v.reserve(newlen);
       const int* final_rep = v.data();
@@ -841,9 +887,9 @@ TEST(StringVec, SelfMove) {
 }
 
 TEST(IntVec, Swap) {
-  for (int l1 = 0; l1 < 20; l1++) {
+  for (size_t l1 = 0; l1 < 20; l1++) {
     SCOPED_TRACE(l1);
-    for (int l2 = 0; l2 < 20; l2++) {
+    for (size_t l2 = 0; l2 < 20; l2++) {
       SCOPED_TRACE(l2);
       IntVec a = Fill(l1, 0);
       IntVec b = Fill(l2, 100);
@@ -853,13 +899,13 @@ TEST(IntVec, Swap) {
       }
       EXPECT_EQ(l1, b.size());
       EXPECT_EQ(l2, a.size());
-      for (int i = 0; i < l1; i++) {
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < l1; i++) {
         SCOPED_TRACE(i);
-        EXPECT_EQ(i, b[i]);
+        EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<int>(i), b[i]);
       }
-      for (int i = 0; i < l2; i++) {
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < l2; i++) {
         SCOPED_TRACE(i);
-        EXPECT_EQ(100 + i, a[i]);
+        EXPECT_EQ(100 + static_cast<int>(i), a[i]);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -868,46 +914,48 @@ TEST(IntVec, Swap) {
 TYPED_TEST_P(InstanceTest, Swap) {
   using Instance = TypeParam;
   using InstanceVec = absl::InlinedVector<Instance, 8>;
-  for (int l1 = 0; l1 < 20; l1++) {
+  for (size_t l1 = 0; l1 < 20; l1++) {
     SCOPED_TRACE(l1);
-    for (int l2 = 0; l2 < 20; l2++) {
+    for (size_t l2 = 0; l2 < 20; l2++) {
       SCOPED_TRACE(l2);
       InstanceTracker tracker;
       InstanceVec a, b;
       const size_t inlined_capacity = a.capacity();
       auto min_len = std::min(l1, l2);
       auto max_len = std::max(l1, l2);
-      for (int i = 0; i < l1; i++) a.push_back(Instance(i));
-      for (int i = 0; i < l2; i++) b.push_back(Instance(100 + i));
-      EXPECT_EQ(tracker.instances(), l1 + l2);
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < l1; i++)
+        a.push_back(Instance(static_cast<int>(i)));
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < l2; i++)
+        b.push_back(Instance(100 + static_cast<int>(i)));
+      EXPECT_EQ(tracker.instances(), static_cast<int>(l1 + l2));
       tracker.ResetCopiesMovesSwaps();
       {
         using std::swap;
         swap(a, b);
       }
-      EXPECT_EQ(tracker.instances(), l1 + l2);
+      EXPECT_EQ(tracker.instances(), static_cast<int>(l1 + l2));
       if (a.size() > inlined_capacity && b.size() > inlined_capacity) {
         EXPECT_EQ(tracker.swaps(), 0);  // Allocations are swapped.
         EXPECT_EQ(tracker.moves(), 0);
       } else if (a.size() <= inlined_capacity && b.size() <= inlined_capacity) {
-        EXPECT_EQ(tracker.swaps(), min_len);
+        EXPECT_EQ(tracker.swaps(), static_cast<int>(min_len));
         EXPECT_EQ((tracker.moves() ? tracker.moves() : tracker.copies()),
-                  max_len - min_len);
+                  static_cast<int>(max_len - min_len));
       } else {
         // One is allocated and the other isn't. The allocation is transferred
         // without copying elements, and the inlined instances are copied/moved.
         EXPECT_EQ(tracker.swaps(), 0);
         EXPECT_EQ((tracker.moves() ? tracker.moves() : tracker.copies()),
-                  min_len);
+                  static_cast<int>(min_len));
       }
 
       EXPECT_EQ(l1, b.size());
       EXPECT_EQ(l2, a.size());
-      for (int i = 0; i < l1; i++) {
-        EXPECT_EQ(i, b[i].value());
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < l1; i++) {
+        EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<int>(i), b[i].value());
       }
-      for (int i = 0; i < l2; i++) {
-        EXPECT_EQ(100 + i, a[i].value());
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < l2; i++) {
+        EXPECT_EQ(100 + static_cast<int>(i), a[i].value());
       }
     }
   }
@@ -936,9 +984,9 @@ TEST(IntVec, EqualAndNotEqual) {
 
   a.clear();
   b.clear();
-  for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
-    a.push_back(i);
-    b.push_back(i);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
+    a.push_back(static_cast<int>(i));
+    b.push_back(static_cast<int>(i));
     EXPECT_TRUE(a == b);
     EXPECT_FALSE(a != b);
 
@@ -977,26 +1025,26 @@ TYPED_TEST_P(InstanceTest, CountConstructorsDestructors) {
   using Instance = TypeParam;
   using InstanceVec = absl::InlinedVector<Instance, 8>;
   InstanceTracker tracker;
-  for (int len = 0; len < 20; len++) {
+  for (size_t len = 0; len < 20; len++) {
     SCOPED_TRACE(len);
     tracker.ResetCopiesMovesSwaps();
 
     InstanceVec v;
     const size_t inlined_capacity = v.capacity();
-    for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-      v.push_back(Instance(i));
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+      v.push_back(Instance(static_cast<int>(i)));
     }
-    EXPECT_EQ(tracker.instances(), len);
+    EXPECT_EQ(tracker.instances(), static_cast<int>(len));
     EXPECT_GE(tracker.copies() + tracker.moves(),
-              len);  // More due to reallocation.
+              static_cast<int>(len));  // More due to reallocation.
     tracker.ResetCopiesMovesSwaps();
 
     // Enlarging resize() must construct some objects
     tracker.ResetCopiesMovesSwaps();
     v.resize(len + 10, Instance(100));
-    EXPECT_EQ(tracker.instances(), len + 10);
+    EXPECT_EQ(tracker.instances(), static_cast<int>(len) + 10);
     if (len <= inlined_capacity && len + 10 > inlined_capacity) {
-      EXPECT_EQ(tracker.copies() + tracker.moves(), 10 + len);
+      EXPECT_EQ(tracker.copies() + tracker.moves(), 10 + static_cast<int>(len));
     } else {
       // Only specify a minimum number of copies + moves. We don't want to
       // depend on the reallocation policy here.
@@ -1007,29 +1055,30 @@ TYPED_TEST_P(InstanceTest, CountConstructorsDestructors) {
     // Shrinking resize() must destroy some objects
     tracker.ResetCopiesMovesSwaps();
     v.resize(len, Instance(100));
-    EXPECT_EQ(tracker.instances(), len);
+    EXPECT_EQ(tracker.instances(), static_cast<int>(len));
     EXPECT_EQ(tracker.copies(), 0);
     EXPECT_EQ(tracker.moves(), 0);
 
     // reserve() must not increase the number of initialized objects
     SCOPED_TRACE("reserve");
     v.reserve(len + 1000);
-    EXPECT_EQ(tracker.instances(), len);
-    EXPECT_EQ(tracker.copies() + tracker.moves(), len);
+    EXPECT_EQ(tracker.instances(), static_cast<int>(len));
+    EXPECT_EQ(tracker.copies() + tracker.moves(), static_cast<int>(len));
 
     // pop_back() and erase() must destroy one object
     if (len > 0) {
       tracker.ResetCopiesMovesSwaps();
       v.pop_back();
-      EXPECT_EQ(tracker.instances(), len - 1);
+      EXPECT_EQ(tracker.instances(), static_cast<int>(len) - 1);
       EXPECT_EQ(tracker.copies(), 0);
       EXPECT_EQ(tracker.moves(), 0);
 
       if (!v.empty()) {
         tracker.ResetCopiesMovesSwaps();
         v.erase(v.begin());
-        EXPECT_EQ(tracker.instances(), len - 2);
-        EXPECT_EQ(tracker.copies() + tracker.moves(), len - 2);
+        EXPECT_EQ(tracker.instances(), static_cast<int>(len) - 2);
+        EXPECT_EQ(tracker.copies() + tracker.moves(),
+                  static_cast<int>(len) - 2);
       }
     }
 
@@ -1086,12 +1135,12 @@ TYPED_TEST_P(InstanceTest, CountConstructorsDestructorsOnMoveConstruction) {
     tracker.ResetCopiesMovesSwaps();
     {
       InstanceVec v_copy(std::move(v));
-      if (len > inlined_capacity) {
+      if (static_cast<size_t>(len) > inlined_capacity) {
         // Allocation is moved as a whole.
         EXPECT_EQ(tracker.instances(), len);
         EXPECT_EQ(tracker.live_instances(), len);
         // Tests an implementation detail, don't rely on this in your code.
-        EXPECT_EQ(v.size(), 0);  // NOLINT misc-use-after-move
+        EXPECT_EQ(v.size(), 0u);  // NOLINT misc-use-after-move
         EXPECT_EQ(tracker.copies(), 0);
         EXPECT_EQ(tracker.moves(), 0);
       } else {
@@ -1157,7 +1206,7 @@ TYPED_TEST_P(InstanceTest, CountConstructorsDestructorsOnMoveAssignment) {
       tracker.ResetCopiesMovesSwaps();
 
       InstanceVec longer, shorter;
-      const int inlined_capacity = longer.capacity();
+      const size_t inlined_capacity = longer.capacity();
       for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
         longer.push_back(Instance(i));
         shorter.push_back(Instance(i));
@@ -1176,7 +1225,7 @@ TYPED_TEST_P(InstanceTest, CountConstructorsDestructorsOnMoveAssignment) {
         src_len = len;
         longer = std::move(shorter);
       }
-      if (src_len > inlined_capacity) {
+      if (static_cast<size_t>(src_len) > inlined_capacity) {
         // Allocation moved as a whole.
         EXPECT_EQ(tracker.instances(), src_len);
         EXPECT_EQ(tracker.live_instances(), src_len);
@@ -1201,6 +1250,8 @@ TYPED_TEST_P(InstanceTest, CountConstructorsDestructorsOnMoveAssignment) {
 }
 
 TEST(CountElemAssign, SimpleTypeWithInlineBacking) {
+  const size_t inlined_capacity = absl::InlinedVector<int, 2>().capacity();
+
   for (size_t original_size = 0; original_size <= 5; ++original_size) {
     SCOPED_TRACE(original_size);
     // Original contents are [12345, 12345, ...]
@@ -1209,10 +1260,10 @@ TEST(CountElemAssign, SimpleTypeWithInlineBacking) {
     absl::InlinedVector<int, 2> v(original_contents.begin(),
                                   original_contents.end());
     v.assign(2, 123);
-    EXPECT_THAT(v, AllOf(SizeIs(2), ElementsAre(123, 123)));
-    if (original_size <= 2) {
+    EXPECT_THAT(v, AllOf(SizeIs(2u), ElementsAre(123, 123)));
+    if (original_size <= inlined_capacity) {
       // If the original had inline backing, it should stay inline.
-      EXPECT_EQ(2, v.capacity());
+      EXPECT_EQ(v.capacity(), inlined_capacity);
     }
   }
 }
@@ -1226,7 +1277,7 @@ TEST(CountElemAssign, SimpleTypeWithAllocation) {
     absl::InlinedVector<int, 2> v(original_contents.begin(),
                                   original_contents.end());
     v.assign(3, 123);
-    EXPECT_THAT(v, AllOf(SizeIs(3), ElementsAre(123, 123, 123)));
+    EXPECT_THAT(v, AllOf(SizeIs(3u), ElementsAre(123, 123, 123)));
     EXPECT_LE(v.size(), v.capacity());
   }
 }
@@ -1241,10 +1292,10 @@ TYPED_TEST_P(InstanceTest, CountElemAssignInlineBacking) {
     absl::InlinedVector<Instance, 2> v(original_contents.begin(),
                                        original_contents.end());
     v.assign(2, Instance(123));
-    EXPECT_THAT(v, AllOf(SizeIs(2), ElementsAre(ValueIs(123), ValueIs(123))));
+    EXPECT_THAT(v, AllOf(SizeIs(2u), ElementsAre(ValueIs(123), ValueIs(123))));
     if (original_size <= 2) {
       // If the original had inline backing, it should stay inline.
-      EXPECT_EQ(2, v.capacity());
+      EXPECT_EQ(2u, v.capacity());
     }
   }
 }
@@ -1259,8 +1310,8 @@ void InstanceCountElemAssignWithAllocationTest() {
     absl::InlinedVector<Instance, 2> v(original_contents.begin(),
                                        original_contents.end());
     v.assign(3, Instance(123));
-    EXPECT_THAT(v, AllOf(SizeIs(3), ElementsAre(ValueIs(123), ValueIs(123),
-                                                ValueIs(123))));
+    EXPECT_THAT(v, AllOf(SizeIs(3u), ElementsAre(ValueIs(123), ValueIs(123),
+                                                 ValueIs(123))));
     EXPECT_LE(v.size(), v.capacity());
   }
 }
@@ -1275,16 +1326,17 @@ TEST(RangedConstructor, SimpleType) {
   std::vector<int> source_v = {4, 5, 6};
   // First try to fit in inline backing
   absl::InlinedVector<int, 4> v(source_v.begin(), source_v.end());
-  EXPECT_EQ(3, v.size());
-  EXPECT_EQ(4, v.capacity());  // Indication that we're still on inlined storage
+  EXPECT_EQ(3u, v.size());
+  EXPECT_EQ(4u,
+            v.capacity());  // Indication that we're still on inlined storage
   EXPECT_EQ(4, v[0]);
   EXPECT_EQ(5, v[1]);
   EXPECT_EQ(6, v[2]);
 
   // Now, force a re-allocate
   absl::InlinedVector<int, 2> realloc_v(source_v.begin(), source_v.end());
-  EXPECT_EQ(3, realloc_v.size());
-  EXPECT_LT(2, realloc_v.capacity());
+  EXPECT_EQ(3u, realloc_v.size());
+  EXPECT_LT(2u, realloc_v.capacity());
   EXPECT_EQ(4, realloc_v[0]);
   EXPECT_EQ(5, realloc_v[1]);
   EXPECT_EQ(6, realloc_v[2]);
@@ -1299,8 +1351,8 @@ void InstanceRangedConstructorTestForContainer() {
   tracker.ResetCopiesMovesSwaps();
   absl::InlinedVector<Instance, inlined_capacity> v(source_v.begin(),
                                                     source_v.end());
-  EXPECT_EQ(2, v.size());
-  EXPECT_LT(1, v.capacity());
+  EXPECT_EQ(2u, v.size());
+  EXPECT_LT(1u, v.capacity());
   EXPECT_EQ(0, v[0].value());
   EXPECT_EQ(1, v[1].value());
   EXPECT_EQ(tracker.copies(), 2);
@@ -1352,6 +1404,8 @@ TEST(RangedConstructor, ElementsAreConstructed) {
 }
 
 TEST(RangedAssign, SimpleType) {
+  const size_t inlined_capacity = absl::InlinedVector<int, 3>().capacity();
+
   // Test for all combinations of original sizes (empty and non-empty inline,
   // and out of line) and target sizes.
   for (size_t original_size = 0; original_size <= 5; ++original_size) {
@@ -1365,7 +1419,7 @@ TEST(RangedAssign, SimpleType) {
       // New contents are [3, 4, ...]
       std::vector<int> new_contents;
       for (size_t i = 0; i < target_size; ++i) {
-        new_contents.push_back(i + 3);
+        new_contents.push_back(static_cast<int>(i + 3));
       }
 
       absl::InlinedVector<int, 3> v(original_contents.begin(),
@@ -1374,9 +1428,10 @@ TEST(RangedAssign, SimpleType) {
 
       EXPECT_EQ(new_contents.size(), v.size());
       EXPECT_LE(new_contents.size(), v.capacity());
-      if (target_size <= 3 && original_size <= 3) {
+      if (target_size <= inlined_capacity &&
+          original_size <= inlined_capacity) {
         // Storage should stay inline when target size is small.
-        EXPECT_EQ(3, v.capacity());
+        EXPECT_EQ(v.capacity(), inlined_capacity);
       }
       EXPECT_THAT(v, ElementsAreArray(new_contents));
     }
@@ -1409,7 +1464,7 @@ void InstanceRangedAssignTestForContainer() {
       // TODO(bsamwel): Test with an input iterator.
       std::vector<Instance> new_contents_in;
       for (size_t i = 0; i < target_size; ++i) {
-        new_contents_in.push_back(Instance(i + 3));
+        new_contents_in.push_back(Instance(static_cast<int>(i) + 3));
       }
       SourceContainer new_contents(new_contents_in.begin(),
                                    new_contents_in.end());
@@ -1422,7 +1477,7 @@ void InstanceRangedAssignTestForContainer() {
       EXPECT_LE(new_contents.size(), v.capacity());
       if (target_size <= 3 && original_size <= 3) {
         // Storage should stay inline when target size is small.
-        EXPECT_EQ(3, v.capacity());
+        EXPECT_EQ(3u, v.capacity());
       }
       EXPECT_TRUE(std::equal(v.begin(), v.end(), new_contents.begin(),
                              InstanceValuesEqual<Instance>));
@@ -1446,12 +1501,12 @@ TYPED_TEST_P(InstanceTest, RangedAssign) {
 
 TEST(InitializerListConstructor, SimpleTypeWithInlineBacking) {
   EXPECT_THAT((absl::InlinedVector<int, 4>{4, 5, 6}),
-              AllOf(SizeIs(3), CapacityIs(4), ElementsAre(4, 5, 6)));
+              AllOf(SizeIs(3u), CapacityIs(4u), ElementsAre(4, 5, 6)));
 }
 
 TEST(InitializerListConstructor, SimpleTypeWithReallocationRequired) {
   EXPECT_THAT((absl::InlinedVector<int, 2>{4, 5, 6}),
-              AllOf(SizeIs(3), CapacityIs(Gt(2)), ElementsAre(4, 5, 6)));
+              AllOf(SizeIs(3u), CapacityIs(Gt(2u)), ElementsAre(4, 5, 6)));
 }
 
 TEST(InitializerListConstructor, DisparateTypesInList) {
@@ -1462,16 +1517,19 @@ TEST(InitializerListConstructor, DisparateTypesInList) {
 }
 
 TEST(InitializerListConstructor, ComplexTypeWithInlineBacking) {
-  EXPECT_THAT((absl::InlinedVector<CopyableMovableInstance, 1>{
-                  CopyableMovableInstance(0)}),
-              AllOf(SizeIs(1), CapacityIs(1), ElementsAre(ValueIs(0))));
+  const size_t inlined_capacity =
+      absl::InlinedVector<CopyableMovableInstance, 1>().capacity();
+  EXPECT_THAT(
+      (absl::InlinedVector<CopyableMovableInstance, 1>{
+          CopyableMovableInstance(0)}),
+      AllOf(SizeIs(1u), CapacityIs(inlined_capacity), ElementsAre(ValueIs(0))));
 }
 
 TEST(InitializerListConstructor, ComplexTypeWithReallocationRequired) {
-  EXPECT_THAT(
-      (absl::InlinedVector<CopyableMovableInstance, 1>{
-          CopyableMovableInstance(0), CopyableMovableInstance(1)}),
-      AllOf(SizeIs(2), CapacityIs(Gt(1)), ElementsAre(ValueIs(0), ValueIs(1))));
+  EXPECT_THAT((absl::InlinedVector<CopyableMovableInstance, 1>{
+                  CopyableMovableInstance(0), CopyableMovableInstance(1)}),
+              AllOf(SizeIs(2u), CapacityIs(Gt(1u)),
+                    ElementsAre(ValueIs(0), ValueIs(1))));
 }
 
 TEST(InitializerListAssign, SimpleTypeFitsInlineBacking) {
@@ -1481,14 +1539,14 @@ TEST(InitializerListAssign, SimpleTypeFitsInlineBacking) {
     absl::InlinedVector<int, 2> v1(original_size, 12345);
     const size_t original_capacity_v1 = v1.capacity();
     v1.assign({3});
-    EXPECT_THAT(
-        v1, AllOf(SizeIs(1), CapacityIs(original_capacity_v1), ElementsAre(3)));
+    EXPECT_THAT(v1, AllOf(SizeIs(1u), CapacityIs(original_capacity_v1),
+                          ElementsAre(3)));
 
     absl::InlinedVector<int, 2> v2(original_size, 12345);
     const size_t original_capacity_v2 = v2.capacity();
     v2 = {3};
-    EXPECT_THAT(
-        v2, AllOf(SizeIs(1), CapacityIs(original_capacity_v2), ElementsAre(3)));
+    EXPECT_THAT(v2, AllOf(SizeIs(1u), CapacityIs(original_capacity_v2),
+                          ElementsAre(3)));
   }
 }
 
@@ -1497,13 +1555,13 @@ TEST(InitializerListAssign, SimpleTypeDoesNotFitInlineBacking) {
     SCOPED_TRACE(original_size);
     absl::InlinedVector<int, 2> v1(original_size, 12345);
     v1.assign({3, 4, 5});
-    EXPECT_THAT(v1, AllOf(SizeIs(3), ElementsAre(3, 4, 5)));
-    EXPECT_LE(3, v1.capacity());
+    EXPECT_THAT(v1, AllOf(SizeIs(3u), ElementsAre(3, 4, 5)));
+    EXPECT_LE(3u, v1.capacity());
 
     absl::InlinedVector<int, 2> v2(original_size, 12345);
     v2 = {3, 4, 5};
-    EXPECT_THAT(v2, AllOf(SizeIs(3), ElementsAre(3, 4, 5)));
-    EXPECT_LE(3, v2.capacity());
+    EXPECT_THAT(v2, AllOf(SizeIs(3u), ElementsAre(3, 4, 5)));
+    EXPECT_LE(3u, v2.capacity());
   }
 }
 
@@ -1532,7 +1590,7 @@ TYPED_TEST_P(InstanceTest, InitializerListAssign) {
     absl::InlinedVector<Instance, 2> v(original_size, Instance(12345));
     const size_t original_capacity = v.capacity();
     v.assign({Instance(3)});
-    EXPECT_THAT(v, AllOf(SizeIs(1), CapacityIs(original_capacity),
+    EXPECT_THAT(v, AllOf(SizeIs(1u), CapacityIs(original_capacity),
                          ElementsAre(ValueIs(3))));
   }
   for (size_t original_size = 0; original_size <= 4; ++original_size) {
@@ -1540,8 +1598,8 @@ TYPED_TEST_P(InstanceTest, InitializerListAssign) {
     absl::InlinedVector<Instance, 2> v(original_size, Instance(12345));
     v.assign({Instance(3), Instance(4), Instance(5)});
     EXPECT_THAT(
-        v, AllOf(SizeIs(3), ElementsAre(ValueIs(3), ValueIs(4), ValueIs(5))));
-    EXPECT_LE(3, v.capacity());
+        v, AllOf(SizeIs(3u), ElementsAre(ValueIs(3), ValueIs(4), ValueIs(5))));
+    EXPECT_LE(3u, v.capacity());
   }
 }
 
@@ -1563,6 +1621,30 @@ TEST(DynamicVec, DynamicVecCompiles) {
   (void)v;
 }
 
+TEST(DynamicVec, CreateNonEmptyDynamicVec) {
+  DynamicVec v(1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(v.size(), 1u);
+}
+
+TEST(DynamicVec, EmplaceBack) {
+  DynamicVec v;
+  v.emplace_back(Dynamic{});
+  EXPECT_EQ(v.size(), 1u);
+}
+
+TEST(DynamicVec, EmplaceBackAfterHeapAllocation) {
+  DynamicVec v;
+  v.reserve(10);
+  v.emplace_back(Dynamic{});
+  EXPECT_EQ(v.size(), 1u);
+}
+
+TEST(DynamicVec, EmptyIteratorComparison) {
+  DynamicVec v;
+  EXPECT_EQ(v.begin(), v.end());
+  EXPECT_EQ(v.cbegin(), v.cend());
+}
+
 TEST(AllocatorSupportTest, Constructors) {
   using MyAlloc = CountingAllocator<int>;
   using AllocVec = absl::InlinedVector<int, 4, MyAlloc>;
@@ -1587,54 +1669,54 @@ TEST(AllocatorSupportTest, CountAllocations) {
   MyAlloc alloc(&allocated);
   {
     AllocVec ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED v(ia, ia + 4, alloc);
-    EXPECT_THAT(allocated, 0);
+    EXPECT_THAT(allocated, Eq(0));
   }
-  EXPECT_THAT(allocated, 0);
+  EXPECT_THAT(allocated, Eq(0));
   {
     AllocVec ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED v(ia, ia + ABSL_ARRAYSIZE(ia), alloc);
-    EXPECT_THAT(allocated, v.size() * sizeof(int));
+    EXPECT_THAT(allocated, Eq(static_cast<int64_t>(v.size() * sizeof(int))));
   }
-  EXPECT_THAT(allocated, 0);
+  EXPECT_THAT(allocated, Eq(0));
   {
     AllocVec v(4, 1, alloc);
-    EXPECT_THAT(allocated, 0);
+    EXPECT_THAT(allocated, Eq(0));
 
     int64_t allocated2 = 0;
     MyAlloc alloc2(&allocated2);
     AllocVec v2(v, alloc2);
-    EXPECT_THAT(allocated2, 0);
+    EXPECT_THAT(allocated2, Eq(0));
 
     int64_t allocated3 = 0;
     MyAlloc alloc3(&allocated3);
     AllocVec v3(std::move(v), alloc3);
-    EXPECT_THAT(allocated3, 0);
+    EXPECT_THAT(allocated3, Eq(0));
   }
   EXPECT_THAT(allocated, 0);
   {
     AllocVec v(8, 2, alloc);
-    EXPECT_THAT(allocated, v.size() * sizeof(int));
+    EXPECT_THAT(allocated, Eq(static_cast<int64_t>(v.size() * sizeof(int))));
 
     int64_t allocated2 = 0;
     MyAlloc alloc2(&allocated2);
     AllocVec v2(v, alloc2);
-    EXPECT_THAT(allocated2, v2.size() * sizeof(int));
+    EXPECT_THAT(allocated2, Eq(static_cast<int64_t>(v2.size() * sizeof(int))));
 
     int64_t allocated3 = 0;
     MyAlloc alloc3(&allocated3);
     AllocVec v3(std::move(v), alloc3);
-    EXPECT_THAT(allocated3, v3.size() * sizeof(int));
+    EXPECT_THAT(allocated3, Eq(static_cast<int64_t>(v3.size() * sizeof(int))));
   }
   EXPECT_EQ(allocated, 0);
   {
     // Test shrink_to_fit deallocations.
     AllocVec v(8, 2, alloc);
-    EXPECT_EQ(allocated, 8 * sizeof(int));
+    EXPECT_EQ(allocated, static_cast<int64_t>(8 * sizeof(int)));
     v.resize(5);
-    EXPECT_EQ(allocated, 8 * sizeof(int));
+    EXPECT_EQ(allocated, static_cast<int64_t>(8 * sizeof(int)));
     v.shrink_to_fit();
-    EXPECT_EQ(allocated, 5 * sizeof(int));
+    EXPECT_EQ(allocated, static_cast<int64_t>(5 * sizeof(int)));
     v.resize(4);
-    EXPECT_EQ(allocated, 5 * sizeof(int));
+    EXPECT_EQ(allocated, static_cast<int64_t>(5 * sizeof(int)));
     v.shrink_to_fit();
     EXPECT_EQ(allocated, 0);
   }
@@ -1653,13 +1735,17 @@ TEST(AllocatorSupportTest, SwapBothAllocated) {
     AllocVec v1(ia1, ia1 + ABSL_ARRAYSIZE(ia1), a1);
     AllocVec v2(ia2, ia2 + ABSL_ARRAYSIZE(ia2), a2);
     EXPECT_LT(v1.capacity(), v2.capacity());
-    EXPECT_THAT(allocated1, v1.capacity() * sizeof(int));
-    EXPECT_THAT(allocated2, v2.capacity() * sizeof(int));
+    EXPECT_THAT(allocated1,
+                Eq(static_cast<int64_t>(v1.capacity() * sizeof(int))));
+    EXPECT_THAT(allocated2,
+                Eq(static_cast<int64_t>(v2.capacity() * sizeof(int))));
     v1.swap(v2);
     EXPECT_THAT(v1, ElementsAreArray(ia2));
     EXPECT_THAT(v2, ElementsAreArray(ia1));
-    EXPECT_THAT(allocated1, v2.capacity() * sizeof(int));
-    EXPECT_THAT(allocated2, v1.capacity() * sizeof(int));
+    EXPECT_THAT(allocated1,
+                Eq(static_cast<int64_t>(v2.capacity() * sizeof(int))));
+    EXPECT_THAT(allocated2,
+                Eq(static_cast<int64_t>(v1.capacity() * sizeof(int))));
   }
   EXPECT_THAT(allocated1, 0);
   EXPECT_THAT(allocated2, 0);
@@ -1677,13 +1763,15 @@ TEST(AllocatorSupportTest, SwapOneAllocated) {
     MyAlloc a2(&allocated2);
     AllocVec v1(ia1, ia1 + ABSL_ARRAYSIZE(ia1), a1);
     AllocVec v2(ia2, ia2 + ABSL_ARRAYSIZE(ia2), a2);
-    EXPECT_THAT(allocated1, v1.capacity() * sizeof(int));
-    EXPECT_THAT(allocated2, 0);
+    EXPECT_THAT(allocated1,
+                Eq(static_cast<int64_t>(v1.capacity() * sizeof(int))));
+    EXPECT_THAT(allocated2, Eq(0));
     v1.swap(v2);
     EXPECT_THAT(v1, ElementsAreArray(ia2));
     EXPECT_THAT(v2, ElementsAreArray(ia1));
-    EXPECT_THAT(allocated1, v2.capacity() * sizeof(int));
-    EXPECT_THAT(allocated2, 0);
+    EXPECT_THAT(allocated1,
+                Eq(static_cast<int64_t>(v2.capacity() * sizeof(int))));
+    EXPECT_THAT(allocated2, Eq(0));
     EXPECT_TRUE(v2.get_allocator() == a1);
     EXPECT_TRUE(v1.get_allocator() == a2);
   }
@@ -1745,7 +1833,7 @@ TEST(AllocatorSupportTest, ScopedAllocatorWorksAllocated) {
 }
 
 TEST(AllocatorSupportTest, SizeAllocConstructor) {
-  constexpr int inlined_size = 4;
+  constexpr size_t inlined_size = 4;
   using Alloc = CountingAllocator<int>;
   using AllocVec = absl::InlinedVector<int, inlined_size, Alloc>;
 
@@ -1755,7 +1843,7 @@ TEST(AllocatorSupportTest, SizeAllocConstructor) {
     auto v = AllocVec(len, Alloc(&allocated));
 
     // Inline storage used; allocator should not be invoked
-    EXPECT_THAT(allocated, 0);
+    EXPECT_THAT(allocated, Eq(0));
     EXPECT_THAT(v, AllOf(SizeIs(len), Each(0)));
   }
 
@@ -1765,7 +1853,7 @@ TEST(AllocatorSupportTest, SizeAllocConstructor) {
     auto v = AllocVec(len, Alloc(&allocated));
 
     // Out of line storage used; allocation of 8 elements expected
-    EXPECT_THAT(allocated, len * sizeof(int));
+    EXPECT_THAT(allocated, Eq(static_cast<int64_t>(len * sizeof(int))));
     EXPECT_THAT(v, AllOf(SizeIs(len), Each(0)));
   }
 }
@@ -1800,9 +1888,9 @@ TEST(InlinedVectorTest, AbslHashValueWorks) {
 
   // Generate a variety of vectors some of these are small enough for the inline
   // space but are stored out of line.
-  for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
     V v;
-    for (int j = 0; j < i; ++j) {
+    for (int j = 0; j < static_cast<int>(i); ++j) {
       v.push_back(j);
     }
     cases.push_back(v);
@@ -1813,4 +1901,226 @@ TEST(InlinedVectorTest, AbslHashValueWorks) {
   EXPECT_TRUE(absl::VerifyTypeImplementsAbslHashCorrectly(cases));
 }
 
+class MoveConstructibleOnlyInstance
+    : public absl::test_internal::BaseCountedInstance {
+ public:
+  explicit MoveConstructibleOnlyInstance(int x) : BaseCountedInstance(x) {}
+  MoveConstructibleOnlyInstance(MoveConstructibleOnlyInstance&& other) =
+      default;
+  MoveConstructibleOnlyInstance& operator=(
+      MoveConstructibleOnlyInstance&& other) = delete;
+};
+
+MATCHER(HasValue, "") {
+  return ::testing::get<0>(arg).value() == ::testing::get<1>(arg);
+}
+
+TEST(NonAssignableMoveAssignmentTest, AllocatedToInline) {
+  using X = MoveConstructibleOnlyInstance;
+  InstanceTracker tracker;
+  absl::InlinedVector<X, 2> inlined;
+  inlined.emplace_back(1);
+  absl::InlinedVector<X, 2> allocated;
+  allocated.emplace_back(1);
+  allocated.emplace_back(2);
+  allocated.emplace_back(3);
+  tracker.ResetCopiesMovesSwaps();
+
+  inlined = std::move(allocated);
+  // passed ownership of the allocated storage
+  EXPECT_EQ(tracker.moves(), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(tracker.live_instances(), 3);
+
+  EXPECT_THAT(inlined, Pointwise(HasValue(), {1, 2, 3}));
+}
+
+TEST(NonAssignableMoveAssignmentTest, InlineToAllocated) {
+  using X = MoveConstructibleOnlyInstance;
+  InstanceTracker tracker;
+  absl::InlinedVector<X, 2> inlined;
+  inlined.emplace_back(1);
+  absl::InlinedVector<X, 2> allocated;
+  allocated.emplace_back(1);
+  allocated.emplace_back(2);
+  allocated.emplace_back(3);
+  tracker.ResetCopiesMovesSwaps();
+
+  allocated = std::move(inlined);
+  // Moved elements
+  EXPECT_EQ(tracker.moves(), 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(tracker.live_instances(), 1);
+
+  EXPECT_THAT(allocated, Pointwise(HasValue(), {1}));
+}
+
+TEST(NonAssignableMoveAssignmentTest, InlineToInline) {
+  using X = MoveConstructibleOnlyInstance;
+  InstanceTracker tracker;
+  absl::InlinedVector<X, 2> inlined_a;
+  inlined_a.emplace_back(1);
+  absl::InlinedVector<X, 2> inlined_b;
+  inlined_b.emplace_back(1);
+  tracker.ResetCopiesMovesSwaps();
+
+  inlined_a = std::move(inlined_b);
+  // Moved elements
+  EXPECT_EQ(tracker.moves(), 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(tracker.live_instances(), 1);
+
+  EXPECT_THAT(inlined_a, Pointwise(HasValue(), {1}));
+}
+
+TEST(NonAssignableMoveAssignmentTest, AllocatedToAllocated) {
+  using X = MoveConstructibleOnlyInstance;
+  InstanceTracker tracker;
+  absl::InlinedVector<X, 2> allocated_a;
+  allocated_a.emplace_back(1);
+  allocated_a.emplace_back(2);
+  allocated_a.emplace_back(3);
+  absl::InlinedVector<X, 2> allocated_b;
+  allocated_b.emplace_back(4);
+  allocated_b.emplace_back(5);
+  allocated_b.emplace_back(6);
+  allocated_b.emplace_back(7);
+  tracker.ResetCopiesMovesSwaps();
+
+  allocated_a = std::move(allocated_b);
+  // passed ownership of the allocated storage
+  EXPECT_EQ(tracker.moves(), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(tracker.live_instances(), 4);
+
+  EXPECT_THAT(allocated_a, Pointwise(HasValue(), {4, 5, 6, 7}));
+}
+
+TEST(NonAssignableMoveAssignmentTest, AssignThis) {
+  using X = MoveConstructibleOnlyInstance;
+  InstanceTracker tracker;
+  absl::InlinedVector<X, 2> v;
+  v.emplace_back(1);
+  v.emplace_back(2);
+  v.emplace_back(3);
+
+  tracker.ResetCopiesMovesSwaps();
+
+  // Obfuscated in order to pass -Wself-move.
+  v = std::move(*std::addressof(v));
+  // nothing happens
+  EXPECT_EQ(tracker.moves(), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(tracker.live_instances(), 3);
+
+  EXPECT_THAT(v, Pointwise(HasValue(), {1, 2, 3}));
+}
+
+class NonSwappableInstance : public absl::test_internal::BaseCountedInstance {
+ public:
+  explicit NonSwappableInstance(int x) : BaseCountedInstance(x) {}
+  NonSwappableInstance(const NonSwappableInstance& other) = default;
+  NonSwappableInstance& operator=(const NonSwappableInstance& other) = default;
+  NonSwappableInstance(NonSwappableInstance&& other) = default;
+  NonSwappableInstance& operator=(NonSwappableInstance&& other) = default;
+};
+
+void swap(NonSwappableInstance&, NonSwappableInstance&) = delete;
+
+TEST(NonSwappableSwapTest, InlineAndAllocatedTransferStorageAndMove) {
+  using X = NonSwappableInstance;
+  InstanceTracker tracker;
+  absl::InlinedVector<X, 2> inlined;
+  inlined.emplace_back(1);
+  absl::InlinedVector<X, 2> allocated;
+  allocated.emplace_back(1);
+  allocated.emplace_back(2);
+  allocated.emplace_back(3);
+  tracker.ResetCopiesMovesSwaps();
+
+  inlined.swap(allocated);
+  EXPECT_EQ(tracker.moves(), 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(tracker.live_instances(), 4);
+
+  EXPECT_THAT(inlined, Pointwise(HasValue(), {1, 2, 3}));
+}
+
+TEST(NonSwappableSwapTest, InlineAndInlineMoveIndividualElements) {
+  using X = NonSwappableInstance;
+  InstanceTracker tracker;
+  absl::InlinedVector<X, 2> inlined_a;
+  inlined_a.emplace_back(1);
+  absl::InlinedVector<X, 2> inlined_b;
+  inlined_b.emplace_back(2);
+  tracker.ResetCopiesMovesSwaps();
+
+  inlined_a.swap(inlined_b);
+  EXPECT_EQ(tracker.moves(), 3);
+  EXPECT_EQ(tracker.live_instances(), 2);
+
+  EXPECT_THAT(inlined_a, Pointwise(HasValue(), {2}));
+  EXPECT_THAT(inlined_b, Pointwise(HasValue(), {1}));
+}
+
+TEST(NonSwappableSwapTest, AllocatedAndAllocatedOnlyTransferStorage) {
+  using X = NonSwappableInstance;
+  InstanceTracker tracker;
+  absl::InlinedVector<X, 2> allocated_a;
+  allocated_a.emplace_back(1);
+  allocated_a.emplace_back(2);
+  allocated_a.emplace_back(3);
+  absl::InlinedVector<X, 2> allocated_b;
+  allocated_b.emplace_back(4);
+  allocated_b.emplace_back(5);
+  allocated_b.emplace_back(6);
+  allocated_b.emplace_back(7);
+  tracker.ResetCopiesMovesSwaps();
+
+  allocated_a.swap(allocated_b);
+  EXPECT_EQ(tracker.moves(), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(tracker.live_instances(), 7);
+
+  EXPECT_THAT(allocated_a, Pointwise(HasValue(), {4, 5, 6, 7}));
+  EXPECT_THAT(allocated_b, Pointwise(HasValue(), {1, 2, 3}));
+}
+
+TEST(NonSwappableSwapTest, SwapThis) {
+  using X = NonSwappableInstance;
+  InstanceTracker tracker;
+  absl::InlinedVector<X, 2> v;
+  v.emplace_back(1);
+  v.emplace_back(2);
+  v.emplace_back(3);
+
+  tracker.ResetCopiesMovesSwaps();
+
+  v.swap(v);
+  EXPECT_EQ(tracker.moves(), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(tracker.live_instances(), 3);
+
+  EXPECT_THAT(v, Pointwise(HasValue(), {1, 2, 3}));
+}
+
+template <size_t N>
+using CharVec = absl::InlinedVector<char, N>;
+
+// Warning: This struct "simulates" the type `InlinedVector::Storage::Allocated`
+// to make reasonable expectations for inlined storage capacity optimization. If
+// implementation changes `Allocated`, then `MySpan` and tests that use it need
+// to be updated accordingly.
+template <typename T>
+struct MySpan {
+  T* data;
+  size_t size;
+};
+
+TEST(StorageTest, InlinedCapacityAutoIncrease) {
+  // The requested capacity is auto increased to `sizeof(MySpan<char>)`.
+  EXPECT_GT(CharVec<1>().capacity(), 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(CharVec<1>().capacity(), sizeof(MySpan<char>));
+  EXPECT_EQ(CharVec<1>().capacity(), CharVec<2>().capacity());
+  EXPECT_EQ(sizeof(CharVec<1>), sizeof(CharVec<2>));
+
+  // The requested capacity is auto increased to
+  // `sizeof(MySpan<int>) / sizeof(int)`.
+  EXPECT_GT((absl::InlinedVector<int, 1>().capacity()), 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ((absl::InlinedVector<int, 1>().capacity()),
+            sizeof(MySpan<int>) / sizeof(int));
+}
+
 }  // anonymous namespace
diff --git a/absl/container/internal/btree.h b/absl/container/internal/btree.h
index 01f4e749..569faa07 100644
--- a/absl/container/internal/btree.h
+++ b/absl/container/internal/btree.h
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@
 #include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
 #include "absl/base/macros.h"
 #include "absl/container/internal/common.h"
+#include "absl/container/internal/common_policy_traits.h"
 #include "absl/container/internal/compressed_tuple.h"
 #include "absl/container/internal/container_memory.h"
 #include "absl/container/internal/layout.h"
@@ -85,6 +86,12 @@ namespace container_internal {
 #define ABSL_BTREE_ENABLE_GENERATIONS
 #endif
 
+#ifdef ABSL_BTREE_ENABLE_GENERATIONS
+constexpr bool BtreeGenerationsEnabled() { return true; }
+#else
+constexpr bool BtreeGenerationsEnabled() { return false; }
+#endif
+
 template <typename Compare, typename T, typename U>
 using compare_result_t = absl::result_of_t<const Compare(const T &, const U &)>;
 
@@ -100,7 +107,7 @@ struct StringBtreeDefaultLess {
   StringBtreeDefaultLess() = default;
 
   // Compatibility constructor.
-  StringBtreeDefaultLess(std::less<std::string>) {}  // NOLINT
+  StringBtreeDefaultLess(std::less<std::string>) {}        // NOLINT
   StringBtreeDefaultLess(std::less<absl::string_view>) {}  // NOLINT
 
   // Allow converting to std::less for use in key_comp()/value_comp().
@@ -132,7 +139,7 @@ struct StringBtreeDefaultGreater {
 
   StringBtreeDefaultGreater() = default;
 
-  StringBtreeDefaultGreater(std::greater<std::string>) {}  // NOLINT
+  StringBtreeDefaultGreater(std::greater<std::string>) {}        // NOLINT
   StringBtreeDefaultGreater(std::greater<absl::string_view>) {}  // NOLINT
 
   // Allow converting to std::greater for use in key_comp()/value_comp().
@@ -356,7 +363,7 @@ class map_value_compare {
 
 template <typename Key, typename Compare, typename Alloc, int TargetNodeSize,
           bool IsMulti, bool IsMap, typename SlotPolicy>
-struct common_params {
+struct common_params : common_policy_traits<SlotPolicy> {
   using original_key_compare = Compare;
 
   // If Compare is a common comparator for a string-like type, then we adapt it
@@ -376,14 +383,7 @@ struct common_params {
       std::is_same<key_compare, StringBtreeDefaultLess>::value ||
       std::is_same<key_compare, StringBtreeDefaultGreater>::value;
   static constexpr bool kIsKeyCompareTransparent =
-      IsTransparent<original_key_compare>::value ||
-      kIsKeyCompareStringAdapted;
-  static constexpr bool kEnableGenerations =
-#ifdef ABSL_BTREE_ENABLE_GENERATIONS
-      true;
-#else
-      false;
-#endif
+      IsTransparent<original_key_compare>::value || kIsKeyCompareStringAdapted;
 
   // A type which indicates if we have a key-compare-to functor or a plain old
   // key-compare functor.
@@ -430,8 +430,7 @@ struct common_params {
     // Upper bound for the available space for slots. This is largest for leaf
     // nodes, which have overhead of at least a pointer + 4 bytes (for storing
     // 3 field_types and an enum).
-    kNodeSlotSpace =
-        TargetNodeSize - /*minimum overhead=*/(sizeof(void *) + 4),
+    kNodeSlotSpace = TargetNodeSize - /*minimum overhead=*/(sizeof(void *) + 4),
   };
 
   // This is an integral type large enough to hold as many slots as will fit a
@@ -440,28 +439,6 @@ struct common_params {
       absl::conditional_t<(kNodeSlotSpace / sizeof(slot_type) >
                            (std::numeric_limits<uint8_t>::max)()),
                           uint16_t, uint8_t>;  // NOLINT
-
-  // The following methods are necessary for passing this struct as PolicyTraits
-  // for node_handle and/or are used within btree.
-  static value_type &element(slot_type *slot) {
-    return slot_policy::element(slot);
-  }
-  static const value_type &element(const slot_type *slot) {
-    return slot_policy::element(slot);
-  }
-  template <class... Args>
-  static void construct(Alloc *alloc, slot_type *slot, Args &&... args) {
-    slot_policy::construct(alloc, slot, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
-  }
-  static void construct(Alloc *alloc, slot_type *slot, slot_type *other) {
-    slot_policy::construct(alloc, slot, other);
-  }
-  static void destroy(Alloc *alloc, slot_type *slot) {
-    slot_policy::destroy(alloc, slot);
-  }
-  static void transfer(Alloc *alloc, slot_type *new_slot, slot_type *old_slot) {
-    slot_policy::transfer(alloc, new_slot, old_slot);
-  }
 };
 
 // An adapter class that converts a lower-bound compare into an upper-bound
@@ -612,7 +589,7 @@ class btree_node {
   constexpr static size_type SizeWithNSlots(size_type n) {
     return layout_type(
                /*parent*/ 1,
-               /*generation*/ params_type::kEnableGenerations ? 1 : 0,
+               /*generation*/ BtreeGenerationsEnabled() ? 1 : 0,
                /*position, start, finish, max_count*/ 4,
                /*slots*/ n,
                /*children*/ 0)
@@ -628,49 +605,48 @@ class btree_node {
   constexpr static size_type NodeTargetSlots(const size_type begin,
                                              const size_type end) {
     return begin == end ? begin
-                        : SizeWithNSlots((begin + end) / 2 + 1) >
-                                  params_type::kTargetNodeSize
-                              ? NodeTargetSlots(begin, (begin + end) / 2)
-                              : NodeTargetSlots((begin + end) / 2 + 1, end);
+           : SizeWithNSlots((begin + end) / 2 + 1) >
+                   params_type::kTargetNodeSize
+               ? NodeTargetSlots(begin, (begin + end) / 2)
+               : NodeTargetSlots((begin + end) / 2 + 1, end);
   }
 
-  enum {
-    kTargetNodeSize = params_type::kTargetNodeSize,
-    kNodeTargetSlots = NodeTargetSlots(0, params_type::kTargetNodeSize),
-
-    // We need a minimum of 3 slots per internal node in order to perform
-    // splitting (1 value for the two nodes involved in the split and 1 value
-    // propagated to the parent as the delimiter for the split). For performance
-    // reasons, we don't allow 3 slots-per-node due to bad worst case occupancy
-    // of 1/3 (for a node, not a b-tree).
-    kMinNodeSlots = 4,
-
-    kNodeSlots =
-        kNodeTargetSlots >= kMinNodeSlots ? kNodeTargetSlots : kMinNodeSlots,
-
-    // The node is internal (i.e. is not a leaf node) if and only if `max_count`
-    // has this value.
-    kInternalNodeMaxCount = 0,
-  };
+  constexpr static size_type kTargetNodeSize = params_type::kTargetNodeSize;
+  constexpr static size_type kNodeTargetSlots =
+      NodeTargetSlots(0, kTargetNodeSize);
 
-  // Leaves can have less than kNodeSlots values.
-  constexpr static layout_type LeafLayout(const int slot_count = kNodeSlots) {
+  // We need a minimum of 3 slots per internal node in order to perform
+  // splitting (1 value for the two nodes involved in the split and 1 value
+  // propagated to the parent as the delimiter for the split). For performance
+  // reasons, we don't allow 3 slots-per-node due to bad worst case occupancy of
+  // 1/3 (for a node, not a b-tree).
+  constexpr static size_type kMinNodeSlots = 4;
+
+  constexpr static size_type kNodeSlots =
+      kNodeTargetSlots >= kMinNodeSlots ? kNodeTargetSlots : kMinNodeSlots;
+
+  // The node is internal (i.e. is not a leaf node) if and only if `max_count`
+  // has this value.
+  constexpr static field_type kInternalNodeMaxCount = 0;
+
+  constexpr static layout_type Layout(const size_type slot_count,
+                                      const size_type child_count) {
     return layout_type(
         /*parent*/ 1,
-        /*generation*/ params_type::kEnableGenerations ? 1 : 0,
+        /*generation*/ BtreeGenerationsEnabled() ? 1 : 0,
         /*position, start, finish, max_count*/ 4,
         /*slots*/ slot_count,
-        /*children*/ 0);
+        /*children*/ child_count);
+  }
+  // Leaves can have less than kNodeSlots values.
+  constexpr static layout_type LeafLayout(
+      const size_type slot_count = kNodeSlots) {
+    return Layout(slot_count, 0);
   }
   constexpr static layout_type InternalLayout() {
-    return layout_type(
-        /*parent*/ 1,
-        /*generation*/ params_type::kEnableGenerations ? 1 : 0,
-        /*position, start, finish, max_count*/ 4,
-        /*slots*/ kNodeSlots,
-        /*children*/ kNodeSlots + 1);
+    return Layout(kNodeSlots, kNodeSlots + 1);
   }
-  constexpr static size_type LeafSize(const int slot_count = kNodeSlots) {
+  constexpr static size_type LeafSize(const size_type slot_count = kNodeSlots) {
     return LeafLayout(slot_count).AllocSize();
   }
   constexpr static size_type InternalSize() {
@@ -693,10 +669,10 @@ class btree_node {
   }
   void set_parent(btree_node *p) { *GetField<0>() = p; }
   field_type &mutable_finish() { return GetField<2>()[2]; }
-  slot_type *slot(int i) { return &GetField<3>()[i]; }
+  slot_type *slot(size_type i) { return &GetField<3>()[i]; }
   slot_type *start_slot() { return slot(start()); }
   slot_type *finish_slot() { return slot(finish()); }
-  const slot_type *slot(int i) const { return &GetField<3>()[i]; }
+  const slot_type *slot(size_type i) const { return &GetField<3>()[i]; }
   void set_position(field_type v) { GetField<2>()[0] = v; }
   void set_start(field_type v) { GetField<2>()[1] = v; }
   void set_finish(field_type v) { GetField<2>()[2] = v; }
@@ -752,7 +728,7 @@ class btree_node {
 
   // Gets the root node's generation integer, which is the one used by the tree.
   uint32_t *get_root_generation() const {
-    assert(params_type::kEnableGenerations);
+    assert(BtreeGenerationsEnabled());
     const btree_node *curr = this;
     for (; !curr->is_root(); curr = curr->parent()) continue;
     return const_cast<uint32_t *>(&curr->GetField<1>()[0]);
@@ -760,64 +736,69 @@ class btree_node {
 
   // Returns the generation for iterator validation.
   uint32_t generation() const {
-    return params_type::kEnableGenerations ? *get_root_generation() : 0;
+    return BtreeGenerationsEnabled() ? *get_root_generation() : 0;
   }
   // Updates generation. Should only be called on a root node or during node
   // initialization.
   void set_generation(uint32_t generation) {
-    if (params_type::kEnableGenerations) GetField<1>()[0] = generation;
+    if (BtreeGenerationsEnabled()) GetField<1>()[0] = generation;
   }
   // Updates the generation. We do this whenever the node is mutated.
   void next_generation() {
-    if (params_type::kEnableGenerations) ++*get_root_generation();
+    if (BtreeGenerationsEnabled()) ++*get_root_generation();
   }
 
   // Getters for the key/value at position i in the node.
-  const key_type &key(int i) const { return params_type::key(slot(i)); }
-  reference value(int i) { return params_type::element(slot(i)); }
-  const_reference value(int i) const { return params_type::element(slot(i)); }
+  const key_type &key(size_type i) const { return params_type::key(slot(i)); }
+  reference value(size_type i) { return params_type::element(slot(i)); }
+  const_reference value(size_type i) const {
+    return params_type::element(slot(i));
+  }
 
   // Getters/setter for the child at position i in the node.
-  btree_node *child(int i) const { return GetField<4>()[i]; }
+  btree_node *child(field_type i) const { return GetField<4>()[i]; }
   btree_node *start_child() const { return child(start()); }
-  btree_node *&mutable_child(int i) { return GetField<4>()[i]; }
-  void clear_child(int i) {
+  btree_node *&mutable_child(field_type i) { return GetField<4>()[i]; }
+  void clear_child(field_type i) {
     absl::container_internal::SanitizerPoisonObject(&mutable_child(i));
   }
-  void set_child(int i, btree_node *c) {
+  void set_child_noupdate_position(field_type i, btree_node *c) {
     absl::container_internal::SanitizerUnpoisonObject(&mutable_child(i));
     mutable_child(i) = c;
+  }
+  void set_child(field_type i, btree_node *c) {
+    set_child_noupdate_position(i, c);
     c->set_position(i);
   }
-  void init_child(int i, btree_node *c) {
+  void init_child(field_type i, btree_node *c) {
     set_child(i, c);
     c->set_parent(this);
   }
 
   // Returns the position of the first value whose key is not less than k.
   template <typename K>
-  SearchResult<int, is_key_compare_to::value> lower_bound(
+  SearchResult<size_type, is_key_compare_to::value> lower_bound(
       const K &k, const key_compare &comp) const {
     return use_linear_search::value ? linear_search(k, comp)
                                     : binary_search(k, comp);
   }
   // Returns the position of the first value whose key is greater than k.
   template <typename K>
-  int upper_bound(const K &k, const key_compare &comp) const {
+  size_type upper_bound(const K &k, const key_compare &comp) const {
     auto upper_compare = upper_bound_adapter<key_compare>(comp);
     return use_linear_search::value ? linear_search(k, upper_compare).value
                                     : binary_search(k, upper_compare).value;
   }
 
   template <typename K, typename Compare>
-  SearchResult<int, btree_is_key_compare_to<Compare, key_type>::value>
+  SearchResult<size_type, btree_is_key_compare_to<Compare, key_type>::value>
   linear_search(const K &k, const Compare &comp) const {
     return linear_search_impl(k, start(), finish(), comp,
                               btree_is_key_compare_to<Compare, key_type>());
   }
 
   template <typename K, typename Compare>
-  SearchResult<int, btree_is_key_compare_to<Compare, key_type>::value>
+  SearchResult<size_type, btree_is_key_compare_to<Compare, key_type>::value>
   binary_search(const K &k, const Compare &comp) const {
     return binary_search_impl(k, start(), finish(), comp,
                               btree_is_key_compare_to<Compare, key_type>());
@@ -826,8 +807,8 @@ class btree_node {
   // Returns the position of the first value whose key is not less than k using
   // linear search performed using plain compare.
   template <typename K, typename Compare>
-  SearchResult<int, false> linear_search_impl(
-      const K &k, int s, const int e, const Compare &comp,
+  SearchResult<size_type, false> linear_search_impl(
+      const K &k, size_type s, const size_type e, const Compare &comp,
       std::false_type /* IsCompareTo */) const {
     while (s < e) {
       if (!comp(key(s), k)) {
@@ -835,14 +816,14 @@ class btree_node {
       }
       ++s;
     }
-    return SearchResult<int, false>{s};
+    return SearchResult<size_type, false>{s};
   }
 
   // Returns the position of the first value whose key is not less than k using
   // linear search performed using compare-to.
   template <typename K, typename Compare>
-  SearchResult<int, true> linear_search_impl(
-      const K &k, int s, const int e, const Compare &comp,
+  SearchResult<size_type, true> linear_search_impl(
+      const K &k, size_type s, const size_type e, const Compare &comp,
       std::true_type /* IsCompareTo */) const {
     while (s < e) {
       const absl::weak_ordering c = comp(key(s), k);
@@ -859,30 +840,30 @@ class btree_node {
   // Returns the position of the first value whose key is not less than k using
   // binary search performed using plain compare.
   template <typename K, typename Compare>
-  SearchResult<int, false> binary_search_impl(
-      const K &k, int s, int e, const Compare &comp,
+  SearchResult<size_type, false> binary_search_impl(
+      const K &k, size_type s, size_type e, const Compare &comp,
       std::false_type /* IsCompareTo */) const {
     while (s != e) {
-      const int mid = (s + e) >> 1;
+      const size_type mid = (s + e) >> 1;
       if (comp(key(mid), k)) {
         s = mid + 1;
       } else {
         e = mid;
       }
     }
-    return SearchResult<int, false>{s};
+    return SearchResult<size_type, false>{s};
   }
 
   // Returns the position of the first value whose key is not less than k using
   // binary search performed using compare-to.
   template <typename K, typename CompareTo>
-  SearchResult<int, true> binary_search_impl(
-      const K &k, int s, int e, const CompareTo &comp,
+  SearchResult<size_type, true> binary_search_impl(
+      const K &k, size_type s, size_type e, const CompareTo &comp,
       std::true_type /* IsCompareTo */) const {
     if (params_type::template can_have_multiple_equivalent_keys<K>()) {
       MatchKind exact_match = MatchKind::kNe;
       while (s != e) {
-        const int mid = (s + e) >> 1;
+        const size_type mid = (s + e) >> 1;
         const absl::weak_ordering c = comp(key(mid), k);
         if (c < 0) {
           s = mid + 1;
@@ -899,7 +880,7 @@ class btree_node {
       return {s, exact_match};
     } else {  // Can't have multiple equivalent keys.
       while (s != e) {
-        const int mid = (s + e) >> 1;
+        const size_type mid = (s + e) >> 1;
         const absl::weak_ordering c = comp(key(mid), k);
         if (c < 0) {
           s = mid + 1;
@@ -913,10 +894,42 @@ class btree_node {
     }
   }
 
+  // Returns whether key i is ordered correctly with respect to the other keys
+  // in the node. The motivation here is to detect comparators that violate
+  // transitivity. Note: we only do comparisons of keys on this node rather than
+  // the whole tree so that this is constant time.
+  template <typename Compare>
+  bool is_ordered_correctly(field_type i, const Compare &comp) const {
+    if (std::is_base_of<BtreeTestOnlyCheckedCompareOptOutBase,
+                        Compare>::value ||
+        params_type::kIsKeyCompareStringAdapted) {
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    const auto compare = [&](field_type a, field_type b) {
+      const absl::weak_ordering cmp =
+          compare_internal::do_three_way_comparison(comp, key(a), key(b));
+      return cmp < 0 ? -1 : cmp > 0 ? 1 : 0;
+    };
+    int cmp = -1;
+    constexpr bool kCanHaveEquivKeys =
+        params_type::template can_have_multiple_equivalent_keys<key_type>();
+    for (field_type j = start(); j < finish(); ++j) {
+      if (j == i) {
+        if (cmp > 0) return false;
+        continue;
+      }
+      int new_cmp = compare(j, i);
+      if (new_cmp < cmp || (!kCanHaveEquivKeys && new_cmp == 0)) return false;
+      cmp = new_cmp;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
   // Emplaces a value at position i, shifting all existing values and
   // children at positions >= i to the right by 1.
   template <typename... Args>
-  void emplace_value(size_type i, allocator_type *alloc, Args &&... args);
+  void emplace_value(field_type i, allocator_type *alloc, Args &&...args);
 
   // Removes the values at positions [i, i + to_erase), shifting all existing
   // values and children after that range to the left by to_erase. Clears all
@@ -924,9 +937,9 @@ class btree_node {
   void remove_values(field_type i, field_type to_erase, allocator_type *alloc);
 
   // Rebalances a node with its right sibling.
-  void rebalance_right_to_left(int to_move, btree_node *right,
+  void rebalance_right_to_left(field_type to_move, btree_node *right,
                                allocator_type *alloc);
-  void rebalance_left_to_right(int to_move, btree_node *right,
+  void rebalance_left_to_right(field_type to_move, btree_node *right,
                                allocator_type *alloc);
 
   // Splits a node, moving a portion of the node's values to its right sibling.
@@ -937,18 +950,19 @@ class btree_node {
   void merge(btree_node *src, allocator_type *alloc);
 
   // Node allocation/deletion routines.
-  void init_leaf(int max_count, btree_node *parent) {
+  void init_leaf(field_type position, field_type max_count,
+                 btree_node *parent) {
     set_generation(0);
     set_parent(parent);
-    set_position(0);
+    set_position(position);
     set_start(0);
     set_finish(0);
     set_max_count(max_count);
     absl::container_internal::SanitizerPoisonMemoryRegion(
         start_slot(), max_count * sizeof(slot_type));
   }
-  void init_internal(btree_node *parent) {
-    init_leaf(kNodeSlots, parent);
+  void init_internal(field_type position, btree_node *parent) {
+    init_leaf(position, kNodeSlots, parent);
     // Set `max_count` to a sentinel value to indicate that this node is
     // internal.
     set_max_count(kInternalNodeMaxCount);
@@ -958,6 +972,7 @@ class btree_node {
 
   static void deallocate(const size_type size, btree_node *node,
                          allocator_type *alloc) {
+    absl::container_internal::SanitizerUnpoisonMemoryRegion(node, size);
     absl::container_internal::Deallocate<Alignment()>(alloc, node, size);
   }
 
@@ -966,7 +981,7 @@ class btree_node {
 
  private:
   template <typename... Args>
-  void value_init(const field_type i, allocator_type *alloc, Args &&... args) {
+  void value_init(const field_type i, allocator_type *alloc, Args &&...args) {
     next_generation();
     absl::container_internal::SanitizerUnpoisonObject(slot(i));
     params_type::construct(alloc, slot(i), std::forward<Args>(args)...);
@@ -1017,10 +1032,15 @@ class btree_node {
                            const size_type src_i, btree_node *src_node,
                            allocator_type *alloc) {
     next_generation();
-    for (slot_type *src = src_node->slot(src_i + n - 1), *end = src - n,
-                   *dest = slot(dest_i + n - 1);
+    for (slot_type *src = src_node->slot(src_i + n), *end = src - n,
+                   *dest = slot(dest_i + n);
          src != end; --src, --dest) {
-      transfer(dest, src, alloc);
+      // If we modified the loop index calculations above to avoid the -1s here,
+      // it would result in UB in the computation of `end` (and possibly `src`
+      // as well, if n == 0), since slot() is effectively an array index and it
+      // is UB to compute the address of any out-of-bounds array element except
+      // for one-past-the-end.
+      transfer(dest - 1, src - 1, alloc);
     }
   }
 
@@ -1032,8 +1052,62 @@ class btree_node {
   friend struct btree_access;
 };
 
+template <typename Node>
+bool AreNodesFromSameContainer(const Node *node_a, const Node *node_b) {
+  // If either node is null, then give up on checking whether they're from the
+  // same container. (If exactly one is null, then we'll trigger the
+  // default-constructed assert in Equals.)
+  if (node_a == nullptr || node_b == nullptr) return true;
+  while (!node_a->is_root()) node_a = node_a->parent();
+  while (!node_b->is_root()) node_b = node_b->parent();
+  return node_a == node_b;
+}
+
+class btree_iterator_generation_info_enabled {
+ public:
+  explicit btree_iterator_generation_info_enabled(uint32_t g)
+      : generation_(g) {}
+
+  // Updates the generation. For use internally right before we return an
+  // iterator to the user.
+  template <typename Node>
+  void update_generation(const Node *node) {
+    if (node != nullptr) generation_ = node->generation();
+  }
+  uint32_t generation() const { return generation_; }
+
+  template <typename Node>
+  void assert_valid_generation(const Node *node) const {
+    if (node != nullptr && node->generation() != generation_) {
+      ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(
+          FATAL,
+          "Attempting to use an invalidated iterator. The corresponding b-tree "
+          "container has been mutated since this iterator was constructed.");
+    }
+  }
+
+ private:
+  // Used to check that the iterator hasn't been invalidated.
+  uint32_t generation_;
+};
+
+class btree_iterator_generation_info_disabled {
+ public:
+  explicit btree_iterator_generation_info_disabled(uint32_t) {}
+  static void update_generation(const void *) {}
+  static uint32_t generation() { return 0; }
+  static void assert_valid_generation(const void *) {}
+};
+
+#ifdef ABSL_BTREE_ENABLE_GENERATIONS
+using btree_iterator_generation_info = btree_iterator_generation_info_enabled;
+#else
+using btree_iterator_generation_info = btree_iterator_generation_info_disabled;
+#endif
+
 template <typename Node, typename Reference, typename Pointer>
-class btree_iterator {
+class btree_iterator : private btree_iterator_generation_info {
+  using field_type = typename Node::field_type;
   using key_type = typename Node::key_type;
   using size_type = typename Node::size_type;
   using params_type = typename Node::params_type;
@@ -1063,13 +1137,11 @@ class btree_iterator {
 
   btree_iterator() : btree_iterator(nullptr, -1) {}
   explicit btree_iterator(Node *n) : btree_iterator(n, n->start()) {}
-  btree_iterator(Node *n, int p) : node_(n), position_(p) {
-#ifdef ABSL_BTREE_ENABLE_GENERATIONS
-    // Use `~uint32_t{}` as a sentinel value for iterator generations so it
-    // doesn't match the initial value for the actual generation.
-    generation_ = n != nullptr ? n->generation() : ~uint32_t{};
-#endif
-  }
+  btree_iterator(Node *n, int p)
+      : btree_iterator_generation_info(n != nullptr ? n->generation()
+                                                    : ~uint32_t{}),
+        node_(n),
+        position_(p) {}
 
   // NOTE: this SFINAE allows for implicit conversions from iterator to
   // const_iterator, but it specifically avoids hiding the copy constructor so
@@ -1080,32 +1152,43 @@ class btree_iterator {
                     std::is_same<btree_iterator, const_iterator>::value,
                 int> = 0>
   btree_iterator(const btree_iterator<N, R, P> other)  // NOLINT
-      : node_(other.node_), position_(other.position_) {
-#ifdef ABSL_BTREE_ENABLE_GENERATIONS
-    generation_ = other.generation_;
-#endif
-  }
+      : btree_iterator_generation_info(other),
+        node_(other.node_),
+        position_(other.position_) {}
 
   bool operator==(const iterator &other) const {
-    return node_ == other.node_ && position_ == other.position_;
+    return Equals(other);
   }
   bool operator==(const const_iterator &other) const {
-    return node_ == other.node_ && position_ == other.position_;
+    return Equals(other);
   }
   bool operator!=(const iterator &other) const {
-    return node_ != other.node_ || position_ != other.position_;
+    return !Equals(other);
   }
   bool operator!=(const const_iterator &other) const {
-    return node_ != other.node_ || position_ != other.position_;
+    return !Equals(other);
+  }
+
+  // Returns n such that n calls to ++other yields *this.
+  // Precondition: n exists.
+  difference_type operator-(const_iterator other) const {
+    if (node_ == other.node_) {
+      if (node_->is_leaf()) return position_ - other.position_;
+      if (position_ == other.position_) return 0;
+    }
+    return distance_slow(other);
   }
 
   // Accessors for the key/value the iterator is pointing at.
   reference operator*() const {
     ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(node_ != nullptr);
-    ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(node_->start() <= position_);
-    ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(node_->finish() > position_);
-    assert_valid_generation();
-    return node_->value(position_);
+    assert_valid_generation(node_);
+    ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(position_ >= node_->start());
+    if (position_ >= node_->finish()) {
+      ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(!IsEndIterator() && "Dereferencing end() iterator");
+      ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(position_ < node_->finish());
+    }
+    return node_->value(static_cast<field_type>(position_));
   }
   pointer operator->() const { return &operator*(); }
 
@@ -1155,16 +1238,43 @@ class btree_iterator {
                     std::is_same<btree_iterator, iterator>::value,
                 int> = 0>
   explicit btree_iterator(const btree_iterator<N, R, P> other)
-      : node_(const_cast<node_type *>(other.node_)),
-        position_(other.position_) {
-#ifdef ABSL_BTREE_ENABLE_GENERATIONS
-    generation_ = other.generation_;
-#endif
+      : btree_iterator_generation_info(other.generation()),
+        node_(const_cast<node_type *>(other.node_)),
+        position_(other.position_) {}
+
+  bool Equals(const const_iterator other) const {
+    ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(((node_ == nullptr && other.node_ == nullptr) ||
+                           (node_ != nullptr && other.node_ != nullptr)) &&
+                          "Comparing default-constructed iterator with "
+                          "non-default-constructed iterator.");
+    // Note: we use assert instead of ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT here because this
+    // changes the complexity of Equals from O(1) to O(log(N) + log(M)) where
+    // N/M are sizes of the containers containing node_/other.node_.
+    assert(AreNodesFromSameContainer(node_, other.node_) &&
+           "Comparing iterators from different containers.");
+    assert_valid_generation(node_);
+    other.assert_valid_generation(other.node_);
+    return node_ == other.node_ && position_ == other.position_;
+  }
+
+  bool IsEndIterator() const {
+    if (position_ != node_->finish()) return false;
+    node_type *node = node_;
+    while (!node->is_root()) {
+      if (node->position() != node->parent()->finish()) return false;
+      node = node->parent();
+    }
+    return true;
   }
 
+  // Returns n such that n calls to ++other yields *this.
+  // Precondition: n exists && (this->node_ != other.node_ ||
+  // !this->node_->is_leaf() || this->position_ != other.position_).
+  difference_type distance_slow(const_iterator other) const;
+
   // Increment/decrement the iterator.
   void increment() {
-    assert_valid_generation();
+    assert_valid_generation(node_);
     if (node_->is_leaf() && ++position_ < node_->finish()) {
       return;
     }
@@ -1173,7 +1283,7 @@ class btree_iterator {
   void increment_slow();
 
   void decrement() {
-    assert_valid_generation();
+    assert_valid_generation(node_);
     if (node_->is_leaf() && --position_ >= node_->start()) {
       return;
     }
@@ -1181,28 +1291,15 @@ class btree_iterator {
   }
   void decrement_slow();
 
-  // Updates the generation. For use internally right before we return an
-  // iterator to the user.
-  void update_generation() {
-#ifdef ABSL_BTREE_ENABLE_GENERATIONS
-    if (node_ != nullptr) generation_ = node_->generation();
-#endif
+  const key_type &key() const {
+    return node_->key(static_cast<size_type>(position_));
   }
-
-  const key_type &key() const { return node_->key(position_); }
   decltype(std::declval<Node *>()->slot(0)) slot() {
-    return node_->slot(position_);
+    return node_->slot(static_cast<size_type>(position_));
   }
 
-  void assert_valid_generation() const {
-#ifdef ABSL_BTREE_ENABLE_GENERATIONS
-    if (node_ != nullptr && node_->generation() != generation_) {
-      ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(
-          FATAL,
-          "Attempting to use an invalidated iterator. The corresponding b-tree "
-          "container has been mutated since this iterator was constructed.");
-    }
-#endif
+  void update_generation() {
+    btree_iterator_generation_info::update_generation(node_);
   }
 
   // The node in the tree the iterator is pointing at.
@@ -1211,10 +1308,6 @@ class btree_iterator {
   // NOTE: this is an int rather than a field_type because iterators can point
   // to invalid positions (such as -1) in certain circumstances.
   int position_;
-#ifdef ABSL_BTREE_ENABLE_GENERATIONS
-  // Used to check that the iterator hasn't been invalidated.
-  uint32_t generation_;
-#endif
 };
 
 template <typename Params>
@@ -1242,7 +1335,7 @@ class btree {
     // MSVC has constexpr code generations bugs here.
     EmptyNodeType() : parent(this) {}
 #else
-    constexpr EmptyNodeType(node_type *p) : parent(p) {}
+    explicit constexpr EmptyNodeType(node_type *p) : parent(p) {}
 #endif
   };
 
@@ -1326,7 +1419,7 @@ class btree {
   btree(btree &&other) noexcept
       : root_(absl::exchange(other.root_, EmptyNode())),
         rightmost_(std::move(other.rightmost_)),
-        size_(absl::exchange(other.size_, 0)) {
+        size_(absl::exchange(other.size_, 0u)) {
     other.mutable_rightmost() = EmptyNode();
   }
   btree(btree &&other, const allocator_type &alloc)
@@ -1405,7 +1498,7 @@ class btree {
   // Requirement: if `key` already exists in the btree, does not consume `args`.
   // Requirement: `key` is never referenced after consuming `args`.
   template <typename K, typename... Args>
-  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert_unique(const K &key, Args &&... args);
+  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert_unique(const K &key, Args &&...args);
 
   // Inserts with hint. Checks to see if the value should be placed immediately
   // before `position` in the tree. If so, then the insertion will take
@@ -1414,9 +1507,8 @@ class btree {
   // Requirement: if `key` already exists in the btree, does not consume `args`.
   // Requirement: `key` is never referenced after consuming `args`.
   template <typename K, typename... Args>
-  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert_hint_unique(iterator position,
-                                               const K &key,
-                                               Args &&... args);
+  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert_hint_unique(iterator position, const K &key,
+                                               Args &&...args);
 
   // Insert a range of values into the btree.
   // Note: the first overload avoids constructing a value_type if the key
@@ -1450,7 +1542,8 @@ class btree {
 
   // Insert a range of values into the btree.
   template <typename InputIterator>
-  void insert_iterator_multi(InputIterator b, InputIterator e);
+  void insert_iterator_multi(InputIterator b,
+                             InputIterator e);
 
   // Erase the specified iterator from the btree. The iterator must be valid
   // (i.e. not equal to end()).  Return an iterator pointing to the node after
@@ -1543,8 +1636,7 @@ class btree {
   static double average_bytes_per_value() {
     // The expected number of values per node with random insertion order is the
     // average of the maximum and minimum numbers of values per node.
-    const double expected_values_per_node =
-        (kNodeSlots + kMinNodeValues) / 2.0;
+    const double expected_values_per_node = (kNodeSlots + kMinNodeValues) / 2.0;
     return node_type::LeafSize() / expected_values_per_node;
   }
 
@@ -1600,26 +1692,26 @@ class btree {
 
   // Allocates a correctly aligned node of at least size bytes using the
   // allocator.
-  node_type *allocate(const size_type size) {
+  node_type *allocate(size_type size) {
     return reinterpret_cast<node_type *>(
         absl::container_internal::Allocate<node_type::Alignment()>(
             mutable_allocator(), size));
   }
 
   // Node creation/deletion routines.
-  node_type *new_internal_node(node_type *parent) {
+  node_type *new_internal_node(field_type position, node_type *parent) {
     node_type *n = allocate(node_type::InternalSize());
-    n->init_internal(parent);
+    n->init_internal(position, parent);
     return n;
   }
-  node_type *new_leaf_node(node_type *parent) {
+  node_type *new_leaf_node(field_type position, node_type *parent) {
     node_type *n = allocate(node_type::LeafSize());
-    n->init_leaf(kNodeSlots, parent);
+    n->init_leaf(position, kNodeSlots, parent);
     return n;
   }
-  node_type *new_leaf_root_node(const int max_count) {
+  node_type *new_leaf_root_node(field_type max_count) {
     node_type *n = allocate(node_type::LeafSize(max_count));
-    n->init_leaf(max_count, /*parent=*/n);
+    n->init_leaf(/*position=*/0, max_count, /*parent=*/n);
     return n;
   }
 
@@ -1652,7 +1744,7 @@ class btree {
   // Emplaces a value into the btree immediately before iter. Requires that
   // key(v) <= iter.key() and (--iter).key() <= key(v).
   template <typename... Args>
-  iterator internal_emplace(iterator iter, Args &&... args);
+  iterator internal_emplace(iterator iter, Args &&...args);
 
   // Returns an iterator pointing to the first value >= the value "iter" is
   // pointing at. Note that "iter" might be pointing to an invalid location such
@@ -1685,8 +1777,8 @@ class btree {
   iterator internal_find(const K &key) const;
 
   // Verifies the tree structure of node.
-  int internal_verify(const node_type *node, const key_type *lo,
-                      const key_type *hi) const;
+  size_type internal_verify(const node_type *node, const key_type *lo,
+                            const key_type *hi) const;
 
   node_stats internal_stats(const node_type *node) const {
     // The root can be a static empty node.
@@ -1720,9 +1812,9 @@ class btree {
 // btree_node methods
 template <typename P>
 template <typename... Args>
-inline void btree_node<P>::emplace_value(const size_type i,
+inline void btree_node<P>::emplace_value(const field_type i,
                                          allocator_type *alloc,
-                                         Args &&... args) {
+                                         Args &&...args) {
   assert(i >= start());
   assert(i <= finish());
   // Shift old values to create space for new value and then construct it in
@@ -1731,7 +1823,7 @@ inline void btree_node<P>::emplace_value(const size_type i,
     transfer_n_backward(finish() - i, /*dest_i=*/i + 1, /*src_i=*/i, this,
                         alloc);
   }
-  value_init(i, alloc, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+  value_init(static_cast<field_type>(i), alloc, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
   set_finish(finish() + 1);
 
   if (is_internal() && finish() > i + 1) {
@@ -1754,11 +1846,11 @@ inline void btree_node<P>::remove_values(const field_type i,
 
   if (is_internal()) {
     // Delete all children between begin and end.
-    for (int j = 0; j < to_erase; ++j) {
+    for (field_type j = 0; j < to_erase; ++j) {
       clear_and_delete(child(i + j + 1), alloc);
     }
     // Rotate children after end into new positions.
-    for (int j = i + to_erase + 1; j <= orig_finish; ++j) {
+    for (field_type j = i + to_erase + 1; j <= orig_finish; ++j) {
       set_child(j - to_erase, child(j));
       clear_child(j);
     }
@@ -1767,7 +1859,7 @@ inline void btree_node<P>::remove_values(const field_type i,
 }
 
 template <typename P>
-void btree_node<P>::rebalance_right_to_left(const int to_move,
+void btree_node<P>::rebalance_right_to_left(field_type to_move,
                                             btree_node *right,
                                             allocator_type *alloc) {
   assert(parent() == right->parent());
@@ -1791,10 +1883,10 @@ void btree_node<P>::rebalance_right_to_left(const int to_move,
 
   if (is_internal()) {
     // Move the child pointers from the right to the left node.
-    for (int i = 0; i < to_move; ++i) {
+    for (field_type i = 0; i < to_move; ++i) {
       init_child(finish() + i + 1, right->child(i));
     }
-    for (int i = right->start(); i <= right->finish() - to_move; ++i) {
+    for (field_type i = right->start(); i <= right->finish() - to_move; ++i) {
       assert(i + to_move <= right->max_count());
       right->init_child(i, right->child(i + to_move));
       right->clear_child(i + to_move);
@@ -1807,7 +1899,7 @@ void btree_node<P>::rebalance_right_to_left(const int to_move,
 }
 
 template <typename P>
-void btree_node<P>::rebalance_left_to_right(const int to_move,
+void btree_node<P>::rebalance_left_to_right(field_type to_move,
                                             btree_node *right,
                                             allocator_type *alloc) {
   assert(parent() == right->parent());
@@ -1838,11 +1930,11 @@ void btree_node<P>::rebalance_left_to_right(const int to_move,
 
   if (is_internal()) {
     // Move the child pointers from the left to the right node.
-    for (int i = right->finish(); i >= right->start(); --i) {
-      right->init_child(i + to_move, right->child(i));
-      right->clear_child(i);
+    for (field_type i = right->finish() + 1; i > right->start(); --i) {
+      right->init_child(i - 1 + to_move, right->child(i - 1));
+      right->clear_child(i - 1);
     }
-    for (int i = 1; i <= to_move; ++i) {
+    for (field_type i = 1; i <= to_move; ++i) {
       right->init_child(i - 1, child(finish() - to_move + i));
       clear_child(finish() - to_move + i);
     }
@@ -1858,6 +1950,8 @@ void btree_node<P>::split(const int insert_position, btree_node *dest,
                           allocator_type *alloc) {
   assert(dest->count() == 0);
   assert(max_count() == kNodeSlots);
+  assert(position() + 1 == dest->position());
+  assert(parent() == dest->parent());
 
   // We bias the split based on the position being inserted. If we're
   // inserting at the beginning of the left node then bias the split to put
@@ -1880,10 +1974,10 @@ void btree_node<P>::split(const int insert_position, btree_node *dest,
   --mutable_finish();
   parent()->emplace_value(position(), alloc, finish_slot());
   value_destroy(finish(), alloc);
-  parent()->init_child(position() + 1, dest);
+  parent()->set_child_noupdate_position(position() + 1, dest);
 
   if (is_internal()) {
-    for (int i = dest->start(), j = finish() + 1; i <= dest->finish();
+    for (field_type i = dest->start(), j = finish() + 1; i <= dest->finish();
          ++i, ++j) {
       assert(child(j) != nullptr);
       dest->init_child(i, child(j));
@@ -1905,7 +1999,8 @@ void btree_node<P>::merge(btree_node *src, allocator_type *alloc) {
 
   if (is_internal()) {
     // Move the child pointers from the right to the left node.
-    for (int i = src->start(), j = finish() + 1; i <= src->finish(); ++i, ++j) {
+    for (field_type i = src->start(), j = finish() + 1; i <= src->finish();
+         ++i, ++j) {
       init_child(j, src->child(i));
       src->clear_child(i);
     }
@@ -1944,15 +2039,15 @@ void btree_node<P>::clear_and_delete(btree_node *node, allocator_type *alloc) {
   // instead of checking whether the parent is a leaf, we can remove this logic.
   btree_node *leftmost_leaf = node;
 #endif
-  // Use `int` because `pos` needs to be able to hold `kNodeSlots+1`, which
-  // isn't guaranteed to be a valid `field_type`.
-  int pos = node->position();
+  // Use `size_type` because `pos` needs to be able to hold `kNodeSlots+1`,
+  // which isn't guaranteed to be a valid `field_type`.
+  size_type pos = node->position();
   btree_node *parent = node->parent();
   for (;;) {
     // In each iteration of the next loop, we delete one leaf node and go right.
     assert(pos <= parent->finish());
     do {
-      node = parent->child(pos);
+      node = parent->child(static_cast<field_type>(pos));
       if (node->is_internal()) {
         // Navigate to the leftmost leaf under node.
         while (node->is_internal()) node = node->start_child();
@@ -1988,6 +2083,64 @@ void btree_node<P>::clear_and_delete(btree_node *node, allocator_type *alloc) {
 
 ////
 // btree_iterator methods
+
+// Note: the implementation here is based on btree_node::clear_and_delete.
+template <typename N, typename R, typename P>
+auto btree_iterator<N, R, P>::distance_slow(const_iterator other) const
+    -> difference_type {
+  const_iterator begin = other;
+  const_iterator end = *this;
+  assert(begin.node_ != end.node_ || !begin.node_->is_leaf() ||
+         begin.position_ != end.position_);
+
+  const node_type *node = begin.node_;
+  // We need to compensate for double counting if begin.node_ is a leaf node.
+  difference_type count = node->is_leaf() ? -begin.position_ : 0;
+
+  // First navigate to the leftmost leaf node past begin.
+  if (node->is_internal()) {
+    ++count;
+    node = node->child(begin.position_ + 1);
+  }
+  while (node->is_internal()) node = node->start_child();
+
+  // Use `size_type` because `pos` needs to be able to hold `kNodeSlots+1`,
+  // which isn't guaranteed to be a valid `field_type`.
+  size_type pos = node->position();
+  const node_type *parent = node->parent();
+  for (;;) {
+    // In each iteration of the next loop, we count one leaf node and go right.
+    assert(pos <= parent->finish());
+    do {
+      node = parent->child(static_cast<field_type>(pos));
+      if (node->is_internal()) {
+        // Navigate to the leftmost leaf under node.
+        while (node->is_internal()) node = node->start_child();
+        pos = node->position();
+        parent = node->parent();
+      }
+      if (node == end.node_) return count + end.position_;
+      if (parent == end.node_ && pos == static_cast<size_type>(end.position_))
+        return count + node->count();
+      // +1 is for the next internal node value.
+      count += node->count() + 1;
+      ++pos;
+    } while (pos <= parent->finish());
+
+    // Once we've counted all children of parent, go up/right.
+    assert(pos > parent->finish());
+    do {
+      node = parent;
+      pos = node->position();
+      parent = node->parent();
+      // -1 because we counted the value at end and shouldn't.
+      if (parent == end.node_ && pos == static_cast<size_type>(end.position_))
+        return count - 1;
+      ++pos;
+    } while (pos > parent->finish());
+  }
+}
+
 template <typename N, typename R, typename P>
 void btree_iterator<N, R, P>::increment_slow() {
   if (node_->is_leaf()) {
@@ -2004,7 +2157,7 @@ void btree_iterator<N, R, P>::increment_slow() {
     }
   } else {
     assert(position_ < node_->finish());
-    node_ = node_->child(position_ + 1);
+    node_ = node_->child(static_cast<field_type>(position_ + 1));
     while (node_->is_internal()) {
       node_ = node_->start_child();
     }
@@ -2028,7 +2181,7 @@ void btree_iterator<N, R, P>::decrement_slow() {
     }
   } else {
     assert(position_ >= node_->start());
-    node_ = node_->child(position_);
+    node_ = node_->child(static_cast<field_type>(position_));
     while (node_->is_internal()) {
       node_ = node_->child(node_->finish());
     }
@@ -2065,7 +2218,7 @@ constexpr bool btree<P>::static_assert_validation() {
                 "Key comparison must be nothrow copy constructible");
   static_assert(std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible<allocator_type>::value,
                 "Allocator must be nothrow copy constructible");
-  static_assert(type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<iterator>::value,
+  static_assert(std::is_trivially_copyable<iterator>::value,
                 "iterator not trivially copyable.");
 
   // Note: We assert that kTargetValues, which is computed from
@@ -2131,7 +2284,7 @@ auto btree<P>::equal_range(const K &key) -> std::pair<iterator, iterator> {
 
 template <typename P>
 template <typename K, typename... Args>
-auto btree<P>::insert_unique(const K &key, Args &&... args)
+auto btree<P>::insert_unique(const K &key, Args &&...args)
     -> std::pair<iterator, bool> {
   if (empty()) {
     mutable_root() = mutable_rightmost() = new_leaf_root_node(1);
@@ -2158,7 +2311,7 @@ auto btree<P>::insert_unique(const K &key, Args &&... args)
 template <typename P>
 template <typename K, typename... Args>
 inline auto btree<P>::insert_hint_unique(iterator position, const K &key,
-                                         Args &&... args)
+                                         Args &&...args)
     -> std::pair<iterator, bool> {
   if (!empty()) {
     if (position == end() || compare_keys(key, position.key())) {
@@ -2294,7 +2447,8 @@ auto btree<P>::operator=(btree &&other) noexcept -> btree & {
 
 template <typename P>
 auto btree<P>::erase(iterator iter) -> iterator {
-  iter.node_->value_destroy(iter.position_, mutable_allocator());
+  iter.node_->value_destroy(static_cast<field_type>(iter.position_),
+                            mutable_allocator());
   iter.update_generation();
 
   const bool internal_delete = iter.node_->is_internal();
@@ -2305,15 +2459,19 @@ auto btree<P>::erase(iterator iter) -> iterator {
     iterator internal_iter(iter);
     --iter;
     assert(iter.node_->is_leaf());
-    internal_iter.node_->transfer(internal_iter.position_, iter.position_,
-                                  iter.node_, mutable_allocator());
+    internal_iter.node_->transfer(
+        static_cast<size_type>(internal_iter.position_),
+        static_cast<size_type>(iter.position_), iter.node_,
+        mutable_allocator());
   } else {
     // Shift values after erased position in leaf. In the internal case, we
     // don't need to do this because the leaf position is the end of the node.
-    const field_type transfer_from = iter.position_ + 1;
+    const field_type transfer_from =
+        static_cast<field_type>(iter.position_ + 1);
     const field_type num_to_transfer = iter.node_->finish() - transfer_from;
-    iter.node_->transfer_n(num_to_transfer, iter.position_, transfer_from,
-                           iter.node_, mutable_allocator());
+    iter.node_->transfer_n(num_to_transfer,
+                           static_cast<size_type>(iter.position_),
+                           transfer_from, iter.node_, mutable_allocator());
   }
   // Update node finish and container size.
   iter.node_->set_finish(iter.node_->finish() - 1);
@@ -2379,7 +2537,7 @@ auto btree<P>::rebalance_after_delete(iterator iter) -> iterator {
 template <typename P>
 auto btree<P>::erase_range(iterator begin, iterator end)
     -> std::pair<size_type, iterator> {
-  difference_type count = std::distance(begin, end);
+  size_type count = static_cast<size_type>(end - begin);
   assert(count >= 0);
 
   if (count == 0) {
@@ -2393,8 +2551,10 @@ auto btree<P>::erase_range(iterator begin, iterator end)
 
   if (begin.node_ == end.node_) {
     assert(end.position_ > begin.position_);
-    begin.node_->remove_values(begin.position_, end.position_ - begin.position_,
-                               mutable_allocator());
+    begin.node_->remove_values(
+        static_cast<field_type>(begin.position_),
+        static_cast<field_type>(end.position_ - begin.position_),
+        mutable_allocator());
     size_ -= count;
     return {count, rebalance_after_delete(begin)};
   }
@@ -2404,11 +2564,11 @@ auto btree<P>::erase_range(iterator begin, iterator end)
     if (begin.node_->is_leaf()) {
       const size_type remaining_to_erase = size_ - target_size;
       const size_type remaining_in_node =
-          begin.node_->finish() - begin.position_;
-      const size_type to_erase =
-          (std::min)(remaining_to_erase, remaining_in_node);
-      begin.node_->remove_values(begin.position_, to_erase,
-                                 mutable_allocator());
+          static_cast<size_type>(begin.node_->finish() - begin.position_);
+      const field_type to_erase = static_cast<field_type>(
+          (std::min)(remaining_to_erase, remaining_in_node));
+      begin.node_->remove_values(static_cast<field_type>(begin.position_),
+                                 to_erase, mutable_allocator());
       size_ -= to_erase;
       begin = rebalance_after_delete(begin);
     } else {
@@ -2475,16 +2635,19 @@ void btree<P>::rebalance_or_split(iterator *iter) {
         // We bias rebalancing based on the position being inserted. If we're
         // inserting at the end of the right node then we bias rebalancing to
         // fill up the left node.
-        int to_move = (kNodeSlots - left->count()) /
-                      (1 + (insert_position < static_cast<int>(kNodeSlots)));
-        to_move = (std::max)(1, to_move);
-
-        if (insert_position - to_move >= node->start() ||
-            left->count() + to_move < static_cast<int>(kNodeSlots)) {
+        field_type to_move =
+            (kNodeSlots - left->count()) /
+            (1 + (static_cast<field_type>(insert_position) < kNodeSlots));
+        to_move = (std::max)(field_type{1}, to_move);
+
+        if (static_cast<field_type>(insert_position) - to_move >=
+                node->start() ||
+            left->count() + to_move < kNodeSlots) {
           left->rebalance_right_to_left(to_move, node, mutable_allocator());
 
           assert(node->max_count() - node->count() == to_move);
-          insert_position = insert_position - to_move;
+          insert_position = static_cast<int>(
+              static_cast<field_type>(insert_position) - to_move);
           if (insert_position < node->start()) {
             insert_position = insert_position + left->count() + 1;
             node = left;
@@ -2504,12 +2667,13 @@ void btree<P>::rebalance_or_split(iterator *iter) {
         // We bias rebalancing based on the position being inserted. If we're
         // inserting at the beginning of the left node then we bias rebalancing
         // to fill up the right node.
-        int to_move = (static_cast<int>(kNodeSlots) - right->count()) /
-                      (1 + (insert_position > node->start()));
-        to_move = (std::max)(1, to_move);
+        field_type to_move = (kNodeSlots - right->count()) /
+                             (1 + (insert_position > node->start()));
+        to_move = (std::max)(field_type{1}, to_move);
 
-        if (insert_position <= node->finish() - to_move ||
-            right->count() + to_move < static_cast<int>(kNodeSlots)) {
+        if (static_cast<field_type>(insert_position) <=
+                node->finish() - to_move ||
+            right->count() + to_move < kNodeSlots) {
           node->rebalance_left_to_right(to_move, right, mutable_allocator());
 
           if (insert_position > node->finish()) {
@@ -2527,16 +2691,17 @@ void btree<P>::rebalance_or_split(iterator *iter) {
     // value.
     assert(parent->max_count() == kNodeSlots);
     if (parent->count() == kNodeSlots) {
-      iterator parent_iter(node->parent(), node->position());
+      iterator parent_iter(parent, node->position());
       rebalance_or_split(&parent_iter);
+      parent = node->parent();
     }
   } else {
     // Rebalancing not possible because this is the root node.
     // Create a new root node and set the current root node as the child of the
     // new root.
-    parent = new_internal_node(parent);
+    parent = new_internal_node(/*position=*/0, parent);
     parent->set_generation(root()->generation());
-    parent->init_child(parent->start(), root());
+    parent->init_child(parent->start(), node);
     mutable_root() = parent;
     // If the former root was a leaf node, then it's now the rightmost node.
     assert(parent->start_child()->is_internal() ||
@@ -2546,11 +2711,11 @@ void btree<P>::rebalance_or_split(iterator *iter) {
   // Split the node.
   node_type *split_node;
   if (node->is_leaf()) {
-    split_node = new_leaf_node(parent);
+    split_node = new_leaf_node(node->position() + 1, parent);
     node->split(insert_position, split_node, mutable_allocator());
     if (rightmost() == node) mutable_rightmost() = split_node;
   } else {
-    split_node = new_internal_node(parent);
+    split_node = new_internal_node(node->position() + 1, parent);
     node->split(insert_position, split_node, mutable_allocator());
   }
 
@@ -2594,8 +2759,9 @@ bool btree<P>::try_merge_or_rebalance(iterator *iter) {
     // from the front of the tree.
     if (right->count() > kMinNodeValues &&
         (iter->node_->count() == 0 || iter->position_ > iter->node_->start())) {
-      int to_move = (right->count() - iter->node_->count()) / 2;
-      to_move = (std::min)(to_move, right->count() - 1);
+      field_type to_move = (right->count() - iter->node_->count()) / 2;
+      to_move =
+          (std::min)(to_move, static_cast<field_type>(right->count() - 1));
       iter->node_->rebalance_right_to_left(to_move, right, mutable_allocator());
       return false;
     }
@@ -2609,8 +2775,8 @@ bool btree<P>::try_merge_or_rebalance(iterator *iter) {
     if (left->count() > kMinNodeValues &&
         (iter->node_->count() == 0 ||
          iter->position_ < iter->node_->finish())) {
-      int to_move = (left->count() - iter->node_->count()) / 2;
-      to_move = (std::min)(to_move, left->count() - 1);
+      field_type to_move = (left->count() - iter->node_->count()) / 2;
+      to_move = (std::min)(to_move, static_cast<field_type>(left->count() - 1));
       left->rebalance_left_to_right(to_move, iter->node_, mutable_allocator());
       iter->position_ += to_move;
       return false;
@@ -2655,7 +2821,7 @@ inline IterType btree<P>::internal_last(IterType iter) {
 
 template <typename P>
 template <typename... Args>
-inline auto btree<P>::internal_emplace(iterator iter, Args &&... args)
+inline auto btree<P>::internal_emplace(iterator iter, Args &&...args)
     -> iterator {
   if (iter.node_->is_internal()) {
     // We can't insert on an internal node. Instead, we'll insert after the
@@ -2665,29 +2831,67 @@ inline auto btree<P>::internal_emplace(iterator iter, Args &&... args)
   }
   const field_type max_count = iter.node_->max_count();
   allocator_type *alloc = mutable_allocator();
+
+  const auto transfer_and_delete = [&](node_type *old_node,
+                                       node_type *new_node) {
+    new_node->transfer_n(old_node->count(), new_node->start(),
+                         old_node->start(), old_node, alloc);
+    new_node->set_finish(old_node->finish());
+    old_node->set_finish(old_node->start());
+    new_node->set_generation(old_node->generation());
+    node_type::clear_and_delete(old_node, alloc);
+  };
+  const auto replace_leaf_root_node = [&](field_type new_node_size) {
+    assert(iter.node_ == root());
+    node_type *old_root = iter.node_;
+    node_type *new_root = iter.node_ = new_leaf_root_node(new_node_size);
+    transfer_and_delete(old_root, new_root);
+    mutable_root() = mutable_rightmost() = new_root;
+  };
+
+  bool replaced_node = false;
   if (iter.node_->count() == max_count) {
     // Make room in the leaf for the new item.
     if (max_count < kNodeSlots) {
       // Insertion into the root where the root is smaller than the full node
       // size. Simply grow the size of the root node.
-      assert(iter.node_ == root());
-      iter.node_ =
-          new_leaf_root_node((std::min<int>)(kNodeSlots, 2 * max_count));
-      // Transfer the values from the old root to the new root.
-      node_type *old_root = root();
-      node_type *new_root = iter.node_;
-      new_root->transfer_n(old_root->count(), new_root->start(),
-                           old_root->start(), old_root, alloc);
-      new_root->set_finish(old_root->finish());
-      old_root->set_finish(old_root->start());
-      new_root->set_generation(old_root->generation());
-      node_type::clear_and_delete(old_root, alloc);
-      mutable_root() = mutable_rightmost() = new_root;
+      replace_leaf_root_node(static_cast<field_type>(
+          (std::min)(static_cast<int>(kNodeSlots), 2 * max_count)));
+      replaced_node = true;
     } else {
       rebalance_or_split(&iter);
     }
   }
-  iter.node_->emplace_value(iter.position_, alloc, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+  (void)replaced_node;
+#ifdef ABSL_HAVE_ADDRESS_SANITIZER
+  if (!replaced_node) {
+    assert(iter.node_->is_leaf());
+    if (iter.node_->is_root()) {
+      replace_leaf_root_node(max_count);
+    } else {
+      node_type *old_node = iter.node_;
+      const bool was_rightmost = rightmost() == old_node;
+      const bool was_leftmost = leftmost() == old_node;
+      node_type *parent = old_node->parent();
+      const field_type position = old_node->position();
+      node_type *new_node = iter.node_ = new_leaf_node(position, parent);
+      parent->set_child_noupdate_position(position, new_node);
+      transfer_and_delete(old_node, new_node);
+      if (was_rightmost) mutable_rightmost() = new_node;
+      // The leftmost node is stored as the parent of the root node.
+      if (was_leftmost) root()->set_parent(new_node);
+    }
+  }
+#endif
+  iter.node_->emplace_value(static_cast<field_type>(iter.position_), alloc,
+                            std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+  assert(
+      iter.node_->is_ordered_correctly(static_cast<field_type>(iter.position_),
+                                       original_key_compare(key_comp())) &&
+      "If this assert fails, then either (1) the comparator may violate "
+      "transitivity, i.e. comp(a,b) && comp(b,c) -> comp(a,c) (see "
+      "https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/named_req/Compare), or (2) a "
+      "key may have been mutated after it was inserted into the tree.");
   ++size_;
   iter.update_generation();
   return iter;
@@ -2699,9 +2903,9 @@ inline auto btree<P>::internal_locate(const K &key) const
     -> SearchResult<iterator, is_key_compare_to::value> {
   iterator iter(const_cast<node_type *>(root()));
   for (;;) {
-    SearchResult<int, is_key_compare_to::value> res =
+    SearchResult<size_type, is_key_compare_to::value> res =
         iter.node_->lower_bound(key, key_comp());
-    iter.position_ = res.value;
+    iter.position_ = static_cast<int>(res.value);
     if (res.IsEq()) {
       return {iter, MatchKind::kEq};
     }
@@ -2712,7 +2916,7 @@ inline auto btree<P>::internal_locate(const K &key) const
     if (iter.node_->is_leaf()) {
       break;
     }
-    iter.node_ = iter.node_->child(iter.position_);
+    iter.node_ = iter.node_->child(static_cast<field_type>(iter.position_));
   }
   // Note: in the non-key-compare-to case, the key may actually be equivalent
   // here (and the MatchKind::kNe is ignored).
@@ -2729,16 +2933,16 @@ auto btree<P>::internal_lower_bound(const K &key) const
     return ret;
   }
   iterator iter(const_cast<node_type *>(root()));
-  SearchResult<int, is_key_compare_to::value> res;
+  SearchResult<size_type, is_key_compare_to::value> res;
   bool seen_eq = false;
   for (;;) {
     res = iter.node_->lower_bound(key, key_comp());
-    iter.position_ = res.value;
+    iter.position_ = static_cast<int>(res.value);
     if (iter.node_->is_leaf()) {
       break;
     }
     seen_eq = seen_eq || res.IsEq();
-    iter.node_ = iter.node_->child(iter.position_);
+    iter.node_ = iter.node_->child(static_cast<field_type>(iter.position_));
   }
   if (res.IsEq()) return {iter, MatchKind::kEq};
   return {internal_last(iter), seen_eq ? MatchKind::kEq : MatchKind::kNe};
@@ -2749,11 +2953,11 @@ template <typename K>
 auto btree<P>::internal_upper_bound(const K &key) const -> iterator {
   iterator iter(const_cast<node_type *>(root()));
   for (;;) {
-    iter.position_ = iter.node_->upper_bound(key, key_comp());
+    iter.position_ = static_cast<int>(iter.node_->upper_bound(key, key_comp()));
     if (iter.node_->is_leaf()) {
       break;
     }
-    iter.node_ = iter.node_->child(iter.position_);
+    iter.node_ = iter.node_->child(static_cast<field_type>(iter.position_));
   }
   return internal_last(iter);
 }
@@ -2776,8 +2980,8 @@ auto btree<P>::internal_find(const K &key) const -> iterator {
 }
 
 template <typename P>
-int btree<P>::internal_verify(const node_type *node, const key_type *lo,
-                              const key_type *hi) const {
+typename btree<P>::size_type btree<P>::internal_verify(
+    const node_type *node, const key_type *lo, const key_type *hi) const {
   assert(node->count() > 0);
   assert(node->count() <= node->max_count());
   if (lo) {
@@ -2789,9 +2993,9 @@ int btree<P>::internal_verify(const node_type *node, const key_type *lo,
   for (int i = node->start() + 1; i < node->finish(); ++i) {
     assert(!compare_keys(node->key(i), node->key(i - 1)));
   }
-  int count = node->count();
+  size_type count = node->count();
   if (node->is_internal()) {
-    for (int i = node->start(); i <= node->finish(); ++i) {
+    for (field_type i = node->start(); i <= node->finish(); ++i) {
       assert(node->child(i) != nullptr);
       assert(node->child(i)->parent() == node);
       assert(node->child(i)->position() == i);
@@ -2805,8 +3009,8 @@ int btree<P>::internal_verify(const node_type *node, const key_type *lo,
 
 struct btree_access {
   template <typename BtreeContainer, typename Pred>
-  static auto erase_if(BtreeContainer &container, Pred pred)
-      -> typename BtreeContainer::size_type {
+  static auto erase_if(BtreeContainer &container, Pred pred) ->
+      typename BtreeContainer::size_type {
     const auto initial_size = container.size();
     auto &tree = container.tree_;
     auto *alloc = tree.mutable_allocator();
diff --git a/absl/container/internal/btree_container.h b/absl/container/internal/btree_container.h
index fc2f740a..a68ce445 100644
--- a/absl/container/internal/btree_container.h
+++ b/absl/container/internal/btree_container.h
@@ -65,6 +65,11 @@ class btree_container {
   using const_reverse_iterator = typename Tree::const_reverse_iterator;
   using node_type = typename Tree::node_handle_type;
 
+  struct extract_and_get_next_return_type {
+    node_type node;
+    iterator next;
+  };
+
   // Constructors/assignments.
   btree_container() : tree_(key_compare(), allocator_type()) {}
   explicit btree_container(const key_compare &comp,
@@ -90,31 +95,50 @@ class btree_container {
       std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<Tree>::value) = default;
 
   // Iterator routines.
-  iterator begin() { return tree_.begin(); }
-  const_iterator begin() const { return tree_.begin(); }
-  const_iterator cbegin() const { return tree_.begin(); }
-  iterator end() { return tree_.end(); }
-  const_iterator end() const { return tree_.end(); }
-  const_iterator cend() const { return tree_.end(); }
-  reverse_iterator rbegin() { return tree_.rbegin(); }
-  const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const { return tree_.rbegin(); }
-  const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const { return tree_.rbegin(); }
-  reverse_iterator rend() { return tree_.rend(); }
-  const_reverse_iterator rend() const { return tree_.rend(); }
-  const_reverse_iterator crend() const { return tree_.rend(); }
+  iterator begin() ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND { return tree_.begin(); }
+  const_iterator begin() const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return tree_.begin();
+  }
+  const_iterator cbegin() const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return tree_.begin();
+  }
+  iterator end() ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND { return tree_.end(); }
+  const_iterator end() const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return tree_.end();
+  }
+  const_iterator cend() const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return tree_.end();
+  }
+  reverse_iterator rbegin() ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return tree_.rbegin();
+  }
+  const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return tree_.rbegin();
+  }
+  const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return tree_.rbegin();
+  }
+  reverse_iterator rend() ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND { return tree_.rend(); }
+  const_reverse_iterator rend() const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return tree_.rend();
+  }
+  const_reverse_iterator crend() const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return tree_.rend();
+  }
 
   // Lookup routines.
   template <typename K = key_type>
   size_type count(const key_arg<K> &key) const {
     auto equal_range = this->equal_range(key);
-    return std::distance(equal_range.first, equal_range.second);
+    return equal_range.second - equal_range.first;
   }
   template <typename K = key_type>
-  iterator find(const key_arg<K> &key) {
+  iterator find(const key_arg<K> &key) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return tree_.find(key);
   }
   template <typename K = key_type>
-  const_iterator find(const key_arg<K> &key) const {
+  const_iterator find(const key_arg<K> &key) const
+      ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return tree_.find(key);
   }
   template <typename K = key_type>
@@ -122,28 +146,31 @@ class btree_container {
     return find(key) != end();
   }
   template <typename K = key_type>
-  iterator lower_bound(const key_arg<K> &key) {
+  iterator lower_bound(const key_arg<K> &key) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return tree_.lower_bound(key);
   }
   template <typename K = key_type>
-  const_iterator lower_bound(const key_arg<K> &key) const {
+  const_iterator lower_bound(const key_arg<K> &key) const
+      ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return tree_.lower_bound(key);
   }
   template <typename K = key_type>
-  iterator upper_bound(const key_arg<K> &key) {
+  iterator upper_bound(const key_arg<K> &key) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return tree_.upper_bound(key);
   }
   template <typename K = key_type>
-  const_iterator upper_bound(const key_arg<K> &key) const {
+  const_iterator upper_bound(const key_arg<K> &key) const
+      ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return tree_.upper_bound(key);
   }
   template <typename K = key_type>
-  std::pair<iterator, iterator> equal_range(const key_arg<K> &key) {
+  std::pair<iterator, iterator> equal_range(const key_arg<K> &key)
+      ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return tree_.equal_range(key);
   }
   template <typename K = key_type>
   std::pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(
-      const key_arg<K> &key) const {
+      const key_arg<K> &key) const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return tree_.equal_range(key);
   }
 
@@ -153,9 +180,14 @@ class btree_container {
   // Erase the specified iterator from the btree. The iterator must be valid
   // (i.e. not equal to end()).  Return an iterator pointing to the node after
   // the one that was erased (or end() if none exists).
-  iterator erase(const_iterator iter) { return tree_.erase(iterator(iter)); }
-  iterator erase(iterator iter) { return tree_.erase(iter); }
-  iterator erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last) {
+  iterator erase(const_iterator iter) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return tree_.erase(iterator(iter));
+  }
+  iterator erase(iterator iter) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return tree_.erase(iter);
+  }
+  iterator erase(const_iterator first,
+                 const_iterator last) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return tree_.erase_range(iterator(first), iterator(last)).second;
   }
   template <typename K = key_type>
@@ -165,6 +197,15 @@ class btree_container {
   }
 
   // Extract routines.
+  extract_and_get_next_return_type extract_and_get_next(const_iterator position)
+      ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    // Use Construct instead of Transfer because the rebalancing code will
+    // destroy the slot later.
+    // Note: we rely on erase() taking place after Construct().
+    return {CommonAccess::Construct<node_type>(get_allocator(),
+                                               iterator(position).slot()),
+            erase(position)};
+  }
   node_type extract(iterator position) {
     // Use Construct instead of Transfer because the rebalancing code will
     // destroy the slot later.
@@ -284,32 +325,38 @@ class btree_set_container : public btree_container<Tree> {
       : btree_set_container(init.begin(), init.end(), alloc) {}
 
   // Insertion routines.
-  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert(const value_type &v) {
+  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert(const value_type &v)
+      ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return this->tree_.insert_unique(params_type::key(v), v);
   }
-  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert(value_type &&v) {
+  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert(value_type &&v)
+      ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return this->tree_.insert_unique(params_type::key(v), std::move(v));
   }
   template <typename... Args>
-  std::pair<iterator, bool> emplace(Args &&... args) {
+  std::pair<iterator, bool> emplace(Args &&...args)
+      ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     // Use a node handle to manage a temp slot.
     auto node = CommonAccess::Construct<node_type>(this->get_allocator(),
                                                    std::forward<Args>(args)...);
     auto *slot = CommonAccess::GetSlot(node);
     return this->tree_.insert_unique(params_type::key(slot), slot);
   }
-  iterator insert(const_iterator hint, const value_type &v) {
+  iterator insert(const_iterator hint,
+                  const value_type &v) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return this->tree_
         .insert_hint_unique(iterator(hint), params_type::key(v), v)
         .first;
   }
-  iterator insert(const_iterator hint, value_type &&v) {
+  iterator insert(const_iterator hint,
+                  value_type &&v) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return this->tree_
         .insert_hint_unique(iterator(hint), params_type::key(v), std::move(v))
         .first;
   }
   template <typename... Args>
-  iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator hint, Args &&... args) {
+  iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator hint,
+                        Args &&...args) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     // Use a node handle to manage a temp slot.
     auto node = CommonAccess::Construct<node_type>(this->get_allocator(),
                                                    std::forward<Args>(args)...);
@@ -325,7 +372,7 @@ class btree_set_container : public btree_container<Tree> {
   void insert(std::initializer_list<init_type> init) {
     this->tree_.insert_iterator_unique(init.begin(), init.end(), 0);
   }
-  insert_return_type insert(node_type &&node) {
+  insert_return_type insert(node_type &&node) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     if (!node) return {this->end(), false, node_type()};
     std::pair<iterator, bool> res =
         this->tree_.insert_unique(params_type::key(CommonAccess::GetSlot(node)),
@@ -337,7 +384,8 @@ class btree_set_container : public btree_container<Tree> {
       return {res.first, false, std::move(node)};
     }
   }
-  iterator insert(const_iterator hint, node_type &&node) {
+  iterator insert(const_iterator hint,
+                  node_type &&node) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     if (!node) return this->end();
     std::pair<iterator, bool> res = this->tree_.insert_hint_unique(
         iterator(hint), params_type::key(CommonAccess::GetSlot(node)),
@@ -420,37 +468,43 @@ class btree_map_container : public btree_set_container<Tree> {
   // Note: the nullptr template arguments and extra `const M&` overloads allow
   // for supporting bitfield arguments.
   template <typename K = key_type, class M>
-  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert_or_assign(const key_arg<K> &k,
-                                             const M &obj) {
+  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert_or_assign(const key_arg<K> &k, const M &obj)
+      ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return insert_or_assign_impl(k, obj);
   }
   template <typename K = key_type, class M, K * = nullptr>
-  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert_or_assign(key_arg<K> &&k, const M &obj) {
+  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert_or_assign(key_arg<K> &&k, const M &obj)
+      ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return insert_or_assign_impl(std::forward<K>(k), obj);
   }
   template <typename K = key_type, class M, M * = nullptr>
-  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert_or_assign(const key_arg<K> &k, M &&obj) {
+  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert_or_assign(const key_arg<K> &k, M &&obj)
+      ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return insert_or_assign_impl(k, std::forward<M>(obj));
   }
   template <typename K = key_type, class M, K * = nullptr, M * = nullptr>
-  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert_or_assign(key_arg<K> &&k, M &&obj) {
+  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert_or_assign(key_arg<K> &&k, M &&obj)
+      ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return insert_or_assign_impl(std::forward<K>(k), std::forward<M>(obj));
   }
   template <typename K = key_type, class M>
   iterator insert_or_assign(const_iterator hint, const key_arg<K> &k,
-                            const M &obj) {
+                            const M &obj) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return insert_or_assign_hint_impl(hint, k, obj);
   }
   template <typename K = key_type, class M, K * = nullptr>
-  iterator insert_or_assign(const_iterator hint, key_arg<K> &&k, const M &obj) {
+  iterator insert_or_assign(const_iterator hint, key_arg<K> &&k,
+                            const M &obj) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return insert_or_assign_hint_impl(hint, std::forward<K>(k), obj);
   }
   template <typename K = key_type, class M, M * = nullptr>
-  iterator insert_or_assign(const_iterator hint, const key_arg<K> &k, M &&obj) {
+  iterator insert_or_assign(const_iterator hint, const key_arg<K> &k,
+                            M &&obj) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return insert_or_assign_hint_impl(hint, k, std::forward<M>(obj));
   }
   template <typename K = key_type, class M, K * = nullptr, M * = nullptr>
-  iterator insert_or_assign(const_iterator hint, key_arg<K> &&k, M &&obj) {
+  iterator insert_or_assign(const_iterator hint, key_arg<K> &&k,
+                            M &&obj) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return insert_or_assign_hint_impl(hint, std::forward<K>(k),
                                       std::forward<M>(obj));
   }
@@ -458,44 +512,48 @@ class btree_map_container : public btree_set_container<Tree> {
   template <typename K = key_type, typename... Args,
             typename absl::enable_if_t<
                 !std::is_convertible<K, const_iterator>::value, int> = 0>
-  std::pair<iterator, bool> try_emplace(const key_arg<K> &k, Args &&... args) {
+  std::pair<iterator, bool> try_emplace(const key_arg<K> &k, Args &&...args)
+      ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return try_emplace_impl(k, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
   }
   template <typename K = key_type, typename... Args,
             typename absl::enable_if_t<
                 !std::is_convertible<K, const_iterator>::value, int> = 0>
-  std::pair<iterator, bool> try_emplace(key_arg<K> &&k, Args &&... args) {
+  std::pair<iterator, bool> try_emplace(key_arg<K> &&k, Args &&...args)
+      ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return try_emplace_impl(std::forward<K>(k), std::forward<Args>(args)...);
   }
   template <typename K = key_type, typename... Args>
   iterator try_emplace(const_iterator hint, const key_arg<K> &k,
-                       Args &&... args) {
+                       Args &&...args) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return try_emplace_hint_impl(hint, k, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
   }
   template <typename K = key_type, typename... Args>
-  iterator try_emplace(const_iterator hint, key_arg<K> &&k, Args &&... args) {
+  iterator try_emplace(const_iterator hint, key_arg<K> &&k,
+                       Args &&...args) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return try_emplace_hint_impl(hint, std::forward<K>(k),
                                  std::forward<Args>(args)...);
   }
 
   template <typename K = key_type>
-  mapped_type &operator[](const key_arg<K> &k) {
+  mapped_type &operator[](const key_arg<K> &k) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return try_emplace(k).first->second;
   }
   template <typename K = key_type>
-  mapped_type &operator[](key_arg<K> &&k) {
+  mapped_type &operator[](key_arg<K> &&k) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return try_emplace(std::forward<K>(k)).first->second;
   }
 
   template <typename K = key_type>
-  mapped_type &at(const key_arg<K> &key) {
+  mapped_type &at(const key_arg<K> &key) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     auto it = this->find(key);
     if (it == this->end())
       base_internal::ThrowStdOutOfRange("absl::btree_map::at");
     return it->second;
   }
   template <typename K = key_type>
-  const mapped_type &at(const key_arg<K> &key) const {
+  const mapped_type &at(const key_arg<K> &key) const
+      ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     auto it = this->find(key);
     if (it == this->end())
       base_internal::ThrowStdOutOfRange("absl::btree_map::at");
@@ -586,14 +644,18 @@ class btree_multiset_container : public btree_container<Tree> {
       : btree_multiset_container(init.begin(), init.end(), alloc) {}
 
   // Insertion routines.
-  iterator insert(const value_type &v) { return this->tree_.insert_multi(v); }
-  iterator insert(value_type &&v) {
+  iterator insert(const value_type &v) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return this->tree_.insert_multi(v);
+  }
+  iterator insert(value_type &&v) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return this->tree_.insert_multi(std::move(v));
   }
-  iterator insert(const_iterator hint, const value_type &v) {
+  iterator insert(const_iterator hint,
+                  const value_type &v) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return this->tree_.insert_hint_multi(iterator(hint), v);
   }
-  iterator insert(const_iterator hint, value_type &&v) {
+  iterator insert(const_iterator hint,
+                  value_type &&v) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return this->tree_.insert_hint_multi(iterator(hint), std::move(v));
   }
   template <typename InputIterator>
@@ -604,21 +666,22 @@ class btree_multiset_container : public btree_container<Tree> {
     this->tree_.insert_iterator_multi(init.begin(), init.end());
   }
   template <typename... Args>
-  iterator emplace(Args &&... args) {
+  iterator emplace(Args &&...args) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     // Use a node handle to manage a temp slot.
     auto node = CommonAccess::Construct<node_type>(this->get_allocator(),
                                                    std::forward<Args>(args)...);
     return this->tree_.insert_multi(CommonAccess::GetSlot(node));
   }
   template <typename... Args>
-  iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator hint, Args &&... args) {
+  iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator hint,
+                        Args &&...args) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     // Use a node handle to manage a temp slot.
     auto node = CommonAccess::Construct<node_type>(this->get_allocator(),
                                                    std::forward<Args>(args)...);
     return this->tree_.insert_hint_multi(iterator(hint),
                                          CommonAccess::GetSlot(node));
   }
-  iterator insert(node_type &&node) {
+  iterator insert(node_type &&node) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     if (!node) return this->end();
     iterator res =
         this->tree_.insert_multi(params_type::key(CommonAccess::GetSlot(node)),
@@ -626,7 +689,8 @@ class btree_multiset_container : public btree_container<Tree> {
     CommonAccess::Destroy(&node);
     return res;
   }
-  iterator insert(const_iterator hint, node_type &&node) {
+  iterator insert(const_iterator hint,
+                  node_type &&node) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     if (!node) return this->end();
     iterator res = this->tree_.insert_hint_multi(
         iterator(hint),
diff --git a/absl/container/internal/common.h b/absl/container/internal/common.h
index 416d9aa3..9239bb4d 100644
--- a/absl/container/internal/common.h
+++ b/absl/container/internal/common.h
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-#ifndef ABSL_CONTAINER_INTERNAL_CONTAINER_H_
-#define ABSL_CONTAINER_INTERNAL_CONTAINER_H_
+#ifndef ABSL_CONTAINER_INTERNAL_COMMON_H_
+#define ABSL_CONTAINER_INTERNAL_COMMON_H_
 
 #include <cassert>
 #include <type_traits>
@@ -204,4 +204,4 @@ struct InsertReturnType {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
 }  // namespace absl
 
-#endif  // ABSL_CONTAINER_INTERNAL_CONTAINER_H_
+#endif  // ABSL_CONTAINER_INTERNAL_COMMON_H_
diff --git a/absl/container/internal/common_policy_traits.h b/absl/container/internal/common_policy_traits.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3558a543
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/container/internal/common_policy_traits.h
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_CONTAINER_INTERNAL_COMMON_POLICY_TRAITS_H_
+#define ABSL_CONTAINER_INTERNAL_COMMON_POLICY_TRAITS_H_
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <memory>
+#include <new>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "absl/meta/type_traits.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace container_internal {
+
+// Defines how slots are initialized/destroyed/moved.
+template <class Policy, class = void>
+struct common_policy_traits {
+  // The actual object stored in the container.
+  using slot_type = typename Policy::slot_type;
+  using reference = decltype(Policy::element(std::declval<slot_type*>()));
+  using value_type = typename std::remove_reference<reference>::type;
+
+  // PRECONDITION: `slot` is UNINITIALIZED
+  // POSTCONDITION: `slot` is INITIALIZED
+  template <class Alloc, class... Args>
+  static void construct(Alloc* alloc, slot_type* slot, Args&&... args) {
+    Policy::construct(alloc, slot, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+  }
+
+  // PRECONDITION: `slot` is INITIALIZED
+  // POSTCONDITION: `slot` is UNINITIALIZED
+  template <class Alloc>
+  static void destroy(Alloc* alloc, slot_type* slot) {
+    Policy::destroy(alloc, slot);
+  }
+
+  // Transfers the `old_slot` to `new_slot`. Any memory allocated by the
+  // allocator inside `old_slot` to `new_slot` can be transferred.
+  //
+  // OPTIONAL: defaults to:
+  //
+  //     clone(new_slot, std::move(*old_slot));
+  //     destroy(old_slot);
+  //
+  // PRECONDITION: `new_slot` is UNINITIALIZED and `old_slot` is INITIALIZED
+  // POSTCONDITION: `new_slot` is INITIALIZED and `old_slot` is
+  //                UNINITIALIZED
+  template <class Alloc>
+  static void transfer(Alloc* alloc, slot_type* new_slot, slot_type* old_slot) {
+    transfer_impl(alloc, new_slot, old_slot, Rank0{});
+  }
+
+  // PRECONDITION: `slot` is INITIALIZED
+  // POSTCONDITION: `slot` is INITIALIZED
+  // Note: we use remove_const_t so that the two overloads have different args
+  // in the case of sets with explicitly const value_types.
+  template <class P = Policy>
+  static auto element(absl::remove_const_t<slot_type>* slot)
+      -> decltype(P::element(slot)) {
+    return P::element(slot);
+  }
+  template <class P = Policy>
+  static auto element(const slot_type* slot) -> decltype(P::element(slot)) {
+    return P::element(slot);
+  }
+
+  static constexpr bool transfer_uses_memcpy() {
+    return std::is_same<decltype(transfer_impl<std::allocator<char>>(
+                            nullptr, nullptr, nullptr, Rank0{})),
+                        std::true_type>::value;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  // To rank the overloads below for overload resolution. Rank0 is preferred.
+  struct Rank2 {};
+  struct Rank1 : Rank2 {};
+  struct Rank0 : Rank1 {};
+
+  // Use auto -> decltype as an enabler.
+  template <class Alloc, class P = Policy>
+  static auto transfer_impl(Alloc* alloc, slot_type* new_slot,
+                            slot_type* old_slot, Rank0)
+      -> decltype((void)P::transfer(alloc, new_slot, old_slot)) {
+    P::transfer(alloc, new_slot, old_slot);
+  }
+#if defined(__cpp_lib_launder) && __cpp_lib_launder >= 201606
+  // This overload returns true_type for the trait below.
+  // The conditional_t is to make the enabler type dependent.
+  template <class Alloc,
+            typename = std::enable_if_t<absl::is_trivially_relocatable<
+                std::conditional_t<false, Alloc, value_type>>::value>>
+  static std::true_type transfer_impl(Alloc*, slot_type* new_slot,
+                                      slot_type* old_slot, Rank1) {
+    // TODO(b/247130232): remove casts after fixing warnings.
+    // TODO(b/251814870): remove casts after fixing warnings.
+    std::memcpy(
+        static_cast<void*>(std::launder(
+            const_cast<std::remove_const_t<value_type>*>(&element(new_slot)))),
+        static_cast<const void*>(&element(old_slot)), sizeof(value_type));
+    return {};
+  }
+#endif
+
+  template <class Alloc>
+  static void transfer_impl(Alloc* alloc, slot_type* new_slot,
+                            slot_type* old_slot, Rank2) {
+    construct(alloc, new_slot, std::move(element(old_slot)));
+    destroy(alloc, old_slot);
+  }
+};
+
+}  // namespace container_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_CONTAINER_INTERNAL_COMMON_POLICY_TRAITS_H_
diff --git a/absl/container/internal/common_policy_traits_test.cc b/absl/container/internal/common_policy_traits_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5eaa4aae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/container/internal/common_policy_traits_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/container/internal/common_policy_traits.h"
+
+#include <functional>
+#include <memory>
+#include <new>
+
+#include "gmock/gmock.h"
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace container_internal {
+namespace {
+
+using ::testing::MockFunction;
+using ::testing::AnyNumber;
+using ::testing::ReturnRef;
+
+using Slot = int;
+
+struct PolicyWithoutOptionalOps {
+  using slot_type = Slot;
+  using key_type = Slot;
+  using init_type = Slot;
+
+  static std::function<void(void*, Slot*, Slot)> construct;
+  static std::function<void(void*, Slot*)> destroy;
+
+  static std::function<Slot&(Slot*)> element;
+};
+
+std::function<void(void*, Slot*, Slot)> PolicyWithoutOptionalOps::construct;
+std::function<void(void*, Slot*)> PolicyWithoutOptionalOps::destroy;
+
+std::function<Slot&(Slot*)> PolicyWithoutOptionalOps::element;
+
+struct PolicyWithOptionalOps : PolicyWithoutOptionalOps {
+  static std::function<void(void*, Slot*, Slot*)> transfer;
+};
+
+std::function<void(void*, Slot*, Slot*)> PolicyWithOptionalOps::transfer;
+
+struct Test : ::testing::Test {
+  Test() {
+    PolicyWithoutOptionalOps::construct = [&](void* a1, Slot* a2, Slot a3) {
+      construct.Call(a1, a2, std::move(a3));
+    };
+    PolicyWithoutOptionalOps::destroy = [&](void* a1, Slot* a2) {
+      destroy.Call(a1, a2);
+    };
+
+    PolicyWithoutOptionalOps::element = [&](Slot* a1) -> Slot& {
+      return element.Call(a1);
+    };
+
+    PolicyWithOptionalOps::transfer = [&](void* a1, Slot* a2, Slot* a3) {
+      return transfer.Call(a1, a2, a3);
+    };
+  }
+
+  std::allocator<Slot> alloc;
+  int a = 53;
+
+  MockFunction<void(void*, Slot*, Slot)> construct;
+  MockFunction<void(void*, Slot*)> destroy;
+
+  MockFunction<Slot&(Slot*)> element;
+
+  MockFunction<void(void*, Slot*, Slot*)> transfer;
+};
+
+TEST_F(Test, construct) {
+  EXPECT_CALL(construct, Call(&alloc, &a, 53));
+  common_policy_traits<PolicyWithoutOptionalOps>::construct(&alloc, &a, 53);
+}
+
+TEST_F(Test, destroy) {
+  EXPECT_CALL(destroy, Call(&alloc, &a));
+  common_policy_traits<PolicyWithoutOptionalOps>::destroy(&alloc, &a);
+}
+
+TEST_F(Test, element) {
+  int b = 0;
+  EXPECT_CALL(element, Call(&a)).WillOnce(ReturnRef(b));
+  EXPECT_EQ(&b, &common_policy_traits<PolicyWithoutOptionalOps>::element(&a));
+}
+
+TEST_F(Test, without_transfer) {
+  int b = 42;
+  EXPECT_CALL(element, Call(&a)).Times(AnyNumber()).WillOnce(ReturnRef(a));
+  EXPECT_CALL(element, Call(&b)).WillOnce(ReturnRef(b));
+  EXPECT_CALL(construct, Call(&alloc, &a, b)).Times(AnyNumber());
+  EXPECT_CALL(destroy, Call(&alloc, &b)).Times(AnyNumber());
+  common_policy_traits<PolicyWithoutOptionalOps>::transfer(&alloc, &a, &b);
+}
+
+TEST_F(Test, with_transfer) {
+  int b = 42;
+  EXPECT_CALL(transfer, Call(&alloc, &a, &b));
+  common_policy_traits<PolicyWithOptionalOps>::transfer(&alloc, &a, &b);
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+}  // namespace container_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/container/internal/compressed_tuple.h b/absl/container/internal/compressed_tuple.h
index 5ebe1649..59e70eb2 100644
--- a/absl/container/internal/compressed_tuple.h
+++ b/absl/container/internal/compressed_tuple.h
@@ -64,19 +64,6 @@ struct Elem<CompressedTuple<B...>, I>
 template <typename D, size_t I>
 using ElemT = typename Elem<D, I>::type;
 
-// Use the __is_final intrinsic if available. Where it's not available, classes
-// declared with the 'final' specifier cannot be used as CompressedTuple
-// elements.
-// TODO(sbenza): Replace this with std::is_final in C++14.
-template <typename T>
-constexpr bool IsFinal() {
-#if defined(__clang__) || defined(__GNUC__)
-  return __is_final(T);
-#else
-  return false;
-#endif
-}
-
 // We can't use EBCO on other CompressedTuples because that would mean that we
 // derive from multiple Storage<> instantiations with the same I parameter,
 // and potentially from multiple identical Storage<> instantiations.  So anytime
@@ -86,20 +73,15 @@ struct uses_inheritance {};
 
 template <typename T>
 constexpr bool ShouldUseBase() {
-  return std::is_class<T>::value && std::is_empty<T>::value && !IsFinal<T>() &&
+  return std::is_class<T>::value && std::is_empty<T>::value &&
+         !std::is_final<T>::value &&
          !std::is_base_of<uses_inheritance, T>::value;
 }
 
 // The storage class provides two specializations:
 //  - For empty classes, it stores T as a base class.
 //  - For everything else, it stores T as a member.
-template <typename T, size_t I,
-#if defined(_MSC_VER)
-          bool UseBase =
-              ShouldUseBase<typename std::enable_if<true, T>::type>()>
-#else
-          bool UseBase = ShouldUseBase<T>()>
-#endif
+template <typename T, size_t I, bool UseBase = ShouldUseBase<T>()>
 struct Storage {
   T value;
   constexpr Storage() = default;
diff --git a/absl/container/internal/container_memory.h b/absl/container/internal/container_memory.h
index 00e9f6d7..f59ca4ee 100644
--- a/absl/container/internal/container_memory.h
+++ b/absl/container/internal/container_memory.h
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 
 #include <cassert>
 #include <cstddef>
+#include <cstring>
 #include <memory>
 #include <new>
 #include <tuple>
@@ -164,7 +165,7 @@ decltype(std::declval<F>()(std::declval<T>())) WithConstructed(
       std::forward<F>(f));
 }
 
-// Given arguments of an std::pair's consructor, PairArgs() returns a pair of
+// Given arguments of an std::pair's constructor, PairArgs() returns a pair of
 // tuples with references to the passed arguments. The tuples contain
 // constructor arguments for the first and the second elements of the pair.
 //
@@ -340,7 +341,8 @@ template <class K, class V>
 struct map_slot_policy {
   using slot_type = map_slot_type<K, V>;
   using value_type = std::pair<const K, V>;
-  using mutable_value_type = std::pair<K, V>;
+  using mutable_value_type =
+      std::pair<absl::remove_const_t<K>, absl::remove_const_t<V>>;
 
  private:
   static void emplace(slot_type* slot) {
@@ -424,6 +426,16 @@ struct map_slot_policy {
   static void transfer(Allocator* alloc, slot_type* new_slot,
                        slot_type* old_slot) {
     emplace(new_slot);
+#if defined(__cpp_lib_launder) && __cpp_lib_launder >= 201606
+    if (absl::is_trivially_relocatable<value_type>()) {
+      // TODO(b/247130232,b/251814870): remove casts after fixing warnings.
+      std::memcpy(static_cast<void*>(std::launder(&new_slot->value)),
+                  static_cast<const void*>(&old_slot->value),
+                  sizeof(value_type));
+      return;
+    }
+#endif
+
     if (kMutableKeys::value) {
       absl::allocator_traits<Allocator>::construct(
           *alloc, &new_slot->mutable_value, std::move(old_slot->mutable_value));
diff --git a/absl/container/internal/hash_function_defaults.h b/absl/container/internal/hash_function_defaults.h
index 250e662c..a3613b4b 100644
--- a/absl/container/internal/hash_function_defaults.h
+++ b/absl/container/internal/hash_function_defaults.h
@@ -56,6 +56,10 @@
 #include "absl/strings/cord.h"
 #include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
 
+#ifdef ABSL_HAVE_STD_STRING_VIEW
+#include <string_view>
+#endif
+
 namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 namespace container_internal {
@@ -107,6 +111,48 @@ struct HashEq<absl::string_view> : StringHashEq {};
 template <>
 struct HashEq<absl::Cord> : StringHashEq {};
 
+#ifdef ABSL_HAVE_STD_STRING_VIEW
+
+template <typename TChar>
+struct BasicStringHash {
+  using is_transparent = void;
+
+  size_t operator()(std::basic_string_view<TChar> v) const {
+    return absl::Hash<std::basic_string_view<TChar>>{}(v);
+  }
+};
+
+template <typename TChar>
+struct BasicStringEq {
+  using is_transparent = void;
+  bool operator()(std::basic_string_view<TChar> lhs,
+                  std::basic_string_view<TChar> rhs) const {
+    return lhs == rhs;
+  }
+};
+
+// Supports heterogeneous lookup for w/u16/u32 string + string_view + char*.
+template <typename TChar>
+struct BasicStringHashEq {
+  using Hash = BasicStringHash<TChar>;
+  using Eq = BasicStringEq<TChar>;
+};
+
+template <>
+struct HashEq<std::wstring> : BasicStringHashEq<wchar_t> {};
+template <>
+struct HashEq<std::wstring_view> : BasicStringHashEq<wchar_t> {};
+template <>
+struct HashEq<std::u16string> : BasicStringHashEq<char16_t> {};
+template <>
+struct HashEq<std::u16string_view> : BasicStringHashEq<char16_t> {};
+template <>
+struct HashEq<std::u32string> : BasicStringHashEq<char32_t> {};
+template <>
+struct HashEq<std::u32string_view> : BasicStringHashEq<char32_t> {};
+
+#endif  // ABSL_HAVE_STD_STRING_VIEW
+
 // Supports heterogeneous lookup for pointers and smart pointers.
 template <class T>
 struct HashEq<T*> {
diff --git a/absl/container/internal/hash_function_defaults_test.cc b/absl/container/internal/hash_function_defaults_test.cc
index 9f0a4c72..c31af3be 100644
--- a/absl/container/internal/hash_function_defaults_test.cc
+++ b/absl/container/internal/hash_function_defaults_test.cc
@@ -24,6 +24,10 @@
 #include "absl/strings/cord_test_helpers.h"
 #include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
 
+#ifdef ABSL_HAVE_STD_STRING_VIEW
+#include <string_view>
+#endif
+
 namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 namespace container_internal {
@@ -109,6 +113,168 @@ TYPED_TEST(HashString, Works) {
   EXPECT_NE(h, hash(std::string("b")));
 }
 
+TEST(BasicStringViewTest, WStringEqWorks) {
+#ifndef ABSL_HAVE_STD_STRING_VIEW
+  GTEST_SKIP();
+#else
+  hash_default_eq<std::wstring> eq;
+  EXPECT_TRUE(eq(L"a", L"a"));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(eq(L"a", std::wstring_view(L"a")));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(eq(L"a", std::wstring(L"a")));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(eq(L"a", L"b"));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(eq(L"a", std::wstring_view(L"b")));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(eq(L"a", std::wstring(L"b")));
+#endif
+}
+
+TEST(BasicStringViewTest, WStringViewEqWorks) {
+#ifndef ABSL_HAVE_STD_STRING_VIEW
+  GTEST_SKIP();
+#else
+  hash_default_eq<std::wstring_view> eq;
+  EXPECT_TRUE(eq(L"a", L"a"));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(eq(L"a", std::wstring_view(L"a")));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(eq(L"a", std::wstring(L"a")));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(eq(L"a", L"b"));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(eq(L"a", std::wstring_view(L"b")));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(eq(L"a", std::wstring(L"b")));
+#endif
+}
+
+TEST(BasicStringViewTest, U16StringEqWorks) {
+#ifndef ABSL_HAVE_STD_STRING_VIEW
+  GTEST_SKIP();
+#else
+  hash_default_eq<std::u16string> eq;
+  EXPECT_TRUE(eq(u"a", u"a"));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(eq(u"a", std::u16string_view(u"a")));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(eq(u"a", std::u16string(u"a")));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(eq(u"a", u"b"));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(eq(u"a", std::u16string_view(u"b")));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(eq(u"a", std::u16string(u"b")));
+#endif
+}
+
+TEST(BasicStringViewTest, U16StringViewEqWorks) {
+#ifndef ABSL_HAVE_STD_STRING_VIEW
+  GTEST_SKIP();
+#else
+  hash_default_eq<std::u16string_view> eq;
+  EXPECT_TRUE(eq(u"a", u"a"));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(eq(u"a", std::u16string_view(u"a")));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(eq(u"a", std::u16string(u"a")));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(eq(u"a", u"b"));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(eq(u"a", std::u16string_view(u"b")));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(eq(u"a", std::u16string(u"b")));
+#endif
+}
+
+TEST(BasicStringViewTest, U32StringEqWorks) {
+#ifndef ABSL_HAVE_STD_STRING_VIEW
+  GTEST_SKIP();
+#else
+  hash_default_eq<std::u32string> eq;
+  EXPECT_TRUE(eq(U"a", U"a"));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(eq(U"a", std::u32string_view(U"a")));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(eq(U"a", std::u32string(U"a")));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(eq(U"a", U"b"));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(eq(U"a", std::u32string_view(U"b")));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(eq(U"a", std::u32string(U"b")));
+#endif
+}
+
+TEST(BasicStringViewTest, U32StringViewEqWorks) {
+#ifndef ABSL_HAVE_STD_STRING_VIEW
+  GTEST_SKIP();
+#else
+  hash_default_eq<std::u32string_view> eq;
+  EXPECT_TRUE(eq(U"a", U"a"));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(eq(U"a", std::u32string_view(U"a")));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(eq(U"a", std::u32string(U"a")));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(eq(U"a", U"b"));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(eq(U"a", std::u32string_view(U"b")));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(eq(U"a", std::u32string(U"b")));
+#endif
+}
+
+TEST(BasicStringViewTest, WStringHashWorks) {
+#ifndef ABSL_HAVE_STD_STRING_VIEW
+  GTEST_SKIP();
+#else
+  hash_default_hash<std::wstring> hash;
+  auto h = hash(L"a");
+  EXPECT_EQ(h, hash(std::wstring_view(L"a")));
+  EXPECT_EQ(h, hash(std::wstring(L"a")));
+  EXPECT_NE(h, hash(std::wstring_view(L"b")));
+  EXPECT_NE(h, hash(std::wstring(L"b")));
+#endif
+}
+
+TEST(BasicStringViewTest, WStringViewHashWorks) {
+#ifndef ABSL_HAVE_STD_STRING_VIEW
+  GTEST_SKIP();
+#else
+  hash_default_hash<std::wstring_view> hash;
+  auto h = hash(L"a");
+  EXPECT_EQ(h, hash(std::wstring_view(L"a")));
+  EXPECT_EQ(h, hash(std::wstring(L"a")));
+  EXPECT_NE(h, hash(std::wstring_view(L"b")));
+  EXPECT_NE(h, hash(std::wstring(L"b")));
+#endif
+}
+
+TEST(BasicStringViewTest, U16StringHashWorks) {
+#ifndef ABSL_HAVE_STD_STRING_VIEW
+  GTEST_SKIP();
+#else
+  hash_default_hash<std::u16string> hash;
+  auto h = hash(u"a");
+  EXPECT_EQ(h, hash(std::u16string_view(u"a")));
+  EXPECT_EQ(h, hash(std::u16string(u"a")));
+  EXPECT_NE(h, hash(std::u16string_view(u"b")));
+  EXPECT_NE(h, hash(std::u16string(u"b")));
+#endif
+}
+
+TEST(BasicStringViewTest, U16StringViewHashWorks) {
+#ifndef ABSL_HAVE_STD_STRING_VIEW
+  GTEST_SKIP();
+#else
+  hash_default_hash<std::u16string_view> hash;
+  auto h = hash(u"a");
+  EXPECT_EQ(h, hash(std::u16string_view(u"a")));
+  EXPECT_EQ(h, hash(std::u16string(u"a")));
+  EXPECT_NE(h, hash(std::u16string_view(u"b")));
+  EXPECT_NE(h, hash(std::u16string(u"b")));
+#endif
+}
+
+TEST(BasicStringViewTest, U32StringHashWorks) {
+#ifndef ABSL_HAVE_STD_STRING_VIEW
+  GTEST_SKIP();
+#else
+  hash_default_hash<std::u32string> hash;
+  auto h = hash(U"a");
+  EXPECT_EQ(h, hash(std::u32string_view(U"a")));
+  EXPECT_EQ(h, hash(std::u32string(U"a")));
+  EXPECT_NE(h, hash(std::u32string_view(U"b")));
+  EXPECT_NE(h, hash(std::u32string(U"b")));
+#endif
+}
+
+TEST(BasicStringViewTest, U32StringViewHashWorks) {
+#ifndef ABSL_HAVE_STD_STRING_VIEW
+  GTEST_SKIP();
+#else
+  hash_default_hash<std::u32string_view> hash;
+  auto h = hash(U"a");
+  EXPECT_EQ(h, hash(std::u32string_view(U"a")));
+  EXPECT_EQ(h, hash(std::u32string(U"a")));
+  EXPECT_NE(h, hash(std::u32string_view(U"b")));
+  EXPECT_NE(h, hash(std::u32string(U"b")));
+#endif
+}
+
 struct NoDeleter {
   template <class T>
   void operator()(const T* ptr) const {}
diff --git a/absl/container/internal/hash_policy_traits.h b/absl/container/internal/hash_policy_traits.h
index 46c97b18..164ec123 100644
--- a/absl/container/internal/hash_policy_traits.h
+++ b/absl/container/internal/hash_policy_traits.h
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <utility>
 
+#include "absl/container/internal/common_policy_traits.h"
 #include "absl/meta/type_traits.h"
 
 namespace absl {
@@ -29,7 +30,7 @@ namespace container_internal {
 
 // Defines how slots are initialized/destroyed/moved.
 template <class Policy, class = void>
-struct hash_policy_traits {
+struct hash_policy_traits : common_policy_traits<Policy> {
   // The type of the keys stored in the hashtable.
   using key_type = typename Policy::key_type;
 
@@ -87,43 +88,6 @@ struct hash_policy_traits {
   // Defaults to false if not provided by the policy.
   using constant_iterators = ConstantIteratorsImpl<>;
 
-  // PRECONDITION: `slot` is UNINITIALIZED
-  // POSTCONDITION: `slot` is INITIALIZED
-  template <class Alloc, class... Args>
-  static void construct(Alloc* alloc, slot_type* slot, Args&&... args) {
-    Policy::construct(alloc, slot, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
-  }
-
-  // PRECONDITION: `slot` is INITIALIZED
-  // POSTCONDITION: `slot` is UNINITIALIZED
-  template <class Alloc>
-  static void destroy(Alloc* alloc, slot_type* slot) {
-    Policy::destroy(alloc, slot);
-  }
-
-  // Transfers the `old_slot` to `new_slot`. Any memory allocated by the
-  // allocator inside `old_slot` to `new_slot` can be transferred.
-  //
-  // OPTIONAL: defaults to:
-  //
-  //     clone(new_slot, std::move(*old_slot));
-  //     destroy(old_slot);
-  //
-  // PRECONDITION: `new_slot` is UNINITIALIZED and `old_slot` is INITIALIZED
-  // POSTCONDITION: `new_slot` is INITIALIZED and `old_slot` is
-  //                UNINITIALIZED
-  template <class Alloc>
-  static void transfer(Alloc* alloc, slot_type* new_slot, slot_type* old_slot) {
-    transfer_impl(alloc, new_slot, old_slot, 0);
-  }
-
-  // PRECONDITION: `slot` is INITIALIZED
-  // POSTCONDITION: `slot` is INITIALIZED
-  template <class P = Policy>
-  static auto element(slot_type* slot) -> decltype(P::element(slot)) {
-    return P::element(slot);
-  }
-
   // Returns the amount of memory owned by `slot`, exclusive of `sizeof(*slot)`.
   //
   // If `slot` is nullptr, returns the constant amount of memory owned by any
@@ -174,8 +138,8 @@ struct hash_policy_traits {
   // Used for node handle manipulation.
   template <class P = Policy>
   static auto mutable_key(slot_type* slot)
-      -> decltype(P::apply(ReturnKey(), element(slot))) {
-    return P::apply(ReturnKey(), element(slot));
+      -> decltype(P::apply(ReturnKey(), hash_policy_traits::element(slot))) {
+    return P::apply(ReturnKey(), hash_policy_traits::element(slot));
   }
 
   // Returns the "value" (as opposed to the "key") portion of the element. Used
@@ -184,21 +148,6 @@ struct hash_policy_traits {
   static auto value(T* elem) -> decltype(P::value(elem)) {
     return P::value(elem);
   }
-
- private:
-  // Use auto -> decltype as an enabler.
-  template <class Alloc, class P = Policy>
-  static auto transfer_impl(Alloc* alloc, slot_type* new_slot,
-                            slot_type* old_slot, int)
-      -> decltype((void)P::transfer(alloc, new_slot, old_slot)) {
-    P::transfer(alloc, new_slot, old_slot);
-  }
-  template <class Alloc>
-  static void transfer_impl(Alloc* alloc, slot_type* new_slot,
-                            slot_type* old_slot, char) {
-    construct(alloc, new_slot, std::move(element(old_slot)));
-    destroy(alloc, old_slot);
-  }
 };
 
 }  // namespace container_internal
diff --git a/absl/container/internal/hash_policy_traits_test.cc b/absl/container/internal/hash_policy_traits_test.cc
index 6ef8b9e0..82d7cc3a 100644
--- a/absl/container/internal/hash_policy_traits_test.cc
+++ b/absl/container/internal/hash_policy_traits_test.cc
@@ -38,81 +38,31 @@ struct PolicyWithoutOptionalOps {
   using key_type = Slot;
   using init_type = Slot;
 
-  static std::function<void(void*, Slot*, Slot)> construct;
-  static std::function<void(void*, Slot*)> destroy;
-
   static std::function<Slot&(Slot*)> element;
   static int apply(int v) { return apply_impl(v); }
   static std::function<int(int)> apply_impl;
   static std::function<Slot&(Slot*)> value;
 };
 
-std::function<void(void*, Slot*, Slot)> PolicyWithoutOptionalOps::construct;
-std::function<void(void*, Slot*)> PolicyWithoutOptionalOps::destroy;
-
-std::function<Slot&(Slot*)> PolicyWithoutOptionalOps::element;
 std::function<int(int)> PolicyWithoutOptionalOps::apply_impl;
 std::function<Slot&(Slot*)> PolicyWithoutOptionalOps::value;
 
-struct PolicyWithOptionalOps : PolicyWithoutOptionalOps {
-  static std::function<void(void*, Slot*, Slot*)> transfer;
-};
-
-std::function<void(void*, Slot*, Slot*)> PolicyWithOptionalOps::transfer;
-
 struct Test : ::testing::Test {
   Test() {
-    PolicyWithoutOptionalOps::construct = [&](void* a1, Slot* a2, Slot a3) {
-      construct.Call(a1, a2, std::move(a3));
-    };
-    PolicyWithoutOptionalOps::destroy = [&](void* a1, Slot* a2) {
-      destroy.Call(a1, a2);
-    };
-
-    PolicyWithoutOptionalOps::element = [&](Slot* a1) -> Slot& {
-      return element.Call(a1);
-    };
     PolicyWithoutOptionalOps::apply_impl = [&](int a1) -> int {
       return apply.Call(a1);
     };
     PolicyWithoutOptionalOps::value = [&](Slot* a1) -> Slot& {
       return value.Call(a1);
     };
-
-    PolicyWithOptionalOps::transfer = [&](void* a1, Slot* a2, Slot* a3) {
-      return transfer.Call(a1, a2, a3);
-    };
   }
 
   std::allocator<int> alloc;
   int a = 53;
-
-  MockFunction<void(void*, Slot*, Slot)> construct;
-  MockFunction<void(void*, Slot*)> destroy;
-
-  MockFunction<Slot&(Slot*)> element;
   MockFunction<int(int)> apply;
   MockFunction<Slot&(Slot*)> value;
-
-  MockFunction<void(void*, Slot*, Slot*)> transfer;
 };
 
-TEST_F(Test, construct) {
-  EXPECT_CALL(construct, Call(&alloc, &a, 53));
-  hash_policy_traits<PolicyWithoutOptionalOps>::construct(&alloc, &a, 53);
-}
-
-TEST_F(Test, destroy) {
-  EXPECT_CALL(destroy, Call(&alloc, &a));
-  hash_policy_traits<PolicyWithoutOptionalOps>::destroy(&alloc, &a);
-}
-
-TEST_F(Test, element) {
-  int b = 0;
-  EXPECT_CALL(element, Call(&a)).WillOnce(ReturnRef(b));
-  EXPECT_EQ(&b, &hash_policy_traits<PolicyWithoutOptionalOps>::element(&a));
-}
-
 TEST_F(Test, apply) {
   EXPECT_CALL(apply, Call(42)).WillOnce(Return(1337));
   EXPECT_EQ(1337, (hash_policy_traits<PolicyWithoutOptionalOps>::apply(42)));
@@ -124,20 +74,6 @@ TEST_F(Test, value) {
   EXPECT_EQ(&b, &hash_policy_traits<PolicyWithoutOptionalOps>::value(&a));
 }
 
-TEST_F(Test, without_transfer) {
-  int b = 42;
-  EXPECT_CALL(element, Call(&b)).WillOnce(::testing::ReturnRef(b));
-  EXPECT_CALL(construct, Call(&alloc, &a, b));
-  EXPECT_CALL(destroy, Call(&alloc, &b));
-  hash_policy_traits<PolicyWithoutOptionalOps>::transfer(&alloc, &a, &b);
-}
-
-TEST_F(Test, with_transfer) {
-  int b = 42;
-  EXPECT_CALL(transfer, Call(&alloc, &a, &b));
-  hash_policy_traits<PolicyWithOptionalOps>::transfer(&alloc, &a, &b);
-}
-
 }  // namespace
 }  // namespace container_internal
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
diff --git a/absl/container/internal/hashtablez_sampler.cc b/absl/container/internal/hashtablez_sampler.cc
index efc1be58..79a0973a 100644
--- a/absl/container/internal/hashtablez_sampler.cc
+++ b/absl/container/internal/hashtablez_sampler.cc
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 
 #include "absl/container/internal/hashtablez_sampler.h"
 
+#include <algorithm>
 #include <atomic>
 #include <cassert>
 #include <cmath>
@@ -22,11 +23,13 @@
 
 #include "absl/base/attributes.h"
 #include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
 #include "absl/debugging/stacktrace.h"
 #include "absl/memory/memory.h"
 #include "absl/profiling/internal/exponential_biased.h"
 #include "absl/profiling/internal/sample_recorder.h"
 #include "absl/synchronization/mutex.h"
+#include "absl/time/clock.h"
 #include "absl/utility/utility.h"
 
 namespace absl {
@@ -158,6 +161,43 @@ void UnsampleSlow(HashtablezInfo* info) {
   GlobalHashtablezSampler().Unregister(info);
 }
 
+void RecordRehashSlow(HashtablezInfo* info, size_t total_probe_length) {
+#ifdef ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_SSE2
+  total_probe_length /= 16;
+#else
+  total_probe_length /= 8;
+#endif
+  info->total_probe_length.store(total_probe_length, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  info->num_erases.store(0, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  // There is only one concurrent writer, so `load` then `store` is sufficient
+  // instead of using `fetch_add`.
+  info->num_rehashes.store(
+      1 + info->num_rehashes.load(std::memory_order_relaxed),
+      std::memory_order_relaxed);
+}
+
+void RecordReservationSlow(HashtablezInfo* info, size_t target_capacity) {
+  info->max_reserve.store(
+      (std::max)(info->max_reserve.load(std::memory_order_relaxed),
+                 target_capacity),
+      std::memory_order_relaxed);
+}
+
+void RecordClearedReservationSlow(HashtablezInfo* info) {
+  info->max_reserve.store(0, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+}
+
+void RecordStorageChangedSlow(HashtablezInfo* info, size_t size,
+                              size_t capacity) {
+  info->size.store(size, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  info->capacity.store(capacity, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  if (size == 0) {
+    // This is a clear, reset the total/num_erases too.
+    info->total_probe_length.store(0, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    info->num_erases.store(0, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  }
+}
+
 void RecordInsertSlow(HashtablezInfo* info, size_t hash,
                       size_t distance_from_desired) {
   // SwissTables probe in groups of 16, so scale this to count items probes and
@@ -180,6 +220,14 @@ void RecordInsertSlow(HashtablezInfo* info, size_t hash,
   info->size.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
 }
 
+void RecordEraseSlow(HashtablezInfo* info) {
+  info->size.fetch_sub(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  // There is only one concurrent writer, so `load` then `store` is sufficient
+  // instead of using `fetch_add`.
+  info->num_erases.store(1 + info->num_erases.load(std::memory_order_relaxed),
+                         std::memory_order_relaxed);
+}
+
 void SetHashtablezConfigListener(HashtablezConfigListener l) {
   g_hashtablez_config_listener.store(l, std::memory_order_release);
 }
@@ -215,21 +263,20 @@ void SetHashtablezSampleParameterInternal(int32_t rate) {
   }
 }
 
-int32_t GetHashtablezMaxSamples() {
+size_t GetHashtablezMaxSamples() {
   return GlobalHashtablezSampler().GetMaxSamples();
 }
 
-void SetHashtablezMaxSamples(int32_t max) {
+void SetHashtablezMaxSamples(size_t max) {
   SetHashtablezMaxSamplesInternal(max);
   TriggerHashtablezConfigListener();
 }
 
-void SetHashtablezMaxSamplesInternal(int32_t max) {
+void SetHashtablezMaxSamplesInternal(size_t max) {
   if (max > 0) {
     GlobalHashtablezSampler().SetMaxSamples(max);
   } else {
-    ABSL_RAW_LOG(ERROR, "Invalid hashtablez max samples: %lld",
-                 static_cast<long long>(max));  // NOLINT(runtime/int)
+    ABSL_RAW_LOG(ERROR, "Invalid hashtablez max samples: 0");
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/absl/container/internal/hashtablez_sampler.h b/absl/container/internal/hashtablez_sampler.h
index d4016d8a..d8fd8f34 100644
--- a/absl/container/internal/hashtablez_sampler.h
+++ b/absl/container/internal/hashtablez_sampler.h
@@ -95,55 +95,19 @@ struct HashtablezInfo : public profiling_internal::Sample<HashtablezInfo> {
   size_t inline_element_size;  // How big is the slot?
 };
 
-inline void RecordRehashSlow(HashtablezInfo* info, size_t total_probe_length) {
-#ifdef ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_SSE2
-  total_probe_length /= 16;
-#else
-  total_probe_length /= 8;
-#endif
-  info->total_probe_length.store(total_probe_length, std::memory_order_relaxed);
-  info->num_erases.store(0, std::memory_order_relaxed);
-  // There is only one concurrent writer, so `load` then `store` is sufficient
-  // instead of using `fetch_add`.
-  info->num_rehashes.store(
-      1 + info->num_rehashes.load(std::memory_order_relaxed),
-      std::memory_order_relaxed);
-}
+void RecordRehashSlow(HashtablezInfo* info, size_t total_probe_length);
 
-inline void RecordReservationSlow(HashtablezInfo* info,
-                                  size_t target_capacity) {
-  info->max_reserve.store(
-      (std::max)(info->max_reserve.load(std::memory_order_relaxed),
-                 target_capacity),
-      std::memory_order_relaxed);
-}
+void RecordReservationSlow(HashtablezInfo* info, size_t target_capacity);
 
-inline void RecordClearedReservationSlow(HashtablezInfo* info) {
-  info->max_reserve.store(0, std::memory_order_relaxed);
-}
+void RecordClearedReservationSlow(HashtablezInfo* info);
 
-inline void RecordStorageChangedSlow(HashtablezInfo* info, size_t size,
-                                     size_t capacity) {
-  info->size.store(size, std::memory_order_relaxed);
-  info->capacity.store(capacity, std::memory_order_relaxed);
-  if (size == 0) {
-    // This is a clear, reset the total/num_erases too.
-    info->total_probe_length.store(0, std::memory_order_relaxed);
-    info->num_erases.store(0, std::memory_order_relaxed);
-  }
-}
+void RecordStorageChangedSlow(HashtablezInfo* info, size_t size,
+                              size_t capacity);
 
 void RecordInsertSlow(HashtablezInfo* info, size_t hash,
                       size_t distance_from_desired);
 
-inline void RecordEraseSlow(HashtablezInfo* info) {
-  info->size.fetch_sub(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
-  // There is only one concurrent writer, so `load` then `store` is sufficient
-  // instead of using `fetch_add`.
-  info->num_erases.store(
-      1 + info->num_erases.load(std::memory_order_relaxed),
-      std::memory_order_relaxed);
-}
+void RecordEraseSlow(HashtablezInfo* info);
 
 struct SamplingState {
   int64_t next_sample;
@@ -165,7 +129,10 @@ class HashtablezInfoHandle {
  public:
   explicit HashtablezInfoHandle() : info_(nullptr) {}
   explicit HashtablezInfoHandle(HashtablezInfo* info) : info_(info) {}
-  ~HashtablezInfoHandle() {
+
+  // We do not have a destructor. Caller is responsible for calling Unregister
+  // before destroying the handle.
+  void Unregister() {
     if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(info_ == nullptr)) return;
     UnsampleSlow(info_);
   }
@@ -230,6 +197,7 @@ class HashtablezInfoHandle {
   explicit HashtablezInfoHandle() = default;
   explicit HashtablezInfoHandle(std::nullptr_t) {}
 
+  inline void Unregister() {}
   inline void RecordStorageChanged(size_t /*size*/, size_t /*capacity*/) {}
   inline void RecordRehash(size_t /*total_probe_length*/) {}
   inline void RecordReservation(size_t /*target_capacity*/) {}
@@ -281,9 +249,9 @@ void SetHashtablezSampleParameter(int32_t rate);
 void SetHashtablezSampleParameterInternal(int32_t rate);
 
 // Sets a soft max for the number of samples that will be kept.
-int32_t GetHashtablezMaxSamples();
-void SetHashtablezMaxSamples(int32_t max);
-void SetHashtablezMaxSamplesInternal(int32_t max);
+size_t GetHashtablezMaxSamples();
+void SetHashtablezMaxSamples(size_t max);
+void SetHashtablezMaxSamplesInternal(size_t max);
 
 // Configuration override.
 // This allows process-wide sampling without depending on order of
diff --git a/absl/container/internal/inlined_vector.h b/absl/container/internal/inlined_vector.h
index 54c92a01..b2a602db 100644
--- a/absl/container/internal/inlined_vector.h
+++ b/absl/container/internal/inlined_vector.h
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-#ifndef ABSL_CONTAINER_INTERNAL_INLINED_VECTOR_INTERNAL_H_
-#define ABSL_CONTAINER_INTERNAL_INLINED_VECTOR_INTERNAL_H_
+#ifndef ABSL_CONTAINER_INTERNAL_INLINED_VECTOR_H_
+#define ABSL_CONTAINER_INTERNAL_INLINED_VECTOR_H_
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cstddef>
@@ -77,11 +77,9 @@ using IsAtLeastForwardIterator = std::is_convertible<
     std::forward_iterator_tag>;
 
 template <typename A>
-using IsMemcpyOk =
-    absl::conjunction<std::is_same<A, std::allocator<ValueType<A>>>,
-                      absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<ValueType<A>>,
-                      absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<ValueType<A>>,
-                      absl::is_trivially_destructible<ValueType<A>>>;
+using IsMoveAssignOk = std::is_move_assignable<ValueType<A>>;
+template <typename A>
+using IsSwapOk = absl::type_traits_internal::IsSwappable<ValueType<A>>;
 
 template <typename T>
 struct TypeIdentity {
@@ -120,8 +118,8 @@ struct DestroyAdapter<A, /* IsTriviallyDestructible */ true> {
 
 template <typename A>
 struct Allocation {
-  Pointer<A> data;
-  SizeType<A> capacity;
+  Pointer<A> data = nullptr;
+  SizeType<A> capacity = 0;
 };
 
 template <typename A,
@@ -297,6 +295,45 @@ class ConstructionTransaction {
 template <typename T, size_t N, typename A>
 class Storage {
  public:
+  struct MemcpyPolicy {};
+  struct ElementwiseAssignPolicy {};
+  struct ElementwiseSwapPolicy {};
+  struct ElementwiseConstructPolicy {};
+
+  using MoveAssignmentPolicy = absl::conditional_t<
+      // Fast path: if the value type can be trivially move assigned and
+      // destroyed, and we know the allocator doesn't do anything fancy, then
+      // it's safe for us to simply adopt the contents of the storage for
+      // `other` and remove its own reference to them. It's as if we had
+      // individually move-assigned each value and then destroyed the original.
+      absl::conjunction<absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<ValueType<A>>,
+                        absl::is_trivially_destructible<ValueType<A>>,
+                        std::is_same<A, std::allocator<ValueType<A>>>>::value,
+      MemcpyPolicy,
+      // Otherwise we use move assignment if possible. If not, we simulate
+      // move assignment using move construction.
+      //
+      // Note that this is in contrast to e.g. std::vector and std::optional,
+      // which are themselves not move-assignable when their contained type is
+      // not.
+      absl::conditional_t<IsMoveAssignOk<A>::value, ElementwiseAssignPolicy,
+                          ElementwiseConstructPolicy>>;
+
+  // The policy to be used specifically when swapping inlined elements.
+  using SwapInlinedElementsPolicy = absl::conditional_t<
+      // Fast path: if the value type can be trivially move constructed/assigned
+      // and destroyed, and we know the allocator doesn't do anything fancy,
+      // then it's safe for us to simply swap the bytes in the inline storage.
+      // It's as if we had move-constructed a temporary vector, move-assigned
+      // one to the other, then move-assigned the first from the temporary.
+      absl::conjunction<absl::is_trivially_move_constructible<ValueType<A>>,
+                        absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<ValueType<A>>,
+                        absl::is_trivially_destructible<ValueType<A>>,
+                        std::is_same<A, std::allocator<ValueType<A>>>>::value,
+      MemcpyPolicy,
+      absl::conditional_t<IsSwapOk<A>::value, ElementwiseSwapPolicy,
+                          ElementwiseConstructPolicy>>;
+
   static SizeType<A> NextCapacity(SizeType<A> current_capacity) {
     return current_capacity * 2;
   }
@@ -316,14 +353,21 @@ class Storage {
       : metadata_(allocator, /* size and is_allocated */ 0u) {}
 
   ~Storage() {
+    // Fast path: if we are empty and not allocated, there's nothing to do.
     if (GetSizeAndIsAllocated() == 0) {
-      // Empty and not allocated; nothing to do.
-    } else if (IsMemcpyOk<A>::value) {
-      // No destructors need to be run; just deallocate if necessary.
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Fast path: if no destructors need to be run and we know the allocator
+    // doesn't do anything fancy, then all we need to do is deallocate (and
+    // maybe not even that).
+    if (absl::is_trivially_destructible<ValueType<A>>::value &&
+        std::is_same<A, std::allocator<ValueType<A>>>::value) {
       DeallocateIfAllocated();
-    } else {
-      DestroyContents();
+      return;
     }
+
+    DestroyContents();
   }
 
   // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -346,21 +390,27 @@ class Storage {
     return data_.allocated.allocated_data;
   }
 
-  Pointer<A> GetInlinedData() {
-    return reinterpret_cast<Pointer<A>>(
-        std::addressof(data_.inlined.inlined_data[0]));
+  // ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_CFI is used because the memory pointed to may be
+  // uninitialized, a common pattern in allocate()+construct() APIs.
+  // https://clang.llvm.org/docs/ControlFlowIntegrity.html#bad-cast-checking
+  // NOTE: When this was written, LLVM documentation did not explicitly
+  // mention that casting `char*` and using `reinterpret_cast` qualifies
+  // as a bad cast.
+  ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_CFI Pointer<A> GetInlinedData() {
+    return reinterpret_cast<Pointer<A>>(data_.inlined.inlined_data);
   }
 
-  ConstPointer<A> GetInlinedData() const {
-    return reinterpret_cast<ConstPointer<A>>(
-        std::addressof(data_.inlined.inlined_data[0]));
+  ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_CFI ConstPointer<A> GetInlinedData() const {
+    return reinterpret_cast<ConstPointer<A>>(data_.inlined.inlined_data);
   }
 
   SizeType<A> GetAllocatedCapacity() const {
     return data_.allocated.allocated_capacity;
   }
 
-  SizeType<A> GetInlinedCapacity() const { return static_cast<SizeType<A>>(N); }
+  SizeType<A> GetInlinedCapacity() const {
+    return static_cast<SizeType<A>>(kOptimalInlinedSize);
+  }
 
   StorageView<A> MakeStorageView() {
     return GetIsAllocated() ? StorageView<A>{GetAllocatedData(), GetSize(),
@@ -440,8 +490,32 @@ class Storage {
   }
 
   void MemcpyFrom(const Storage& other_storage) {
-    ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(IsMemcpyOk<A>::value ||
-                          other_storage.GetIsAllocated());
+    // Assumption check: it doesn't make sense to memcpy inlined elements unless
+    // we know the allocator doesn't do anything fancy, and one of the following
+    // holds:
+    //
+    //  *  The elements are trivially relocatable.
+    //
+    //  *  It's possible to trivially assign the elements and then destroy the
+    //     source.
+    //
+    //  *  It's possible to trivially copy construct/assign the elements.
+    //
+    {
+      using V = ValueType<A>;
+      ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(
+          other_storage.GetIsAllocated() ||
+          (std::is_same<A, std::allocator<V>>::value &&
+           (
+               // First case above
+               absl::is_trivially_relocatable<V>::value ||
+               // Second case above
+               (absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<V>::value &&
+                absl::is_trivially_destructible<V>::value) ||
+               // Third case above
+               (absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<V>::value ||
+                absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<V>::value))));
+    }
 
     GetSizeAndIsAllocated() = other_storage.GetSizeAndIsAllocated();
     data_ = other_storage.data_;
@@ -464,8 +538,15 @@ class Storage {
     SizeType<A> allocated_capacity;
   };
 
+  // `kOptimalInlinedSize` is an automatically adjusted inlined capacity of the
+  // `InlinedVector`. Sometimes, it is possible to increase the capacity (from
+  // the user requested `N`) without increasing the size of the `InlinedVector`.
+  static constexpr size_t kOptimalInlinedSize =
+      (std::max)(N, sizeof(Allocated) / sizeof(ValueType<A>));
+
   struct Inlined {
-    alignas(ValueType<A>) char inlined_data[sizeof(ValueType<A>[N])];
+    alignas(ValueType<A>) char inlined_data[sizeof(
+        ValueType<A>[kOptimalInlinedSize])];
   };
 
   union Data {
@@ -473,6 +554,13 @@ class Storage {
     Inlined inlined;
   };
 
+  void SwapN(ElementwiseSwapPolicy, Storage* other, SizeType<A> n);
+  void SwapN(ElementwiseConstructPolicy, Storage* other, SizeType<A> n);
+
+  void SwapInlinedElements(MemcpyPolicy, Storage* other);
+  template <typename NotMemcpyPolicy>
+  void SwapInlinedElements(NotMemcpyPolicy, Storage* other);
+
   template <typename... Args>
   ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE Reference<A> EmplaceBackSlow(Args&&... args);
 
@@ -507,13 +595,19 @@ void Storage<T, N, A>::InitFrom(const Storage& other) {
     dst = allocation.data;
     src = other.GetAllocatedData();
   }
-  if (IsMemcpyOk<A>::value) {
+
+  // Fast path: if the value type is trivially copy constructible and we know
+  // the allocator doesn't do anything fancy, then we know it is legal for us to
+  // simply memcpy the other vector's elements.
+  if (absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<ValueType<A>>::value &&
+      std::is_same<A, std::allocator<ValueType<A>>>::value) {
     std::memcpy(reinterpret_cast<char*>(dst),
                 reinterpret_cast<const char*>(src), n * sizeof(ValueType<A>));
   } else {
     auto values = IteratorValueAdapter<A, ConstPointer<A>>(src);
     ConstructElements<A>(GetAllocator(), dst, values, n);
   }
+
   GetSizeAndIsAllocated() = other.GetSizeAndIsAllocated();
 }
 
@@ -641,8 +735,8 @@ auto Storage<T, N, A>::Insert(ConstIterator<A> pos, ValueAdapter values,
                               SizeType<A> insert_count) -> Iterator<A> {
   StorageView<A> storage_view = MakeStorageView();
 
-  SizeType<A> insert_index =
-      std::distance(ConstIterator<A>(storage_view.data), pos);
+  auto insert_index = static_cast<SizeType<A>>(
+      std::distance(ConstIterator<A>(storage_view.data), pos));
   SizeType<A> insert_end_index = insert_index + insert_count;
   SizeType<A> new_size = storage_view.size + insert_count;
 
@@ -784,9 +878,9 @@ auto Storage<T, N, A>::Erase(ConstIterator<A> from, ConstIterator<A> to)
     -> Iterator<A> {
   StorageView<A> storage_view = MakeStorageView();
 
-  SizeType<A> erase_size = std::distance(from, to);
-  SizeType<A> erase_index =
-      std::distance(ConstIterator<A>(storage_view.data), from);
+  auto erase_size = static_cast<SizeType<A>>(std::distance(from, to));
+  auto erase_index = static_cast<SizeType<A>>(
+      std::distance(ConstIterator<A>(storage_view.data), from));
   SizeType<A> erase_end_index = erase_index + erase_size;
 
   IteratorValueAdapter<A, MoveIterator<A>> move_values(
@@ -886,26 +980,7 @@ auto Storage<T, N, A>::Swap(Storage* other_storage_ptr) -> void {
   if (GetIsAllocated() && other_storage_ptr->GetIsAllocated()) {
     swap(data_.allocated, other_storage_ptr->data_.allocated);
   } else if (!GetIsAllocated() && !other_storage_ptr->GetIsAllocated()) {
-    Storage* small_ptr = this;
-    Storage* large_ptr = other_storage_ptr;
-    if (small_ptr->GetSize() > large_ptr->GetSize()) swap(small_ptr, large_ptr);
-
-    for (SizeType<A> i = 0; i < small_ptr->GetSize(); ++i) {
-      swap(small_ptr->GetInlinedData()[i], large_ptr->GetInlinedData()[i]);
-    }
-
-    IteratorValueAdapter<A, MoveIterator<A>> move_values(
-        MoveIterator<A>(large_ptr->GetInlinedData() + small_ptr->GetSize()));
-
-    ConstructElements<A>(large_ptr->GetAllocator(),
-                         small_ptr->GetInlinedData() + small_ptr->GetSize(),
-                         move_values,
-                         large_ptr->GetSize() - small_ptr->GetSize());
-
-    DestroyAdapter<A>::DestroyElements(
-        large_ptr->GetAllocator(),
-        large_ptr->GetInlinedData() + small_ptr->GetSize(),
-        large_ptr->GetSize() - small_ptr->GetSize());
+    SwapInlinedElements(SwapInlinedElementsPolicy{}, other_storage_ptr);
   } else {
     Storage* allocated_ptr = this;
     Storage* inlined_ptr = other_storage_ptr;
@@ -941,6 +1016,68 @@ auto Storage<T, N, A>::Swap(Storage* other_storage_ptr) -> void {
   swap(GetAllocator(), other_storage_ptr->GetAllocator());
 }
 
+template <typename T, size_t N, typename A>
+void Storage<T, N, A>::SwapN(ElementwiseSwapPolicy, Storage* other,
+                             SizeType<A> n) {
+  std::swap_ranges(GetInlinedData(), GetInlinedData() + n,
+                   other->GetInlinedData());
+}
+
+template <typename T, size_t N, typename A>
+void Storage<T, N, A>::SwapN(ElementwiseConstructPolicy, Storage* other,
+                             SizeType<A> n) {
+  Pointer<A> a = GetInlinedData();
+  Pointer<A> b = other->GetInlinedData();
+  // see note on allocators in `SwapInlinedElements`.
+  A& allocator_a = GetAllocator();
+  A& allocator_b = other->GetAllocator();
+  for (SizeType<A> i = 0; i < n; ++i, ++a, ++b) {
+    ValueType<A> tmp(std::move(*a));
+
+    AllocatorTraits<A>::destroy(allocator_a, a);
+    AllocatorTraits<A>::construct(allocator_b, a, std::move(*b));
+
+    AllocatorTraits<A>::destroy(allocator_b, b);
+    AllocatorTraits<A>::construct(allocator_a, b, std::move(tmp));
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename T, size_t N, typename A>
+void Storage<T, N, A>::SwapInlinedElements(MemcpyPolicy, Storage* other) {
+  Data tmp = data_;
+  data_ = other->data_;
+  other->data_ = tmp;
+}
+
+template <typename T, size_t N, typename A>
+template <typename NotMemcpyPolicy>
+void Storage<T, N, A>::SwapInlinedElements(NotMemcpyPolicy policy,
+                                           Storage* other) {
+  // Note: `destroy` needs to use pre-swap allocator while `construct` -
+  // post-swap allocator. Allocators will be swapped later on outside of
+  // `SwapInlinedElements`.
+  Storage* small_ptr = this;
+  Storage* large_ptr = other;
+  if (small_ptr->GetSize() > large_ptr->GetSize()) {
+    std::swap(small_ptr, large_ptr);
+  }
+
+  auto small_size = small_ptr->GetSize();
+  auto diff = large_ptr->GetSize() - small_size;
+  SwapN(policy, other, small_size);
+
+  IteratorValueAdapter<A, MoveIterator<A>> move_values(
+      MoveIterator<A>(large_ptr->GetInlinedData() + small_size));
+
+  ConstructElements<A>(large_ptr->GetAllocator(),
+                       small_ptr->GetInlinedData() + small_size, move_values,
+                       diff);
+
+  DestroyAdapter<A>::DestroyElements(large_ptr->GetAllocator(),
+                                     large_ptr->GetInlinedData() + small_size,
+                                     diff);
+}
+
 // End ignore "array-bounds"
 #if !defined(__clang__) && defined(__GNUC__)
 #pragma GCC diagnostic pop
@@ -950,4 +1087,4 @@ auto Storage<T, N, A>::Swap(Storage* other_storage_ptr) -> void {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
 }  // namespace absl
 
-#endif  // ABSL_CONTAINER_INTERNAL_INLINED_VECTOR_INTERNAL_H_
+#endif  // ABSL_CONTAINER_INTERNAL_INLINED_VECTOR_H_
diff --git a/absl/container/internal/layout_benchmark.cc b/absl/container/internal/layout_benchmark.cc
index d8636e8d..3af35e33 100644
--- a/absl/container/internal/layout_benchmark.cc
+++ b/absl/container/internal/layout_benchmark.cc
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ void BM_OffsetVariable(benchmark::State& state) {
   size_t m = 5;
   size_t k = 7;
   ABSL_RAW_CHECK(L::Partial(n, m, k).template Offset<3>() == Offset,
-                 "Inavlid offset");
+                 "Invalid offset");
   for (auto _ : state) {
     DoNotOptimize(n);
     DoNotOptimize(m);
diff --git a/absl/container/internal/layout_test.cc b/absl/container/internal/layout_test.cc
index 54e5d5bb..ce599ce7 100644
--- a/absl/container/internal/layout_test.cc
+++ b/absl/container/internal/layout_test.cc
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 #include "gmock/gmock.h"
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
 #include "absl/base/config.h"
-#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
+#include "absl/log/check.h"
 #include "absl/types/span.h"
 
 namespace absl {
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ using ::absl::Span;
 using ::testing::ElementsAre;
 
 size_t Distance(const void* from, const void* to) {
-  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(from <= to, "Distance must be non-negative");
+  CHECK_LE(from, to) << "Distance must be non-negative";
   return static_cast<const char*>(to) - static_cast<const char*>(from);
 }
 
@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ TEST(Layout, Sizes) {
 }
 
 TEST(Layout, PointerByIndex) {
-  alignas(max_align_t) const unsigned char p[100] = {};
+  alignas(max_align_t) const unsigned char p[100] = {0};
   {
     using L = Layout<int32_t>;
     EXPECT_EQ(0, Distance(p, Type<const int32_t*>(L::Partial().Pointer<0>(p))));
@@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ TEST(Layout, PointerByIndex) {
 }
 
 TEST(Layout, PointerByType) {
-  alignas(max_align_t) const unsigned char p[100] = {};
+  alignas(max_align_t) const unsigned char p[100] = {0};
   {
     using L = Layout<int32_t>;
     EXPECT_EQ(
@@ -526,7 +526,7 @@ TEST(Layout, PointerByType) {
 }
 
 TEST(Layout, MutablePointerByIndex) {
-  alignas(max_align_t) unsigned char p[100];
+  alignas(max_align_t) unsigned char p[100] = {0};
   {
     using L = Layout<int32_t>;
     EXPECT_EQ(0, Distance(p, Type<int32_t*>(L::Partial().Pointer<0>(p))));
@@ -581,7 +581,7 @@ TEST(Layout, MutablePointerByIndex) {
 }
 
 TEST(Layout, MutablePointerByType) {
-  alignas(max_align_t) unsigned char p[100];
+  alignas(max_align_t) unsigned char p[100] = {0};
   {
     using L = Layout<int32_t>;
     EXPECT_EQ(0, Distance(p, Type<int32_t*>(L::Partial().Pointer<int32_t>(p))));
@@ -647,7 +647,7 @@ TEST(Layout, MutablePointerByType) {
 }
 
 TEST(Layout, Pointers) {
-  alignas(max_align_t) const unsigned char p[100] = {};
+  alignas(max_align_t) const unsigned char p[100] = {0};
   using L = Layout<int8_t, int8_t, Int128>;
   {
     const auto x = L::Partial();
@@ -683,7 +683,7 @@ TEST(Layout, Pointers) {
 }
 
 TEST(Layout, MutablePointers) {
-  alignas(max_align_t) unsigned char p[100];
+  alignas(max_align_t) unsigned char p[100] = {0};
   using L = Layout<int8_t, int8_t, Int128>;
   {
     const auto x = L::Partial();
@@ -716,7 +716,7 @@ TEST(Layout, MutablePointers) {
 }
 
 TEST(Layout, SliceByIndexSize) {
-  alignas(max_align_t) const unsigned char p[100] = {};
+  alignas(max_align_t) const unsigned char p[100] = {0};
   {
     using L = Layout<int32_t>;
     EXPECT_EQ(0, L::Partial(0).Slice<0>(p).size());
@@ -744,7 +744,7 @@ TEST(Layout, SliceByIndexSize) {
 }
 
 TEST(Layout, SliceByTypeSize) {
-  alignas(max_align_t) const unsigned char p[100] = {};
+  alignas(max_align_t) const unsigned char p[100] = {0};
   {
     using L = Layout<int32_t>;
     EXPECT_EQ(0, L::Partial(0).Slice<int32_t>(p).size());
@@ -766,7 +766,7 @@ TEST(Layout, SliceByTypeSize) {
 }
 
 TEST(Layout, MutableSliceByIndexSize) {
-  alignas(max_align_t) unsigned char p[100];
+  alignas(max_align_t) unsigned char p[100] = {0};
   {
     using L = Layout<int32_t>;
     EXPECT_EQ(0, L::Partial(0).Slice<0>(p).size());
@@ -794,7 +794,7 @@ TEST(Layout, MutableSliceByIndexSize) {
 }
 
 TEST(Layout, MutableSliceByTypeSize) {
-  alignas(max_align_t) unsigned char p[100];
+  alignas(max_align_t) unsigned char p[100] = {0};
   {
     using L = Layout<int32_t>;
     EXPECT_EQ(0, L::Partial(0).Slice<int32_t>(p).size());
@@ -816,7 +816,7 @@ TEST(Layout, MutableSliceByTypeSize) {
 }
 
 TEST(Layout, SliceByIndexData) {
-  alignas(max_align_t) const unsigned char p[100] = {};
+  alignas(max_align_t) const unsigned char p[100] = {0};
   {
     using L = Layout<int32_t>;
     EXPECT_EQ(
@@ -939,7 +939,7 @@ TEST(Layout, SliceByIndexData) {
 }
 
 TEST(Layout, SliceByTypeData) {
-  alignas(max_align_t) const unsigned char p[100] = {};
+  alignas(max_align_t) const unsigned char p[100] = {0};
   {
     using L = Layout<int32_t>;
     EXPECT_EQ(
@@ -1037,7 +1037,7 @@ TEST(Layout, SliceByTypeData) {
 }
 
 TEST(Layout, MutableSliceByIndexData) {
-  alignas(max_align_t) unsigned char p[100];
+  alignas(max_align_t) unsigned char p[100] = {0};
   {
     using L = Layout<int32_t>;
     EXPECT_EQ(
@@ -1122,7 +1122,7 @@ TEST(Layout, MutableSliceByIndexData) {
 }
 
 TEST(Layout, MutableSliceByTypeData) {
-  alignas(max_align_t) unsigned char p[100];
+  alignas(max_align_t) unsigned char p[100] = {0};
   {
     using L = Layout<int32_t>;
     EXPECT_EQ(
@@ -1268,7 +1268,7 @@ testing::PolymorphicMatcher<TupleMatcher<M...>> Tuple(M... matchers) {
 }
 
 TEST(Layout, Slices) {
-  alignas(max_align_t) const unsigned char p[100] = {};
+  alignas(max_align_t) const unsigned char p[100] = {0};
   using L = Layout<int8_t, int8_t, Int128>;
   {
     const auto x = L::Partial();
@@ -1302,7 +1302,7 @@ TEST(Layout, Slices) {
 }
 
 TEST(Layout, MutableSlices) {
-  alignas(max_align_t) unsigned char p[100] = {};
+  alignas(max_align_t) unsigned char p[100] = {0};
   using L = Layout<int8_t, int8_t, Int128>;
   {
     const auto x = L::Partial();
diff --git a/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_map.h b/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_map.h
index c7df2efc..2d5a8710 100644
--- a/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_map.h
+++ b/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_map.h
@@ -71,43 +71,51 @@ class raw_hash_map : public raw_hash_set<Policy, Hash, Eq, Alloc> {
   //   m.insert_or_assign(n, n);
   template <class K = key_type, class V = mapped_type, K* = nullptr,
             V* = nullptr>
-  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert_or_assign(key_arg<K>&& k, V&& v) {
+  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert_or_assign(key_arg<K>&& k, V&& v)
+      ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return insert_or_assign_impl(std::forward<K>(k), std::forward<V>(v));
   }
 
   template <class K = key_type, class V = mapped_type, K* = nullptr>
-  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert_or_assign(key_arg<K>&& k, const V& v) {
+  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert_or_assign(key_arg<K>&& k, const V& v)
+      ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return insert_or_assign_impl(std::forward<K>(k), v);
   }
 
   template <class K = key_type, class V = mapped_type, V* = nullptr>
-  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert_or_assign(const key_arg<K>& k, V&& v) {
+  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert_or_assign(const key_arg<K>& k, V&& v)
+      ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return insert_or_assign_impl(k, std::forward<V>(v));
   }
 
   template <class K = key_type, class V = mapped_type>
-  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert_or_assign(const key_arg<K>& k, const V& v) {
+  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert_or_assign(const key_arg<K>& k, const V& v)
+      ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return insert_or_assign_impl(k, v);
   }
 
   template <class K = key_type, class V = mapped_type, K* = nullptr,
             V* = nullptr>
-  iterator insert_or_assign(const_iterator, key_arg<K>&& k, V&& v) {
+  iterator insert_or_assign(const_iterator, key_arg<K>&& k,
+                            V&& v) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return insert_or_assign(std::forward<K>(k), std::forward<V>(v)).first;
   }
 
   template <class K = key_type, class V = mapped_type, K* = nullptr>
-  iterator insert_or_assign(const_iterator, key_arg<K>&& k, const V& v) {
+  iterator insert_or_assign(const_iterator, key_arg<K>&& k,
+                            const V& v) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return insert_or_assign(std::forward<K>(k), v).first;
   }
 
   template <class K = key_type, class V = mapped_type, V* = nullptr>
-  iterator insert_or_assign(const_iterator, const key_arg<K>& k, V&& v) {
+  iterator insert_or_assign(const_iterator, const key_arg<K>& k,
+                            V&& v) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return insert_or_assign(k, std::forward<V>(v)).first;
   }
 
   template <class K = key_type, class V = mapped_type>
-  iterator insert_or_assign(const_iterator, const key_arg<K>& k, const V& v) {
+  iterator insert_or_assign(const_iterator, const key_arg<K>& k,
+                            const V& v) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return insert_or_assign(k, v).first;
   }
 
@@ -118,29 +126,33 @@ class raw_hash_map : public raw_hash_set<Policy, Hash, Eq, Alloc> {
             typename std::enable_if<
                 !std::is_convertible<K, const_iterator>::value, int>::type = 0,
             K* = nullptr>
-  std::pair<iterator, bool> try_emplace(key_arg<K>&& k, Args&&... args) {
+  std::pair<iterator, bool> try_emplace(key_arg<K>&& k, Args&&... args)
+      ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return try_emplace_impl(std::forward<K>(k), std::forward<Args>(args)...);
   }
 
   template <class K = key_type, class... Args,
             typename std::enable_if<
                 !std::is_convertible<K, const_iterator>::value, int>::type = 0>
-  std::pair<iterator, bool> try_emplace(const key_arg<K>& k, Args&&... args) {
+  std::pair<iterator, bool> try_emplace(const key_arg<K>& k, Args&&... args)
+      ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return try_emplace_impl(k, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
   }
 
   template <class K = key_type, class... Args, K* = nullptr>
-  iterator try_emplace(const_iterator, key_arg<K>&& k, Args&&... args) {
+  iterator try_emplace(const_iterator, key_arg<K>&& k,
+                       Args&&... args) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return try_emplace(std::forward<K>(k), std::forward<Args>(args)...).first;
   }
 
   template <class K = key_type, class... Args>
-  iterator try_emplace(const_iterator, const key_arg<K>& k, Args&&... args) {
+  iterator try_emplace(const_iterator, const key_arg<K>& k,
+                       Args&&... args) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return try_emplace(k, std::forward<Args>(args)...).first;
   }
 
   template <class K = key_type, class P = Policy>
-  MappedReference<P> at(const key_arg<K>& key) {
+  MappedReference<P> at(const key_arg<K>& key) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     auto it = this->find(key);
     if (it == this->end()) {
       base_internal::ThrowStdOutOfRange(
@@ -150,7 +162,8 @@ class raw_hash_map : public raw_hash_set<Policy, Hash, Eq, Alloc> {
   }
 
   template <class K = key_type, class P = Policy>
-  MappedConstReference<P> at(const key_arg<K>& key) const {
+  MappedConstReference<P> at(const key_arg<K>& key) const
+      ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     auto it = this->find(key);
     if (it == this->end()) {
       base_internal::ThrowStdOutOfRange(
@@ -160,18 +173,21 @@ class raw_hash_map : public raw_hash_set<Policy, Hash, Eq, Alloc> {
   }
 
   template <class K = key_type, class P = Policy, K* = nullptr>
-  MappedReference<P> operator[](key_arg<K>&& key) {
+  MappedReference<P> operator[](key_arg<K>&& key)
+      ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return Policy::value(&*try_emplace(std::forward<K>(key)).first);
   }
 
   template <class K = key_type, class P = Policy>
-  MappedReference<P> operator[](const key_arg<K>& key) {
+  MappedReference<P> operator[](const key_arg<K>& key)
+      ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return Policy::value(&*try_emplace(key).first);
   }
 
  private:
   template <class K, class V>
-  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert_or_assign_impl(K&& k, V&& v) {
+  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert_or_assign_impl(K&& k, V&& v)
+      ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     auto res = this->find_or_prepare_insert(k);
     if (res.second)
       this->emplace_at(res.first, std::forward<K>(k), std::forward<V>(v));
@@ -181,7 +197,8 @@ class raw_hash_map : public raw_hash_set<Policy, Hash, Eq, Alloc> {
   }
 
   template <class K = key_type, class... Args>
-  std::pair<iterator, bool> try_emplace_impl(K&& k, Args&&... args) {
+  std::pair<iterator, bool> try_emplace_impl(K&& k, Args&&... args)
+      ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     auto res = this->find_or_prepare_insert(k);
     if (res.second)
       this->emplace_at(res.first, std::piecewise_construct,
diff --git a/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set.cc b/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set.cc
index c63a2e02..2ff95b61 100644
--- a/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set.cc
+++ b/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set.cc
@@ -15,17 +15,30 @@
 #include "absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set.h"
 
 #include <atomic>
+#include <cassert>
 #include <cstddef>
+#include <cstring>
 
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
 #include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/dynamic_annotations.h"
+#include "absl/hash/hash.h"
 
 namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 namespace container_internal {
 
-// A single block of empty control bytes for tables without any slots allocated.
-// This enables removing a branch in the hot path of find().
-alignas(16) ABSL_CONST_INIT ABSL_DLL const ctrl_t kEmptyGroup[16] = {
+// We have space for `growth_left` before a single block of control bytes. A
+// single block of empty control bytes for tables without any slots allocated.
+// This enables removing a branch in the hot path of find(). In order to ensure
+// that the control bytes are aligned to 16, we have 16 bytes before the control
+// bytes even though growth_left only needs 8.
+constexpr ctrl_t ZeroCtrlT() { return static_cast<ctrl_t>(0); }
+alignas(16) ABSL_CONST_INIT ABSL_DLL const ctrl_t kEmptyGroup[32] = {
+    ZeroCtrlT(),       ZeroCtrlT(),    ZeroCtrlT(),    ZeroCtrlT(),
+    ZeroCtrlT(),       ZeroCtrlT(),    ZeroCtrlT(),    ZeroCtrlT(),
+    ZeroCtrlT(),       ZeroCtrlT(),    ZeroCtrlT(),    ZeroCtrlT(),
+    ZeroCtrlT(),       ZeroCtrlT(),    ZeroCtrlT(),    ZeroCtrlT(),
     ctrl_t::kSentinel, ctrl_t::kEmpty, ctrl_t::kEmpty, ctrl_t::kEmpty,
     ctrl_t::kEmpty,    ctrl_t::kEmpty, ctrl_t::kEmpty, ctrl_t::kEmpty,
     ctrl_t::kEmpty,    ctrl_t::kEmpty, ctrl_t::kEmpty, ctrl_t::kEmpty,
@@ -35,10 +48,17 @@ alignas(16) ABSL_CONST_INIT ABSL_DLL const ctrl_t kEmptyGroup[16] = {
 constexpr size_t Group::kWidth;
 #endif
 
+namespace {
+
 // Returns "random" seed.
 inline size_t RandomSeed() {
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_THREAD_LOCAL
   static thread_local size_t counter = 0;
+  // On Linux kernels >= 5.4 the MSAN runtime has a false-positive when
+  // accessing thread local storage data from loaded libraries
+  // (https://github.com/google/sanitizers/issues/1265), for this reason counter
+  // needs to be annotated as initialized.
+  ABSL_ANNOTATE_MEMORY_IS_INITIALIZED(&counter, sizeof(size_t));
   size_t value = ++counter;
 #else   // ABSL_HAVE_THREAD_LOCAL
   static std::atomic<size_t> counter(0);
@@ -47,6 +67,32 @@ inline size_t RandomSeed() {
   return value ^ static_cast<size_t>(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(&counter));
 }
 
+}  // namespace
+
+GenerationType* EmptyGeneration() {
+  if (SwisstableGenerationsEnabled()) {
+    constexpr size_t kNumEmptyGenerations = 1024;
+    static constexpr GenerationType kEmptyGenerations[kNumEmptyGenerations]{};
+    return const_cast<GenerationType*>(
+        &kEmptyGenerations[RandomSeed() % kNumEmptyGenerations]);
+  }
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
+bool CommonFieldsGenerationInfoEnabled::
+    should_rehash_for_bug_detection_on_insert(const ctrl_t* ctrl,
+                                              size_t capacity) const {
+  if (reserved_growth_ == kReservedGrowthJustRanOut) return true;
+  if (reserved_growth_ > 0) return false;
+  // Note: we can't use the abseil-random library because abseil-random
+  // depends on swisstable. We want to return true with probability
+  // `min(1, RehashProbabilityConstant() / capacity())`. In order to do this,
+  // we probe based on a random hash and see if the offset is less than
+  // RehashProbabilityConstant().
+  return probe(ctrl, capacity, absl::HashOf(RandomSeed())).offset() <
+         RehashProbabilityConstant();
+}
+
 bool ShouldInsertBackwards(size_t hash, const ctrl_t* ctrl) {
   // To avoid problems with weak hashes and single bit tests, we use % 13.
   // TODO(kfm,sbenza): revisit after we do unconditional mixing
@@ -63,8 +109,154 @@ void ConvertDeletedToEmptyAndFullToDeleted(ctrl_t* ctrl, size_t capacity) {
   std::memcpy(ctrl + capacity + 1, ctrl, NumClonedBytes());
   ctrl[capacity] = ctrl_t::kSentinel;
 }
-// Extern template instantiotion for inline function.
-template FindInfo find_first_non_full(const ctrl_t*, size_t, size_t);
+// Extern template instantiation for inline function.
+template FindInfo find_first_non_full(const CommonFields&, size_t);
+
+FindInfo find_first_non_full_outofline(const CommonFields& common,
+                                       size_t hash) {
+  return find_first_non_full(common, hash);
+}
+
+// Returns the address of the ith slot in slots where each slot occupies
+// slot_size.
+static inline void* SlotAddress(void* slot_array, size_t slot,
+                                size_t slot_size) {
+  return reinterpret_cast<void*>(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(slot_array) +
+                                 (slot * slot_size));
+}
+
+// Returns the address of the slot just after slot assuming each slot has the
+// specified size.
+static inline void* NextSlot(void* slot, size_t slot_size) {
+  return reinterpret_cast<void*>(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(slot) + slot_size);
+}
+
+// Returns the address of the slot just before slot assuming each slot has the
+// specified size.
+static inline void* PrevSlot(void* slot, size_t slot_size) {
+  return reinterpret_cast<void*>(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(slot) - slot_size);
+}
+
+void DropDeletesWithoutResize(CommonFields& common,
+                              const PolicyFunctions& policy, void* tmp_space) {
+  void* set = &common;
+  void* slot_array = common.slot_array();
+  const size_t capacity = common.capacity();
+  assert(IsValidCapacity(capacity));
+  assert(!is_small(capacity));
+  // Algorithm:
+  // - mark all DELETED slots as EMPTY
+  // - mark all FULL slots as DELETED
+  // - for each slot marked as DELETED
+  //     hash = Hash(element)
+  //     target = find_first_non_full(hash)
+  //     if target is in the same group
+  //       mark slot as FULL
+  //     else if target is EMPTY
+  //       transfer element to target
+  //       mark slot as EMPTY
+  //       mark target as FULL
+  //     else if target is DELETED
+  //       swap current element with target element
+  //       mark target as FULL
+  //       repeat procedure for current slot with moved from element (target)
+  ctrl_t* ctrl = common.control();
+  ConvertDeletedToEmptyAndFullToDeleted(ctrl, capacity);
+  auto hasher = policy.hash_slot;
+  auto transfer = policy.transfer;
+  const size_t slot_size = policy.slot_size;
+
+  size_t total_probe_length = 0;
+  void* slot_ptr = SlotAddress(slot_array, 0, slot_size);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i != capacity;
+       ++i, slot_ptr = NextSlot(slot_ptr, slot_size)) {
+    assert(slot_ptr == SlotAddress(slot_array, i, slot_size));
+    if (!IsDeleted(ctrl[i])) continue;
+    const size_t hash = (*hasher)(set, slot_ptr);
+    const FindInfo target = find_first_non_full(common, hash);
+    const size_t new_i = target.offset;
+    total_probe_length += target.probe_length;
+
+    // Verify if the old and new i fall within the same group wrt the hash.
+    // If they do, we don't need to move the object as it falls already in the
+    // best probe we can.
+    const size_t probe_offset = probe(common, hash).offset();
+    const auto probe_index = [probe_offset, capacity](size_t pos) {
+      return ((pos - probe_offset) & capacity) / Group::kWidth;
+    };
+
+    // Element doesn't move.
+    if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(probe_index(new_i) == probe_index(i))) {
+      SetCtrl(common, i, H2(hash), slot_size);
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    void* new_slot_ptr = SlotAddress(slot_array, new_i, slot_size);
+    if (IsEmpty(ctrl[new_i])) {
+      // Transfer element to the empty spot.
+      // SetCtrl poisons/unpoisons the slots so we have to call it at the
+      // right time.
+      SetCtrl(common, new_i, H2(hash), slot_size);
+      (*transfer)(set, new_slot_ptr, slot_ptr);
+      SetCtrl(common, i, ctrl_t::kEmpty, slot_size);
+    } else {
+      assert(IsDeleted(ctrl[new_i]));
+      SetCtrl(common, new_i, H2(hash), slot_size);
+      // Until we are done rehashing, DELETED marks previously FULL slots.
+
+      // Swap i and new_i elements.
+      (*transfer)(set, tmp_space, new_slot_ptr);
+      (*transfer)(set, new_slot_ptr, slot_ptr);
+      (*transfer)(set, slot_ptr, tmp_space);
+
+      // repeat the processing of the ith slot
+      --i;
+      slot_ptr = PrevSlot(slot_ptr, slot_size);
+    }
+  }
+  ResetGrowthLeft(common);
+  common.infoz().RecordRehash(total_probe_length);
+}
+
+void EraseMetaOnly(CommonFields& c, ctrl_t* it, size_t slot_size) {
+  assert(IsFull(*it) && "erasing a dangling iterator");
+  c.set_size(c.size() - 1);
+  const auto index = static_cast<size_t>(it - c.control());
+  const size_t index_before = (index - Group::kWidth) & c.capacity();
+  const auto empty_after = Group(it).MaskEmpty();
+  const auto empty_before = Group(c.control() + index_before).MaskEmpty();
+
+  // We count how many consecutive non empties we have to the right and to the
+  // left of `it`. If the sum is >= kWidth then there is at least one probe
+  // window that might have seen a full group.
+  bool was_never_full = empty_before && empty_after &&
+                        static_cast<size_t>(empty_after.TrailingZeros()) +
+                                empty_before.LeadingZeros() <
+                            Group::kWidth;
+
+  SetCtrl(c, index, was_never_full ? ctrl_t::kEmpty : ctrl_t::kDeleted,
+          slot_size);
+  c.set_growth_left(c.growth_left() + (was_never_full ? 1 : 0));
+  c.infoz().RecordErase();
+}
+
+void ClearBackingArray(CommonFields& c, const PolicyFunctions& policy,
+                       bool reuse) {
+  c.set_size(0);
+  if (reuse) {
+    ResetCtrl(c, policy.slot_size);
+    c.infoz().RecordStorageChanged(0, c.capacity());
+  } else {
+    (*policy.dealloc)(c, policy);
+    c.set_control(EmptyGroup());
+    c.set_generation_ptr(EmptyGeneration());
+    c.set_slots(nullptr);
+    c.set_capacity(0);
+    c.infoz().RecordClearedReservation();
+    assert(c.size() == 0);
+    c.infoz().RecordStorageChanged(0, 0);
+  }
+}
 
 }  // namespace container_internal
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
diff --git a/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set.h b/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set.h
index ea912f83..5f89d8ef 100644
--- a/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set.h
+++ b/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set.h
@@ -62,6 +62,8 @@
 // pseudo-struct:
 //
 //   struct BackingArray {
+//     // The number of elements we can insert before growing the capacity.
+//     size_t growth_left;
 //     // Control bytes for the "real" slots.
 //     ctrl_t ctrl[capacity];
 //     // Always `ctrl_t::kSentinel`. This is used by iterators to find when to
@@ -115,7 +117,7 @@
 // starting with that index and extract potential candidates: occupied slots
 // with a control byte equal to `H2(hash(x))`. If we find an empty slot in the
 // group, we stop and return an error. Each candidate slot `y` is compared with
-// `x`; if `x == y`, we are done and return `&y`; otherwise we contine to the
+// `x`; if `x == y`, we are done and return `&y`; otherwise we continue to the
 // next probe index. Tombstones effectively behave like full slots that never
 // match the value we're looking for.
 //
@@ -174,20 +176,23 @@
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cmath>
+#include <cstddef>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <cstring>
 #include <iterator>
 #include <limits>
 #include <memory>
+#include <string>
 #include <tuple>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <utility>
 
 #include "absl/base/config.h"
 #include "absl/base/internal/endian.h"
-#include "absl/base/internal/prefetch.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
 #include "absl/base/optimization.h"
 #include "absl/base/port.h"
+#include "absl/base/prefetch.h"
 #include "absl/container/internal/common.h"
 #include "absl/container/internal/compressed_tuple.h"
 #include "absl/container/internal/container_memory.h"
@@ -219,6 +224,37 @@ namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 namespace container_internal {
 
+#ifdef ABSL_SWISSTABLE_ENABLE_GENERATIONS
+#error ABSL_SWISSTABLE_ENABLE_GENERATIONS cannot be directly set
+#elif defined(ABSL_HAVE_ADDRESS_SANITIZER) || \
+    defined(ABSL_HAVE_MEMORY_SANITIZER)
+// When compiled in sanitizer mode, we add generation integers to the backing
+// array and iterators. In the backing array, we store the generation between
+// the control bytes and the slots. When iterators are dereferenced, we assert
+// that the container has not been mutated in a way that could cause iterator
+// invalidation since the iterator was initialized.
+#define ABSL_SWISSTABLE_ENABLE_GENERATIONS
+#endif
+
+// We use uint8_t so we don't need to worry about padding.
+using GenerationType = uint8_t;
+
+// A sentinel value for empty generations. Using 0 makes it easy to constexpr
+// initialize an array of this value.
+constexpr GenerationType SentinelEmptyGeneration() { return 0; }
+
+constexpr GenerationType NextGeneration(GenerationType generation) {
+  return ++generation == SentinelEmptyGeneration() ? ++generation : generation;
+}
+
+#ifdef ABSL_SWISSTABLE_ENABLE_GENERATIONS
+constexpr bool SwisstableGenerationsEnabled() { return true; }
+constexpr size_t NumGenerationBytes() { return sizeof(GenerationType); }
+#else
+constexpr bool SwisstableGenerationsEnabled() { return false; }
+constexpr size_t NumGenerationBytes() { return 0; }
+#endif
+
 template <typename AllocType>
 void SwapAlloc(AllocType& lhs, AllocType& rhs,
                std::true_type /* propagate_on_container_swap */) {
@@ -343,12 +379,12 @@ class NonIterableBitMask {
     return static_cast<uint32_t>((bit_width(mask_) - 1) >> Shift);
   }
 
-  // Return the number of trailing zero *abstract* bits.
+  // Returns the number of trailing zero *abstract* bits.
   uint32_t TrailingZeros() const {
     return container_internal::TrailingZeros(mask_) >> Shift;
   }
 
-  // Return the number of leading zero *abstract* bits.
+  // Returns the number of leading zero *abstract* bits.
   uint32_t LeadingZeros() const {
     constexpr int total_significant_bits = SignificantBits << Shift;
     constexpr int extra_bits = sizeof(T) * 8 - total_significant_bits;
@@ -451,13 +487,23 @@ static_assert(ctrl_t::kDeleted == static_cast<ctrl_t>(-2),
               "ctrl_t::kDeleted must be -2 to make the implementation of "
               "ConvertSpecialToEmptyAndFullToDeleted efficient");
 
-ABSL_DLL extern const ctrl_t kEmptyGroup[16];
+// See definition comment for why this is size 32.
+ABSL_DLL extern const ctrl_t kEmptyGroup[32];
 
 // Returns a pointer to a control byte group that can be used by empty tables.
 inline ctrl_t* EmptyGroup() {
   // Const must be cast away here; no uses of this function will actually write
   // to it, because it is only used for empty tables.
-  return const_cast<ctrl_t*>(kEmptyGroup);
+  return const_cast<ctrl_t*>(kEmptyGroup + 16);
+}
+
+// Returns a pointer to a generation to use for an empty hashtable.
+GenerationType* EmptyGeneration();
+
+// Returns whether `generation` is a generation for an empty hashtable that
+// could be returned by EmptyGeneration().
+inline bool IsEmptyGeneration(const GenerationType* generation) {
+  return *generation == SentinelEmptyGeneration();
 }
 
 // Mixes a randomly generated per-process seed with `hash` and `ctrl` to
@@ -545,7 +591,7 @@ struct GroupSse2Impl {
 
   // Returns a bitmask representing the positions of slots that match hash.
   BitMask<uint32_t, kWidth> Match(h2_t hash) const {
-    auto match = _mm_set1_epi8(hash);
+    auto match = _mm_set1_epi8(static_cast<char>(hash));
     return BitMask<uint32_t, kWidth>(
         static_cast<uint32_t>(_mm_movemask_epi8(_mm_cmpeq_epi8(match, ctrl))));
   }
@@ -557,7 +603,7 @@ struct GroupSse2Impl {
     return NonIterableBitMask<uint32_t, kWidth>(
         static_cast<uint32_t>(_mm_movemask_epi8(_mm_sign_epi8(ctrl, ctrl))));
 #else
-    auto match = _mm_set1_epi8(static_cast<h2_t>(ctrl_t::kEmpty));
+    auto match = _mm_set1_epi8(static_cast<char>(ctrl_t::kEmpty));
     return NonIterableBitMask<uint32_t, kWidth>(
         static_cast<uint32_t>(_mm_movemask_epi8(_mm_cmpeq_epi8(match, ctrl))));
 #endif
@@ -565,14 +611,14 @@ struct GroupSse2Impl {
 
   // Returns a bitmask representing the positions of empty or deleted slots.
   NonIterableBitMask<uint32_t, kWidth> MaskEmptyOrDeleted() const {
-    auto special = _mm_set1_epi8(static_cast<uint8_t>(ctrl_t::kSentinel));
+    auto special = _mm_set1_epi8(static_cast<char>(ctrl_t::kSentinel));
     return NonIterableBitMask<uint32_t, kWidth>(static_cast<uint32_t>(
         _mm_movemask_epi8(_mm_cmpgt_epi8_fixed(special, ctrl))));
   }
 
   // Returns the number of trailing empty or deleted elements in the group.
   uint32_t CountLeadingEmptyOrDeleted() const {
-    auto special = _mm_set1_epi8(static_cast<uint8_t>(ctrl_t::kSentinel));
+    auto special = _mm_set1_epi8(static_cast<char>(ctrl_t::kSentinel));
     return TrailingZeros(static_cast<uint32_t>(
         _mm_movemask_epi8(_mm_cmpgt_epi8_fixed(special, ctrl)) + 1));
   }
@@ -612,9 +658,9 @@ struct GroupAArch64Impl {
 
   NonIterableBitMask<uint64_t, kWidth, 3> MaskEmpty() const {
     uint64_t mask =
-        vget_lane_u64(vreinterpret_u64_u8(
-                          vceq_s8(vdup_n_s8(static_cast<h2_t>(ctrl_t::kEmpty)),
-                                  vreinterpret_s8_u8(ctrl))),
+        vget_lane_u64(vreinterpret_u64_u8(vceq_s8(
+                          vdup_n_s8(static_cast<int8_t>(ctrl_t::kEmpty)),
+                          vreinterpret_s8_u8(ctrl))),
                       0);
     return NonIterableBitMask<uint64_t, kWidth, 3>(mask);
   }
@@ -629,21 +675,25 @@ struct GroupAArch64Impl {
   }
 
   uint32_t CountLeadingEmptyOrDeleted() const {
-    uint64_t mask = vget_lane_u64(vreinterpret_u64_u8(ctrl), 0);
-    // ctrl | ~(ctrl >> 7) will have the lowest bit set to zero for kEmpty and
-    // kDeleted. We lower all other bits and count number of trailing zeros.
+    uint64_t mask =
+        vget_lane_u64(vreinterpret_u64_u8(vcle_s8(
+                          vdup_n_s8(static_cast<int8_t>(ctrl_t::kSentinel)),
+                          vreinterpret_s8_u8(ctrl))),
+                      0);
+    // Similar to MaskEmptyorDeleted() but we invert the logic to invert the
+    // produced bitfield. We then count number of trailing zeros.
     // Clang and GCC optimize countr_zero to rbit+clz without any check for 0,
     // so we should be fine.
-    constexpr uint64_t bits = 0x0101010101010101ULL;
-    return countr_zero((mask | ~(mask >> 7)) & bits) >> 3;
+    return static_cast<uint32_t>(countr_zero(mask)) >> 3;
   }
 
   void ConvertSpecialToEmptyAndFullToDeleted(ctrl_t* dst) const {
     uint64_t mask = vget_lane_u64(vreinterpret_u64_u8(ctrl), 0);
     constexpr uint64_t msbs = 0x8080808080808080ULL;
-    constexpr uint64_t lsbs = 0x0101010101010101ULL;
-    auto x = mask & msbs;
-    auto res = (~x + (x >> 7)) & ~lsbs;
+    constexpr uint64_t slsbs = 0x0202020202020202ULL;
+    constexpr uint64_t midbs = 0x7e7e7e7e7e7e7e7eULL;
+    auto x = slsbs & (mask >> 6);
+    auto res = (x + midbs) | msbs;
     little_endian::Store64(dst, res);
   }
 
@@ -693,7 +743,8 @@ struct GroupPortableImpl {
     // ctrl | ~(ctrl >> 7) will have the lowest bit set to zero for kEmpty and
     // kDeleted. We lower all other bits and count number of trailing zeros.
     constexpr uint64_t bits = 0x0101010101010101ULL;
-    return countr_zero((ctrl | ~(ctrl >> 7)) & bits) >> 3;
+    return static_cast<uint32_t>(countr_zero((ctrl | ~(ctrl >> 7)) & bits) >>
+                                 3);
   }
 
   void ConvertSpecialToEmptyAndFullToDeleted(ctrl_t* dst) const {
@@ -715,20 +766,300 @@ using Group = GroupAArch64Impl;
 using Group = GroupPortableImpl;
 #endif
 
-// Returns he number of "cloned control bytes".
+// When there is an insertion with no reserved growth, we rehash with
+// probability `min(1, RehashProbabilityConstant() / capacity())`. Using a
+// constant divided by capacity ensures that inserting N elements is still O(N)
+// in the average case. Using the constant 16 means that we expect to rehash ~8
+// times more often than when generations are disabled. We are adding expected
+// rehash_probability * #insertions/capacity_growth = 16/capacity * ((7/8 -
+// 7/16) * capacity)/capacity_growth = ~7 extra rehashes per capacity growth.
+inline size_t RehashProbabilityConstant() { return 16; }
+
+class CommonFieldsGenerationInfoEnabled {
+  // A sentinel value for reserved_growth_ indicating that we just ran out of
+  // reserved growth on the last insertion. When reserve is called and then
+  // insertions take place, reserved_growth_'s state machine is N, ..., 1,
+  // kReservedGrowthJustRanOut, 0.
+  static constexpr size_t kReservedGrowthJustRanOut =
+      (std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max)();
+
+ public:
+  CommonFieldsGenerationInfoEnabled() = default;
+  CommonFieldsGenerationInfoEnabled(CommonFieldsGenerationInfoEnabled&& that)
+      : reserved_growth_(that.reserved_growth_),
+        reservation_size_(that.reservation_size_),
+        generation_(that.generation_) {
+    that.reserved_growth_ = 0;
+    that.reservation_size_ = 0;
+    that.generation_ = EmptyGeneration();
+  }
+  CommonFieldsGenerationInfoEnabled& operator=(
+      CommonFieldsGenerationInfoEnabled&&) = default;
+
+  // Whether we should rehash on insert in order to detect bugs of using invalid
+  // references. We rehash on the first insertion after reserved_growth_ reaches
+  // 0 after a call to reserve. We also do a rehash with low probability
+  // whenever reserved_growth_ is zero.
+  bool should_rehash_for_bug_detection_on_insert(const ctrl_t* ctrl,
+                                                 size_t capacity) const;
+  void maybe_increment_generation_on_insert() {
+    if (reserved_growth_ == kReservedGrowthJustRanOut) reserved_growth_ = 0;
+
+    if (reserved_growth_ > 0) {
+      if (--reserved_growth_ == 0) reserved_growth_ = kReservedGrowthJustRanOut;
+    } else {
+      *generation_ = NextGeneration(*generation_);
+    }
+  }
+  void reset_reserved_growth(size_t reservation, size_t size) {
+    reserved_growth_ = reservation - size;
+  }
+  size_t reserved_growth() const { return reserved_growth_; }
+  void set_reserved_growth(size_t r) { reserved_growth_ = r; }
+  size_t reservation_size() const { return reservation_size_; }
+  void set_reservation_size(size_t r) { reservation_size_ = r; }
+  GenerationType generation() const { return *generation_; }
+  void set_generation(GenerationType g) { *generation_ = g; }
+  GenerationType* generation_ptr() const { return generation_; }
+  void set_generation_ptr(GenerationType* g) { generation_ = g; }
+
+ private:
+  // The number of insertions remaining that are guaranteed to not rehash due to
+  // a prior call to reserve. Note: we store reserved growth in addition to
+  // reservation size because calls to erase() decrease size_ but don't decrease
+  // reserved growth.
+  size_t reserved_growth_ = 0;
+  // The maximum argument to reserve() since the container was cleared. We need
+  // to keep track of this, in addition to reserved growth, because we reset
+  // reserved growth to this when erase(begin(), end()) is called.
+  size_t reservation_size_ = 0;
+  // Pointer to the generation counter, which is used to validate iterators and
+  // is stored in the backing array between the control bytes and the slots.
+  // Note that we can't store the generation inside the container itself and
+  // keep a pointer to the container in the iterators because iterators must
+  // remain valid when the container is moved.
+  // Note: we could derive this pointer from the control pointer, but it makes
+  // the code more complicated, and there's a benefit in having the sizes of
+  // raw_hash_set in sanitizer mode and non-sanitizer mode a bit more different,
+  // which is that tests are less likely to rely on the size remaining the same.
+  GenerationType* generation_ = EmptyGeneration();
+};
+
+class CommonFieldsGenerationInfoDisabled {
+ public:
+  CommonFieldsGenerationInfoDisabled() = default;
+  CommonFieldsGenerationInfoDisabled(CommonFieldsGenerationInfoDisabled&&) =
+      default;
+  CommonFieldsGenerationInfoDisabled& operator=(
+      CommonFieldsGenerationInfoDisabled&&) = default;
+
+  bool should_rehash_for_bug_detection_on_insert(const ctrl_t*, size_t) const {
+    return false;
+  }
+  void maybe_increment_generation_on_insert() {}
+  void reset_reserved_growth(size_t, size_t) {}
+  size_t reserved_growth() const { return 0; }
+  void set_reserved_growth(size_t) {}
+  size_t reservation_size() const { return 0; }
+  void set_reservation_size(size_t) {}
+  GenerationType generation() const { return 0; }
+  void set_generation(GenerationType) {}
+  GenerationType* generation_ptr() const { return nullptr; }
+  void set_generation_ptr(GenerationType*) {}
+};
+
+class HashSetIteratorGenerationInfoEnabled {
+ public:
+  HashSetIteratorGenerationInfoEnabled() = default;
+  explicit HashSetIteratorGenerationInfoEnabled(
+      const GenerationType* generation_ptr)
+      : generation_ptr_(generation_ptr), generation_(*generation_ptr) {}
+
+  GenerationType generation() const { return generation_; }
+  void reset_generation() { generation_ = *generation_ptr_; }
+  const GenerationType* generation_ptr() const { return generation_ptr_; }
+  void set_generation_ptr(const GenerationType* ptr) { generation_ptr_ = ptr; }
+
+ private:
+  const GenerationType* generation_ptr_ = EmptyGeneration();
+  GenerationType generation_ = *generation_ptr_;
+};
+
+class HashSetIteratorGenerationInfoDisabled {
+ public:
+  HashSetIteratorGenerationInfoDisabled() = default;
+  explicit HashSetIteratorGenerationInfoDisabled(const GenerationType*) {}
+
+  GenerationType generation() const { return 0; }
+  void reset_generation() {}
+  const GenerationType* generation_ptr() const { return nullptr; }
+  void set_generation_ptr(const GenerationType*) {}
+};
+
+#ifdef ABSL_SWISSTABLE_ENABLE_GENERATIONS
+using CommonFieldsGenerationInfo = CommonFieldsGenerationInfoEnabled;
+using HashSetIteratorGenerationInfo = HashSetIteratorGenerationInfoEnabled;
+#else
+using CommonFieldsGenerationInfo = CommonFieldsGenerationInfoDisabled;
+using HashSetIteratorGenerationInfo = HashSetIteratorGenerationInfoDisabled;
+#endif
+
+// Returns whether `n` is a valid capacity (i.e., number of slots).
+//
+// A valid capacity is a non-zero integer `2^m - 1`.
+inline bool IsValidCapacity(size_t n) { return ((n + 1) & n) == 0 && n > 0; }
+
+// Computes the offset from the start of the backing allocation of the control
+// bytes. growth_left is stored at the beginning of the backing array.
+inline size_t ControlOffset() { return sizeof(size_t); }
+
+// Returns the number of "cloned control bytes".
 //
 // This is the number of control bytes that are present both at the beginning
 // of the control byte array and at the end, such that we can create a
 // `Group::kWidth`-width probe window starting from any control byte.
 constexpr size_t NumClonedBytes() { return Group::kWidth - 1; }
 
+// Given the capacity of a table, computes the offset (from the start of the
+// backing allocation) of the generation counter (if it exists).
+inline size_t GenerationOffset(size_t capacity) {
+  assert(IsValidCapacity(capacity));
+  const size_t num_control_bytes = capacity + 1 + NumClonedBytes();
+  return ControlOffset() + num_control_bytes;
+}
+
+// Given the capacity of a table, computes the offset (from the start of the
+// backing allocation) at which the slots begin.
+inline size_t SlotOffset(size_t capacity, size_t slot_align) {
+  assert(IsValidCapacity(capacity));
+  return (GenerationOffset(capacity) + NumGenerationBytes() + slot_align - 1) &
+         (~slot_align + 1);
+}
+
+// Given the capacity of a table, computes the total size of the backing
+// array.
+inline size_t AllocSize(size_t capacity, size_t slot_size, size_t slot_align) {
+  return SlotOffset(capacity, slot_align) + capacity * slot_size;
+}
+
+// CommonFields hold the fields in raw_hash_set that do not depend
+// on template parameters. This allows us to conveniently pass all
+// of this state to helper functions as a single argument.
+class CommonFields : public CommonFieldsGenerationInfo {
+ public:
+  CommonFields() = default;
+
+  // Not copyable
+  CommonFields(const CommonFields&) = delete;
+  CommonFields& operator=(const CommonFields&) = delete;
+
+  // Movable
+  CommonFields(CommonFields&& that)
+      : CommonFieldsGenerationInfo(
+            std::move(static_cast<CommonFieldsGenerationInfo&&>(that))),
+        // Explicitly copying fields into "this" and then resetting "that"
+        // fields generates less code then calling absl::exchange per field.
+        control_(that.control()),
+        slots_(that.slot_array()),
+        capacity_(that.capacity()),
+        compressed_tuple_(that.size(), std::move(that.infoz())) {
+    that.set_control(EmptyGroup());
+    that.set_slots(nullptr);
+    that.set_capacity(0);
+    that.set_size(0);
+  }
+  CommonFields& operator=(CommonFields&&) = default;
+
+  ctrl_t* control() const { return control_; }
+  void set_control(ctrl_t* c) { control_ = c; }
+  void* backing_array_start() const {
+    // growth_left is stored before control bytes.
+    assert(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(control()) % alignof(size_t) == 0);
+    return control() - sizeof(size_t);
+  }
+
+  // Note: we can't use slots() because Qt defines "slots" as a macro.
+  void* slot_array() const { return slots_; }
+  void set_slots(void* s) { slots_ = s; }
+
+  // The number of filled slots.
+  size_t size() const { return compressed_tuple_.template get<0>(); }
+  void set_size(size_t s) { compressed_tuple_.template get<0>() = s; }
+
+  // The total number of available slots.
+  size_t capacity() const { return capacity_; }
+  void set_capacity(size_t c) {
+    assert(c == 0 || IsValidCapacity(c));
+    capacity_ = c;
+  }
+
+  // The number of slots we can still fill without needing to rehash.
+  // This is stored in the heap allocation before the control bytes.
+  size_t growth_left() const {
+    return *reinterpret_cast<size_t*>(backing_array_start());
+  }
+  void set_growth_left(size_t gl) {
+    *reinterpret_cast<size_t*>(backing_array_start()) = gl;
+  }
+
+  HashtablezInfoHandle& infoz() { return compressed_tuple_.template get<1>(); }
+  const HashtablezInfoHandle& infoz() const {
+    return compressed_tuple_.template get<1>();
+  }
+
+  bool should_rehash_for_bug_detection_on_insert() const {
+    return CommonFieldsGenerationInfo::
+        should_rehash_for_bug_detection_on_insert(control(), capacity());
+  }
+  void reset_reserved_growth(size_t reservation) {
+    CommonFieldsGenerationInfo::reset_reserved_growth(reservation, size());
+  }
+
+  // The size of the backing array allocation.
+  size_t alloc_size(size_t slot_size, size_t slot_align) const {
+    return AllocSize(capacity(), slot_size, slot_align);
+  }
+
+  // Returns the number of control bytes set to kDeleted. For testing only.
+  size_t TombstonesCount() const {
+    return static_cast<size_t>(
+        std::count(control(), control() + capacity(), ctrl_t::kDeleted));
+  }
+
+ private:
+  // TODO(b/259599413): Investigate removing some of these fields:
+  // - control/slots can be derived from each other
+  // - we can use 6 bits for capacity since it's always a power of two minus 1
+
+  // The control bytes (and, also, a pointer near to the base of the backing
+  // array).
+  //
+  // This contains `capacity + 1 + NumClonedBytes()` entries, even
+  // when the table is empty (hence EmptyGroup).
+  //
+  // Note that growth_left is stored immediately before this pointer.
+  ctrl_t* control_ = EmptyGroup();
+
+  // The beginning of the slots, located at `SlotOffset()` bytes after
+  // `control`. May be null for empty tables.
+  void* slots_ = nullptr;
+
+  size_t capacity_ = 0;
+
+  // Bundle together size and HashtablezInfoHandle to ensure EBO for
+  // HashtablezInfoHandle when sampling is turned off.
+  absl::container_internal::CompressedTuple<size_t, HashtablezInfoHandle>
+      compressed_tuple_{0u, HashtablezInfoHandle{}};
+};
+
 template <class Policy, class Hash, class Eq, class Alloc>
 class raw_hash_set;
 
-// Returns whether `n` is a valid capacity (i.e., number of slots).
-//
-// A valid capacity is a non-zero integer `2^m - 1`.
-inline bool IsValidCapacity(size_t n) { return ((n + 1) & n) == 0 && n > 0; }
+// Returns the next valid capacity after `n`.
+inline size_t NextCapacity(size_t n) {
+  assert(IsValidCapacity(n) || n == 0);
+  return n * 2 + 1;
+}
 
 // Applies the following mapping to every byte in the control array:
 //   * kDeleted -> kEmpty
@@ -795,15 +1126,148 @@ size_t SelectBucketCountForIterRange(InputIter first, InputIter last,
   return 0;
 }
 
-#define ABSL_INTERNAL_ASSERT_IS_FULL(ctrl, msg) \
-  ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT((ctrl != nullptr && IsFull(*ctrl)) && msg)
+constexpr bool SwisstableDebugEnabled() {
+#if defined(ABSL_SWISSTABLE_ENABLE_GENERATIONS) || \
+    ABSL_OPTION_HARDENED == 1 || !defined(NDEBUG)
+  return true;
+#else
+  return false;
+#endif
+}
 
-inline void AssertIsValid(ctrl_t* ctrl) {
-  ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(
-      (ctrl == nullptr || IsFull(*ctrl)) &&
-      "Invalid operation on iterator. The element might have "
-      "been erased, the table might have rehashed, or this may "
-      "be an end() iterator.");
+inline void AssertIsFull(const ctrl_t* ctrl, GenerationType generation,
+                         const GenerationType* generation_ptr,
+                         const char* operation) {
+  if (!SwisstableDebugEnabled()) return;
+  if (ctrl == nullptr) {
+    ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(FATAL,
+                      std::string(operation) + " called on end() iterator.");
+  }
+  if (ctrl == EmptyGroup()) {
+    ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(FATAL, std::string(operation) +
+                                 " called on default-constructed iterator.");
+  }
+  if (SwisstableGenerationsEnabled()) {
+    if (generation != *generation_ptr) {
+      ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(FATAL,
+                        std::string(operation) +
+                            " called on invalid iterator. The table could have "
+                            "rehashed since this iterator was initialized.");
+    }
+    if (!IsFull(*ctrl)) {
+      ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(
+          FATAL,
+          std::string(operation) +
+              " called on invalid iterator. The element was likely erased.");
+    }
+  } else {
+    if (!IsFull(*ctrl)) {
+      ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(
+          FATAL,
+          std::string(operation) +
+              " called on invalid iterator. The element might have been erased "
+              "or the table might have rehashed. Consider running with "
+              "--config=asan to diagnose rehashing issues.");
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Note that for comparisons, null/end iterators are valid.
+inline void AssertIsValidForComparison(const ctrl_t* ctrl,
+                                       GenerationType generation,
+                                       const GenerationType* generation_ptr) {
+  if (!SwisstableDebugEnabled()) return;
+  const bool ctrl_is_valid_for_comparison =
+      ctrl == nullptr || ctrl == EmptyGroup() || IsFull(*ctrl);
+  if (SwisstableGenerationsEnabled()) {
+    if (generation != *generation_ptr) {
+      ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(FATAL,
+                        "Invalid iterator comparison. The table could have "
+                        "rehashed since this iterator was initialized.");
+    }
+    if (!ctrl_is_valid_for_comparison) {
+      ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(
+          FATAL, "Invalid iterator comparison. The element was likely erased.");
+    }
+  } else {
+    ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(
+        ctrl_is_valid_for_comparison &&
+        "Invalid iterator comparison. The element might have been erased or "
+        "the table might have rehashed. Consider running with --config=asan to "
+        "diagnose rehashing issues.");
+  }
+}
+
+// If the two iterators come from the same container, then their pointers will
+// interleave such that ctrl_a <= ctrl_b < slot_a <= slot_b or vice/versa.
+// Note: we take slots by reference so that it's not UB if they're uninitialized
+// as long as we don't read them (when ctrl is null).
+inline bool AreItersFromSameContainer(const ctrl_t* ctrl_a,
+                                      const ctrl_t* ctrl_b,
+                                      const void* const& slot_a,
+                                      const void* const& slot_b) {
+  // If either control byte is null, then we can't tell.
+  if (ctrl_a == nullptr || ctrl_b == nullptr) return true;
+  const void* low_slot = slot_a;
+  const void* hi_slot = slot_b;
+  if (ctrl_a > ctrl_b) {
+    std::swap(ctrl_a, ctrl_b);
+    std::swap(low_slot, hi_slot);
+  }
+  return ctrl_b < low_slot && low_slot <= hi_slot;
+}
+
+// Asserts that two iterators come from the same container.
+// Note: we take slots by reference so that it's not UB if they're uninitialized
+// as long as we don't read them (when ctrl is null).
+inline void AssertSameContainer(const ctrl_t* ctrl_a, const ctrl_t* ctrl_b,
+                                const void* const& slot_a,
+                                const void* const& slot_b,
+                                const GenerationType* generation_ptr_a,
+                                const GenerationType* generation_ptr_b) {
+  if (!SwisstableDebugEnabled()) return;
+  const bool a_is_default = ctrl_a == EmptyGroup();
+  const bool b_is_default = ctrl_b == EmptyGroup();
+  if (a_is_default != b_is_default) {
+    ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(
+        FATAL,
+        "Invalid iterator comparison. Comparing default-constructed iterator "
+        "with non-default-constructed iterator.");
+  }
+  if (a_is_default && b_is_default) return;
+
+  if (SwisstableGenerationsEnabled()) {
+    if (generation_ptr_a == generation_ptr_b) return;
+    const bool a_is_empty = IsEmptyGeneration(generation_ptr_a);
+    const bool b_is_empty = IsEmptyGeneration(generation_ptr_b);
+    if (a_is_empty != b_is_empty) {
+      ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(FATAL,
+                        "Invalid iterator comparison. Comparing iterator from "
+                        "a non-empty hashtable with an iterator from an empty "
+                        "hashtable.");
+    }
+    if (a_is_empty && b_is_empty) {
+      ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(FATAL,
+                        "Invalid iterator comparison. Comparing iterators from "
+                        "different empty hashtables.");
+    }
+    const bool a_is_end = ctrl_a == nullptr;
+    const bool b_is_end = ctrl_b == nullptr;
+    if (a_is_end || b_is_end) {
+      ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(FATAL,
+                        "Invalid iterator comparison. Comparing iterator with "
+                        "an end() iterator from a different hashtable.");
+    }
+    ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(FATAL,
+                      "Invalid iterator comparison. Comparing non-end() "
+                      "iterators from different hashtables.");
+  } else {
+    ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(
+        AreItersFromSameContainer(ctrl_a, ctrl_b, slot_a, slot_b) &&
+        "Invalid iterator comparison. The iterators may be from different "
+        "containers or the container might have rehashed. Consider running "
+        "with --config=asan to diagnose rehashing issues.");
+  }
 }
 
 struct FindInfo {
@@ -825,11 +1289,14 @@ struct FindInfo {
 // `ShouldInsertBackwards()` for small tables.
 inline bool is_small(size_t capacity) { return capacity < Group::kWidth - 1; }
 
-// Begins a probing operation on `ctrl`, using `hash`.
-inline probe_seq<Group::kWidth> probe(const ctrl_t* ctrl, size_t hash,
-                                      size_t capacity) {
+// Begins a probing operation on `common.control`, using `hash`.
+inline probe_seq<Group::kWidth> probe(const ctrl_t* ctrl, const size_t capacity,
+                                      size_t hash) {
   return probe_seq<Group::kWidth>(H1(hash, ctrl), capacity);
 }
+inline probe_seq<Group::kWidth> probe(const CommonFields& common, size_t hash) {
+  return probe(common.control(), common.capacity(), hash);
+}
 
 // Probes an array of control bits using a probe sequence derived from `hash`,
 // and returns the offset corresponding to the first deleted or empty slot.
@@ -839,9 +1306,9 @@ inline probe_seq<Group::kWidth> probe(const ctrl_t* ctrl, size_t hash,
 // NOTE: this function must work with tables having both empty and deleted
 // slots in the same group. Such tables appear during `erase()`.
 template <typename = void>
-inline FindInfo find_first_non_full(const ctrl_t* ctrl, size_t hash,
-                                    size_t capacity) {
-  auto seq = probe(ctrl, hash, capacity);
+inline FindInfo find_first_non_full(const CommonFields& common, size_t hash) {
+  auto seq = probe(common, hash);
+  const ctrl_t* ctrl = common.control();
   while (true) {
     Group g{ctrl + seq.offset()};
     auto mask = g.MaskEmptyOrDeleted();
@@ -851,71 +1318,161 @@ inline FindInfo find_first_non_full(const ctrl_t* ctrl, size_t hash,
       // In debug build we will randomly insert in either the front or back of
       // the group.
       // TODO(kfm,sbenza): revisit after we do unconditional mixing
-      if (!is_small(capacity) && ShouldInsertBackwards(hash, ctrl)) {
+      if (!is_small(common.capacity()) && ShouldInsertBackwards(hash, ctrl)) {
         return {seq.offset(mask.HighestBitSet()), seq.index()};
       }
 #endif
       return {seq.offset(mask.LowestBitSet()), seq.index()};
     }
     seq.next();
-    assert(seq.index() <= capacity && "full table!");
+    assert(seq.index() <= common.capacity() && "full table!");
   }
 }
 
 // Extern template for inline function keep possibility of inlining.
 // When compiler decided to not inline, no symbols will be added to the
 // corresponding translation unit.
-extern template FindInfo find_first_non_full(const ctrl_t*, size_t, size_t);
+extern template FindInfo find_first_non_full(const CommonFields&, size_t);
+
+// Non-inlined version of find_first_non_full for use in less
+// performance critical routines.
+FindInfo find_first_non_full_outofline(const CommonFields&, size_t);
+
+inline void ResetGrowthLeft(CommonFields& common) {
+  common.set_growth_left(CapacityToGrowth(common.capacity()) - common.size());
+}
 
 // Sets `ctrl` to `{kEmpty, kSentinel, ..., kEmpty}`, marking the entire
 // array as marked as empty.
-inline void ResetCtrl(size_t capacity, ctrl_t* ctrl, const void* slot,
-                      size_t slot_size) {
+inline void ResetCtrl(CommonFields& common, size_t slot_size) {
+  const size_t capacity = common.capacity();
+  ctrl_t* ctrl = common.control();
   std::memset(ctrl, static_cast<int8_t>(ctrl_t::kEmpty),
               capacity + 1 + NumClonedBytes());
   ctrl[capacity] = ctrl_t::kSentinel;
-  SanitizerPoisonMemoryRegion(slot, slot_size * capacity);
+  SanitizerPoisonMemoryRegion(common.slot_array(), slot_size * capacity);
+  ResetGrowthLeft(common);
 }
 
 // Sets `ctrl[i]` to `h`.
 //
 // Unlike setting it directly, this function will perform bounds checks and
 // mirror the value to the cloned tail if necessary.
-inline void SetCtrl(size_t i, ctrl_t h, size_t capacity, ctrl_t* ctrl,
-                    const void* slot, size_t slot_size) {
+inline void SetCtrl(const CommonFields& common, size_t i, ctrl_t h,
+                    size_t slot_size) {
+  const size_t capacity = common.capacity();
   assert(i < capacity);
 
-  auto* slot_i = static_cast<const char*>(slot) + i * slot_size;
+  auto* slot_i = static_cast<const char*>(common.slot_array()) + i * slot_size;
   if (IsFull(h)) {
     SanitizerUnpoisonMemoryRegion(slot_i, slot_size);
   } else {
     SanitizerPoisonMemoryRegion(slot_i, slot_size);
   }
 
+  ctrl_t* ctrl = common.control();
   ctrl[i] = h;
   ctrl[((i - NumClonedBytes()) & capacity) + (NumClonedBytes() & capacity)] = h;
 }
 
 // Overload for setting to an occupied `h2_t` rather than a special `ctrl_t`.
-inline void SetCtrl(size_t i, h2_t h, size_t capacity, ctrl_t* ctrl,
-                    const void* slot, size_t slot_size) {
-  SetCtrl(i, static_cast<ctrl_t>(h), capacity, ctrl, slot, slot_size);
+inline void SetCtrl(const CommonFields& common, size_t i, h2_t h,
+                    size_t slot_size) {
+  SetCtrl(common, i, static_cast<ctrl_t>(h), slot_size);
 }
 
-// Given the capacity of a table, computes the offset (from the start of the
-// backing allocation) at which the slots begin.
-inline size_t SlotOffset(size_t capacity, size_t slot_align) {
-  assert(IsValidCapacity(capacity));
-  const size_t num_control_bytes = capacity + 1 + NumClonedBytes();
-  return (num_control_bytes + slot_align - 1) & (~slot_align + 1);
+// growth_left (which is a size_t) is stored with the backing array.
+constexpr size_t BackingArrayAlignment(size_t align_of_slot) {
+  return (std::max)(align_of_slot, alignof(size_t));
 }
 
-// Given the capacity of a table, computes the total size of the backing
-// array.
-inline size_t AllocSize(size_t capacity, size_t slot_size, size_t slot_align) {
-  return SlotOffset(capacity, slot_align) + capacity * slot_size;
+template <typename Alloc, size_t SizeOfSlot, size_t AlignOfSlot>
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE void InitializeSlots(CommonFields& c, Alloc alloc) {
+  assert(c.capacity());
+  // Folks with custom allocators often make unwarranted assumptions about the
+  // behavior of their classes vis-a-vis trivial destructability and what
+  // calls they will or won't make.  Avoid sampling for people with custom
+  // allocators to get us out of this mess.  This is not a hard guarantee but
+  // a workaround while we plan the exact guarantee we want to provide.
+  const size_t sample_size =
+      (std::is_same<Alloc, std::allocator<char>>::value &&
+       c.slot_array() == nullptr)
+          ? SizeOfSlot
+          : 0;
+
+  const size_t cap = c.capacity();
+  const size_t alloc_size = AllocSize(cap, SizeOfSlot, AlignOfSlot);
+  // growth_left (which is a size_t) is stored with the backing array.
+  char* mem = static_cast<char*>(
+      Allocate<BackingArrayAlignment(AlignOfSlot)>(&alloc, alloc_size));
+  const GenerationType old_generation = c.generation();
+  c.set_generation_ptr(
+      reinterpret_cast<GenerationType*>(mem + GenerationOffset(cap)));
+  c.set_generation(NextGeneration(old_generation));
+  c.set_control(reinterpret_cast<ctrl_t*>(mem + ControlOffset()));
+  c.set_slots(mem + SlotOffset(cap, AlignOfSlot));
+  ResetCtrl(c, SizeOfSlot);
+  if (sample_size) {
+    c.infoz() = Sample(sample_size);
+  }
+  c.infoz().RecordStorageChanged(c.size(), cap);
+}
+
+// PolicyFunctions bundles together some information for a particular
+// raw_hash_set<T, ...> instantiation. This information is passed to
+// type-erased functions that want to do small amounts of type-specific
+// work.
+struct PolicyFunctions {
+  size_t slot_size;
+
+  // Returns the hash of the pointed-to slot.
+  size_t (*hash_slot)(void* set, void* slot);
+
+  // Transfer the contents of src_slot to dst_slot.
+  void (*transfer)(void* set, void* dst_slot, void* src_slot);
+
+  // Deallocate the backing store from common.
+  void (*dealloc)(CommonFields& common, const PolicyFunctions& policy);
+};
+
+// ClearBackingArray clears the backing array, either modifying it in place,
+// or creating a new one based on the value of "reuse".
+// REQUIRES: c.capacity > 0
+void ClearBackingArray(CommonFields& c, const PolicyFunctions& policy,
+                       bool reuse);
+
+// Type-erased version of raw_hash_set::erase_meta_only.
+void EraseMetaOnly(CommonFields& c, ctrl_t* it, size_t slot_size);
+
+// Function to place in PolicyFunctions::dealloc for raw_hash_sets
+// that are using std::allocator. This allows us to share the same
+// function body for raw_hash_set instantiations that have the
+// same slot alignment.
+template <size_t AlignOfSlot>
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE void DeallocateStandard(CommonFields& common,
+                                                const PolicyFunctions& policy) {
+  // Unpoison before returning the memory to the allocator.
+  SanitizerUnpoisonMemoryRegion(common.slot_array(),
+                                policy.slot_size * common.capacity());
+
+  std::allocator<char> alloc;
+  Deallocate<BackingArrayAlignment(AlignOfSlot)>(
+      &alloc, common.backing_array_start(),
+      common.alloc_size(policy.slot_size, AlignOfSlot));
+}
+
+// For trivially relocatable types we use memcpy directly. This allows us to
+// share the same function body for raw_hash_set instantiations that have the
+// same slot size as long as they are relocatable.
+template <size_t SizeOfSlot>
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE void TransferRelocatable(void*, void* dst, void* src) {
+  memcpy(dst, src, SizeOfSlot);
 }
 
+// Type-erased version of raw_hash_set::drop_deletes_without_resize.
+void DropDeletesWithoutResize(CommonFields& common,
+                              const PolicyFunctions& policy, void* tmp_space);
+
 // A SwissTable.
 //
 // Policy: a policy defines how to perform different operations on
@@ -1016,7 +1573,7 @@ class raw_hash_set {
   static_assert(std::is_same<const_pointer, const value_type*>::value,
                 "Allocators with custom pointer types are not supported");
 
-  class iterator {
+  class iterator : private HashSetIteratorGenerationInfo {
     friend class raw_hash_set;
 
    public:
@@ -1032,22 +1589,19 @@ class raw_hash_set {
 
     // PRECONDITION: not an end() iterator.
     reference operator*() const {
-      ABSL_INTERNAL_ASSERT_IS_FULL(ctrl_,
-                                   "operator*() called on invalid iterator.");
+      AssertIsFull(ctrl_, generation(), generation_ptr(), "operator*()");
       return PolicyTraits::element(slot_);
     }
 
     // PRECONDITION: not an end() iterator.
     pointer operator->() const {
-      ABSL_INTERNAL_ASSERT_IS_FULL(ctrl_,
-                                   "operator-> called on invalid iterator.");
+      AssertIsFull(ctrl_, generation(), generation_ptr(), "operator->");
       return &operator*();
     }
 
     // PRECONDITION: not an end() iterator.
     iterator& operator++() {
-      ABSL_INTERNAL_ASSERT_IS_FULL(ctrl_,
-                                   "operator++ called on invalid iterator.");
+      AssertIsFull(ctrl_, generation(), generation_ptr(), "operator++");
       ++ctrl_;
       ++slot_;
       skip_empty_or_deleted();
@@ -1061,8 +1615,10 @@ class raw_hash_set {
     }
 
     friend bool operator==(const iterator& a, const iterator& b) {
-      AssertIsValid(a.ctrl_);
-      AssertIsValid(b.ctrl_);
+      AssertIsValidForComparison(a.ctrl_, a.generation(), a.generation_ptr());
+      AssertIsValidForComparison(b.ctrl_, b.generation(), b.generation_ptr());
+      AssertSameContainer(a.ctrl_, b.ctrl_, a.slot_, b.slot_,
+                          a.generation_ptr(), b.generation_ptr());
       return a.ctrl_ == b.ctrl_;
     }
     friend bool operator!=(const iterator& a, const iterator& b) {
@@ -1070,16 +1626,23 @@ class raw_hash_set {
     }
 
    private:
-    iterator(ctrl_t* ctrl, slot_type* slot) : ctrl_(ctrl), slot_(slot) {
+    iterator(ctrl_t* ctrl, slot_type* slot,
+             const GenerationType* generation_ptr)
+        : HashSetIteratorGenerationInfo(generation_ptr),
+          ctrl_(ctrl),
+          slot_(slot) {
       // This assumption helps the compiler know that any non-end iterator is
       // not equal to any end iterator.
       ABSL_ASSUME(ctrl != nullptr);
     }
+    // For end() iterators.
+    explicit iterator(const GenerationType* generation_ptr)
+        : HashSetIteratorGenerationInfo(generation_ptr), ctrl_(nullptr) {}
 
     // Fixes up `ctrl_` to point to a full by advancing it and `slot_` until
     // they reach one.
     //
-    // If a sentinel is reached, we null both of them out instead.
+    // If a sentinel is reached, we null `ctrl_` out instead.
     void skip_empty_or_deleted() {
       while (IsEmptyOrDeleted(*ctrl_)) {
         uint32_t shift = Group{ctrl_}.CountLeadingEmptyOrDeleted();
@@ -1089,7 +1652,9 @@ class raw_hash_set {
       if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(*ctrl_ == ctrl_t::kSentinel)) ctrl_ = nullptr;
     }
 
-    ctrl_t* ctrl_ = nullptr;
+    // We use EmptyGroup() for default-constructed iterators so that they can
+    // be distinguished from end iterators, which have nullptr ctrl_.
+    ctrl_t* ctrl_ = EmptyGroup();
     // To avoid uninitialized member warnings, put slot_ in an anonymous union.
     // The member is not initialized on singleton and end iterators.
     union {
@@ -1107,9 +1672,9 @@ class raw_hash_set {
     using pointer = typename raw_hash_set::const_pointer;
     using difference_type = typename raw_hash_set::difference_type;
 
-    const_iterator() {}
+    const_iterator() = default;
     // Implicit construction from iterator.
-    const_iterator(iterator i) : inner_(std::move(i)) {}
+    const_iterator(iterator i) : inner_(std::move(i)) {}  // NOLINT
 
     reference operator*() const { return *inner_; }
     pointer operator->() const { return inner_.operator->(); }
@@ -1128,8 +1693,10 @@ class raw_hash_set {
     }
 
    private:
-    const_iterator(const ctrl_t* ctrl, const slot_type* slot)
-        : inner_(const_cast<ctrl_t*>(ctrl), const_cast<slot_type*>(slot)) {}
+    const_iterator(const ctrl_t* ctrl, const slot_type* slot,
+                   const GenerationType* gen)
+        : inner_(const_cast<ctrl_t*>(ctrl), const_cast<slot_type*>(slot), gen) {
+    }
 
     iterator inner_;
   };
@@ -1137,18 +1704,20 @@ class raw_hash_set {
   using node_type = node_handle<Policy, hash_policy_traits<Policy>, Alloc>;
   using insert_return_type = InsertReturnType<iterator, node_type>;
 
+  // Note: can't use `= default` due to non-default noexcept (causes
+  // problems for some compilers). NOLINTNEXTLINE
   raw_hash_set() noexcept(
-      std::is_nothrow_default_constructible<hasher>::value&&
-          std::is_nothrow_default_constructible<key_equal>::value&&
-              std::is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value) {}
-
-  explicit raw_hash_set(size_t bucket_count, const hasher& hash = hasher(),
-                        const key_equal& eq = key_equal(),
-                        const allocator_type& alloc = allocator_type())
-      : ctrl_(EmptyGroup()),
-        settings_(0, HashtablezInfoHandle(), hash, eq, alloc) {
+      std::is_nothrow_default_constructible<hasher>::value &&
+      std::is_nothrow_default_constructible<key_equal>::value &&
+      std::is_nothrow_default_constructible<allocator_type>::value) {}
+
+  ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE explicit raw_hash_set(
+      size_t bucket_count, const hasher& hash = hasher(),
+      const key_equal& eq = key_equal(),
+      const allocator_type& alloc = allocator_type())
+      : settings_(CommonFields{}, hash, eq, alloc) {
     if (bucket_count) {
-      capacity_ = NormalizeCapacity(bucket_count);
+      common().set_capacity(NormalizeCapacity(bucket_count));
       initialize_slots();
     }
   }
@@ -1250,50 +1819,37 @@ class raw_hash_set {
 
   raw_hash_set(const raw_hash_set& that, const allocator_type& a)
       : raw_hash_set(0, that.hash_ref(), that.eq_ref(), a) {
-    reserve(that.size());
+    const size_t size = that.size();
+    if (size == 0) return;
+    reserve(size);
     // Because the table is guaranteed to be empty, we can do something faster
     // than a full `insert`.
     for (const auto& v : that) {
       const size_t hash = PolicyTraits::apply(HashElement{hash_ref()}, v);
-      auto target = find_first_non_full(ctrl_, hash, capacity_);
-      SetCtrl(target.offset, H2(hash), capacity_, ctrl_, slots_,
-              sizeof(slot_type));
+      auto target = find_first_non_full_outofline(common(), hash);
+      SetCtrl(common(), target.offset, H2(hash), sizeof(slot_type));
       emplace_at(target.offset, v);
+      common().maybe_increment_generation_on_insert();
       infoz().RecordInsert(hash, target.probe_length);
     }
-    size_ = that.size();
-    growth_left() -= that.size();
-  }
-
-  raw_hash_set(raw_hash_set&& that) noexcept(
-      std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible<hasher>::value&&
-          std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible<key_equal>::value&&
-              std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible<allocator_type>::value)
-      : ctrl_(absl::exchange(that.ctrl_, EmptyGroup())),
-        slots_(absl::exchange(that.slots_, nullptr)),
-        size_(absl::exchange(that.size_, 0)),
-        capacity_(absl::exchange(that.capacity_, 0)),
-        // Hash, equality and allocator are copied instead of moved because
-        // `that` must be left valid. If Hash is std::function<Key>, moving it
-        // would create a nullptr functor that cannot be called.
-        settings_(absl::exchange(that.growth_left(), 0),
-                  absl::exchange(that.infoz(), HashtablezInfoHandle()),
+    common().set_size(size);
+    set_growth_left(growth_left() - size);
+  }
+
+  ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE raw_hash_set(raw_hash_set&& that) noexcept(
+      std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible<hasher>::value &&
+      std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible<key_equal>::value &&
+      std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible<allocator_type>::value)
+      :  // Hash, equality and allocator are copied instead of moved because
+         // `that` must be left valid. If Hash is std::function<Key>, moving it
+         // would create a nullptr functor that cannot be called.
+        settings_(absl::exchange(that.common(), CommonFields{}),
                   that.hash_ref(), that.eq_ref(), that.alloc_ref()) {}
 
   raw_hash_set(raw_hash_set&& that, const allocator_type& a)
-      : ctrl_(EmptyGroup()),
-        slots_(nullptr),
-        size_(0),
-        capacity_(0),
-        settings_(0, HashtablezInfoHandle(), that.hash_ref(), that.eq_ref(),
-                  a) {
+      : settings_(CommonFields{}, that.hash_ref(), that.eq_ref(), a) {
     if (a == that.alloc_ref()) {
-      std::swap(ctrl_, that.ctrl_);
-      std::swap(slots_, that.slots_);
-      std::swap(size_, that.size_);
-      std::swap(capacity_, that.capacity_);
-      std::swap(growth_left(), that.growth_left());
-      std::swap(infoz(), that.infoz());
+      std::swap(common(), that.common());
     } else {
       reserve(that.size());
       // Note: this will copy elements of dense_set and unordered_set instead of
@@ -1312,35 +1868,54 @@ class raw_hash_set {
   }
 
   raw_hash_set& operator=(raw_hash_set&& that) noexcept(
-      absl::allocator_traits<allocator_type>::is_always_equal::value&&
-          std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<hasher>::value&&
-              std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<key_equal>::value) {
+      absl::allocator_traits<allocator_type>::is_always_equal::value &&
+      std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<hasher>::value &&
+      std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<key_equal>::value) {
     // TODO(sbenza): We should only use the operations from the noexcept clause
     // to make sure we actually adhere to that contract.
+    // NOLINTNEXTLINE: not returning *this for performance.
     return move_assign(
         std::move(that),
         typename AllocTraits::propagate_on_container_move_assignment());
   }
 
-  ~raw_hash_set() { destroy_slots(); }
+  ~raw_hash_set() {
+    const size_t cap = capacity();
+    if (!cap) return;
+    destroy_slots();
+
+    // Unpoison before returning the memory to the allocator.
+    SanitizerUnpoisonMemoryRegion(slot_array(), sizeof(slot_type) * cap);
+    Deallocate<BackingArrayAlignment(alignof(slot_type))>(
+        &alloc_ref(), common().backing_array_start(),
+        AllocSize(cap, sizeof(slot_type), alignof(slot_type)));
 
-  iterator begin() {
+    infoz().Unregister();
+  }
+
+  iterator begin() ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     auto it = iterator_at(0);
     it.skip_empty_or_deleted();
     return it;
   }
-  iterator end() { return {}; }
+  iterator end() ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return iterator(common().generation_ptr());
+  }
 
-  const_iterator begin() const {
+  const_iterator begin() const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return const_cast<raw_hash_set*>(this)->begin();
   }
-  const_iterator end() const { return {}; }
-  const_iterator cbegin() const { return begin(); }
-  const_iterator cend() const { return end(); }
+  const_iterator end() const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return iterator(common().generation_ptr());
+  }
+  const_iterator cbegin() const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return begin();
+  }
+  const_iterator cend() const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND { return end(); }
 
   bool empty() const { return !size(); }
-  size_t size() const { return size_; }
-  size_t capacity() const { return capacity_; }
+  size_t size() const { return common().size(); }
+  size_t capacity() const { return common().capacity(); }
   size_t max_size() const { return (std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max)(); }
 
   ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_REINITIALIZES void clear() {
@@ -1351,22 +1926,26 @@ class raw_hash_set {
     // compared to destruction of the elements of the container. So we pick the
     // largest bucket_count() threshold for which iteration is still fast and
     // past that we simply deallocate the array.
-    if (capacity_ > 127) {
+    const size_t cap = capacity();
+    if (cap == 0) {
+      // Already guaranteed to be empty; so nothing to do.
+    } else {
       destroy_slots();
+      ClearBackingArray(common(), GetPolicyFunctions(), /*reuse=*/cap < 128);
+    }
+    common().set_reserved_growth(0);
+    common().set_reservation_size(0);
+  }
 
-      infoz().RecordClearedReservation();
-    } else if (capacity_) {
-      for (size_t i = 0; i != capacity_; ++i) {
-        if (IsFull(ctrl_[i])) {
-          PolicyTraits::destroy(&alloc_ref(), slots_ + i);
-        }
+  inline void destroy_slots() {
+    const size_t cap = capacity();
+    const ctrl_t* ctrl = control();
+    slot_type* slot = slot_array();
+    for (size_t i = 0; i != cap; ++i) {
+      if (IsFull(ctrl[i])) {
+        PolicyTraits::destroy(&alloc_ref(), slot + i);
       }
-      size_ = 0;
-      ResetCtrl(capacity_, ctrl_, slots_, sizeof(slot_type));
-      reset_growth_left();
     }
-    assert(empty());
-    infoz().RecordStorageChanged(0, capacity_);
   }
 
   // This overload kicks in when the argument is an rvalue of insertable and
@@ -1379,7 +1958,7 @@ class raw_hash_set {
   template <class T, RequiresInsertable<T> = 0, class T2 = T,
             typename std::enable_if<IsDecomposable<T2>::value, int>::type = 0,
             T* = nullptr>
-  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert(T&& value) {
+  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert(T&& value) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return emplace(std::forward<T>(value));
   }
 
@@ -1394,13 +1973,11 @@ class raw_hash_set {
   //   const char* p = "hello";
   //   s.insert(p);
   //
-  // TODO(romanp): Once we stop supporting gcc 5.1 and below, replace
-  // RequiresInsertable<T> with RequiresInsertable<const T&>.
-  // We are hitting this bug: https://godbolt.org/g/1Vht4f.
   template <
-      class T, RequiresInsertable<T> = 0,
+      class T, RequiresInsertable<const T&> = 0,
       typename std::enable_if<IsDecomposable<const T&>::value, int>::type = 0>
-  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert(const T& value) {
+  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert(const T& value)
+      ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return emplace(value);
   }
 
@@ -1409,7 +1986,8 @@ class raw_hash_set {
   //
   //   flat_hash_map<std::string, int> s;
   //   s.insert({"abc", 42});
-  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert(init_type&& value) {
+  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert(init_type&& value)
+      ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return emplace(std::move(value));
   }
 
@@ -1418,21 +1996,20 @@ class raw_hash_set {
   template <class T, RequiresInsertable<T> = 0, class T2 = T,
             typename std::enable_if<IsDecomposable<T2>::value, int>::type = 0,
             T* = nullptr>
-  iterator insert(const_iterator, T&& value) {
+  iterator insert(const_iterator, T&& value) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return insert(std::forward<T>(value)).first;
   }
 
-  // TODO(romanp): Once we stop supporting gcc 5.1 and below, replace
-  // RequiresInsertable<T> with RequiresInsertable<const T&>.
-  // We are hitting this bug: https://godbolt.org/g/1Vht4f.
   template <
-      class T, RequiresInsertable<T> = 0,
+      class T, RequiresInsertable<const T&> = 0,
       typename std::enable_if<IsDecomposable<const T&>::value, int>::type = 0>
-  iterator insert(const_iterator, const T& value) {
+  iterator insert(const_iterator,
+                  const T& value) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return insert(value).first;
   }
 
-  iterator insert(const_iterator, init_type&& value) {
+  iterator insert(const_iterator,
+                  init_type&& value) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return insert(std::move(value)).first;
   }
 
@@ -1450,7 +2027,7 @@ class raw_hash_set {
     insert(ilist.begin(), ilist.end());
   }
 
-  insert_return_type insert(node_type&& node) {
+  insert_return_type insert(node_type&& node) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     if (!node) return {end(), false, node_type()};
     const auto& elem = PolicyTraits::element(CommonAccess::GetSlot(node));
     auto res = PolicyTraits::apply(
@@ -1464,7 +2041,8 @@ class raw_hash_set {
     }
   }
 
-  iterator insert(const_iterator, node_type&& node) {
+  iterator insert(const_iterator,
+                  node_type&& node) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     auto res = insert(std::move(node));
     node = std::move(res.node);
     return res.position;
@@ -1481,7 +2059,8 @@ class raw_hash_set {
   //   m.emplace("abc", "xyz");
   template <class... Args, typename std::enable_if<
                                IsDecomposable<Args...>::value, int>::type = 0>
-  std::pair<iterator, bool> emplace(Args&&... args) {
+  std::pair<iterator, bool> emplace(Args&&... args)
+      ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return PolicyTraits::apply(EmplaceDecomposable{*this},
                                std::forward<Args>(args)...);
   }
@@ -1491,7 +2070,8 @@ class raw_hash_set {
   // destroys.
   template <class... Args, typename std::enable_if<
                                !IsDecomposable<Args...>::value, int>::type = 0>
-  std::pair<iterator, bool> emplace(Args&&... args) {
+  std::pair<iterator, bool> emplace(Args&&... args)
+      ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     alignas(slot_type) unsigned char raw[sizeof(slot_type)];
     slot_type* slot = reinterpret_cast<slot_type*>(&raw);
 
@@ -1501,14 +2081,16 @@ class raw_hash_set {
   }
 
   template <class... Args>
-  iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator, Args&&... args) {
+  iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator,
+                        Args&&... args) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return emplace(std::forward<Args>(args)...).first;
   }
 
   // Extension API: support for lazy emplace.
   //
   // Looks up key in the table. If found, returns the iterator to the element.
-  // Otherwise calls `f` with one argument of type `raw_hash_set::constructor`.
+  // Otherwise calls `f` with one argument of type `raw_hash_set::constructor`,
+  // and returns an iterator to the new element.
   //
   // `f` must abide by several restrictions:
   //  - it MUST call `raw_hash_set::constructor` with arguments as if a
@@ -1551,10 +2133,11 @@ class raw_hash_set {
   };
 
   template <class K = key_type, class F>
-  iterator lazy_emplace(const key_arg<K>& key, F&& f) {
+  iterator lazy_emplace(const key_arg<K>& key,
+                        F&& f) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     auto res = find_or_prepare_insert(key);
     if (res.second) {
-      slot_type* slot = slots_ + res.first;
+      slot_type* slot = slot_array() + res.first;
       std::forward<F>(f)(constructor(&alloc_ref(), &slot));
       assert(!slot);
     }
@@ -1596,13 +2179,25 @@ class raw_hash_set {
   // This overload is necessary because otherwise erase<K>(const K&) would be
   // a better match if non-const iterator is passed as an argument.
   void erase(iterator it) {
-    ABSL_INTERNAL_ASSERT_IS_FULL(it.ctrl_,
-                                 "erase() called on invalid iterator.");
+    AssertIsFull(it.ctrl_, it.generation(), it.generation_ptr(), "erase()");
     PolicyTraits::destroy(&alloc_ref(), it.slot_);
     erase_meta_only(it);
   }
 
-  iterator erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last) {
+  iterator erase(const_iterator first,
+                 const_iterator last) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    // We check for empty first because ClearBackingArray requires that
+    // capacity() > 0 as a precondition.
+    if (empty()) return end();
+    if (first == begin() && last == end()) {
+      // TODO(ezb): we access control bytes in destroy_slots so it could make
+      // sense to combine destroy_slots and ClearBackingArray to avoid cache
+      // misses when the table is large. Note that we also do this in clear().
+      destroy_slots();
+      ClearBackingArray(common(), GetPolicyFunctions(), /*reuse=*/true);
+      common().set_reserved_growth(common().reservation_size());
+      return end();
+    }
     while (first != last) {
       erase(first++);
     }
@@ -1631,8 +2226,8 @@ class raw_hash_set {
   }
 
   node_type extract(const_iterator position) {
-    ABSL_INTERNAL_ASSERT_IS_FULL(position.inner_.ctrl_,
-                                 "extract() called on invalid iterator.");
+    AssertIsFull(position.inner_.ctrl_, position.inner_.generation(),
+                 position.inner_.generation_ptr(), "extract()");
     auto node =
         CommonAccess::Transfer<node_type>(alloc_ref(), position.inner_.slot_);
     erase_meta_only(position);
@@ -1652,24 +2247,17 @@ class raw_hash_set {
       IsNoThrowSwappable<allocator_type>(
           typename AllocTraits::propagate_on_container_swap{})) {
     using std::swap;
-    swap(ctrl_, that.ctrl_);
-    swap(slots_, that.slots_);
-    swap(size_, that.size_);
-    swap(capacity_, that.capacity_);
-    swap(growth_left(), that.growth_left());
+    swap(common(), that.common());
     swap(hash_ref(), that.hash_ref());
     swap(eq_ref(), that.eq_ref());
-    swap(infoz(), that.infoz());
     SwapAlloc(alloc_ref(), that.alloc_ref(),
               typename AllocTraits::propagate_on_container_swap{});
   }
 
   void rehash(size_t n) {
-    if (n == 0 && capacity_ == 0) return;
-    if (n == 0 && size_ == 0) {
-      destroy_slots();
-      infoz().RecordStorageChanged(0, 0);
-      infoz().RecordClearedReservation();
+    if (n == 0 && capacity() == 0) return;
+    if (n == 0 && size() == 0) {
+      ClearBackingArray(common(), GetPolicyFunctions(), /*reuse=*/false);
       return;
     }
 
@@ -1677,7 +2265,7 @@ class raw_hash_set {
     // power-of-2-minus-1, so bitor is good enough.
     auto m = NormalizeCapacity(n | GrowthToLowerboundCapacity(size()));
     // n == 0 unconditionally rehashes as per the standard.
-    if (n == 0 || m > capacity_) {
+    if (n == 0 || m > capacity()) {
       resize(m);
 
       // This is after resize, to ensure that we have completed the allocation
@@ -1695,6 +2283,8 @@ class raw_hash_set {
       // and have potentially sampled the hashtable.
       infoz().RecordReservation(n);
     }
+    common().reset_reserved_growth(n);
+    common().set_reservation_size(n);
   }
 
   // Extension API: support for heterogeneous keys.
@@ -1720,12 +2310,12 @@ class raw_hash_set {
   void prefetch(const key_arg<K>& key) const {
     (void)key;
     // Avoid probing if we won't be able to prefetch the addresses received.
-#ifdef ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_PREFETCH
+#ifdef ABSL_HAVE_PREFETCH
     prefetch_heap_block();
-    auto seq = probe(ctrl_, hash_ref()(key), capacity_);
-    base_internal::PrefetchT0(ctrl_ + seq.offset());
-    base_internal::PrefetchT0(slots_ + seq.offset());
-#endif  // ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_PREFETCH
+    auto seq = probe(common(), hash_ref()(key));
+    PrefetchToLocalCache(control() + seq.offset());
+    PrefetchToLocalCache(slot_array() + seq.offset());
+#endif  // ABSL_HAVE_PREFETCH
   }
 
   // The API of find() has two extensions.
@@ -1736,33 +2326,38 @@ class raw_hash_set {
   // 2. The type of the key argument doesn't have to be key_type. This is so
   // called heterogeneous key support.
   template <class K = key_type>
-  iterator find(const key_arg<K>& key, size_t hash) {
-    auto seq = probe(ctrl_, hash, capacity_);
+  iterator find(const key_arg<K>& key,
+                size_t hash) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    auto seq = probe(common(), hash);
+    slot_type* slot_ptr = slot_array();
+    const ctrl_t* ctrl = control();
     while (true) {
-      Group g{ctrl_ + seq.offset()};
+      Group g{ctrl + seq.offset()};
       for (uint32_t i : g.Match(H2(hash))) {
         if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(PolicyTraits::apply(
                 EqualElement<K>{key, eq_ref()},
-                PolicyTraits::element(slots_ + seq.offset(i)))))
+                PolicyTraits::element(slot_ptr + seq.offset(i)))))
           return iterator_at(seq.offset(i));
       }
       if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(g.MaskEmpty())) return end();
       seq.next();
-      assert(seq.index() <= capacity_ && "full table!");
+      assert(seq.index() <= capacity() && "full table!");
     }
   }
   template <class K = key_type>
-  iterator find(const key_arg<K>& key) {
+  iterator find(const key_arg<K>& key) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     prefetch_heap_block();
     return find(key, hash_ref()(key));
   }
 
   template <class K = key_type>
-  const_iterator find(const key_arg<K>& key, size_t hash) const {
+  const_iterator find(const key_arg<K>& key,
+                      size_t hash) const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return const_cast<raw_hash_set*>(this)->find(key, hash);
   }
   template <class K = key_type>
-  const_iterator find(const key_arg<K>& key) const {
+  const_iterator find(const key_arg<K>& key) const
+      ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     prefetch_heap_block();
     return find(key, hash_ref()(key));
   }
@@ -1773,22 +2368,23 @@ class raw_hash_set {
   }
 
   template <class K = key_type>
-  std::pair<iterator, iterator> equal_range(const key_arg<K>& key) {
+  std::pair<iterator, iterator> equal_range(const key_arg<K>& key)
+      ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     auto it = find(key);
     if (it != end()) return {it, std::next(it)};
     return {it, it};
   }
   template <class K = key_type>
   std::pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(
-      const key_arg<K>& key) const {
+      const key_arg<K>& key) const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     auto it = find(key);
     if (it != end()) return {it, std::next(it)};
     return {it, it};
   }
 
-  size_t bucket_count() const { return capacity_; }
+  size_t bucket_count() const { return capacity(); }
   float load_factor() const {
-    return capacity_ ? static_cast<double>(size()) / capacity_ : 0.0;
+    return capacity() ? static_cast<double>(size()) / capacity() : 0.0;
   }
   float max_load_factor() const { return 1.0f; }
   void max_load_factor(float) {
@@ -1875,7 +2471,8 @@ class raw_hash_set {
     std::pair<iterator, bool> operator()(const K& key, Args&&...) && {
       auto res = s.find_or_prepare_insert(key);
       if (res.second) {
-        PolicyTraits::transfer(&s.alloc_ref(), s.slots_ + res.first, &slot);
+        PolicyTraits::transfer(&s.alloc_ref(), s.slot_array() + res.first,
+                               &slot);
       } else if (do_destroy) {
         PolicyTraits::destroy(&s.alloc_ref(), &slot);
       }
@@ -1891,109 +2488,50 @@ class raw_hash_set {
   // This merely updates the pertinent control byte. This can be used in
   // conjunction with Policy::transfer to move the object to another place.
   void erase_meta_only(const_iterator it) {
-    assert(IsFull(*it.inner_.ctrl_) && "erasing a dangling iterator");
-    --size_;
-    const size_t index = static_cast<size_t>(it.inner_.ctrl_ - ctrl_);
-    const size_t index_before = (index - Group::kWidth) & capacity_;
-    const auto empty_after = Group(it.inner_.ctrl_).MaskEmpty();
-    const auto empty_before = Group(ctrl_ + index_before).MaskEmpty();
-
-    // We count how many consecutive non empties we have to the right and to the
-    // left of `it`. If the sum is >= kWidth then there is at least one probe
-    // window that might have seen a full group.
-    bool was_never_full =
-        empty_before && empty_after &&
-        static_cast<size_t>(empty_after.TrailingZeros() +
-                            empty_before.LeadingZeros()) < Group::kWidth;
-
-    SetCtrl(index, was_never_full ? ctrl_t::kEmpty : ctrl_t::kDeleted,
-            capacity_, ctrl_, slots_, sizeof(slot_type));
-    growth_left() += was_never_full;
-    infoz().RecordErase();
+    EraseMetaOnly(common(), it.inner_.ctrl_, sizeof(slot_type));
   }
 
   // Allocates a backing array for `self` and initializes its control bytes.
-  // This reads `capacity_` and updates all other fields based on the result of
+  // This reads `capacity` and updates all other fields based on the result of
   // the allocation.
   //
-  // This does not free the currently held array; `capacity_` must be nonzero.
-  void initialize_slots() {
-    assert(capacity_);
-    // Folks with custom allocators often make unwarranted assumptions about the
-    // behavior of their classes vis-a-vis trivial destructability and what
-    // calls they will or wont make.  Avoid sampling for people with custom
-    // allocators to get us out of this mess.  This is not a hard guarantee but
-    // a workaround while we plan the exact guarantee we want to provide.
-    //
+  // This does not free the currently held array; `capacity` must be nonzero.
+  inline void initialize_slots() {
     // People are often sloppy with the exact type of their allocator (sometimes
     // it has an extra const or is missing the pair, but rebinds made it work
-    // anyway).  To avoid the ambiguity, we work off SlotAlloc which we have
-    // bound more carefully.
-    if (std::is_same<SlotAlloc, std::allocator<slot_type>>::value &&
-        slots_ == nullptr) {
-      infoz() = Sample(sizeof(slot_type));
-    }
-
-    char* mem = static_cast<char*>(Allocate<alignof(slot_type)>(
-        &alloc_ref(),
-        AllocSize(capacity_, sizeof(slot_type), alignof(slot_type))));
-    ctrl_ = reinterpret_cast<ctrl_t*>(mem);
-    slots_ = reinterpret_cast<slot_type*>(
-        mem + SlotOffset(capacity_, alignof(slot_type)));
-    ResetCtrl(capacity_, ctrl_, slots_, sizeof(slot_type));
-    reset_growth_left();
-    infoz().RecordStorageChanged(size_, capacity_);
+    // anyway).
+    using CharAlloc =
+        typename absl::allocator_traits<Alloc>::template rebind_alloc<char>;
+    InitializeSlots<CharAlloc, sizeof(slot_type), alignof(slot_type)>(
+        common(), CharAlloc(alloc_ref()));
   }
 
-  // Destroys all slots in the backing array, frees the backing array, and
-  // clears all top-level book-keeping data.
-  //
-  // This essentially implements `map = raw_hash_set();`.
-  void destroy_slots() {
-    if (!capacity_) return;
-    for (size_t i = 0; i != capacity_; ++i) {
-      if (IsFull(ctrl_[i])) {
-        PolicyTraits::destroy(&alloc_ref(), slots_ + i);
-      }
-    }
-
-    // Unpoison before returning the memory to the allocator.
-    SanitizerUnpoisonMemoryRegion(slots_, sizeof(slot_type) * capacity_);
-    Deallocate<alignof(slot_type)>(
-        &alloc_ref(), ctrl_,
-        AllocSize(capacity_, sizeof(slot_type), alignof(slot_type)));
-    ctrl_ = EmptyGroup();
-    slots_ = nullptr;
-    size_ = 0;
-    capacity_ = 0;
-    growth_left() = 0;
-  }
-
-  void resize(size_t new_capacity) {
+  ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE void resize(size_t new_capacity) {
     assert(IsValidCapacity(new_capacity));
-    auto* old_ctrl = ctrl_;
-    auto* old_slots = slots_;
-    const size_t old_capacity = capacity_;
-    capacity_ = new_capacity;
+    auto* old_ctrl = control();
+    auto* old_slots = slot_array();
+    const size_t old_capacity = common().capacity();
+    common().set_capacity(new_capacity);
     initialize_slots();
 
+    auto* new_slots = slot_array();
     size_t total_probe_length = 0;
     for (size_t i = 0; i != old_capacity; ++i) {
       if (IsFull(old_ctrl[i])) {
         size_t hash = PolicyTraits::apply(HashElement{hash_ref()},
                                           PolicyTraits::element(old_slots + i));
-        auto target = find_first_non_full(ctrl_, hash, capacity_);
+        auto target = find_first_non_full(common(), hash);
         size_t new_i = target.offset;
         total_probe_length += target.probe_length;
-        SetCtrl(new_i, H2(hash), capacity_, ctrl_, slots_, sizeof(slot_type));
-        PolicyTraits::transfer(&alloc_ref(), slots_ + new_i, old_slots + i);
+        SetCtrl(common(), new_i, H2(hash), sizeof(slot_type));
+        PolicyTraits::transfer(&alloc_ref(), new_slots + new_i, old_slots + i);
       }
     }
     if (old_capacity) {
       SanitizerUnpoisonMemoryRegion(old_slots,
                                     sizeof(slot_type) * old_capacity);
-      Deallocate<alignof(slot_type)>(
-          &alloc_ref(), old_ctrl,
+      Deallocate<BackingArrayAlignment(alignof(slot_type))>(
+          &alloc_ref(), old_ctrl - ControlOffset(),
           AllocSize(old_capacity, sizeof(slot_type), alignof(slot_type)));
     }
     infoz().RecordRehash(total_probe_length);
@@ -2002,70 +2540,10 @@ class raw_hash_set {
   // Prunes control bytes to remove as many tombstones as possible.
   //
   // See the comment on `rehash_and_grow_if_necessary()`.
-  void drop_deletes_without_resize() ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE {
-    assert(IsValidCapacity(capacity_));
-    assert(!is_small(capacity_));
-    // Algorithm:
-    // - mark all DELETED slots as EMPTY
-    // - mark all FULL slots as DELETED
-    // - for each slot marked as DELETED
-    //     hash = Hash(element)
-    //     target = find_first_non_full(hash)
-    //     if target is in the same group
-    //       mark slot as FULL
-    //     else if target is EMPTY
-    //       transfer element to target
-    //       mark slot as EMPTY
-    //       mark target as FULL
-    //     else if target is DELETED
-    //       swap current element with target element
-    //       mark target as FULL
-    //       repeat procedure for current slot with moved from element (target)
-    ConvertDeletedToEmptyAndFullToDeleted(ctrl_, capacity_);
-    alignas(slot_type) unsigned char raw[sizeof(slot_type)];
-    size_t total_probe_length = 0;
-    slot_type* slot = reinterpret_cast<slot_type*>(&raw);
-    for (size_t i = 0; i != capacity_; ++i) {
-      if (!IsDeleted(ctrl_[i])) continue;
-      const size_t hash = PolicyTraits::apply(
-          HashElement{hash_ref()}, PolicyTraits::element(slots_ + i));
-      const FindInfo target = find_first_non_full(ctrl_, hash, capacity_);
-      const size_t new_i = target.offset;
-      total_probe_length += target.probe_length;
-
-      // Verify if the old and new i fall within the same group wrt the hash.
-      // If they do, we don't need to move the object as it falls already in the
-      // best probe we can.
-      const size_t probe_offset = probe(ctrl_, hash, capacity_).offset();
-      const auto probe_index = [probe_offset, this](size_t pos) {
-        return ((pos - probe_offset) & capacity_) / Group::kWidth;
-      };
-
-      // Element doesn't move.
-      if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(probe_index(new_i) == probe_index(i))) {
-        SetCtrl(i, H2(hash), capacity_, ctrl_, slots_, sizeof(slot_type));
-        continue;
-      }
-      if (IsEmpty(ctrl_[new_i])) {
-        // Transfer element to the empty spot.
-        // SetCtrl poisons/unpoisons the slots so we have to call it at the
-        // right time.
-        SetCtrl(new_i, H2(hash), capacity_, ctrl_, slots_, sizeof(slot_type));
-        PolicyTraits::transfer(&alloc_ref(), slots_ + new_i, slots_ + i);
-        SetCtrl(i, ctrl_t::kEmpty, capacity_, ctrl_, slots_, sizeof(slot_type));
-      } else {
-        assert(IsDeleted(ctrl_[new_i]));
-        SetCtrl(new_i, H2(hash), capacity_, ctrl_, slots_, sizeof(slot_type));
-        // Until we are done rehashing, DELETED marks previously FULL slots.
-        // Swap i and new_i elements.
-        PolicyTraits::transfer(&alloc_ref(), slot, slots_ + i);
-        PolicyTraits::transfer(&alloc_ref(), slots_ + i, slots_ + new_i);
-        PolicyTraits::transfer(&alloc_ref(), slots_ + new_i, slot);
-        --i;  // repeat
-      }
-    }
-    reset_growth_left();
-    infoz().RecordRehash(total_probe_length);
+  inline void drop_deletes_without_resize() {
+    // Stack-allocate space for swapping elements.
+    alignas(slot_type) unsigned char tmp[sizeof(slot_type)];
+    DropDeletesWithoutResize(common(), GetPolicyFunctions(), tmp);
   }
 
   // Called whenever the table *might* need to conditionally grow.
@@ -2074,14 +2552,13 @@ class raw_hash_set {
   // growth is unnecessary, because vacating tombstones is beneficial for
   // performance in the long-run.
   void rehash_and_grow_if_necessary() {
-    if (capacity_ == 0) {
-      resize(1);
-    } else if (capacity_ > Group::kWidth &&
-               // Do these calcuations in 64-bit to avoid overflow.
-               size() * uint64_t{32} <= capacity_ * uint64_t{25}) {
+    const size_t cap = capacity();
+    if (cap > Group::kWidth &&
+        // Do these calculations in 64-bit to avoid overflow.
+        size() * uint64_t{32} <= cap * uint64_t{25}) {
       // Squash DELETED without growing if there is enough capacity.
       //
-      // Rehash in place if the current size is <= 25/32 of capacity_.
+      // Rehash in place if the current size is <= 25/32 of capacity.
       // Rationale for such a high factor: 1) drop_deletes_without_resize() is
       // faster than resize, and 2) it takes quite a bit of work to add
       // tombstones.  In the worst case, seems to take approximately 4
@@ -2099,8 +2576,8 @@ class raw_hash_set {
       //
       // Here is output of an experiment using the BM_CacheInSteadyState
       // benchmark running the old case (where we rehash-in-place only if we can
-      // reclaim at least 7/16*capacity_) vs. this code (which rehashes in place
-      // if we can recover 3/32*capacity_).
+      // reclaim at least 7/16*capacity) vs. this code (which rehashes in place
+      // if we can recover 3/32*capacity).
       //
       // Note that although in the worst-case number of rehashes jumped up from
       // 15 to 190, but the number of operations per second is almost the same.
@@ -2123,23 +2600,24 @@ class raw_hash_set {
       drop_deletes_without_resize();
     } else {
       // Otherwise grow the container.
-      resize(capacity_ * 2 + 1);
+      resize(NextCapacity(cap));
     }
   }
 
   bool has_element(const value_type& elem) const {
     size_t hash = PolicyTraits::apply(HashElement{hash_ref()}, elem);
-    auto seq = probe(ctrl_, hash, capacity_);
+    auto seq = probe(common(), hash);
+    const ctrl_t* ctrl = control();
     while (true) {
-      Group g{ctrl_ + seq.offset()};
+      Group g{ctrl + seq.offset()};
       for (uint32_t i : g.Match(H2(hash))) {
-        if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(PolicyTraits::element(slots_ + seq.offset(i)) ==
-                              elem))
+        if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(
+                PolicyTraits::element(slot_array() + seq.offset(i)) == elem))
           return true;
       }
       if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(g.MaskEmpty())) return false;
       seq.next();
-      assert(seq.index() <= capacity_ && "full table!");
+      assert(seq.index() <= capacity() && "full table!");
     }
     return false;
   }
@@ -2164,18 +2642,19 @@ class raw_hash_set {
   std::pair<size_t, bool> find_or_prepare_insert(const K& key) {
     prefetch_heap_block();
     auto hash = hash_ref()(key);
-    auto seq = probe(ctrl_, hash, capacity_);
+    auto seq = probe(common(), hash);
+    const ctrl_t* ctrl = control();
     while (true) {
-      Group g{ctrl_ + seq.offset()};
+      Group g{ctrl + seq.offset()};
       for (uint32_t i : g.Match(H2(hash))) {
         if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(PolicyTraits::apply(
                 EqualElement<K>{key, eq_ref()},
-                PolicyTraits::element(slots_ + seq.offset(i)))))
+                PolicyTraits::element(slot_array() + seq.offset(i)))))
           return {seq.offset(i), false};
       }
       if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(g.MaskEmpty())) break;
       seq.next();
-      assert(seq.index() <= capacity_ && "full table!");
+      assert(seq.index() <= capacity() && "full table!");
     }
     return {prepare_insert(hash), true};
   }
@@ -2185,16 +2664,24 @@ class raw_hash_set {
   //
   // REQUIRES: At least one non-full slot available.
   size_t prepare_insert(size_t hash) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE {
-    auto target = find_first_non_full(ctrl_, hash, capacity_);
-    if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(growth_left() == 0 &&
-                           !IsDeleted(ctrl_[target.offset]))) {
+    const bool rehash_for_bug_detection =
+        common().should_rehash_for_bug_detection_on_insert();
+    if (rehash_for_bug_detection) {
+      // Move to a different heap allocation in order to detect bugs.
+      const size_t cap = capacity();
+      resize(growth_left() > 0 ? cap : NextCapacity(cap));
+    }
+    auto target = find_first_non_full(common(), hash);
+    if (!rehash_for_bug_detection &&
+        ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(growth_left() == 0 &&
+                           !IsDeleted(control()[target.offset]))) {
       rehash_and_grow_if_necessary();
-      target = find_first_non_full(ctrl_, hash, capacity_);
+      target = find_first_non_full(common(), hash);
     }
-    ++size_;
-    growth_left() -= IsEmpty(ctrl_[target.offset]);
-    SetCtrl(target.offset, H2(hash), capacity_, ctrl_, slots_,
-            sizeof(slot_type));
+    common().set_size(common().size() + 1);
+    set_growth_left(growth_left() - IsEmpty(control()[target.offset]));
+    SetCtrl(common(), target.offset, H2(hash), sizeof(slot_type));
+    common().maybe_increment_generation_on_insert();
     infoz().RecordInsert(hash, target.probe_length);
     return target.offset;
   }
@@ -2209,7 +2696,7 @@ class raw_hash_set {
   // POSTCONDITION: *m.iterator_at(i) == value_type(forward<Args>(args)...).
   template <class... Args>
   void emplace_at(size_t i, Args&&... args) {
-    PolicyTraits::construct(&alloc_ref(), slots_ + i,
+    PolicyTraits::construct(&alloc_ref(), slot_array() + i,
                             std::forward<Args>(args)...);
 
     assert(PolicyTraits::apply(FindElement{*this}, *iterator_at(i)) ==
@@ -2217,16 +2704,16 @@ class raw_hash_set {
            "constructed value does not match the lookup key");
   }
 
-  iterator iterator_at(size_t i) { return {ctrl_ + i, slots_ + i}; }
-  const_iterator iterator_at(size_t i) const { return {ctrl_ + i, slots_ + i}; }
+  iterator iterator_at(size_t i) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return {control() + i, slot_array() + i, common().generation_ptr()};
+  }
+  const_iterator iterator_at(size_t i) const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return {control() + i, slot_array() + i, common().generation_ptr()};
+  }
 
  private:
   friend struct RawHashSetTestOnlyAccess;
 
-  void reset_growth_left() {
-    growth_left() = CapacityToGrowth(capacity()) - size_;
-  }
-
   // The number of slots we can still fill without needing to rehash.
   //
   // This is stored separately due to tombstones: we do not include tombstones
@@ -2237,49 +2724,81 @@ class raw_hash_set {
   // side-effect.
   //
   // See `CapacityToGrowth()`.
-  size_t& growth_left() { return settings_.template get<0>(); }
+  size_t growth_left() const { return common().growth_left(); }
+  void set_growth_left(size_t gl) { return common().set_growth_left(gl); }
 
-  // Prefetch the heap-allocated memory region to resolve potential TLB misses.
-  // This is intended to overlap with execution of calculating the hash for a
-  // key.
+  // Prefetch the heap-allocated memory region to resolve potential TLB and
+  // cache misses. This is intended to overlap with execution of calculating the
+  // hash for a key.
   void prefetch_heap_block() const {
-    base_internal::PrefetchT2(ctrl_);
+#if ABSL_HAVE_BUILTIN(__builtin_prefetch) || defined(__GNUC__)
+    __builtin_prefetch(control(), 0, 1);
+#endif
   }
 
-  HashtablezInfoHandle& infoz() { return settings_.template get<1>(); }
+  CommonFields& common() { return settings_.template get<0>(); }
+  const CommonFields& common() const { return settings_.template get<0>(); }
 
-  hasher& hash_ref() { return settings_.template get<2>(); }
-  const hasher& hash_ref() const { return settings_.template get<2>(); }
-  key_equal& eq_ref() { return settings_.template get<3>(); }
-  const key_equal& eq_ref() const { return settings_.template get<3>(); }
-  allocator_type& alloc_ref() { return settings_.template get<4>(); }
-  const allocator_type& alloc_ref() const {
-    return settings_.template get<4>();
+  ctrl_t* control() const { return common().control(); }
+  slot_type* slot_array() const {
+    return static_cast<slot_type*>(common().slot_array());
   }
+  HashtablezInfoHandle& infoz() { return common().infoz(); }
 
-  // TODO(alkis): Investigate removing some of these fields:
-  // - ctrl/slots can be derived from each other
-  // - size can be moved into the slot array
+  hasher& hash_ref() { return settings_.template get<1>(); }
+  const hasher& hash_ref() const { return settings_.template get<1>(); }
+  key_equal& eq_ref() { return settings_.template get<2>(); }
+  const key_equal& eq_ref() const { return settings_.template get<2>(); }
+  allocator_type& alloc_ref() { return settings_.template get<3>(); }
+  const allocator_type& alloc_ref() const {
+    return settings_.template get<3>();
+  }
 
-  // The control bytes (and, also, a pointer to the base of the backing array).
-  //
-  // This contains `capacity_ + 1 + NumClonedBytes()` entries, even
-  // when the table is empty (hence EmptyGroup).
-  ctrl_t* ctrl_ = EmptyGroup();
-  // The beginning of the slots, located at `SlotOffset()` bytes after
-  // `ctrl_`. May be null for empty tables.
-  slot_type* slots_ = nullptr;
+  // Make type-specific functions for this type's PolicyFunctions struct.
+  static size_t hash_slot_fn(void* set, void* slot) {
+    auto* h = static_cast<raw_hash_set*>(set);
+    return PolicyTraits::apply(
+        HashElement{h->hash_ref()},
+        PolicyTraits::element(static_cast<slot_type*>(slot)));
+  }
+  static void transfer_slot_fn(void* set, void* dst, void* src) {
+    auto* h = static_cast<raw_hash_set*>(set);
+    PolicyTraits::transfer(&h->alloc_ref(), static_cast<slot_type*>(dst),
+                           static_cast<slot_type*>(src));
+  }
+  // Note: dealloc_fn will only be used if we have a non-standard allocator.
+  static void dealloc_fn(CommonFields& common, const PolicyFunctions&) {
+    auto* set = reinterpret_cast<raw_hash_set*>(&common);
 
-  // The number of filled slots.
-  size_t size_ = 0;
+    // Unpoison before returning the memory to the allocator.
+    SanitizerUnpoisonMemoryRegion(common.slot_array(),
+                                  sizeof(slot_type) * common.capacity());
+
+    Deallocate<BackingArrayAlignment(alignof(slot_type))>(
+        &set->alloc_ref(), common.backing_array_start(),
+        common.alloc_size(sizeof(slot_type), alignof(slot_type)));
+  }
+
+  static const PolicyFunctions& GetPolicyFunctions() {
+    static constexpr PolicyFunctions value = {
+        sizeof(slot_type),
+        &raw_hash_set::hash_slot_fn,
+        PolicyTraits::transfer_uses_memcpy()
+            ? TransferRelocatable<sizeof(slot_type)>
+            : &raw_hash_set::transfer_slot_fn,
+        (std::is_same<SlotAlloc, std::allocator<slot_type>>::value
+             ? &DeallocateStandard<alignof(slot_type)>
+             : &raw_hash_set::dealloc_fn),
+    };
+    return value;
+  }
 
-  // The total number of available slots.
-  size_t capacity_ = 0;
-  absl::container_internal::CompressedTuple<size_t /* growth_left */,
-                                            HashtablezInfoHandle, hasher,
-                                            key_equal, allocator_type>
-      settings_{0u, HashtablezInfoHandle{}, hasher{}, key_equal{},
-                allocator_type{}};
+  // Bundle together CommonFields plus other objects which might be empty.
+  // CompressedTuple will ensure that sizeof is not affected by any of the empty
+  // fields that occur after CommonFields.
+  absl::container_internal::CompressedTuple<CommonFields, hasher, key_equal,
+                                            allocator_type>
+      settings_{CommonFields{}, hasher{}, key_equal{}, allocator_type{}};
 };
 
 // Erases all elements that satisfy the predicate `pred` from the container `c`.
@@ -2307,14 +2826,15 @@ struct HashtableDebugAccess<Set, absl::void_t<typename Set::raw_hash_set>> {
                              const typename Set::key_type& key) {
     size_t num_probes = 0;
     size_t hash = set.hash_ref()(key);
-    auto seq = probe(set.ctrl_, hash, set.capacity_);
+    auto seq = probe(set.common(), hash);
+    const ctrl_t* ctrl = set.control();
     while (true) {
-      container_internal::Group g{set.ctrl_ + seq.offset()};
+      container_internal::Group g{ctrl + seq.offset()};
       for (uint32_t i : g.Match(container_internal::H2(hash))) {
         if (Traits::apply(
                 typename Set::template EqualElement<typename Set::key_type>{
                     key, set.eq_ref()},
-                Traits::element(set.slots_ + seq.offset(i))))
+                Traits::element(set.slot_array() + seq.offset(i))))
           return num_probes;
         ++num_probes;
       }
@@ -2325,7 +2845,7 @@ struct HashtableDebugAccess<Set, absl::void_t<typename Set::raw_hash_set>> {
   }
 
   static size_t AllocatedByteSize(const Set& c) {
-    size_t capacity = c.capacity_;
+    size_t capacity = c.capacity();
     if (capacity == 0) return 0;
     size_t m = AllocSize(capacity, sizeof(Slot), alignof(Slot));
 
@@ -2333,9 +2853,10 @@ struct HashtableDebugAccess<Set, absl::void_t<typename Set::raw_hash_set>> {
     if (per_slot != ~size_t{}) {
       m += per_slot * c.size();
     } else {
+      const ctrl_t* ctrl = c.control();
       for (size_t i = 0; i != capacity; ++i) {
-        if (container_internal::IsFull(c.ctrl_[i])) {
-          m += Traits::space_used(c.slots_ + i);
+        if (container_internal::IsFull(ctrl[i])) {
+          m += Traits::space_used(c.slot_array() + i);
         }
       }
     }
@@ -2360,6 +2881,6 @@ struct HashtableDebugAccess<Set, absl::void_t<typename Set::raw_hash_set>> {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
 }  // namespace absl
 
-#undef ABSL_INTERNAL_ASSERT_IS_FULL
+#undef ABSL_SWISSTABLE_ENABLE_GENERATIONS
 
 #endif  // ABSL_CONTAINER_INTERNAL_RAW_HASH_SET_H_
diff --git a/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set_benchmark.cc b/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set_benchmark.cc
index 47dc9048..a3647890 100644
--- a/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set_benchmark.cc
+++ b/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set_benchmark.cc
@@ -12,13 +12,17 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-#include "absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set.h"
-
+#include <array>
+#include <cmath>
 #include <numeric>
 #include <random>
+#include <tuple>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
 
 #include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
 #include "absl/container/internal/hash_function_defaults.h"
+#include "absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set.h"
 #include "absl/strings/str_format.h"
 #include "benchmark/benchmark.h"
 
@@ -138,7 +142,7 @@ struct string_generator {
   template <class RNG>
   std::string operator()(RNG& rng) const {
     std::string res;
-    res.resize(12);
+    res.resize(size);
     std::uniform_int_distribution<uint32_t> printable_ascii(0x20, 0x7E);
     std::generate(res.begin(), res.end(), [&] { return printable_ascii(rng); });
     return res;
@@ -202,40 +206,113 @@ void CacheInSteadyStateArgs(Benchmark* bm) {
 BENCHMARK(BM_CacheInSteadyState)->Apply(CacheInSteadyStateArgs);
 
 void BM_EndComparison(benchmark::State& state) {
+  StringTable t = {{"a", "a"}, {"b", "b"}};
+  auto it = t.begin();
+  for (auto i : state) {
+    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(t);
+    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(it);
+    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(it != t.end());
+  }
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_EndComparison);
+
+void BM_Iteration(benchmark::State& state) {
   std::random_device rd;
   std::mt19937 rng(rd());
   string_generator gen{12};
   StringTable t;
-  while (t.size() < state.range(0)) {
+
+  size_t capacity = state.range(0);
+  size_t size = state.range(1);
+  t.reserve(capacity);
+
+  while (t.size() < size) {
     t.emplace(gen(rng), gen(rng));
   }
 
-  for (auto _ : state) {
+  for (auto i : state) {
+    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(t);
     for (auto it = t.begin(); it != t.end(); ++it) {
-      benchmark::DoNotOptimize(it);
-      benchmark::DoNotOptimize(t);
-      benchmark::DoNotOptimize(it != t.end());
+      benchmark::DoNotOptimize(*it);
     }
   }
 }
-BENCHMARK(BM_EndComparison)->Arg(400);
 
-void BM_CopyCtor(benchmark::State& state) {
+BENCHMARK(BM_Iteration)
+    ->ArgPair(1, 1)
+    ->ArgPair(2, 2)
+    ->ArgPair(4, 4)
+    ->ArgPair(7, 7)
+    ->ArgPair(10, 10)
+    ->ArgPair(15, 15)
+    ->ArgPair(16, 16)
+    ->ArgPair(54, 54)
+    ->ArgPair(100, 100)
+    ->ArgPair(400, 400)
+    // empty
+    ->ArgPair(0, 0)
+    ->ArgPair(10, 0)
+    ->ArgPair(100, 0)
+    ->ArgPair(1000, 0)
+    ->ArgPair(10000, 0)
+    // sparse
+    ->ArgPair(100, 1)
+    ->ArgPair(1000, 10);
+
+void BM_CopyCtorSparseInt(benchmark::State& state) {
   std::random_device rd;
   std::mt19937 rng(rd());
   IntTable t;
   std::uniform_int_distribution<uint64_t> dist(0, ~uint64_t{});
 
-  while (t.size() < state.range(0)) {
+  size_t size = state.range(0);
+  t.reserve(size * 10);
+  while (t.size() < size) {
     t.emplace(dist(rng));
   }
 
-  for (auto _ : state) {
+  for (auto i : state) {
     IntTable t2 = t;
     benchmark::DoNotOptimize(t2);
   }
 }
-BENCHMARK(BM_CopyCtor)->Range(128, 4096);
+BENCHMARK(BM_CopyCtorSparseInt)->Range(128, 4096);
+
+void BM_CopyCtorInt(benchmark::State& state) {
+  std::random_device rd;
+  std::mt19937 rng(rd());
+  IntTable t;
+  std::uniform_int_distribution<uint64_t> dist(0, ~uint64_t{});
+
+  size_t size = state.range(0);
+  while (t.size() < size) {
+    t.emplace(dist(rng));
+  }
+
+  for (auto i : state) {
+    IntTable t2 = t;
+    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(t2);
+  }
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_CopyCtorInt)->Range(128, 4096);
+
+void BM_CopyCtorString(benchmark::State& state) {
+  std::random_device rd;
+  std::mt19937 rng(rd());
+  StringTable t;
+  std::uniform_int_distribution<uint64_t> dist(0, ~uint64_t{});
+
+  size_t size = state.range(0);
+  while (t.size() < size) {
+    t.emplace(std::to_string(dist(rng)), std::to_string(dist(rng)));
+  }
+
+  for (auto i : state) {
+    StringTable t2 = t;
+    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(t2);
+  }
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_CopyCtorString)->Range(128, 4096);
 
 void BM_CopyAssign(benchmark::State& state) {
   std::random_device rd;
@@ -401,6 +478,24 @@ void BM_DropDeletes(benchmark::State& state) {
 }
 BENCHMARK(BM_DropDeletes);
 
+void BM_Resize(benchmark::State& state) {
+  // For now just measure a small cheap hash table since we
+  // are mostly interested in the overhead of type-erasure
+  // in resize().
+  constexpr int kElements = 64;
+  const int kCapacity = kElements * 2;
+
+  IntTable table;
+  for (int i = 0; i < kElements; i++) {
+    table.insert(i);
+  }
+  for (auto unused : state) {
+    table.rehash(0);
+    table.rehash(kCapacity);
+  }
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_Resize);
+
 }  // namespace
 }  // namespace container_internal
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
@@ -418,6 +513,12 @@ bool CodegenAbslRawHashSetInt64FindNeEnd(
   return table->find(key) != table->end();
 }
 
+// This is useful because the find isn't inlined but the iterator comparison is.
+bool CodegenAbslRawHashSetStringFindNeEnd(
+    absl::container_internal::StringTable* table, const std::string& key) {
+  return table->find(key) != table->end();
+}
+
 auto CodegenAbslRawHashSetInt64Insert(absl::container_internal::IntTable* table,
                                       int64_t key)
     -> decltype(table->insert(key)) {
@@ -437,7 +538,7 @@ void CodegenAbslRawHashSetInt64Iterate(
 int odr =
     (::benchmark::DoNotOptimize(std::make_tuple(
          &CodegenAbslRawHashSetInt64Find, &CodegenAbslRawHashSetInt64FindNeEnd,
-         &CodegenAbslRawHashSetInt64Insert,
-         &CodegenAbslRawHashSetInt64Contains,
+         &CodegenAbslRawHashSetStringFindNeEnd,
+         &CodegenAbslRawHashSetInt64Insert, &CodegenAbslRawHashSetInt64Contains,
          &CodegenAbslRawHashSetInt64Iterate)),
      1);
diff --git a/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set_test.cc b/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set_test.cc
index f77ffbc1..242a97cb 100644
--- a/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set_test.cc
+++ b/absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set_test.cc
@@ -14,29 +14,41 @@
 
 #include "absl/container/internal/raw_hash_set.h"
 
+#include <algorithm>
 #include <atomic>
 #include <cmath>
+#include <cstddef>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <deque>
 #include <functional>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <list>
+#include <map>
 #include <memory>
 #include <numeric>
+#include <ostream>
 #include <random>
 #include <string>
+#include <type_traits>
 #include <unordered_map>
 #include <unordered_set>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
 
 #include "gmock/gmock.h"
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
 #include "absl/base/attributes.h"
 #include "absl/base/config.h"
 #include "absl/base/internal/cycleclock.h"
-#include "absl/base/internal/prefetch.h"
-#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
+#include "absl/base/prefetch.h"
+#include "absl/container/flat_hash_map.h"
+#include "absl/container/flat_hash_set.h"
 #include "absl/container/internal/container_memory.h"
 #include "absl/container/internal/hash_function_defaults.h"
 #include "absl/container/internal/hash_policy_testing.h"
 #include "absl/container/internal/hashtable_debug.h"
+#include "absl/log/log.h"
 #include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
 
 namespace absl {
@@ -45,8 +57,12 @@ namespace container_internal {
 
 struct RawHashSetTestOnlyAccess {
   template <typename C>
-  static auto GetSlots(const C& c) -> decltype(c.slots_) {
-    return c.slots_;
+  static auto GetSlots(const C& c) -> decltype(c.slot_array()) {
+    return c.slot_array();
+  }
+  template <typename C>
+  static size_t CountTombstones(const C& c) {
+    return c.common().TombstonesCount();
   }
 };
 
@@ -339,7 +355,7 @@ class StringPolicy {
     struct ctor {};
 
     template <class... Ts>
-    slot_type(ctor, Ts&&... ts) : pair(std::forward<Ts>(ts)...) {}
+    explicit slot_type(ctor, Ts&&... ts) : pair(std::forward<Ts>(ts)...) {}
 
     std::pair<std::string, std::string> pair;
   };
@@ -388,7 +404,7 @@ struct StringEq : std::equal_to<absl::string_view> {
 struct StringTable
     : raw_hash_set<StringPolicy, StringHash, StringEq, std::allocator<int>> {
   using Base = typename StringTable::raw_hash_set;
-  StringTable() {}
+  StringTable() = default;
   using Base::Base;
 };
 
@@ -408,10 +424,10 @@ struct Uint8Table
 
 template <typename T>
 struct CustomAlloc : std::allocator<T> {
-  CustomAlloc() {}
+  CustomAlloc() = default;
 
   template <typename U>
-  CustomAlloc(const CustomAlloc<U>& other) {}
+  explicit CustomAlloc(const CustomAlloc<U>& /*other*/) {}
 
   template<class U> struct rebind {
     using other = CustomAlloc<U>;
@@ -425,6 +441,63 @@ struct CustomAllocIntTable
   using Base::Base;
 };
 
+// Tries to allocate memory at the minimum alignment even when the default
+// allocator uses a higher alignment.
+template <typename T>
+struct MinimumAlignmentAlloc : std::allocator<T> {
+  MinimumAlignmentAlloc() = default;
+
+  template <typename U>
+  explicit MinimumAlignmentAlloc(const MinimumAlignmentAlloc<U>& /*other*/) {}
+
+  template <class U>
+  struct rebind {
+    using other = MinimumAlignmentAlloc<U>;
+  };
+
+  T* allocate(size_t n) {
+    T* ptr = std::allocator<T>::allocate(n + 1);
+    char* cptr = reinterpret_cast<char*>(ptr);
+    cptr += alignof(T);
+    return reinterpret_cast<T*>(cptr);
+  }
+
+  void deallocate(T* ptr, size_t n) {
+    char* cptr = reinterpret_cast<char*>(ptr);
+    cptr -= alignof(T);
+    std::allocator<T>::deallocate(reinterpret_cast<T*>(cptr), n + 1);
+  }
+};
+
+struct MinimumAlignmentUint8Table
+    : raw_hash_set<Uint8Policy, container_internal::hash_default_hash<uint8_t>,
+                   std::equal_to<uint8_t>, MinimumAlignmentAlloc<uint8_t>> {
+  using Base = typename MinimumAlignmentUint8Table::raw_hash_set;
+  using Base::Base;
+};
+
+// Allows for freezing the allocator to expect no further allocations.
+template <typename T>
+struct FreezableAlloc : std::allocator<T> {
+  explicit FreezableAlloc(bool* f) : frozen(f) {}
+
+  template <typename U>
+  explicit FreezableAlloc(const FreezableAlloc<U>& other)
+      : frozen(other.frozen) {}
+
+  template <class U>
+  struct rebind {
+    using other = FreezableAlloc<U>;
+  };
+
+  T* allocate(size_t n) {
+    EXPECT_FALSE(*frozen);
+    return std::allocator<T>::allocate(n);
+  }
+
+  bool* frozen;
+};
+
 struct BadFastHash {
   template <class T>
   size_t operator()(const T&) const {
@@ -432,10 +505,17 @@ struct BadFastHash {
   }
 };
 
+struct BadHashFreezableIntTable
+    : raw_hash_set<IntPolicy, BadFastHash, std::equal_to<int64_t>,
+                   FreezableAlloc<int64_t>> {
+  using Base = typename BadHashFreezableIntTable::raw_hash_set;
+  using Base::Base;
+};
+
 struct BadTable : raw_hash_set<IntPolicy, BadFastHash, std::equal_to<int>,
                                std::allocator<int>> {
   using Base = typename BadTable::raw_hash_set;
-  BadTable() {}
+  BadTable() = default;
   using Base::Base;
 };
 
@@ -444,19 +524,17 @@ TEST(Table, EmptyFunctorOptimization) {
   static_assert(std::is_empty<std::allocator<int>>::value, "");
 
   struct MockTable {
+    void* infoz;
     void* ctrl;
     void* slots;
     size_t size;
     size_t capacity;
-    size_t growth_left;
-    void* infoz;
   };
   struct MockTableInfozDisabled {
     void* ctrl;
     void* slots;
     size_t size;
     size_t capacity;
-    size_t growth_left;
   };
   struct StatelessHash {
     size_t operator()(absl::string_view) const { return 0; }
@@ -465,27 +543,38 @@ TEST(Table, EmptyFunctorOptimization) {
     size_t dummy;
   };
 
-  if (std::is_empty<HashtablezInfoHandle>::value) {
-    EXPECT_EQ(sizeof(MockTableInfozDisabled),
-              sizeof(raw_hash_set<StringPolicy, StatelessHash,
-                                  std::equal_to<absl::string_view>,
-                                  std::allocator<int>>));
-
-    EXPECT_EQ(sizeof(MockTableInfozDisabled) + sizeof(StatefulHash),
-              sizeof(raw_hash_set<StringPolicy, StatefulHash,
-                                  std::equal_to<absl::string_view>,
-                                  std::allocator<int>>));
-  } else {
-    EXPECT_EQ(sizeof(MockTable),
-              sizeof(raw_hash_set<StringPolicy, StatelessHash,
-                                  std::equal_to<absl::string_view>,
-                                  std::allocator<int>>));
+  struct GenerationData {
+    size_t reserved_growth;
+    size_t reservation_size;
+    GenerationType* generation;
+  };
 
-    EXPECT_EQ(sizeof(MockTable) + sizeof(StatefulHash),
-              sizeof(raw_hash_set<StringPolicy, StatefulHash,
-                                  std::equal_to<absl::string_view>,
-                                  std::allocator<int>>));
-  }
+// Ignore unreachable-code warning. Compiler thinks one branch of each ternary
+// conditional is unreachable.
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wunreachable-code"
+#endif
+  constexpr size_t mock_size = std::is_empty<HashtablezInfoHandle>()
+                                   ? sizeof(MockTableInfozDisabled)
+                                   : sizeof(MockTable);
+  constexpr size_t generation_size =
+      SwisstableGenerationsEnabled() ? sizeof(GenerationData) : 0;
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop
+#endif
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(
+      mock_size + generation_size,
+      sizeof(
+          raw_hash_set<StringPolicy, StatelessHash,
+                       std::equal_to<absl::string_view>, std::allocator<int>>));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(
+      mock_size + sizeof(StatefulHash) + generation_size,
+      sizeof(
+          raw_hash_set<StringPolicy, StatefulHash,
+                       std::equal_to<absl::string_view>, std::allocator<int>>));
 }
 
 TEST(Table, Empty) {
@@ -843,6 +932,10 @@ void TestDecompose(bool construct_three) {
 }
 
 TEST(Table, Decompose) {
+  if (SwisstableGenerationsEnabled()) {
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Generations being enabled causes extra rehashes.";
+  }
+
   TestDecompose<DecomposeHash, DecomposeEq>(false);
 
   struct TransparentHashIntOverload {
@@ -881,6 +974,10 @@ struct Modulo1000HashTable
 
 // Test that rehash with no resize happen in case of many deleted slots.
 TEST(Table, RehashWithNoResize) {
+  if (SwisstableGenerationsEnabled()) {
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Generations being enabled causes extra rehashes.";
+  }
+
   Modulo1000HashTable t;
   // Adding the same length (and the same hash) strings
   // to have at least kMinFullGroups groups
@@ -974,6 +1071,10 @@ TEST(Table, EnsureNonQuadraticAsInRust) {
 }
 
 TEST(Table, ClearBug) {
+  if (SwisstableGenerationsEnabled()) {
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Generations being enabled causes extra rehashes.";
+  }
+
   IntTable t;
   constexpr size_t capacity = container_internal::Group::kWidth - 1;
   constexpr size_t max_size = capacity / 2 + 1;
@@ -992,7 +1093,7 @@ TEST(Table, ClearBug) {
   // We are checking that original and second are close enough to each other
   // that they are probably still in the same group.  This is not strictly
   // guaranteed.
-  EXPECT_LT(std::abs(original - second),
+  EXPECT_LT(static_cast<size_t>(std::abs(original - second)),
             capacity * sizeof(IntTable::value_type));
 }
 
@@ -1026,6 +1127,14 @@ TEST(Table, EraseMaintainsValidIterator) {
   EXPECT_EQ(num_erase_calls, kNumElements);
 }
 
+TEST(Table, EraseBeginEnd) {
+  IntTable t;
+  for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) t.insert(i);
+  EXPECT_EQ(t.size(), 10);
+  t.erase(t.begin(), t.end());
+  EXPECT_EQ(t.size(), 0);
+}
+
 // Collect N bad keys by following algorithm:
 // 1. Create an empty table and reserve it to 2 * N.
 // 2. Insert N random elements.
@@ -1069,19 +1178,6 @@ struct ProbeStats {
   // Ratios total_probe_length/size for every tested table.
   std::vector<double> single_table_ratios;
 
-  friend ProbeStats operator+(const ProbeStats& a, const ProbeStats& b) {
-    ProbeStats res = a;
-    res.all_probes_histogram.resize(std::max(res.all_probes_histogram.size(),
-                                             b.all_probes_histogram.size()));
-    std::transform(b.all_probes_histogram.begin(), b.all_probes_histogram.end(),
-                   res.all_probes_histogram.begin(),
-                   res.all_probes_histogram.begin(), std::plus<size_t>());
-    res.single_table_ratios.insert(res.single_table_ratios.end(),
-                                   b.single_table_ratios.begin(),
-                                   b.single_table_ratios.end());
-    return res;
-  }
-
   // Average ratio total_probe_length/size over tables.
   double AvgRatio() const {
     return std::accumulate(single_table_ratios.begin(),
@@ -1259,7 +1355,7 @@ ExpectedStats XorSeedExpectedStats() {
                 {{0.95, 0}, {0.99, 1}, {0.999, 4}, {0.9999, 10}}};
       }
   }
-  ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "%s", "Unknown Group width");
+  LOG(FATAL) << "Unknown Group width";
   return {};
 }
 
@@ -1275,6 +1371,7 @@ TEST(Table, DISABLED_EnsureNonQuadraticTopNXorSeedByProbeSeqLength) {
   for (size_t size : sizes) {
     auto& stat = stats[size];
     VerifyStats(size, expected, stat);
+    LOG(INFO) << size << " " << stat;
   }
 }
 
@@ -1354,7 +1451,7 @@ ExpectedStats LinearTransformExpectedStats() {
                 {{0.95, 0}, {0.99, 1}, {0.999, 6}, {0.9999, 10}}};
       }
   }
-  ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "%s", "Unknown Group width");
+  LOG(FATAL) << "Unknown Group width";
   return {};
 }
 
@@ -1370,6 +1467,7 @@ TEST(Table, DISABLED_EnsureNonQuadraticTopNLinearTransformByProbeSeqLength) {
   for (size_t size : sizes) {
     auto& stat = stats[size];
     VerifyStats(size, expected, stat);
+    LOG(INFO) << size << " " << stat;
   }
 }
 
@@ -1504,7 +1602,7 @@ TEST(Table, RehashZeroForcesRehash) {
 TEST(Table, ConstructFromInitList) {
   using P = std::pair<std::string, std::string>;
   struct Q {
-    operator P() const { return {}; }
+    operator P() const { return {}; }  // NOLINT
   };
   StringTable t = {P(), Q(), {}, {{}, {}}};
 }
@@ -1542,7 +1640,7 @@ TEST(Table, CopyConstructWithAlloc) {
 struct ExplicitAllocIntTable
     : raw_hash_set<IntPolicy, container_internal::hash_default_hash<int64_t>,
                    std::equal_to<int64_t>, Alloc<int64_t>> {
-  ExplicitAllocIntTable() {}
+  ExplicitAllocIntTable() = default;
 };
 
 TEST(Table, AllocWithExplicitCtor) {
@@ -1809,7 +1907,6 @@ TEST(Table, HeterogeneousLookupOverloads) {
   EXPECT_TRUE((VerifyResultOf<CallCount, TransparentTable>()));
 }
 
-// TODO(alkis): Expand iterator tests.
 TEST(Iterator, IsDefaultConstructible) {
   StringTable::iterator i;
   EXPECT_TRUE(i == StringTable::iterator());
@@ -1930,7 +2027,7 @@ TEST(Nodes, ExtractInsert) {
   EXPECT_FALSE(res.inserted);
   EXPECT_THAT(*res.position, Pair(k0, ""));
   EXPECT_TRUE(res.node);
-  EXPECT_FALSE(node);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(node);  // NOLINT(bugprone-use-after-move)
 }
 
 TEST(Nodes, HintInsert) {
@@ -1940,7 +2037,7 @@ TEST(Nodes, HintInsert) {
   auto it = t.insert(t.begin(), std::move(node));
   EXPECT_THAT(t, UnorderedElementsAre(1, 2, 3));
   EXPECT_EQ(*it, 1);
-  EXPECT_FALSE(node);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(node);  // NOLINT(bugprone-use-after-move)
 
   node = t.extract(2);
   EXPECT_THAT(t, UnorderedElementsAre(1, 3));
@@ -1950,7 +2047,7 @@ TEST(Nodes, HintInsert) {
   it = t.insert(t.begin(), std::move(node));
   EXPECT_EQ(*it, 2);
   // The node was not emptied by the insert call.
-  EXPECT_TRUE(node);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(node);  // NOLINT(bugprone-use-after-move)
 }
 
 IntTable MakeSimpleTable(size_t size) {
@@ -2023,20 +2120,99 @@ TEST(Table, UnstablePointers) {
   EXPECT_NE(old_ptr, addr(0));
 }
 
-// Confirm that we assert if we try to erase() end().
-TEST(TableDeathTest, EraseOfEndAsserts) {
+bool IsAssertEnabled() {
   // Use an assert with side-effects to figure out if they are actually enabled.
   bool assert_enabled = false;
-  assert([&]() {
+  assert([&]() {  // NOLINT
     assert_enabled = true;
     return true;
   }());
-  if (!assert_enabled) return;
+  return assert_enabled;
+}
+
+TEST(TableDeathTest, InvalidIteratorAsserts) {
+  if (!IsAssertEnabled() && !SwisstableGenerationsEnabled())
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Assertions not enabled.";
 
   IntTable t;
   // Extra simple "regexp" as regexp support is highly varied across platforms.
-  constexpr char kDeathMsg[] = "erase.. called on invalid iterator";
-  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(t.erase(t.end()), kDeathMsg);
+  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(t.erase(t.end()),
+                            "erase.* called on end.. iterator.");
+  typename IntTable::iterator iter;
+  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(
+      ++iter, "operator.* called on default-constructed iterator.");
+  t.insert(0);
+  iter = t.begin();
+  t.erase(iter);
+  const char* const kErasedDeathMessage =
+      SwisstableGenerationsEnabled()
+          ? "operator.* called on invalid iterator.*was likely erased"
+          : "operator.* called on invalid iterator.*might have been "
+            "erased.*config=asan";
+  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(++iter, kErasedDeathMessage);
+}
+
+// Invalid iterator use can trigger heap-use-after-free in asan,
+// use-of-uninitialized-value in msan, or invalidated iterator assertions.
+constexpr const char* kInvalidIteratorDeathMessage =
+    "heap-use-after-free|use-of-uninitialized-value|invalidated "
+    "iterator|Invalid iterator|invalid iterator";
+
+// MSVC doesn't support | in regex.
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+constexpr bool kMsvc = true;
+#else
+constexpr bool kMsvc = false;
+#endif
+
+TEST(TableDeathTest, IteratorInvalidAssertsEqualityOperator) {
+  if (!IsAssertEnabled() && !SwisstableGenerationsEnabled())
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "Assertions not enabled.";
+
+  IntTable t;
+  t.insert(1);
+  t.insert(2);
+  t.insert(3);
+  auto iter1 = t.begin();
+  auto iter2 = std::next(iter1);
+  ASSERT_NE(iter1, t.end());
+  ASSERT_NE(iter2, t.end());
+  t.erase(iter1);
+  // Extra simple "regexp" as regexp support is highly varied across platforms.
+  const char* const kErasedDeathMessage =
+      SwisstableGenerationsEnabled()
+          ? "Invalid iterator comparison.*was likely erased"
+          : "Invalid iterator comparison.*might have been erased.*config=asan";
+  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(void(iter1 == iter2), kErasedDeathMessage);
+  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(void(iter2 != iter1), kErasedDeathMessage);
+  t.erase(iter2);
+  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(void(iter1 == iter2), kErasedDeathMessage);
+
+  IntTable t1, t2;
+  t1.insert(0);
+  t2.insert(0);
+  iter1 = t1.begin();
+  iter2 = t2.begin();
+  const char* const kContainerDiffDeathMessage =
+      SwisstableGenerationsEnabled()
+          ? "Invalid iterator comparison.*iterators from different hashtables"
+          : "Invalid iterator comparison.*may be from different "
+            ".*containers.*config=asan";
+  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(void(iter1 == iter2), kContainerDiffDeathMessage);
+  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(void(iter2 == iter1), kContainerDiffDeathMessage);
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) t1.insert(i);
+  // There should have been a rehash in t1.
+  if (kMsvc) return;  // MSVC doesn't support | in regex.
+
+  // NOTE(b/293887834): After rehashing, iterators will contain pointers to
+  // freed memory, which may be detected by ThreadSanitizer.
+  const char* const kRehashedDeathMessage =
+      SwisstableGenerationsEnabled()
+          ? kInvalidIteratorDeathMessage
+          : "Invalid iterator comparison.*might have rehashed.*config=asan"
+            "|ThreadSanitizer: heap-use-after-free";
+  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(void(iter1 == t1.begin()), kRehashedDeathMessage);
 }
 
 #if defined(ABSL_INTERNAL_HASHTABLEZ_SAMPLE)
@@ -2047,7 +2223,7 @@ TEST(RawHashSamplerTest, Sample) {
 
   auto& sampler = GlobalHashtablezSampler();
   size_t start_size = 0;
-  std::unordered_set<const HashtablezInfo*> preexisting_info;
+  absl::flat_hash_set<const HashtablezInfo*> preexisting_info;
   start_size += sampler.Iterate([&](const HashtablezInfo& info) {
     preexisting_info.insert(&info);
     ++start_size;
@@ -2074,8 +2250,8 @@ TEST(RawHashSamplerTest, Sample) {
     }
   }
   size_t end_size = 0;
-  std::unordered_map<size_t, int> observed_checksums;
-  std::unordered_map<ssize_t, int> reservations;
+  absl::flat_hash_map<size_t, int> observed_checksums;
+  absl::flat_hash_map<ssize_t, int> reservations;
   end_size += sampler.Iterate([&](const HashtablezInfo& info) {
     if (preexisting_info.count(&info) == 0) {
       observed_checksums[info.hashes_bitwise_xor.load(
@@ -2151,11 +2327,17 @@ TEST(Sanitizer, PoisoningOnErase) {
 }
 #endif  // ABSL_HAVE_ADDRESS_SANITIZER
 
-TEST(Table, AlignOne) {
+template <typename T>
+class AlignOneTest : public ::testing::Test {};
+using AlignOneTestTypes =
+    ::testing::Types<Uint8Table, MinimumAlignmentUint8Table>;
+TYPED_TEST_SUITE(AlignOneTest, AlignOneTestTypes);
+
+TYPED_TEST(AlignOneTest, AlignOne) {
   // We previously had a bug in which we were copying a control byte over the
   // first slot when alignof(value_type) is 1. We test repeated
   // insertions/erases and verify that the behavior is correct.
-  Uint8Table t;
+  TypeParam t;
   std::unordered_set<uint8_t> verifier;  // NOLINT
 
   // Do repeated insertions/erases from the table.
@@ -2181,6 +2363,153 @@ TEST(Table, AlignOne) {
   }
 }
 
+TEST(Iterator, InvalidUseCrashesWithSanitizers) {
+  if (!SwisstableGenerationsEnabled()) GTEST_SKIP() << "Generations disabled.";
+  if (kMsvc) GTEST_SKIP() << "MSVC doesn't support | in regexp.";
+
+  IntTable t;
+  // Start with 1 element so that `it` is never an end iterator.
+  t.insert(-1);
+  for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
+    auto it = t.begin();
+    t.insert(i);
+    EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(*it, kInvalidIteratorDeathMessage);
+    EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(void(it == t.begin()),
+                              kInvalidIteratorDeathMessage);
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(Iterator, InvalidUseWithReserveCrashesWithSanitizers) {
+  if (!SwisstableGenerationsEnabled()) GTEST_SKIP() << "Generations disabled.";
+  if (kMsvc) GTEST_SKIP() << "MSVC doesn't support | in regexp.";
+
+  IntTable t;
+  t.reserve(10);
+  t.insert(0);
+  auto it = t.begin();
+  // Reserved growth can't rehash.
+  for (int i = 1; i < 10; ++i) {
+    t.insert(i);
+    EXPECT_EQ(*it, 0);
+  }
+  // ptr will become invalidated on rehash.
+  const int64_t* ptr = &*it;
+  (void)ptr;
+
+  // erase decreases size but does not decrease reserved growth so the next
+  // insertion still invalidates iterators.
+  t.erase(0);
+  // The first insert after reserved growth is 0 is guaranteed to rehash when
+  // generations are enabled.
+  t.insert(10);
+  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(*it, kInvalidIteratorDeathMessage);
+  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(void(it == t.begin()),
+                            kInvalidIteratorDeathMessage);
+#ifdef ABSL_HAVE_ADDRESS_SANITIZER
+  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(std::cout << *ptr, "heap-use-after-free");
+#endif
+}
+
+TEST(Table, ReservedGrowthUpdatesWhenTableDoesntGrow) {
+  IntTable t;
+  for (int i = 0; i < 8; ++i) t.insert(i);
+  // Want to insert twice without invalidating iterators so reserve.
+  const size_t cap = t.capacity();
+  t.reserve(t.size() + 2);
+  // We want to be testing the case in which the reserve doesn't grow the table.
+  ASSERT_EQ(cap, t.capacity());
+  auto it = t.find(0);
+  t.insert(100);
+  t.insert(200);
+  // `it` shouldn't have been invalidated.
+  EXPECT_EQ(*it, 0);
+}
+
+TEST(Table, EraseBeginEndResetsReservedGrowth) {
+  bool frozen = false;
+  BadHashFreezableIntTable t{FreezableAlloc<int64_t>(&frozen)};
+  t.reserve(100);
+  const size_t cap = t.capacity();
+  frozen = true;  // no further allocs allowed
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
+    // Create a long run (hash function returns constant).
+    for (int j = 0; j < 100; ++j) t.insert(j);
+    // Erase elements from the middle of the long run, which creates tombstones.
+    for (int j = 30; j < 60; ++j) t.erase(j);
+    EXPECT_EQ(t.size(), 70);
+    EXPECT_EQ(t.capacity(), cap);
+    ASSERT_EQ(RawHashSetTestOnlyAccess::CountTombstones(t), 30);
+
+    t.erase(t.begin(), t.end());
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(t.size(), 0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(t.capacity(), cap);
+    ASSERT_EQ(RawHashSetTestOnlyAccess::CountTombstones(t), 0);
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(Table, GenerationInfoResetsOnClear) {
+  if (!SwisstableGenerationsEnabled()) GTEST_SKIP() << "Generations disabled.";
+  if (kMsvc) GTEST_SKIP() << "MSVC doesn't support | in regexp.";
+
+  IntTable t;
+  for (int i = 0; i < 1000; ++i) t.insert(i);
+  t.reserve(t.size() + 100);
+
+  t.clear();
+
+  t.insert(0);
+  auto it = t.begin();
+  t.insert(1);
+  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(*it, kInvalidIteratorDeathMessage);
+}
+
+TEST(Table, InvalidReferenceUseCrashesWithSanitizers) {
+  if (!SwisstableGenerationsEnabled()) GTEST_SKIP() << "Generations disabled.";
+#ifdef ABSL_HAVE_MEMORY_SANITIZER
+  GTEST_SKIP() << "MSan fails to detect some of these rehashes.";
+#endif
+
+  IntTable t;
+  t.insert(0);
+  // Rehashing is guaranteed on every insertion while capacity is less than
+  // RehashProbabilityConstant().
+  int64_t i = 0;
+  while (t.capacity() <= RehashProbabilityConstant()) {
+    // ptr will become invalidated on rehash.
+    const int64_t* ptr = &*t.begin();
+    t.insert(++i);
+    EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(std::cout << *ptr, "heap-use-after-free") << i;
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(Iterator, InvalidComparisonDifferentTables) {
+  if (!SwisstableGenerationsEnabled()) GTEST_SKIP() << "Generations disabled.";
+
+  IntTable t1, t2;
+  IntTable::iterator default_constructed_iter;
+  // We randomly use one of N empty generations for generations from empty
+  // hashtables. In general, we won't always detect when iterators from
+  // different empty hashtables are compared, but in this test case, we
+  // should deterministically detect the error due to our randomness yielding
+  // consecutive random generations.
+  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(void(t1.end() == t2.end()),
+                            "Invalid iterator comparison.*empty hashtables");
+  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(void(t1.end() == default_constructed_iter),
+                            "Invalid iterator comparison.*default-constructed");
+  t1.insert(0);
+  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(void(t1.begin() == t2.end()),
+                            "Invalid iterator comparison.*empty hashtable");
+  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(void(t1.begin() == default_constructed_iter),
+                            "Invalid iterator comparison.*default-constructed");
+  t2.insert(0);
+  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(void(t1.begin() == t2.end()),
+                            "Invalid iterator comparison.*end.. iterator");
+  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(void(t1.begin() == t2.begin()),
+                            "Invalid iterator comparison.*non-end");
+}
+
 }  // namespace
 }  // namespace container_internal
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
diff --git a/absl/container/node_hash_map.h b/absl/container/node_hash_map.h
index 6868e63a..a396de2e 100644
--- a/absl/container/node_hash_map.h
+++ b/absl/container/node_hash_map.h
@@ -226,7 +226,11 @@ class node_hash_map
   // iterator erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last):
   //
   //   Erases the elements in the open interval [`first`, `last`), returning an
-  //   iterator pointing to `last`.
+  //   iterator pointing to `last`. The special case of calling
+  //   `erase(begin(), end())` resets the reserved growth such that if
+  //   `reserve(N)` has previously been called and there has been no intervening
+  //   call to `clear()`, then after calling `erase(begin(), end())`, it is safe
+  //   to assume that inserting N elements will not cause a rehash.
   //
   // size_type erase(const key_type& key):
   //
@@ -404,7 +408,7 @@ class node_hash_map
   // for the past-the-end iterator, which is invalidated.
   //
   // `swap()` requires that the node hash map's hashing and key equivalence
-  // functions be Swappable, and are exchaged using unqualified calls to
+  // functions be Swappable, and are exchanged using unqualified calls to
   // non-member `swap()`. If the map's allocator has
   // `std::allocator_traits<allocator_type>::propagate_on_container_swap::value`
   // set to `true`, the allocators are also exchanged using an unqualified call
diff --git a/absl/container/node_hash_map_test.cc b/absl/container/node_hash_map_test.cc
index e941a836..9bcf470c 100644
--- a/absl/container/node_hash_map_test.cc
+++ b/absl/container/node_hash_map_test.cc
@@ -272,6 +272,14 @@ TEST(NodeHashMap, NodeHandleMutableKeyAccess) {
 }
 #endif
 
+TEST(NodeHashMap, RecursiveTypeCompiles) {
+  struct RecursiveType {
+    node_hash_map<int, RecursiveType> m;
+  };
+  RecursiveType t;
+  t.m[0] = RecursiveType{};
+}
+
 }  // namespace
 }  // namespace container_internal
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
diff --git a/absl/container/node_hash_set.h b/absl/container/node_hash_set.h
index f2cc70c3..421ff460 100644
--- a/absl/container/node_hash_set.h
+++ b/absl/container/node_hash_set.h
@@ -218,7 +218,11 @@ class node_hash_set
   // iterator erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last):
   //
   //   Erases the elements in the open interval [`first`, `last`), returning an
-  //   iterator pointing to `last`.
+  //   iterator pointing to `last`. The special case of calling
+  //   `erase(begin(), end())` resets the reserved growth such that if
+  //   `reserve(N)` has previously been called and there has been no intervening
+  //   call to `clear()`, then after calling `erase(begin(), end())`, it is safe
+  //   to assume that inserting N elements will not cause a rehash.
   //
   // size_type erase(const key_type& key):
   //
@@ -334,7 +338,7 @@ class node_hash_set
   // for the past-the-end iterator, which is invalidated.
   //
   // `swap()` requires that the node hash set's hashing and key equivalence
-  // functions be Swappable, and are exchaged using unqualified calls to
+  // functions be Swappable, and are exchanged using unqualified calls to
   // non-member `swap()`. If the set's allocator has
   // `std::allocator_traits<allocator_type>::propagate_on_container_swap::value`
   // set to `true`, the allocators are also exchanged using an unqualified call
diff --git a/absl/copts/AbseilConfigureCopts.cmake b/absl/copts/AbseilConfigureCopts.cmake
index 73435e99..3f737c81 100644
--- a/absl/copts/AbseilConfigureCopts.cmake
+++ b/absl/copts/AbseilConfigureCopts.cmake
@@ -67,26 +67,35 @@ elseif(CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR MATCHES "arm.*|aarch64")
     message(WARNING "Value of CMAKE_SIZEOF_VOID_P (${CMAKE_SIZEOF_VOID_P}) is not supported.")
   endif()
 else()
-  message(WARNING "Value of CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR (${CMAKE_SYSTEM_PROCESSOR}) is unknown and cannot be used to set ABSL_RANDOM_RANDEN_COPTS")
   set(ABSL_RANDOM_RANDEN_COPTS "")
 endif()
 
 
 if(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "GNU")
   set(ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS "${ABSL_GCC_FLAGS}")
-  set(ABSL_TEST_COPTS "${ABSL_GCC_FLAGS};${ABSL_GCC_TEST_FLAGS}")
+  set(ABSL_TEST_COPTS "${ABSL_GCC_TEST_FLAGS}")
 elseif(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "Clang")  # MATCHES so we get both Clang and AppleClang
   if(MSVC)
     # clang-cl is half MSVC, half LLVM
     set(ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS "${ABSL_CLANG_CL_FLAGS}")
-    set(ABSL_TEST_COPTS "${ABSL_CLANG_CL_FLAGS};${ABSL_CLANG_CL_TEST_FLAGS}")
+    set(ABSL_TEST_COPTS "${ABSL_CLANG_CL_TEST_FLAGS}")
   else()
     set(ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS "${ABSL_LLVM_FLAGS}")
-    set(ABSL_TEST_COPTS "${ABSL_LLVM_FLAGS};${ABSL_LLVM_TEST_FLAGS}")
+    set(ABSL_TEST_COPTS "${ABSL_LLVM_TEST_FLAGS}")
+  endif()
+elseif(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "IntelLLVM")
+  # IntelLLVM is similar to Clang, with some additional flags.
+  if(MSVC)
+    # clang-cl is half MSVC, half LLVM
+    set(ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS "${ABSL_CLANG_CL_FLAGS}")
+    set(ABSL_TEST_COPTS "${ABSL_CLANG_CL_TEST_FLAGS}")
+  else()
+    set(ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS "${ABSL_LLVM_FLAGS}")
+    set(ABSL_TEST_COPTS "${ABSL_LLVM_TEST_FLAGS}")
   endif()
 elseif(CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "MSVC")
   set(ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS "${ABSL_MSVC_FLAGS}")
-  set(ABSL_TEST_COPTS "${ABSL_MSVC_FLAGS};${ABSL_MSVC_TEST_FLAGS}")
+  set(ABSL_TEST_COPTS "${ABSL_MSVC_TEST_FLAGS}")
   set(ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS "${ABSL_MSVC_LINKOPTS}")
 else()
   message(WARNING "Unknown compiler: ${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER}.  Building with no default flags")
diff --git a/absl/copts/GENERATED_AbseilCopts.cmake b/absl/copts/GENERATED_AbseilCopts.cmake
index a4ab1aa2..430916f7 100644
--- a/absl/copts/GENERATED_AbseilCopts.cmake
+++ b/absl/copts/GENERATED_AbseilCopts.cmake
@@ -13,22 +13,27 @@ list(APPEND ABSL_CLANG_CL_FLAGS
 )
 
 list(APPEND ABSL_CLANG_CL_TEST_FLAGS
-    "-Wno-c99-extensions"
+    "/W3"
+    "/DNOMINMAX"
+    "/DWIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN"
+    "/D_CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS"
+    "/D_SCL_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS"
+    "/D_ENABLE_EXTENDED_ALIGNED_STORAGE"
     "-Wno-deprecated-declarations"
-    "-Wno-missing-noreturn"
+    "-Wno-implicit-int-conversion"
     "-Wno-missing-prototypes"
     "-Wno-missing-variable-declarations"
-    "-Wno-null-conversion"
     "-Wno-shadow"
-    "-Wno-shift-sign-overflow"
+    "-Wno-shorten-64-to-32"
     "-Wno-sign-compare"
+    "-Wno-sign-conversion"
+    "-Wno-unreachable-code-loop-increment"
     "-Wno-unused-function"
     "-Wno-unused-member-function"
     "-Wno-unused-parameter"
     "-Wno-unused-private-field"
     "-Wno-unused-template"
     "-Wno-used-but-marked-unused"
-    "-Wno-zero-as-null-pointer-constant"
     "-Wno-gnu-zero-variadic-macro-arguments"
 )
 
@@ -51,9 +56,23 @@ list(APPEND ABSL_GCC_FLAGS
 )
 
 list(APPEND ABSL_GCC_TEST_FLAGS
-    "-Wno-conversion-null"
+    "-Wall"
+    "-Wextra"
+    "-Wcast-qual"
+    "-Wconversion-null"
+    "-Wformat-security"
+    "-Woverlength-strings"
+    "-Wpointer-arith"
+    "-Wundef"
+    "-Wunused-local-typedefs"
+    "-Wunused-result"
+    "-Wvarargs"
+    "-Wvla"
+    "-Wwrite-strings"
+    "-DNOMINMAX"
     "-Wno-deprecated-declarations"
     "-Wno-missing-declarations"
+    "-Wno-self-move"
     "-Wno-sign-compare"
     "-Wno-unused-function"
     "-Wno-unused-parameter"
@@ -78,8 +97,11 @@ list(APPEND ABSL_LLVM_FLAGS
     "-Wpointer-arith"
     "-Wself-assign"
     "-Wshadow-all"
+    "-Wshorten-64-to-32"
+    "-Wsign-conversion"
     "-Wstring-conversion"
     "-Wtautological-overlap-compare"
+    "-Wtautological-unsigned-zero-compare"
     "-Wundef"
     "-Wuninitialized"
     "-Wunreachable-code"
@@ -91,40 +113,64 @@ list(APPEND ABSL_LLVM_FLAGS
     "-Wno-float-conversion"
     "-Wno-implicit-float-conversion"
     "-Wno-implicit-int-float-conversion"
-    "-Wno-implicit-int-conversion"
-    "-Wno-shorten-64-to-32"
-    "-Wno-sign-conversion"
     "-Wno-unknown-warning-option"
     "-DNOMINMAX"
 )
 
 list(APPEND ABSL_LLVM_TEST_FLAGS
-    "-Wno-c99-extensions"
+    "-Wall"
+    "-Wextra"
+    "-Wcast-qual"
+    "-Wconversion"
+    "-Wfloat-overflow-conversion"
+    "-Wfloat-zero-conversion"
+    "-Wfor-loop-analysis"
+    "-Wformat-security"
+    "-Wgnu-redeclared-enum"
+    "-Winfinite-recursion"
+    "-Winvalid-constexpr"
+    "-Wliteral-conversion"
+    "-Wmissing-declarations"
+    "-Woverlength-strings"
+    "-Wpointer-arith"
+    "-Wself-assign"
+    "-Wshadow-all"
+    "-Wstring-conversion"
+    "-Wtautological-overlap-compare"
+    "-Wtautological-unsigned-zero-compare"
+    "-Wundef"
+    "-Wuninitialized"
+    "-Wunreachable-code"
+    "-Wunused-comparison"
+    "-Wunused-local-typedefs"
+    "-Wunused-result"
+    "-Wvla"
+    "-Wwrite-strings"
+    "-Wno-float-conversion"
+    "-Wno-implicit-float-conversion"
+    "-Wno-implicit-int-float-conversion"
+    "-Wno-unknown-warning-option"
+    "-DNOMINMAX"
     "-Wno-deprecated-declarations"
-    "-Wno-missing-noreturn"
+    "-Wno-implicit-int-conversion"
     "-Wno-missing-prototypes"
     "-Wno-missing-variable-declarations"
-    "-Wno-null-conversion"
     "-Wno-shadow"
-    "-Wno-shift-sign-overflow"
+    "-Wno-shorten-64-to-32"
     "-Wno-sign-compare"
+    "-Wno-sign-conversion"
+    "-Wno-unreachable-code-loop-increment"
     "-Wno-unused-function"
     "-Wno-unused-member-function"
     "-Wno-unused-parameter"
     "-Wno-unused-private-field"
     "-Wno-unused-template"
     "-Wno-used-but-marked-unused"
-    "-Wno-zero-as-null-pointer-constant"
     "-Wno-gnu-zero-variadic-macro-arguments"
 )
 
 list(APPEND ABSL_MSVC_FLAGS
     "/W3"
-    "/DNOMINMAX"
-    "/DWIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN"
-    "/D_CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS"
-    "/D_SCL_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS"
-    "/D_ENABLE_EXTENDED_ALIGNED_STORAGE"
     "/bigobj"
     "/wd4005"
     "/wd4068"
@@ -133,6 +179,11 @@ list(APPEND ABSL_MSVC_FLAGS
     "/wd4267"
     "/wd4503"
     "/wd4800"
+    "/DNOMINMAX"
+    "/DWIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN"
+    "/D_CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS"
+    "/D_SCL_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS"
+    "/D_ENABLE_EXTENDED_ALIGNED_STORAGE"
 )
 
 list(APPEND ABSL_MSVC_LINKOPTS
@@ -140,6 +191,20 @@ list(APPEND ABSL_MSVC_LINKOPTS
 )
 
 list(APPEND ABSL_MSVC_TEST_FLAGS
+    "/W3"
+    "/bigobj"
+    "/wd4005"
+    "/wd4068"
+    "/wd4180"
+    "/wd4244"
+    "/wd4267"
+    "/wd4503"
+    "/wd4800"
+    "/DNOMINMAX"
+    "/DWIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN"
+    "/D_CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS"
+    "/D_SCL_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS"
+    "/D_ENABLE_EXTENDED_ALIGNED_STORAGE"
     "/wd4018"
     "/wd4101"
     "/wd4503"
diff --git a/absl/copts/GENERATED_copts.bzl b/absl/copts/GENERATED_copts.bzl
index a6efc98e..011d8a98 100644
--- a/absl/copts/GENERATED_copts.bzl
+++ b/absl/copts/GENERATED_copts.bzl
@@ -14,22 +14,27 @@ ABSL_CLANG_CL_FLAGS = [
 ]
 
 ABSL_CLANG_CL_TEST_FLAGS = [
-    "-Wno-c99-extensions",
+    "/W3",
+    "/DNOMINMAX",
+    "/DWIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN",
+    "/D_CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS",
+    "/D_SCL_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS",
+    "/D_ENABLE_EXTENDED_ALIGNED_STORAGE",
     "-Wno-deprecated-declarations",
-    "-Wno-missing-noreturn",
+    "-Wno-implicit-int-conversion",
     "-Wno-missing-prototypes",
     "-Wno-missing-variable-declarations",
-    "-Wno-null-conversion",
     "-Wno-shadow",
-    "-Wno-shift-sign-overflow",
+    "-Wno-shorten-64-to-32",
     "-Wno-sign-compare",
+    "-Wno-sign-conversion",
+    "-Wno-unreachable-code-loop-increment",
     "-Wno-unused-function",
     "-Wno-unused-member-function",
     "-Wno-unused-parameter",
     "-Wno-unused-private-field",
     "-Wno-unused-template",
     "-Wno-used-but-marked-unused",
-    "-Wno-zero-as-null-pointer-constant",
     "-Wno-gnu-zero-variadic-macro-arguments",
 ]
 
@@ -52,9 +57,23 @@ ABSL_GCC_FLAGS = [
 ]
 
 ABSL_GCC_TEST_FLAGS = [
-    "-Wno-conversion-null",
+    "-Wall",
+    "-Wextra",
+    "-Wcast-qual",
+    "-Wconversion-null",
+    "-Wformat-security",
+    "-Woverlength-strings",
+    "-Wpointer-arith",
+    "-Wundef",
+    "-Wunused-local-typedefs",
+    "-Wunused-result",
+    "-Wvarargs",
+    "-Wvla",
+    "-Wwrite-strings",
+    "-DNOMINMAX",
     "-Wno-deprecated-declarations",
     "-Wno-missing-declarations",
+    "-Wno-self-move",
     "-Wno-sign-compare",
     "-Wno-unused-function",
     "-Wno-unused-parameter",
@@ -79,8 +98,11 @@ ABSL_LLVM_FLAGS = [
     "-Wpointer-arith",
     "-Wself-assign",
     "-Wshadow-all",
+    "-Wshorten-64-to-32",
+    "-Wsign-conversion",
     "-Wstring-conversion",
     "-Wtautological-overlap-compare",
+    "-Wtautological-unsigned-zero-compare",
     "-Wundef",
     "-Wuninitialized",
     "-Wunreachable-code",
@@ -92,40 +114,64 @@ ABSL_LLVM_FLAGS = [
     "-Wno-float-conversion",
     "-Wno-implicit-float-conversion",
     "-Wno-implicit-int-float-conversion",
-    "-Wno-implicit-int-conversion",
-    "-Wno-shorten-64-to-32",
-    "-Wno-sign-conversion",
     "-Wno-unknown-warning-option",
     "-DNOMINMAX",
 ]
 
 ABSL_LLVM_TEST_FLAGS = [
-    "-Wno-c99-extensions",
+    "-Wall",
+    "-Wextra",
+    "-Wcast-qual",
+    "-Wconversion",
+    "-Wfloat-overflow-conversion",
+    "-Wfloat-zero-conversion",
+    "-Wfor-loop-analysis",
+    "-Wformat-security",
+    "-Wgnu-redeclared-enum",
+    "-Winfinite-recursion",
+    "-Winvalid-constexpr",
+    "-Wliteral-conversion",
+    "-Wmissing-declarations",
+    "-Woverlength-strings",
+    "-Wpointer-arith",
+    "-Wself-assign",
+    "-Wshadow-all",
+    "-Wstring-conversion",
+    "-Wtautological-overlap-compare",
+    "-Wtautological-unsigned-zero-compare",
+    "-Wundef",
+    "-Wuninitialized",
+    "-Wunreachable-code",
+    "-Wunused-comparison",
+    "-Wunused-local-typedefs",
+    "-Wunused-result",
+    "-Wvla",
+    "-Wwrite-strings",
+    "-Wno-float-conversion",
+    "-Wno-implicit-float-conversion",
+    "-Wno-implicit-int-float-conversion",
+    "-Wno-unknown-warning-option",
+    "-DNOMINMAX",
     "-Wno-deprecated-declarations",
-    "-Wno-missing-noreturn",
+    "-Wno-implicit-int-conversion",
     "-Wno-missing-prototypes",
     "-Wno-missing-variable-declarations",
-    "-Wno-null-conversion",
     "-Wno-shadow",
-    "-Wno-shift-sign-overflow",
+    "-Wno-shorten-64-to-32",
     "-Wno-sign-compare",
+    "-Wno-sign-conversion",
+    "-Wno-unreachable-code-loop-increment",
     "-Wno-unused-function",
     "-Wno-unused-member-function",
     "-Wno-unused-parameter",
     "-Wno-unused-private-field",
     "-Wno-unused-template",
     "-Wno-used-but-marked-unused",
-    "-Wno-zero-as-null-pointer-constant",
     "-Wno-gnu-zero-variadic-macro-arguments",
 ]
 
 ABSL_MSVC_FLAGS = [
     "/W3",
-    "/DNOMINMAX",
-    "/DWIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN",
-    "/D_CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS",
-    "/D_SCL_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS",
-    "/D_ENABLE_EXTENDED_ALIGNED_STORAGE",
     "/bigobj",
     "/wd4005",
     "/wd4068",
@@ -134,6 +180,11 @@ ABSL_MSVC_FLAGS = [
     "/wd4267",
     "/wd4503",
     "/wd4800",
+    "/DNOMINMAX",
+    "/DWIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN",
+    "/D_CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS",
+    "/D_SCL_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS",
+    "/D_ENABLE_EXTENDED_ALIGNED_STORAGE",
 ]
 
 ABSL_MSVC_LINKOPTS = [
@@ -141,6 +192,20 @@ ABSL_MSVC_LINKOPTS = [
 ]
 
 ABSL_MSVC_TEST_FLAGS = [
+    "/W3",
+    "/bigobj",
+    "/wd4005",
+    "/wd4068",
+    "/wd4180",
+    "/wd4244",
+    "/wd4267",
+    "/wd4503",
+    "/wd4800",
+    "/DNOMINMAX",
+    "/DWIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN",
+    "/D_CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS",
+    "/D_SCL_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS",
+    "/D_ENABLE_EXTENDED_ALIGNED_STORAGE",
     "/wd4018",
     "/wd4101",
     "/wd4503",
diff --git a/absl/copts/configure_copts.bzl b/absl/copts/configure_copts.bzl
index 40d5849a..ca5f26da 100644
--- a/absl/copts/configure_copts.bzl
+++ b/absl/copts/configure_copts.bzl
@@ -25,13 +25,15 @@ ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS = select({
     "//absl:msvc_compiler": ABSL_MSVC_FLAGS,
     "//absl:clang-cl_compiler": ABSL_CLANG_CL_FLAGS,
     "//absl:clang_compiler": ABSL_LLVM_FLAGS,
+    "//absl:gcc_compiler": ABSL_GCC_FLAGS,
     "//conditions:default": ABSL_GCC_FLAGS,
 })
 
-ABSL_TEST_COPTS = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS + select({
+ABSL_TEST_COPTS = select({
     "//absl:msvc_compiler": ABSL_MSVC_TEST_FLAGS,
     "//absl:clang-cl_compiler": ABSL_CLANG_CL_TEST_FLAGS,
     "//absl:clang_compiler": ABSL_LLVM_TEST_FLAGS,
+    "//absl:gcc_compiler": ABSL_GCC_TEST_FLAGS,
     "//conditions:default": ABSL_GCC_TEST_FLAGS,
 })
 
diff --git a/absl/copts/copts.py b/absl/copts/copts.py
index 0d6c1ec3..e6e11949 100644
--- a/absl/copts/copts.py
+++ b/absl/copts/copts.py
@@ -11,32 +11,120 @@ The generated copts are consumed by configure_copts.bzl and
 AbseilConfigureCopts.cmake.
 """
 
-# /Wall with msvc includes unhelpful warnings such as C4711, C4710, ...
-MSVC_BIG_WARNING_FLAGS = [
-    "/W3",
+ABSL_GCC_FLAGS = [
+    "-Wall",
+    "-Wextra",
+    "-Wcast-qual",
+    "-Wconversion-null",
+    "-Wformat-security",
+    "-Wmissing-declarations",
+    "-Woverlength-strings",
+    "-Wpointer-arith",
+    "-Wundef",
+    "-Wunused-local-typedefs",
+    "-Wunused-result",
+    "-Wvarargs",
+    "-Wvla",  # variable-length array
+    "-Wwrite-strings",
+    # Don't define min and max macros (Build on Windows using gcc)
+    "-DNOMINMAX",
+]
+
+ABSL_GCC_TEST_ADDITIONAL_FLAGS = [
+    "-Wno-deprecated-declarations",
+    "-Wno-missing-declarations",
+    "-Wno-self-move",
+    "-Wno-sign-compare",
+    "-Wno-unused-function",
+    "-Wno-unused-parameter",
+    "-Wno-unused-private-field",
 ]
 
-LLVM_TEST_DISABLE_WARNINGS_FLAGS = [
-    "-Wno-c99-extensions",
+ABSL_LLVM_FLAGS = [
+    "-Wall",
+    "-Wextra",
+    "-Wcast-qual",
+    "-Wconversion",
+    "-Wfloat-overflow-conversion",
+    "-Wfloat-zero-conversion",
+    "-Wfor-loop-analysis",
+    "-Wformat-security",
+    "-Wgnu-redeclared-enum",
+    "-Winfinite-recursion",
+    "-Winvalid-constexpr",
+    "-Wliteral-conversion",
+    "-Wmissing-declarations",
+    "-Woverlength-strings",
+    "-Wpointer-arith",
+    "-Wself-assign",
+    "-Wshadow-all",
+    "-Wshorten-64-to-32",
+    "-Wsign-conversion",
+    "-Wstring-conversion",
+    "-Wtautological-overlap-compare",
+    "-Wtautological-unsigned-zero-compare",
+    "-Wundef",
+    "-Wuninitialized",
+    "-Wunreachable-code",
+    "-Wunused-comparison",
+    "-Wunused-local-typedefs",
+    "-Wunused-result",
+    "-Wvla",
+    "-Wwrite-strings",
+    # Warnings that are enabled by group warning flags like -Wall that we
+    # explicitly disable.
+    "-Wno-float-conversion",
+    "-Wno-implicit-float-conversion",
+    "-Wno-implicit-int-float-conversion",
+    # Disable warnings on unknown warning flags (when warning flags are
+    # unknown on older compiler versions)
+    "-Wno-unknown-warning-option",
+    # Don't define min and max macros (Build on Windows using clang)
+    "-DNOMINMAX",
+]
+
+ABSL_LLVM_TEST_ADDITIONAL_FLAGS = [
     "-Wno-deprecated-declarations",
-    "-Wno-missing-noreturn",
+    "-Wno-implicit-int-conversion",
     "-Wno-missing-prototypes",
     "-Wno-missing-variable-declarations",
-    "-Wno-null-conversion",
     "-Wno-shadow",
-    "-Wno-shift-sign-overflow",
+    "-Wno-shorten-64-to-32",
     "-Wno-sign-compare",
+    "-Wno-sign-conversion",
+    "-Wno-unreachable-code-loop-increment",
     "-Wno-unused-function",
     "-Wno-unused-member-function",
     "-Wno-unused-parameter",
     "-Wno-unused-private-field",
     "-Wno-unused-template",
     "-Wno-used-but-marked-unused",
-    "-Wno-zero-as-null-pointer-constant",
     # gtest depends on this GNU extension being offered.
     "-Wno-gnu-zero-variadic-macro-arguments",
 ]
 
+# /Wall with msvc includes unhelpful warnings such as C4711, C4710, ...
+MSVC_BIG_WARNING_FLAGS = [
+    "/W3",
+]
+
+MSVC_WARNING_FLAGS = [
+    # Increase the number of sections available in object files
+    "/bigobj",
+    "/wd4005",  # macro-redefinition
+    "/wd4068",  # unknown pragma
+    # qualifier applied to function type has no meaning; ignored
+    "/wd4180",
+    # conversion from 'type1' to 'type2', possible loss of data
+    "/wd4244",
+    # conversion from 'size_t' to 'type', possible loss of data
+    "/wd4267",
+    # The decorated name was longer than the compiler limit
+    "/wd4503",
+    # forcing value to bool 'true' or 'false' (performance warning)
+    "/wd4800",
+]
+
 MSVC_DEFINES = [
     "/DNOMINMAX",  # Don't define min and max macros (windows.h)
     # Don't bloat namespace with incompatible winsock versions.
@@ -48,106 +136,43 @@ MSVC_DEFINES = [
     "/D_ENABLE_EXTENDED_ALIGNED_STORAGE",
 ]
 
+
+def GccStyleFilterAndCombine(default_flags, test_flags):
+  """Merges default_flags and test_flags for GCC and LLVM.
+
+  Args:
+    default_flags: A list of default compiler flags
+    test_flags: A list of flags that are only used in tests
+
+  Returns:
+    A combined list of default_flags and test_flags, but with all flags of the
+    form '-Wwarning' removed if test_flags contains a flag of the form
+    '-Wno-warning'
+  """
+  remove = set(["-W" + f[5:] for f in test_flags if f[:5] == "-Wno-"])
+  return [f for f in default_flags if f not in remove] + test_flags
+
 COPT_VARS = {
-    "ABSL_GCC_FLAGS": [
-        "-Wall",
-        "-Wextra",
-        "-Wcast-qual",
-        "-Wconversion-null",
-        "-Wformat-security",
-        "-Wmissing-declarations",
-        "-Woverlength-strings",
-        "-Wpointer-arith",
-        "-Wundef",
-        "-Wunused-local-typedefs",
-        "-Wunused-result",
-        "-Wvarargs",
-        "-Wvla",  # variable-length array
-        "-Wwrite-strings",
-        # Don't define min and max macros (Build on Windows using gcc)
-        "-DNOMINMAX",
-    ],
-    "ABSL_GCC_TEST_FLAGS": [
-        "-Wno-conversion-null",
-        "-Wno-deprecated-declarations",
-        "-Wno-missing-declarations",
-        "-Wno-sign-compare",
-        "-Wno-unused-function",
-        "-Wno-unused-parameter",
-        "-Wno-unused-private-field",
-    ],
-    "ABSL_LLVM_FLAGS": [
-        "-Wall",
-        "-Wextra",
-        "-Wcast-qual",
-        "-Wconversion",
-        "-Wfloat-overflow-conversion",
-        "-Wfloat-zero-conversion",
-        "-Wfor-loop-analysis",
-        "-Wformat-security",
-        "-Wgnu-redeclared-enum",
-        "-Winfinite-recursion",
-        "-Winvalid-constexpr",
-        "-Wliteral-conversion",
-        "-Wmissing-declarations",
-        "-Woverlength-strings",
-        "-Wpointer-arith",
-        "-Wself-assign",
-        "-Wshadow-all",
-        "-Wstring-conversion",
-        "-Wtautological-overlap-compare",
-        "-Wundef",
-        "-Wuninitialized",
-        "-Wunreachable-code",
-        "-Wunused-comparison",
-        "-Wunused-local-typedefs",
-        "-Wunused-result",
-        "-Wvla",
-        "-Wwrite-strings",
-        # Warnings that are enabled by group warning flags like -Wall that we
-        # explicitly disable.
-        "-Wno-float-conversion",
-        "-Wno-implicit-float-conversion",
-        "-Wno-implicit-int-float-conversion",
-        "-Wno-implicit-int-conversion",
-        "-Wno-shorten-64-to-32",
-        "-Wno-sign-conversion",
-        # Disable warnings on unknown warning flags (when warning flags are
-        # unknown on older compiler versions)
-        "-Wno-unknown-warning-option",
-        # Don't define min and max macros (Build on Windows using clang)
-        "-DNOMINMAX",
-    ],
-    "ABSL_LLVM_TEST_FLAGS":
-        LLVM_TEST_DISABLE_WARNINGS_FLAGS,
+    "ABSL_GCC_FLAGS": ABSL_GCC_FLAGS,
+    "ABSL_GCC_TEST_FLAGS": GccStyleFilterAndCombine(
+        ABSL_GCC_FLAGS, ABSL_GCC_TEST_ADDITIONAL_FLAGS),
+    "ABSL_LLVM_FLAGS": ABSL_LLVM_FLAGS,
+    "ABSL_LLVM_TEST_FLAGS": GccStyleFilterAndCombine(
+        ABSL_LLVM_FLAGS, ABSL_LLVM_TEST_ADDITIONAL_FLAGS),
     "ABSL_CLANG_CL_FLAGS":
-        (MSVC_BIG_WARNING_FLAGS + MSVC_DEFINES),
+        MSVC_BIG_WARNING_FLAGS + MSVC_DEFINES,
     "ABSL_CLANG_CL_TEST_FLAGS":
-        LLVM_TEST_DISABLE_WARNINGS_FLAGS,
+        MSVC_BIG_WARNING_FLAGS + MSVC_DEFINES + ABSL_LLVM_TEST_ADDITIONAL_FLAGS,
     "ABSL_MSVC_FLAGS":
-        MSVC_BIG_WARNING_FLAGS + MSVC_DEFINES + [
-            # Increase the number of sections available in object files
-            "/bigobj",
-            "/wd4005",  # macro-redefinition
-            "/wd4068",  # unknown pragma
-            # qualifier applied to function type has no meaning; ignored
-            "/wd4180",
-            # conversion from 'type1' to 'type2', possible loss of data
-            "/wd4244",
-            # conversion from 'size_t' to 'type', possible loss of data
-            "/wd4267",
-            # The decorated name was longer than the compiler limit
-            "/wd4503",
-            # forcing value to bool 'true' or 'false' (performance warning)
-            "/wd4800",
+        MSVC_BIG_WARNING_FLAGS + MSVC_WARNING_FLAGS + MSVC_DEFINES,
+    "ABSL_MSVC_TEST_FLAGS":
+        MSVC_BIG_WARNING_FLAGS + MSVC_WARNING_FLAGS + MSVC_DEFINES + [
+            "/wd4018",  # signed/unsigned mismatch
+            "/wd4101",  # unreferenced local variable
+            "/wd4503",  # decorated name length exceeded, name was truncated
+            "/wd4996",  # use of deprecated symbol
+            "/DNOMINMAX",  # disable the min() and max() macros from <windows.h>
         ],
-    "ABSL_MSVC_TEST_FLAGS": [
-        "/wd4018",  # signed/unsigned mismatch
-        "/wd4101",  # unreferenced local variable
-        "/wd4503",  # decorated name length exceeded, name was truncated
-        "/wd4996",  # use of deprecated symbol
-        "/DNOMINMAX",  # disable the min() and max() macros from <windows.h>
-    ],
     "ABSL_MSVC_LINKOPTS": [
         # Object file doesn't export any previously undefined symbols
         "-ignore:4221",
diff --git a/absl/crc/BUILD.bazel b/absl/crc/BUILD.bazel
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cdbaa9b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/crc/BUILD.bazel
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+# Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+load(
+    "//absl:copts/configure_copts.bzl",
+    "ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS",
+    "ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS",
+    "ABSL_TEST_COPTS",
+)
+
+package(default_visibility = ["//visibility:private"])
+
+licenses(["notice"])
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "cpu_detect",
+    srcs = [
+        "internal/cpu_detect.cc",
+    ],
+    hdrs = ["internal/cpu_detect.h"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    visibility = ["//visibility:private"],
+    deps = [
+        "//absl/base",
+        "//absl/base:config",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "crc_internal",
+    srcs = [
+        "internal/crc.cc",
+        "internal/crc_internal.h",
+        "internal/crc_x86_arm_combined.cc",
+    ],
+    hdrs = [
+        "internal/crc.h",
+        "internal/crc32_x86_arm_combined_simd.h",
+    ],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    visibility = ["//visibility:private"],
+    deps = [
+        ":cpu_detect",
+        "//absl/base",
+        "//absl/base:config",
+        "//absl/base:core_headers",
+        "//absl/base:dynamic_annotations",
+        "//absl/base:endian",
+        "//absl/base:prefetch",
+        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
+        "//absl/memory",
+        "//absl/numeric:bits",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "crc32c",
+    srcs = [
+        "crc32c.cc",
+        "internal/crc32c_inline.h",
+        "internal/crc_memcpy_fallback.cc",
+        "internal/crc_memcpy_x86_64.cc",
+        "internal/crc_non_temporal_memcpy.cc",
+    ],
+    hdrs = [
+        "crc32c.h",
+        "internal/crc32c.h",
+        "internal/crc_memcpy.h",
+    ],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    visibility = ["//visibility:public"],
+    deps = [
+        ":cpu_detect",
+        ":crc_internal",
+        ":non_temporal_memcpy",
+        "//absl/base:config",
+        "//absl/base:core_headers",
+        "//absl/base:dynamic_annotations",
+        "//absl/base:endian",
+        "//absl/base:prefetch",
+        "//absl/strings",
+        "//absl/strings:str_format",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_test(
+    name = "crc32c_test",
+    srcs = ["crc32c_test.cc"],
+    copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    visibility = ["//visibility:private"],
+    deps = [
+        ":crc32c",
+        "//absl/strings",
+        "//absl/strings:str_format",
+        "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "non_temporal_arm_intrinsics",
+    hdrs = ["internal/non_temporal_arm_intrinsics.h"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    visibility = ["//visibility:private"],
+    deps = [
+        "//absl/base:config",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "non_temporal_memcpy",
+    hdrs = ["internal/non_temporal_memcpy.h"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    visibility = ["//visibility:private"],
+    deps = [
+        ":non_temporal_arm_intrinsics",
+        "//absl/base:config",
+        "//absl/base:core_headers",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_test(
+    name = "crc_memcpy_test",
+    size = "large",
+    srcs = ["internal/crc_memcpy_test.cc"],
+    copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    shard_count = 3,
+    visibility = ["//visibility:private"],
+    deps = [
+        ":crc32c",
+        "//absl/memory",
+        "//absl/random",
+        "//absl/random:distributions",
+        "//absl/strings",
+        "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_test(
+    name = "non_temporal_memcpy_test",
+    srcs = ["internal/non_temporal_memcpy_test.cc"],
+    copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    visibility = ["//visibility:private"],
+    deps = [
+        ":non_temporal_memcpy",
+        "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "crc_cord_state",
+    srcs = ["internal/crc_cord_state.cc"],
+    hdrs = ["internal/crc_cord_state.h"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    visibility = ["//absl/strings:__pkg__"],
+    deps = [
+        ":crc32c",
+        "//absl/base:config",
+        "//absl/numeric:bits",
+        "//absl/strings",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_test(
+    name = "crc_cord_state_test",
+    srcs = ["internal/crc_cord_state_test.cc"],
+    copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    visibility = ["//visibility:private"],
+    deps = [
+        ":crc32c",
+        ":crc_cord_state",
+        "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_binary(
+    name = "crc32c_benchmark",
+    testonly = 1,
+    srcs = ["crc32c_benchmark.cc"],
+    copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    tags = [
+        "benchmark",
+    ],
+    visibility = ["//visibility:private"],
+    deps = [
+        ":crc32c",
+        "//absl/memory",
+        "//absl/strings",
+        "@com_github_google_benchmark//:benchmark_main",
+    ],
+)
diff --git a/absl/crc/CMakeLists.txt b/absl/crc/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..21247160
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/crc/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+# Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+# Internal-only target, do not depend on directly.
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    crc_cpu_detect
+  HDRS
+    "internal/cpu_detect.h"
+  SRCS
+    "internal/cpu_detect.cc"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::base
+    absl::config
+)
+
+# Internal-only target, do not depend on directly.
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    crc_internal
+  HDRS
+    "internal/crc.h"
+    "internal/crc32_x86_arm_combined_simd.h"
+  SRCS
+    "internal/crc.cc"
+    "internal/crc_internal.h"
+    "internal/crc_x86_arm_combined.cc"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::crc_cpu_detect
+    absl::base
+    absl::config
+    absl::core_headers
+    absl::dynamic_annotations
+    absl::endian
+    absl::prefetch
+    absl::raw_logging_internal
+    absl::memory
+    absl::bits
+)
+
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    crc32c
+  HDRS
+    "crc32c.h"
+    "internal/crc32c.h"
+    "internal/crc_memcpy.h"
+  SRCS
+    "crc32c.cc"
+    "internal/crc32c_inline.h"
+    "internal/crc_memcpy_fallback.cc"
+    "internal/crc_memcpy_x86_64.cc"
+    "internal/crc_non_temporal_memcpy.cc"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::crc_cpu_detect
+    absl::crc_internal
+    absl::non_temporal_memcpy
+    absl::config
+    absl::core_headers
+    absl::dynamic_annotations
+    absl::endian
+    absl::prefetch
+    absl::str_format
+    absl::strings
+)
+
+absl_cc_test(
+  NAME
+    crc32c_test
+  SRCS
+    "crc32c_test.cc"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::crc32c
+    absl::strings
+    absl::str_format
+    GTest::gtest_main
+)
+
+# Internal-only target, do not depend on directly.
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    non_temporal_arm_intrinsics
+  HDRS
+    "internal/non_temporal_arm_intrinsics.h"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::config
+)
+
+# Internal-only target, do not depend on directly.
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    non_temporal_memcpy
+  HDRS
+    "internal/non_temporal_memcpy.h"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::non_temporal_arm_intrinsics
+    absl::config
+    absl::core_headers
+)
+
+absl_cc_test(
+  NAME
+    crc_memcpy_test
+  SRCS
+    "internal/crc_memcpy_test.cc"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::crc32c
+    absl::memory
+    absl::random_random
+    absl::random_distributions
+    absl::strings
+    GTest::gtest_main
+)
+
+absl_cc_test(
+  NAME
+    non_temporal_memcpy_test
+  SRCS
+    "internal/non_temporal_memcpy_test.cc"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::non_temporal_memcpy
+    GTest::gtest_main
+)
+
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    crc_cord_state
+  HDRS
+    "internal/crc_cord_state.h"
+  SRCS
+    "internal/crc_cord_state.cc"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::crc32c
+    absl::config
+    absl::strings
+)
+
+absl_cc_test(
+  NAME
+    crc_cord_state_test
+  SRCS
+    "internal/crc_cord_state_test.cc"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::crc_cord_state
+    absl::crc32c
+    GTest::gtest_main
+)
diff --git a/absl/crc/crc32c.cc b/absl/crc/crc32c.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..468c1b3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/crc/crc32c.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/crc/crc32c.h"
+
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#include "absl/crc/internal/crc.h"
+#include "absl/crc/internal/crc32c.h"
+#include "absl/crc/internal/crc_memcpy.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+namespace {
+
+const crc_internal::CRC* CrcEngine() {
+  static const crc_internal::CRC* engine = crc_internal::CRC::Crc32c();
+  return engine;
+}
+
+constexpr uint32_t kCRC32Xor = 0xffffffffU;
+
+}  // namespace
+
+namespace crc_internal {
+
+crc32c_t UnextendCrc32cByZeroes(crc32c_t initial_crc, size_t length) {
+  uint32_t crc = static_cast<uint32_t>(initial_crc) ^ kCRC32Xor;
+  CrcEngine()->UnextendByZeroes(&crc, length);
+  return static_cast<crc32c_t>(crc ^ kCRC32Xor);
+}
+
+// Called by `absl::ExtendCrc32c()` on strings with size > 64 or when hardware
+// CRC32C support is missing.
+crc32c_t ExtendCrc32cInternal(crc32c_t initial_crc,
+                              absl::string_view buf_to_add) {
+  uint32_t crc = static_cast<uint32_t>(initial_crc) ^ kCRC32Xor;
+  CrcEngine()->Extend(&crc, buf_to_add.data(), buf_to_add.size());
+  return static_cast<crc32c_t>(crc ^ kCRC32Xor);
+}
+
+}  // namespace crc_internal
+
+crc32c_t ComputeCrc32c(absl::string_view buf) {
+  return ExtendCrc32c(crc32c_t{0}, buf);
+}
+
+crc32c_t ExtendCrc32cByZeroes(crc32c_t initial_crc, size_t length) {
+  uint32_t crc = static_cast<uint32_t>(initial_crc) ^ kCRC32Xor;
+  CrcEngine()->ExtendByZeroes(&crc, length);
+  return static_cast<crc32c_t>(crc ^ kCRC32Xor);
+}
+
+crc32c_t ConcatCrc32c(crc32c_t lhs_crc, crc32c_t rhs_crc, size_t rhs_len) {
+  uint32_t result = static_cast<uint32_t>(lhs_crc);
+  CrcEngine()->ExtendByZeroes(&result, rhs_len);
+  return crc32c_t{result ^ static_cast<uint32_t>(rhs_crc)};
+}
+
+crc32c_t RemoveCrc32cPrefix(crc32c_t crc_a, crc32c_t crc_ab, size_t length_b) {
+  return ConcatCrc32c(crc_a, crc_ab, length_b);
+}
+
+crc32c_t MemcpyCrc32c(void* dest, const void* src, size_t count,
+                      crc32c_t initial_crc) {
+  return static_cast<crc32c_t>(
+      crc_internal::Crc32CAndCopy(dest, src, count, initial_crc, false));
+}
+
+// Remove a Suffix of given size from a buffer
+//
+// Given a CRC32C of an existing buffer, `full_string_crc`; the CRC32C of a
+// suffix of that buffer to remove, `suffix_crc`; and suffix buffer's length,
+// `suffix_len` return the CRC32C of the buffer with suffix removed
+//
+// This operation has a runtime cost of O(log(`suffix_len`))
+crc32c_t RemoveCrc32cSuffix(crc32c_t full_string_crc, crc32c_t suffix_crc,
+                            size_t suffix_len) {
+  uint32_t result = static_cast<uint32_t>(full_string_crc) ^
+                    static_cast<uint32_t>(suffix_crc);
+  CrcEngine()->UnextendByZeroes(&result, suffix_len);
+  return crc32c_t{result};
+}
+
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/crc/crc32c.h b/absl/crc/crc32c.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..362861e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/crc/crc32c.h
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// File: crc32c.h
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// This header file defines the API for computing CRC32C values as checksums
+// for arbitrary sequences of bytes provided as a string buffer.
+//
+// The API includes the basic functions for computing such CRC32C values and
+// some utility functions for performing more efficient mathematical
+// computations using an existing checksum.
+#ifndef ABSL_CRC_CRC32C_H_
+#define ABSL_CRC_CRC32C_H_
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <ostream>
+
+#include "absl/crc/internal/crc32c_inline.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_format.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// crc32c_t
+//-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// `crc32c_t` defines a strongly-typed integer for holding a CRC32C value.
+//
+// Some operators are intentionally omitted. Only equality operators are defined
+// so that `crc32c_t` can be directly compared. Methods for putting `crc32c_t`
+// directly into a set are omitted because this is bug-prone due to checksum
+// collisions. Use an explicit conversion to the `uint32_t` space for operations
+// that treat `crc32c_t` as an integer.
+class crc32c_t final {
+ public:
+  crc32c_t() = default;
+  constexpr explicit crc32c_t(uint32_t crc) : crc_(crc) {}
+
+  crc32c_t(const crc32c_t&) = default;
+  crc32c_t& operator=(const crc32c_t&) = default;
+
+  explicit operator uint32_t() const { return crc_; }
+
+  friend bool operator==(crc32c_t lhs, crc32c_t rhs) {
+    return static_cast<uint32_t>(lhs) == static_cast<uint32_t>(rhs);
+  }
+
+  friend bool operator!=(crc32c_t lhs, crc32c_t rhs) { return !(lhs == rhs); }
+
+  template <typename Sink>
+  friend void AbslStringify(Sink& sink, crc32c_t crc) {
+    absl::Format(&sink, "%08x", static_cast<uint32_t>(crc));
+  }
+
+ private:
+  uint32_t crc_;
+};
+
+
+namespace crc_internal {
+// Non-inline code path for `absl::ExtendCrc32c()`. Do not call directly.
+// Call `absl::ExtendCrc32c()` (defined below) instead.
+crc32c_t ExtendCrc32cInternal(crc32c_t initial_crc,
+                              absl::string_view buf_to_add);
+}  // namespace crc_internal
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// CRC32C Computation Functions
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// ComputeCrc32c()
+//
+// Returns the CRC32C value of the provided string.
+crc32c_t ComputeCrc32c(absl::string_view buf);
+
+// ExtendCrc32c()
+//
+// Computes a CRC32C value from an `initial_crc` CRC32C value including the
+// `buf_to_add` bytes of an additional buffer. Using this function is more
+// efficient than computing a CRC32C value for the combined buffer from
+// scratch.
+//
+// Note: `ExtendCrc32c` with an initial_crc of 0 is equivalent to
+// `ComputeCrc32c`.
+//
+// This operation has a runtime cost of O(`buf_to_add.size()`)
+inline crc32c_t ExtendCrc32c(crc32c_t initial_crc,
+                             absl::string_view buf_to_add) {
+  // Approximately 75% of calls have size <= 64.
+  if (buf_to_add.size() <= 64) {
+    uint32_t crc = static_cast<uint32_t>(initial_crc);
+    if (crc_internal::ExtendCrc32cInline(&crc, buf_to_add.data(),
+                                         buf_to_add.size())) {
+      return crc32c_t{crc};
+    }
+  }
+  return crc_internal::ExtendCrc32cInternal(initial_crc, buf_to_add);
+}
+
+// ExtendCrc32cByZeroes()
+//
+// Computes a CRC32C value for a buffer with an `initial_crc` CRC32C value,
+// where `length` bytes with a value of 0 are appended to the buffer. Using this
+// function is more efficient than computing a CRC32C value for the combined
+// buffer from scratch.
+//
+// This operation has a runtime cost of O(log(`length`))
+crc32c_t ExtendCrc32cByZeroes(crc32c_t initial_crc, size_t length);
+
+// MemcpyCrc32c()
+//
+// Copies `src` to `dest` using `memcpy()` semantics, returning the CRC32C
+// value of the copied buffer.
+//
+// Using `MemcpyCrc32c()` is potentially faster than performing the `memcpy()`
+// and `ComputeCrc32c()` operations separately.
+crc32c_t MemcpyCrc32c(void* dest, const void* src, size_t count,
+                      crc32c_t initial_crc = crc32c_t{0});
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// CRC32C Arithmetic Functions
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// The following functions perform arithmetic on CRC32C values, which are
+// generally more efficient than recalculating any given result's CRC32C value.
+
+// ConcatCrc32c()
+//
+// Calculates the CRC32C value of two buffers with known CRC32C values
+// concatenated together.
+//
+// Given a buffer with CRC32C value `crc1` and a buffer with
+// CRC32C value `crc2` and length, `crc2_length`, returns the CRC32C value of
+// the concatenation of these two buffers.
+//
+// This operation has a runtime cost of O(log(`crc2_length`)).
+crc32c_t ConcatCrc32c(crc32c_t crc1, crc32c_t crc2, size_t crc2_length);
+
+// RemoveCrc32cPrefix()
+//
+// Calculates the CRC32C value of an existing buffer with a series of bytes
+// (the prefix) removed from the beginning of that buffer.
+//
+// Given the CRC32C value of an existing buffer, `full_string_crc`; The CRC32C
+// value of a prefix of that buffer, `prefix_crc`; and the length of the buffer
+// with the prefix removed, `remaining_string_length` , return the CRC32C
+// value of the buffer with the prefix removed.
+//
+// This operation has a runtime cost of O(log(`remaining_string_length`)).
+crc32c_t RemoveCrc32cPrefix(crc32c_t prefix_crc, crc32c_t full_string_crc,
+                            size_t remaining_string_length);
+// RemoveCrc32cSuffix()
+//
+// Calculates the CRC32C value of an existing buffer with a series of bytes
+// (the suffix) removed from the end of that buffer.
+//
+// Given a CRC32C value of an existing buffer `full_string_crc`, the CRC32C
+// value of the suffix to remove `suffix_crc`, and the length of that suffix
+// `suffix_len`, returns the CRC32C value of the buffer with suffix removed.
+//
+// This operation has a runtime cost of O(log(`suffix_len`))
+crc32c_t RemoveCrc32cSuffix(crc32c_t full_string_crc, crc32c_t suffix_crc,
+                            size_t suffix_length);
+
+// operator<<
+//
+// Streams the CRC32C value `crc` to the stream `os`.
+inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, crc32c_t crc) {
+  return os << absl::StreamFormat("%08x", static_cast<uint32_t>(crc));
+}
+
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_CRC_CRC32C_H_
diff --git a/absl/crc/crc32c_benchmark.cc b/absl/crc/crc32c_benchmark.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3b46ef36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/crc/crc32c_benchmark.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include <string>
+
+#include "absl/crc/crc32c.h"
+#include "absl/crc/internal/crc32c.h"
+#include "absl/memory/memory.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+#include "benchmark/benchmark.h"
+
+namespace {
+
+std::string TestString(size_t len) {
+  std::string result;
+  result.reserve(len);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+    result.push_back(static_cast<char>(i % 256));
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+void BM_Calculate(benchmark::State& state) {
+  int len = state.range(0);
+  std::string data = TestString(len);
+  for (auto s : state) {
+    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(data);
+    absl::crc32c_t crc = absl::ComputeCrc32c(data);
+    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(crc);
+  }
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_Calculate)->Arg(0)->Arg(1)->Arg(100)->Arg(10000)->Arg(500000);
+
+void BM_Extend(benchmark::State& state) {
+  int len = state.range(0);
+  std::string extension = TestString(len);
+  absl::crc32c_t base = absl::crc32c_t{0xC99465AA};  // CRC32C of "Hello World"
+  for (auto s : state) {
+    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(base);
+    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(extension);
+    absl::crc32c_t crc = absl::ExtendCrc32c(base, extension);
+    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(crc);
+  }
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_Extend)->Arg(0)->Arg(1)->Arg(100)->Arg(10000)->Arg(500000)->Arg(
+    100 * 1000 * 1000);
+
+// Make working set >> CPU cache size to benchmark prefetches better
+void BM_ExtendCacheMiss(benchmark::State& state) {
+  int len = state.range(0);
+  constexpr int total = 300 * 1000 * 1000;
+  std::string extension = TestString(total);
+  absl::crc32c_t base = absl::crc32c_t{0xC99465AA};  // CRC32C of "Hello World"
+  for (auto s : state) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < total; i += len * 2) {
+      benchmark::DoNotOptimize(base);
+      benchmark::DoNotOptimize(extension);
+      absl::crc32c_t crc =
+          absl::ExtendCrc32c(base, absl::string_view(&extension[i], len));
+      benchmark::DoNotOptimize(crc);
+    }
+  }
+  state.SetBytesProcessed(static_cast<int64_t>(state.iterations()) * total / 2);
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_ExtendCacheMiss)->Arg(10)->Arg(100)->Arg(1000)->Arg(100000);
+
+void BM_ExtendByZeroes(benchmark::State& state) {
+  absl::crc32c_t base = absl::crc32c_t{0xC99465AA};  // CRC32C of "Hello World"
+  int num_zeroes = state.range(0);
+  for (auto s : state) {
+    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(base);
+    absl::crc32c_t crc = absl::ExtendCrc32cByZeroes(base, num_zeroes);
+    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(crc);
+  }
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_ExtendByZeroes)
+    ->RangeMultiplier(10)
+    ->Range(1, 1000000)
+    ->RangeMultiplier(32)
+    ->Range(1, 1 << 20);
+
+void BM_UnextendByZeroes(benchmark::State& state) {
+  absl::crc32c_t base = absl::crc32c_t{0xdeadbeef};
+  int num_zeroes = state.range(0);
+  for (auto s : state) {
+    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(base);
+    absl::crc32c_t crc =
+        absl::crc_internal::UnextendCrc32cByZeroes(base, num_zeroes);
+    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(crc);
+  }
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_UnextendByZeroes)
+    ->RangeMultiplier(10)
+    ->Range(1, 1000000)
+    ->RangeMultiplier(32)
+    ->Range(1, 1 << 20);
+
+void BM_Concat(benchmark::State& state) {
+  int string_b_len = state.range(0);
+  std::string string_b = TestString(string_b_len);
+
+  // CRC32C of "Hello World"
+  absl::crc32c_t crc_a = absl::crc32c_t{0xC99465AA};
+  absl::crc32c_t crc_b = absl::ComputeCrc32c(string_b);
+
+  for (auto s : state) {
+    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(crc_a);
+    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(crc_b);
+    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(string_b_len);
+    absl::crc32c_t crc_ab = absl::ConcatCrc32c(crc_a, crc_b, string_b_len);
+    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(crc_ab);
+  }
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_Concat)
+    ->RangeMultiplier(10)
+    ->Range(1, 1000000)
+    ->RangeMultiplier(32)
+    ->Range(1, 1 << 20);
+
+void BM_Memcpy(benchmark::State& state) {
+  int string_len = state.range(0);
+
+  std::string source = TestString(string_len);
+  auto dest = absl::make_unique<char[]>(string_len);
+
+  for (auto s : state) {
+    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(source);
+    absl::crc32c_t crc =
+        absl::MemcpyCrc32c(dest.get(), source.data(), source.size());
+    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(crc);
+    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(dest);
+    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(dest.get());
+    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(dest[0]);
+  }
+
+  state.SetBytesProcessed(static_cast<int64_t>(state.iterations()) *
+                          state.range(0));
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_Memcpy)->Arg(0)->Arg(1)->Arg(100)->Arg(10000)->Arg(500000);
+
+void BM_RemoveSuffix(benchmark::State& state) {
+  int full_string_len = state.range(0);
+  int suffix_len = state.range(1);
+
+  std::string full_string = TestString(full_string_len);
+  std::string suffix = full_string.substr(
+    full_string_len - suffix_len, full_string_len);
+
+  absl::crc32c_t full_string_crc = absl::ComputeCrc32c(full_string);
+  absl::crc32c_t suffix_crc = absl::ComputeCrc32c(suffix);
+
+  for (auto s : state) {
+    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(full_string_crc);
+    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(suffix_crc);
+    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(suffix_len);
+    absl::crc32c_t crc = absl::RemoveCrc32cSuffix(full_string_crc, suffix_crc,
+      suffix_len);
+    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(crc);
+  }
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_RemoveSuffix)
+    ->ArgPair(1, 1)
+    ->ArgPair(100, 10)
+    ->ArgPair(100, 100)
+    ->ArgPair(10000, 1)
+    ->ArgPair(10000, 100)
+    ->ArgPair(10000, 10000)
+    ->ArgPair(500000, 1)
+    ->ArgPair(500000, 100)
+    ->ArgPair(500000, 10000)
+    ->ArgPair(500000, 500000);
+}  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/crc/crc32c_test.cc b/absl/crc/crc32c_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..df0afb3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/crc/crc32c_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/crc/crc32c.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/crc/internal/crc32c.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_format.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+
+namespace {
+
+TEST(CRC32C, RFC3720) {
+  // Test the results of the vectors from
+  // https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc3720#appendix-B.4
+  char data[32];
+
+  // 32 bytes of ones.
+  memset(data, 0, sizeof(data));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::ComputeCrc32c(absl::string_view(data, sizeof(data))),
+            absl::crc32c_t{0x8a9136aa});
+
+  // 32 bytes of ones.
+  memset(data, 0xff, sizeof(data));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::ComputeCrc32c(absl::string_view(data, sizeof(data))),
+            absl::crc32c_t{0x62a8ab43});
+
+  // 32 incrementing bytes.
+  for (int i = 0; i < 32; ++i) data[i] = static_cast<char>(i);
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::ComputeCrc32c(absl::string_view(data, sizeof(data))),
+            absl::crc32c_t{0x46dd794e});
+
+  // 32 decrementing bytes.
+  for (int i = 0; i < 32; ++i) data[i] = static_cast<char>(31 - i);
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::ComputeCrc32c(absl::string_view(data, sizeof(data))),
+            absl::crc32c_t{0x113fdb5c});
+
+  // An iSCSI - SCSI Read (10) Command PDU.
+  constexpr uint8_t cmd[48] = {
+      0x01, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+      0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x14, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00,
+      0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x14, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0x28, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+      0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+  };
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::ComputeCrc32c(absl::string_view(
+                reinterpret_cast<const char*>(cmd), sizeof(cmd))),
+            absl::crc32c_t{0xd9963a56});
+}
+
+std::string TestString(size_t len) {
+  std::string result;
+  result.reserve(len);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+    result.push_back(static_cast<char>(i % 256));
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+TEST(CRC32C, Compute) {
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::ComputeCrc32c(""), absl::crc32c_t{0});
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::ComputeCrc32c("hello world"), absl::crc32c_t{0xc99465aa});
+}
+
+TEST(CRC32C, Extend) {
+  uint32_t base = 0xC99465AA;  // CRC32C of "Hello World"
+  std::string extension = "Extension String";
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(
+      absl::ExtendCrc32c(absl::crc32c_t{base}, extension),
+      absl::crc32c_t{0xD2F65090});  // CRC32C of "Hello WorldExtension String"
+}
+
+TEST(CRC32C, ExtendByZeroes) {
+  std::string base = "hello world";
+  absl::crc32c_t base_crc = absl::crc32c_t{0xc99465aa};
+
+  constexpr size_t kExtendByValues[] = {100, 10000, 100000};
+  for (const size_t extend_by : kExtendByValues) {
+    SCOPED_TRACE(extend_by);
+    absl::crc32c_t crc2 = absl::ExtendCrc32cByZeroes(base_crc, extend_by);
+    EXPECT_EQ(crc2, absl::ComputeCrc32c(base + std::string(extend_by, '\0')));
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(CRC32C, UnextendByZeroes) {
+  constexpr size_t kExtendByValues[] = {2, 200, 20000, 200000, 20000000};
+  constexpr size_t kUnextendByValues[] = {0, 100, 10000, 100000, 10000000};
+
+  for (auto seed_crc : {absl::crc32c_t{0}, absl::crc32c_t{0xc99465aa}}) {
+    SCOPED_TRACE(seed_crc);
+    for (const size_t size_1 : kExtendByValues) {
+      for (const size_t size_2 : kUnextendByValues) {
+        size_t extend_size = std::max(size_1, size_2);
+        size_t unextend_size = std::min(size_1, size_2);
+        SCOPED_TRACE(extend_size);
+        SCOPED_TRACE(unextend_size);
+
+        // Extending by A zeroes an unextending by B<A zeros should be identical
+        // to extending by A-B zeroes.
+        absl::crc32c_t crc1 = seed_crc;
+        crc1 = absl::ExtendCrc32cByZeroes(crc1, extend_size);
+        crc1 = absl::crc_internal::UnextendCrc32cByZeroes(crc1, unextend_size);
+
+        absl::crc32c_t crc2 = seed_crc;
+        crc2 = absl::ExtendCrc32cByZeroes(crc2, extend_size - unextend_size);
+
+        EXPECT_EQ(crc1, crc2);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  constexpr size_t kSizes[] = {0, 1, 100, 10000};
+  for (const size_t size : kSizes) {
+    SCOPED_TRACE(size);
+    std::string string_before = TestString(size);
+    std::string string_after = string_before + std::string(size, '\0');
+
+    absl::crc32c_t crc_before = absl::ComputeCrc32c(string_before);
+    absl::crc32c_t crc_after = absl::ComputeCrc32c(string_after);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(crc_before,
+              absl::crc_internal::UnextendCrc32cByZeroes(crc_after, size));
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(CRC32C, Concat) {
+  std::string hello = "Hello, ";
+  std::string world = "world!";
+  std::string hello_world = absl::StrCat(hello, world);
+
+  absl::crc32c_t crc_a = absl::ComputeCrc32c(hello);
+  absl::crc32c_t crc_b = absl::ComputeCrc32c(world);
+  absl::crc32c_t crc_ab = absl::ComputeCrc32c(hello_world);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::ConcatCrc32c(crc_a, crc_b, world.size()), crc_ab);
+}
+
+TEST(CRC32C, Memcpy) {
+  constexpr size_t kBytesSize[] = {0, 1, 20, 500, 100000};
+  for (size_t bytes : kBytesSize) {
+    SCOPED_TRACE(bytes);
+    std::string sample_string = TestString(bytes);
+    std::string target_buffer = std::string(bytes, '\0');
+
+    absl::crc32c_t memcpy_crc =
+        absl::MemcpyCrc32c(&(target_buffer[0]), sample_string.data(), bytes);
+    absl::crc32c_t compute_crc = absl::ComputeCrc32c(sample_string);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(memcpy_crc, compute_crc);
+    EXPECT_EQ(sample_string, target_buffer);
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(CRC32C, RemovePrefix) {
+  std::string hello = "Hello, ";
+  std::string world = "world!";
+  std::string hello_world = absl::StrCat(hello, world);
+
+  absl::crc32c_t crc_a = absl::ComputeCrc32c(hello);
+  absl::crc32c_t crc_b = absl::ComputeCrc32c(world);
+  absl::crc32c_t crc_ab = absl::ComputeCrc32c(hello_world);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::RemoveCrc32cPrefix(crc_a, crc_ab, world.size()), crc_b);
+}
+
+TEST(CRC32C, RemoveSuffix) {
+  std::string hello = "Hello, ";
+  std::string world = "world!";
+  std::string hello_world = absl::StrCat(hello, world);
+
+  absl::crc32c_t crc_a = absl::ComputeCrc32c(hello);
+  absl::crc32c_t crc_b = absl::ComputeCrc32c(world);
+  absl::crc32c_t crc_ab = absl::ComputeCrc32c(hello_world);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::RemoveCrc32cSuffix(crc_ab, crc_b, world.size()), crc_a);
+}
+
+TEST(CRC32C, InsertionOperator) {
+  {
+    std::ostringstream buf;
+    buf << absl::crc32c_t{0xc99465aa};
+    EXPECT_EQ(buf.str(), "c99465aa");
+  }
+  {
+    std::ostringstream buf;
+    buf << absl::crc32c_t{0};
+    EXPECT_EQ(buf.str(), "00000000");
+  }
+  {
+    std::ostringstream buf;
+    buf << absl::crc32c_t{17};
+    EXPECT_EQ(buf.str(), "00000011");
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(CRC32C, AbslStringify) {
+  // StrFormat
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrFormat("%v", absl::crc32c_t{0xc99465aa}), "c99465aa");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrFormat("%v", absl::crc32c_t{0}), "00000000");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrFormat("%v", absl::crc32c_t{17}), "00000011");
+
+  // StrCat
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrCat(absl::crc32c_t{0xc99465aa}), "c99465aa");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrCat(absl::crc32c_t{0}), "00000000");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrCat(absl::crc32c_t{17}), "00000011");
+}
+
+}  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/crc/internal/cpu_detect.cc b/absl/crc/internal/cpu_detect.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..83838085
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/crc/internal/cpu_detect.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,262 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/crc/internal/cpu_detect.h"
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+
+#if defined(__aarch64__) && defined(__linux__)
+#include <asm/hwcap.h>
+#include <sys/auxv.h>
+#endif
+
+#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64)
+#include <intrin.h>
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__x86_64__) || defined(_M_X64)
+#if ABSL_HAVE_BUILTIN(__cpuid)
+// MSVC-equivalent __cpuid intrinsic declaration for clang-like compilers
+// for non-Windows build environments.
+extern void __cpuid(int[4], int);
+#elif !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(_WIN64)
+// MSVC defines this function for us.
+// https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/intrinsics/cpuid-cpuidex
+static void __cpuid(int cpu_info[4], int info_type) {
+  __asm__ volatile("cpuid \n\t"
+                   : "=a"(cpu_info[0]), "=b"(cpu_info[1]), "=c"(cpu_info[2]),
+                     "=d"(cpu_info[3])
+                   : "a"(info_type), "c"(0));
+}
+#endif  // !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(_WIN64)
+#endif  // defined(__x86_64__) || defined(_M_X64)
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace crc_internal {
+
+#if defined(__x86_64__) || defined(_M_X64)
+
+namespace {
+
+enum class Vendor {
+  kUnknown,
+  kIntel,
+  kAmd,
+};
+
+Vendor GetVendor() {
+  // Get the vendor string (issue CPUID with eax = 0).
+  int cpu_info[4];
+  __cpuid(cpu_info, 0);
+
+  std::string vendor;
+  vendor.append(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&cpu_info[1]), 4);
+  vendor.append(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&cpu_info[3]), 4);
+  vendor.append(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&cpu_info[2]), 4);
+  if (vendor == "GenuineIntel") {
+    return Vendor::kIntel;
+  } else if (vendor == "AuthenticAMD") {
+    return Vendor::kAmd;
+  } else {
+    return Vendor::kUnknown;
+  }
+}
+
+CpuType GetIntelCpuType() {
+  // To get general information and extended features we send eax = 1 and
+  // ecx = 0 to cpuid.  The response is returned in eax, ebx, ecx and edx.
+  // (See Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual
+  // Volume 2A: Instruction Set Reference, A-M CPUID).
+  // https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/architecture-and-technology/64-ia-32-architectures-software-developer-vol-2a-manual.html
+  // https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/intrinsics/cpuid-cpuidex
+  int cpu_info[4];
+  __cpuid(cpu_info, 1);
+
+  // Response in eax bits as follows:
+  // 0-3 (stepping id)
+  // 4-7 (model number),
+  // 8-11 (family code),
+  // 12-13 (processor type),
+  // 16-19 (extended model)
+  // 20-27 (extended family)
+
+  int family = (cpu_info[0] >> 8) & 0x0f;
+  int model_num = (cpu_info[0] >> 4) & 0x0f;
+  int ext_family = (cpu_info[0] >> 20) & 0xff;
+  int ext_model_num = (cpu_info[0] >> 16) & 0x0f;
+
+  int brand_id = cpu_info[1] & 0xff;
+
+  // Process the extended family and model info if necessary
+  if (family == 0x0f) {
+    family += ext_family;
+  }
+
+  if (family == 0x0f || family == 0x6) {
+    model_num += (ext_model_num << 4);
+  }
+
+  switch (brand_id) {
+    case 0:  // no brand ID, so parse CPU family/model
+      switch (family) {
+        case 6:  // Most PentiumIII processors are in this category
+          switch (model_num) {
+            case 0x2c:  // Westmere: Gulftown
+              return CpuType::kIntelWestmere;
+            case 0x2d:  // Sandybridge
+              return CpuType::kIntelSandybridge;
+            case 0x3e:  // Ivybridge
+              return CpuType::kIntelIvybridge;
+            case 0x3c:  // Haswell (client)
+            case 0x3f:  // Haswell
+              return CpuType::kIntelHaswell;
+            case 0x4f:  // Broadwell
+            case 0x56:  // BroadwellDE
+              return CpuType::kIntelBroadwell;
+            case 0x55:                 // Skylake Xeon
+              if ((cpu_info[0] & 0x0f) < 5) {  // stepping < 5 is skylake
+                return CpuType::kIntelSkylakeXeon;
+              } else {  // stepping >= 5 is cascadelake
+                return CpuType::kIntelCascadelakeXeon;
+              }
+            case 0x5e:  // Skylake (client)
+              return CpuType::kIntelSkylake;
+            default:
+              return CpuType::kUnknown;
+          }
+        default:
+          return CpuType::kUnknown;
+      }
+    default:
+      return CpuType::kUnknown;
+  }
+}
+
+CpuType GetAmdCpuType() {
+  // To get general information and extended features we send eax = 1 and
+  // ecx = 0 to cpuid.  The response is returned in eax, ebx, ecx and edx.
+  // (See Intel 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual
+  // Volume 2A: Instruction Set Reference, A-M CPUID).
+  // https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/intrinsics/cpuid-cpuidex
+  int cpu_info[4];
+  __cpuid(cpu_info, 1);
+
+  // Response in eax bits as follows:
+  // 0-3 (stepping id)
+  // 4-7 (model number),
+  // 8-11 (family code),
+  // 12-13 (processor type),
+  // 16-19 (extended model)
+  // 20-27 (extended family)
+
+  int family = (cpu_info[0] >> 8) & 0x0f;
+  int model_num = (cpu_info[0] >> 4) & 0x0f;
+  int ext_family = (cpu_info[0] >> 20) & 0xff;
+  int ext_model_num = (cpu_info[0] >> 16) & 0x0f;
+
+  if (family == 0x0f) {
+    family += ext_family;
+    model_num += (ext_model_num << 4);
+  }
+
+  switch (family) {
+    case 0x17:
+      switch (model_num) {
+        case 0x0:  // Stepping Ax
+        case 0x1:  // Stepping Bx
+          return CpuType::kAmdNaples;
+        case 0x30:  // Stepping Ax
+        case 0x31:  // Stepping Bx
+          return CpuType::kAmdRome;
+        default:
+          return CpuType::kUnknown;
+      }
+      break;
+    case 0x19:
+      switch (model_num) {
+        case 0x1:  // Stepping B0
+          return CpuType::kAmdMilan;
+        default:
+          return CpuType::kUnknown;
+      }
+      break;
+    default:
+      return CpuType::kUnknown;
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+CpuType GetCpuType() {
+  switch (GetVendor()) {
+    case Vendor::kIntel:
+      return GetIntelCpuType();
+    case Vendor::kAmd:
+      return GetAmdCpuType();
+    default:
+      return CpuType::kUnknown;
+  }
+}
+
+bool SupportsArmCRC32PMULL() { return false; }
+
+#elif defined(__aarch64__) && defined(__linux__)
+
+#ifndef HWCAP_CPUID
+#define HWCAP_CPUID (1 << 11)
+#endif
+
+#define ABSL_INTERNAL_AARCH64_ID_REG_READ(id, val) \
+  asm("mrs %0, " #id : "=r"(val))
+
+CpuType GetCpuType() {
+  // MIDR_EL1 is not visible to EL0, however the access will be emulated by
+  // linux if AT_HWCAP has HWCAP_CPUID set.
+  //
+  // This method will be unreliable on heterogeneous computing systems (ex:
+  // big.LITTLE) since the value of MIDR_EL1 will change based on the calling
+  // thread.
+  uint64_t hwcaps = getauxval(AT_HWCAP);
+  if (hwcaps & HWCAP_CPUID) {
+    uint64_t midr = 0;
+    ABSL_INTERNAL_AARCH64_ID_REG_READ(MIDR_EL1, midr);
+    uint32_t implementer = (midr >> 24) & 0xff;
+    uint32_t part_number = (midr >> 4) & 0xfff;
+    if (implementer == 0x41 && part_number == 0xd0c) {
+      return CpuType::kArmNeoverseN1;
+    }
+  }
+  return CpuType::kUnknown;
+}
+
+bool SupportsArmCRC32PMULL() {
+  uint64_t hwcaps = getauxval(AT_HWCAP);
+  return (hwcaps & HWCAP_CRC32) && (hwcaps & HWCAP_PMULL);
+}
+
+#else
+
+CpuType GetCpuType() { return CpuType::kUnknown; }
+
+bool SupportsArmCRC32PMULL() { return false; }
+
+#endif
+
+}  // namespace crc_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/crc/internal/cpu_detect.h b/absl/crc/internal/cpu_detect.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6054f696
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/crc/internal/cpu_detect.h
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_CPU_DETECT_H_
+#define ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_CPU_DETECT_H_
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace crc_internal {
+
+// Enumeration of architectures that we have special-case tuning parameters for.
+// This set may change over time.
+enum class CpuType {
+  kUnknown,
+  kIntelHaswell,
+  kAmdRome,
+  kAmdNaples,
+  kAmdMilan,
+  kIntelCascadelakeXeon,
+  kIntelSkylakeXeon,
+  kIntelBroadwell,
+  kIntelSkylake,
+  kIntelIvybridge,
+  kIntelSandybridge,
+  kIntelWestmere,
+  kArmNeoverseN1,
+};
+
+// Returns the type of host CPU this code is running on.  Returns kUnknown if
+// the host CPU is of unknown type, or if detection otherwise fails.
+CpuType GetCpuType();
+
+// Returns whether the host CPU supports the CPU features needed for our
+// accelerated implementations. The CpuTypes enumerated above apart from
+// kUnknown support the required features. On unknown CPUs, we can use
+// this to see if it's safe to use hardware acceleration, though without any
+// tuning.
+bool SupportsArmCRC32PMULL();
+
+}  // namespace crc_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_CPU_DETECT_H_
diff --git a/absl/crc/internal/crc.cc b/absl/crc/internal/crc.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..22e91c53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/crc/internal/crc.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,437 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+// Implementation of CRCs (aka Rabin Fingerprints).
+// Treats the input as a polynomial with coefficients in Z(2),
+// and finds the remainder when divided by an irreducible polynomial
+// of the appropriate length.
+// It handles all CRC sizes from 8 to 128 bits.
+// It's somewhat complicated by having separate implementations optimized for
+// CRC's <=32 bits, <= 64 bits, and <= 128 bits.
+// The input string is prefixed with a "1" bit, and has "degree" "0" bits
+// appended to it before the remainder is found.   This ensures that
+// short strings are scrambled somewhat and that strings consisting
+// of all nulls have a non-zero CRC.
+//
+// Uses the "interleaved word-by-word" method from
+// "Everything we know about CRC but afraid to forget" by Andrew Kadatch
+// and Bob Jenkins,
+// http://crcutil.googlecode.com/files/crc-doc.1.0.pdf
+//
+// The idea is to compute kStride CRCs simultaneously, allowing the
+// processor to more effectively use multiple execution units. Each of
+// the CRCs is calculated on one word of data followed by kStride - 1
+// words of zeroes; the CRC starting points are staggered by one word.
+// Assuming a stride of 4 with data words "ABCDABCDABCD", the first
+// CRC is over A000A000A, the second over 0B000B000B, and so on.
+// The CRC of the whole data is then calculated by properly aligning the
+// CRCs by appending zeroes until the data lengths agree then XORing
+// the CRCs.
+
+#include "absl/crc/internal/crc.h"
+
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#include "absl/base/internal/endian.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
+#include "absl/base/prefetch.h"
+#include "absl/crc/internal/crc_internal.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace crc_internal {
+
+namespace {
+
+// Constants
+#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
+constexpr bool kNeedAlignedLoads = false;
+#else
+constexpr bool kNeedAlignedLoads = true;
+#endif
+
+// We express the number of zeroes as a number in base ZEROES_BASE. By
+// pre-computing the zero extensions for all possible components of such an
+// expression (numbers in a form a*ZEROES_BASE**b), we can calculate the
+// resulting extension by multiplying the extensions for individual components
+// using log_{ZEROES_BASE}(num_zeroes) polynomial multiplications. The tables of
+// zero extensions contain (ZEROES_BASE - 1) * (log_{ZEROES_BASE}(64)) entries.
+constexpr int ZEROES_BASE_LG = 4;                   // log_2(ZEROES_BASE)
+constexpr int ZEROES_BASE = (1 << ZEROES_BASE_LG);  // must be a power of 2
+
+constexpr uint32_t kCrc32cPoly = 0x82f63b78;
+
+uint32_t ReverseBits(uint32_t bits) {
+  bits = (bits & 0xaaaaaaaau) >> 1 | (bits & 0x55555555u) << 1;
+  bits = (bits & 0xccccccccu) >> 2 | (bits & 0x33333333u) << 2;
+  bits = (bits & 0xf0f0f0f0u) >> 4 | (bits & 0x0f0f0f0fu) << 4;
+  return absl::gbswap_32(bits);
+}
+
+// Polynomial long multiplication mod the polynomial of degree 32.
+void PolyMultiply(uint32_t* val, uint32_t m, uint32_t poly) {
+  uint32_t l = *val;
+  uint32_t result = 0;
+  auto onebit = uint32_t{0x80000000u};
+  for (uint32_t one = onebit; one != 0; one >>= 1) {
+    if ((l & one) != 0) {
+      result ^= m;
+    }
+    if (m & 1) {
+      m = (m >> 1) ^ poly;
+    } else {
+      m >>= 1;
+    }
+  }
+  *val = result;
+}
+}  // namespace
+
+void CRCImpl::FillWordTable(uint32_t poly, uint32_t last, int word_size,
+                            Uint32By256* t) {
+  for (int j = 0; j != word_size; j++) {  // for each byte of extension....
+    t[j][0] = 0;                          // a zero has no effect
+    for (int i = 128; i != 0; i >>= 1) {  // fill in entries for powers of 2
+      if (j == 0 && i == 128) {
+        t[j][i] = last;  // top bit in last byte is given
+      } else {
+        // each successive power of two is derived from the previous
+        // one, either in this table, or the last table
+        uint32_t pred;
+        if (i == 128) {
+          pred = t[j - 1][1];
+        } else {
+          pred = t[j][i << 1];
+        }
+        // Advance the CRC by one bit (multiply by X, and take remainder
+        // through one step of polynomial long division)
+        if (pred & 1) {
+          t[j][i] = (pred >> 1) ^ poly;
+        } else {
+          t[j][i] = pred >> 1;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    // CRCs have the property that CRC(a xor b) == CRC(a) xor CRC(b)
+    // so we can make all the tables for non-powers of two by
+    // xoring previously created entries.
+    for (int i = 2; i != 256; i <<= 1) {
+      for (int k = i + 1; k != (i << 1); k++) {
+        t[j][k] = t[j][i] ^ t[j][k - i];
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+int CRCImpl::FillZeroesTable(uint32_t poly, Uint32By256* t) {
+  uint32_t inc = 1;
+  inc <<= 31;
+
+  // Extend by one zero bit. We know degree > 1 so (inc & 1) == 0.
+  inc >>= 1;
+
+  // Now extend by 2, 4, and 8 bits, so now `inc` is extended by one zero byte.
+  for (int i = 0; i < 3; ++i) {
+    PolyMultiply(&inc, inc, poly);
+  }
+
+  int j = 0;
+  for (uint64_t inc_len = 1; inc_len != 0; inc_len <<= ZEROES_BASE_LG) {
+    // Every entry in the table adds an additional inc_len zeroes.
+    uint32_t v = inc;
+    for (int a = 1; a != ZEROES_BASE; a++) {
+      t[0][j] = v;
+      PolyMultiply(&v, inc, poly);
+      j++;
+    }
+    inc = v;
+  }
+  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(j <= 256, "");
+  return j;
+}
+
+// Internal version of the "constructor".
+CRCImpl* CRCImpl::NewInternal() {
+  // Find an accelearated implementation first.
+  CRCImpl* result = TryNewCRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombined();
+
+  // Fall back to generic implementions if no acceleration is available.
+  if (result == nullptr) {
+    result = new CRC32();
+  }
+
+  result->InitTables();
+
+  return result;
+}
+
+//  The 32-bit implementation
+
+void CRC32::InitTables() {
+  // Compute the table for extending a CRC by one byte.
+  Uint32By256* t = new Uint32By256[4];
+  FillWordTable(kCrc32cPoly, kCrc32cPoly, 1, t);
+  for (int i = 0; i != 256; i++) {
+    this->table0_[i] = t[0][i];
+  }
+
+  // Construct a table for updating the CRC by 4 bytes data followed by
+  // 12 bytes of zeroes.
+  //
+  // Note: the data word size could be larger than the CRC size; it might
+  // be slightly faster to use a 64-bit data word, but doing so doubles the
+  // table size.
+  uint32_t last = kCrc32cPoly;
+  const size_t size = 12;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+    last = (last >> 8) ^ this->table0_[last & 0xff];
+  }
+  FillWordTable(kCrc32cPoly, last, 4, t);
+  for (size_t b = 0; b < 4; ++b) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < 256; ++i) {
+      this->table_[b][i] = t[b][i];
+    }
+  }
+
+  int j = FillZeroesTable(kCrc32cPoly, t);
+  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(j <= static_cast<int>(ABSL_ARRAYSIZE(this->zeroes_)), "");
+  for (int i = 0; i < j; i++) {
+    this->zeroes_[i] = t[0][i];
+  }
+
+  delete[] t;
+
+  // Build up tables for _reversing_ the operation of doing CRC operations on
+  // zero bytes.
+
+  // In C++, extending `crc` by a single zero bit is done by the following:
+  // (A)  bool low_bit_set = (crc & 1);
+  //      crc >>= 1;
+  //      if (low_bit_set) crc ^= kCrc32cPoly;
+  //
+  // In particular note that the high bit of `crc` after this operation will be
+  // set if and only if the low bit of `crc` was set before it.  This means that
+  // no information is lost, and the operation can be reversed, as follows:
+  // (B)  bool high_bit_set = (crc & 0x80000000u);
+  //      if (high_bit_set) crc ^= kCrc32cPoly;
+  //      crc <<= 1;
+  //      if (high_bit_set) crc ^= 1;
+  //
+  // Or, equivalently:
+  // (C)  bool high_bit_set = (crc & 0x80000000u);
+  //      crc <<= 1;
+  //      if (high_bit_set) crc ^= ((kCrc32cPoly << 1) ^ 1);
+  //
+  // The last observation is, if we store our checksums in variable `rcrc`,
+  // with order of the bits reversed, the inverse operation becomes:
+  // (D)  bool low_bit_set = (rcrc & 1);
+  //      rcrc >>= 1;
+  //      if (low_bit_set) rcrc ^= ReverseBits((kCrc32cPoly << 1) ^ 1)
+  //
+  // This is the same algorithm (A) that we started with, only with a different
+  // polynomial bit pattern.  This means that by building up our tables with
+  // this alternate polynomial, we can apply the CRC algorithms to a
+  // bit-reversed CRC checksum to perform inverse zero-extension.
+
+  const uint32_t kCrc32cUnextendPoly =
+      ReverseBits(static_cast<uint32_t>((kCrc32cPoly << 1) ^ 1));
+  FillWordTable(kCrc32cUnextendPoly, kCrc32cUnextendPoly, 1, &reverse_table0_);
+
+  j = FillZeroesTable(kCrc32cUnextendPoly, &reverse_zeroes_);
+  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(j <= static_cast<int>(ABSL_ARRAYSIZE(this->reverse_zeroes_)),
+                 "");
+}
+
+void CRC32::Extend(uint32_t* crc, const void* bytes, size_t length) const {
+  const uint8_t* p = static_cast<const uint8_t*>(bytes);
+  const uint8_t* e = p + length;
+  uint32_t l = *crc;
+
+  auto step_one_byte = [this, &p, &l]() {
+    int c = (l & 0xff) ^ *p++;
+    l = this->table0_[c] ^ (l >> 8);
+  };
+
+  if (kNeedAlignedLoads) {
+    // point x at first 4-byte aligned byte in string. this might be past the
+    // end of the string.
+    const uint8_t* x = RoundUp<4>(p);
+    if (x <= e) {
+      // Process bytes until finished or p is 4-byte aligned
+      while (p != x) {
+        step_one_byte();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  const size_t kSwathSize = 16;
+  if (static_cast<size_t>(e - p) >= kSwathSize) {
+    // Load one swath of data into the operating buffers.
+    uint32_t buf0 = absl::little_endian::Load32(p) ^ l;
+    uint32_t buf1 = absl::little_endian::Load32(p + 4);
+    uint32_t buf2 = absl::little_endian::Load32(p + 8);
+    uint32_t buf3 = absl::little_endian::Load32(p + 12);
+    p += kSwathSize;
+
+    // Increment a CRC value by a "swath"; this combines the four bytes
+    // starting at `ptr` and twelve zero bytes, so that four CRCs can be
+    // built incrementally and combined at the end.
+    const auto step_swath = [this](uint32_t crc_in, const std::uint8_t* ptr) {
+      return absl::little_endian::Load32(ptr) ^
+             this->table_[3][crc_in & 0xff] ^
+             this->table_[2][(crc_in >> 8) & 0xff] ^
+             this->table_[1][(crc_in >> 16) & 0xff] ^
+             this->table_[0][crc_in >> 24];
+    };
+
+    // Run one CRC calculation step over all swaths in one 16-byte stride
+    const auto step_stride = [&]() {
+      buf0 = step_swath(buf0, p);
+      buf1 = step_swath(buf1, p + 4);
+      buf2 = step_swath(buf2, p + 8);
+      buf3 = step_swath(buf3, p + 12);
+      p += 16;
+    };
+
+    // Process kStride interleaved swaths through the data in parallel.
+    while ((e - p) > kPrefetchHorizon) {
+      PrefetchToLocalCacheNta(
+          reinterpret_cast<const void*>(p + kPrefetchHorizon));
+      // Process 64 bytes at a time
+      step_stride();
+      step_stride();
+      step_stride();
+      step_stride();
+    }
+    while (static_cast<size_t>(e - p) >= kSwathSize) {
+      step_stride();
+    }
+
+    // Now advance one word at a time as far as possible. This isn't worth
+    // doing if we have word-advance tables.
+    while (static_cast<size_t>(e - p) >= 4) {
+      buf0 = step_swath(buf0, p);
+      uint32_t tmp = buf0;
+      buf0 = buf1;
+      buf1 = buf2;
+      buf2 = buf3;
+      buf3 = tmp;
+      p += 4;
+    }
+
+    // Combine the results from the different swaths. This is just a CRC
+    // on the data values in the bufX words.
+    auto combine_one_word = [this](uint32_t crc_in, uint32_t w) {
+      w ^= crc_in;
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
+        w = (w >> 8) ^ this->table0_[w & 0xff];
+      }
+      return w;
+    };
+
+    l = combine_one_word(0, buf0);
+    l = combine_one_word(l, buf1);
+    l = combine_one_word(l, buf2);
+    l = combine_one_word(l, buf3);
+  }
+
+  // Process the last few bytes
+  while (p != e) {
+    step_one_byte();
+  }
+
+  *crc = l;
+}
+
+void CRC32::ExtendByZeroesImpl(uint32_t* crc, size_t length,
+                               const uint32_t zeroes_table[256],
+                               const uint32_t poly_table[256]) {
+  if (length != 0) {
+    uint32_t l = *crc;
+    // For each ZEROES_BASE_LG bits in length
+    // (after the low-order bits have been removed)
+    // we lookup the appropriate polynomial in the zeroes_ array
+    // and do a polynomial long multiplication (mod the CRC polynomial)
+    // to extend the CRC by the appropriate number of bits.
+    for (int i = 0; length != 0;
+         i += ZEROES_BASE - 1, length >>= ZEROES_BASE_LG) {
+      int c = length & (ZEROES_BASE - 1);  // pick next ZEROES_BASE_LG bits
+      if (c != 0) {                        // if they are not zero,
+                                           // multiply by entry in table
+        // Build a table to aid in multiplying 2 bits at a time.
+        // It takes too long to build tables for more bits.
+        uint64_t m = zeroes_table[c + i - 1];
+        m <<= 1;
+        uint64_t m2 = m << 1;
+        uint64_t mtab[4] = {0, m, m2, m2 ^ m};
+
+        // Do the multiply one byte at a time.
+        uint64_t result = 0;
+        for (int x = 0; x < 32; x += 8) {
+          // The carry-less multiply.
+          result ^= mtab[l & 3] ^ (mtab[(l >> 2) & 3] << 2) ^
+                    (mtab[(l >> 4) & 3] << 4) ^ (mtab[(l >> 6) & 3] << 6);
+          l >>= 8;
+
+          // Reduce modulo the polynomial
+          result = (result >> 8) ^ poly_table[result & 0xff];
+        }
+        l = static_cast<uint32_t>(result);
+      }
+    }
+    *crc = l;
+  }
+}
+
+void CRC32::ExtendByZeroes(uint32_t* crc, size_t length) const {
+  return CRC32::ExtendByZeroesImpl(crc, length, zeroes_, table0_);
+}
+
+void CRC32::UnextendByZeroes(uint32_t* crc, size_t length) const {
+  // See the comment in CRC32::InitTables() for an explanation of the algorithm
+  // below.
+  *crc = ReverseBits(*crc);
+  ExtendByZeroesImpl(crc, length, reverse_zeroes_, reverse_table0_);
+  *crc = ReverseBits(*crc);
+}
+
+void CRC32::Scramble(uint32_t* crc) const {
+  // Rotate by near half the word size plus 1.  See the scramble comment in
+  // crc_internal.h for an explanation.
+  constexpr int scramble_rotate = (32 / 2) + 1;
+  *crc = RotateRight<uint32_t>(static_cast<unsigned int>(*crc + kScrambleLo),
+                               32, scramble_rotate) &
+         MaskOfLength<uint32_t>(32);
+}
+
+void CRC32::Unscramble(uint32_t* crc) const {
+  constexpr int scramble_rotate = (32 / 2) + 1;
+  uint64_t rotated = RotateRight<uint32_t>(static_cast<unsigned int>(*crc), 32,
+                                           32 - scramble_rotate);
+  *crc = (rotated - kScrambleLo) & MaskOfLength<uint32_t>(32);
+}
+
+// Constructor and destructor for base class CRC.
+CRC::~CRC() {}
+CRC::CRC() {}
+
+// The "constructor" for a CRC32C with a standard polynomial.
+CRC* CRC::Crc32c() {
+  static CRC* singleton = CRCImpl::NewInternal();
+  return singleton;
+}
+
+}  // namespace crc_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/crc/internal/crc.h b/absl/crc/internal/crc.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4efdd032
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/crc/internal/crc.h
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_CRC_H_
+#define ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_CRC_H_
+
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+
+// This class implements CRCs (aka Rabin Fingerprints).
+// Treats the input as a polynomial with coefficients in Z(2),
+// and finds the remainder when divided by an primitive polynomial
+// of the appropriate length.
+
+// A polynomial is represented by the bit pattern formed by its coefficients,
+// but with the highest order bit not stored.
+// The highest degree coefficient is stored in the lowest numbered bit
+// in the lowest addressed byte.   Thus, in what follows, the highest degree
+// coefficient that is stored is in the low order bit of "lo" or "*lo".
+
+// Hardware acceleration is used when available.
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace crc_internal {
+
+class CRC {
+ public:
+  virtual ~CRC();
+
+  // If "*crc" is the CRC of bytestring A, place the CRC of
+  // the bytestring formed from the concatenation of A and the "length"
+  // bytes at "bytes" into "*crc".
+  virtual void Extend(uint32_t* crc, const void* bytes,
+                      size_t length) const = 0;
+
+  // Equivalent to Extend(crc, bytes, length) where "bytes"
+  // points to an array of "length" zero bytes.
+  virtual void ExtendByZeroes(uint32_t* crc, size_t length) const = 0;
+
+  // Inverse operation of ExtendByZeroes.  If `crc` is the CRC value of a string
+  // ending in `length` zero bytes, this returns a CRC value of that string
+  // with those zero bytes removed.
+  virtual void UnextendByZeroes(uint32_t* crc, size_t length) const = 0;
+
+  // Apply a non-linear transformation to "*crc" so that
+  // it is safe to CRC the result with the same polynomial without
+  // any reduction of error-detection ability in the outer CRC.
+  // Unscramble() performs the inverse transformation.
+  // It is strongly recommended that CRCs be scrambled before storage or
+  // transmission, and unscrambled at the other end before further manipulation.
+  virtual void Scramble(uint32_t* crc) const = 0;
+  virtual void Unscramble(uint32_t* crc) const = 0;
+
+  // Crc32c() returns the singleton implementation of CRC for the CRC32C
+  // polynomial.  Returns a handle that MUST NOT be destroyed with delete.
+  static CRC* Crc32c();
+
+ protected:
+  CRC();  // Clients may not call constructor; use Crc32c() instead.
+
+ private:
+  CRC(const CRC&) = delete;
+  CRC& operator=(const CRC&) = delete;
+};
+
+}  // namespace crc_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_CRC_H_
diff --git a/absl/crc/internal/crc32_x86_arm_combined_simd.h b/absl/crc/internal/crc32_x86_arm_combined_simd.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..39e53dd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/crc/internal/crc32_x86_arm_combined_simd.h
@@ -0,0 +1,269 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_CRC32_X86_ARM_COMBINED_SIMD_H_
+#define ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_CRC32_X86_ARM_COMBINED_SIMD_H_
+
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+
+// -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Many x86 and ARM machines have CRC acceleration hardware.
+// We can do a faster version of Extend() on such machines.
+// We define a translation layer for both x86 and ARM for the ease of use and
+// most performance gains.
+
+// This implementation requires 64-bit CRC instructions (part of SSE 4.2) and
+// PCLMULQDQ instructions. 32-bit builds with SSE 4.2 do exist, so the
+// __x86_64__ condition is necessary.
+#if defined(__x86_64__) && defined(__SSE4_2__) && defined(__PCLMUL__)
+
+#include <x86intrin.h>
+#define ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_HAVE_X86_SIMD
+
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__clang__) && defined(__AVX__)
+
+// MSVC AVX (/arch:AVX) implies SSE 4.2 and PCLMULQDQ.
+#include <intrin.h>
+#define ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_HAVE_X86_SIMD
+
+#elif defined(__aarch64__) && defined(__LITTLE_ENDIAN__) && \
+    defined(__ARM_FEATURE_CRC32) && defined(ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_ARM_NEON) &&  \
+    defined(__ARM_FEATURE_CRYPTO)
+
+#include <arm_acle.h>
+#include <arm_neon.h>
+#define ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_HAVE_ARM_SIMD
+
+#endif
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace crc_internal {
+
+#if defined(ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_HAVE_ARM_SIMD) || \
+    defined(ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_HAVE_X86_SIMD)
+
+#if defined(ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_HAVE_ARM_SIMD)
+using V128 = uint64x2_t;
+#else
+using V128 = __m128i;
+#endif
+
+// Starting with the initial value in |crc|, accumulates a CRC32 value for
+// unsigned integers of different sizes.
+uint32_t CRC32_u8(uint32_t crc, uint8_t v);
+
+uint32_t CRC32_u16(uint32_t crc, uint16_t v);
+
+uint32_t CRC32_u32(uint32_t crc, uint32_t v);
+
+uint32_t CRC32_u64(uint32_t crc, uint64_t v);
+
+// Loads 128 bits of integer data. |src| must be 16-byte aligned.
+V128 V128_Load(const V128* src);
+
+// Load 128 bits of integer data. |src| does not need to be aligned.
+V128 V128_LoadU(const V128* src);
+
+// Polynomially multiplies the high 64 bits of |l| and |r|.
+V128 V128_PMulHi(const V128 l, const V128 r);
+
+// Polynomially multiplies the low 64 bits of |l| and |r|.
+V128 V128_PMulLow(const V128 l, const V128 r);
+
+// Polynomially multiplies the low 64 bits of |r| and high 64 bits of |l|.
+V128 V128_PMul01(const V128 l, const V128 r);
+
+// Polynomially multiplies the low 64 bits of |l| and high 64 bits of |r|.
+V128 V128_PMul10(const V128 l, const V128 r);
+
+// Produces a XOR operation of |l| and |r|.
+V128 V128_Xor(const V128 l, const V128 r);
+
+// Produces an AND operation of |l| and |r|.
+V128 V128_And(const V128 l, const V128 r);
+
+// Sets two 64 bit integers to one 128 bit vector. The order is reverse.
+// dst[63:0] := |r|
+// dst[127:64] := |l|
+V128 V128_From2x64(const uint64_t l, const uint64_t r);
+
+// Shift |l| right by |imm| bytes while shifting in zeros.
+template <int imm>
+V128 V128_ShiftRight(const V128 l);
+
+// Extracts a 32-bit integer from |l|, selected with |imm|.
+template <int imm>
+int V128_Extract32(const V128 l);
+
+// Extracts the low 64 bits from V128.
+int64_t V128_Low64(const V128 l);
+
+// Left-shifts packed 64-bit integers in l by r.
+V128 V128_ShiftLeft64(const V128 l, const V128 r);
+
+#endif
+
+#if defined(ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_HAVE_X86_SIMD)
+
+inline uint32_t CRC32_u8(uint32_t crc, uint8_t v) {
+  return _mm_crc32_u8(crc, v);
+}
+
+inline uint32_t CRC32_u16(uint32_t crc, uint16_t v) {
+  return _mm_crc32_u16(crc, v);
+}
+
+inline uint32_t CRC32_u32(uint32_t crc, uint32_t v) {
+  return _mm_crc32_u32(crc, v);
+}
+
+inline uint32_t CRC32_u64(uint32_t crc, uint64_t v) {
+  return static_cast<uint32_t>(_mm_crc32_u64(crc, v));
+}
+
+inline V128 V128_Load(const V128* src) { return _mm_load_si128(src); }
+
+inline V128 V128_LoadU(const V128* src) { return _mm_loadu_si128(src); }
+
+inline V128 V128_PMulHi(const V128 l, const V128 r) {
+  return _mm_clmulepi64_si128(l, r, 0x11);
+}
+
+inline V128 V128_PMulLow(const V128 l, const V128 r) {
+  return _mm_clmulepi64_si128(l, r, 0x00);
+}
+
+inline V128 V128_PMul01(const V128 l, const V128 r) {
+  return _mm_clmulepi64_si128(l, r, 0x01);
+}
+
+inline V128 V128_PMul10(const V128 l, const V128 r) {
+  return _mm_clmulepi64_si128(l, r, 0x10);
+}
+
+inline V128 V128_Xor(const V128 l, const V128 r) { return _mm_xor_si128(l, r); }
+
+inline V128 V128_And(const V128 l, const V128 r) { return _mm_and_si128(l, r); }
+
+inline V128 V128_From2x64(const uint64_t l, const uint64_t r) {
+  return _mm_set_epi64x(static_cast<int64_t>(l), static_cast<int64_t>(r));
+}
+
+template <int imm>
+inline V128 V128_ShiftRight(const V128 l) {
+  return _mm_srli_si128(l, imm);
+}
+
+template <int imm>
+inline int V128_Extract32(const V128 l) {
+  return _mm_extract_epi32(l, imm);
+}
+
+inline int64_t V128_Low64(const V128 l) { return _mm_cvtsi128_si64(l); }
+
+inline V128 V128_ShiftLeft64(const V128 l, const V128 r) {
+  return _mm_sll_epi64(l, r);
+}
+
+#elif defined(ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_HAVE_ARM_SIMD)
+
+inline uint32_t CRC32_u8(uint32_t crc, uint8_t v) { return __crc32cb(crc, v); }
+
+inline uint32_t CRC32_u16(uint32_t crc, uint16_t v) {
+  return __crc32ch(crc, v);
+}
+
+inline uint32_t CRC32_u32(uint32_t crc, uint32_t v) {
+  return __crc32cw(crc, v);
+}
+
+inline uint32_t CRC32_u64(uint32_t crc, uint64_t v) {
+  return __crc32cd(crc, v);
+}
+
+inline V128 V128_Load(const V128* src) {
+  return vld1q_u64(reinterpret_cast<const uint64_t*>(src));
+}
+
+inline V128 V128_LoadU(const V128* src) {
+  return vld1q_u64(reinterpret_cast<const uint64_t*>(src));
+}
+
+// Using inline assembly as clang does not generate the pmull2 instruction and
+// performance drops by 15-20%.
+// TODO(b/193678732): Investigate why the compiler decides not to generate
+// such instructions and why it becomes so much worse.
+inline V128 V128_PMulHi(const V128 l, const V128 r) {
+  uint64x2_t res;
+  __asm__ __volatile__("pmull2 %0.1q, %1.2d, %2.2d \n\t"
+                       : "=w"(res)
+                       : "w"(l), "w"(r));
+  return res;
+}
+
+inline V128 V128_PMulLow(const V128 l, const V128 r) {
+  return reinterpret_cast<V128>(vmull_p64(
+      reinterpret_cast<poly64_t>(vget_low_p64(vreinterpretq_p64_u64(l))),
+      reinterpret_cast<poly64_t>(vget_low_p64(vreinterpretq_p64_u64(r)))));
+}
+
+inline V128 V128_PMul01(const V128 l, const V128 r) {
+  return reinterpret_cast<V128>(vmull_p64(
+      reinterpret_cast<poly64_t>(vget_high_p64(vreinterpretq_p64_u64(l))),
+      reinterpret_cast<poly64_t>(vget_low_p64(vreinterpretq_p64_u64(r)))));
+}
+
+inline V128 V128_PMul10(const V128 l, const V128 r) {
+  return reinterpret_cast<V128>(vmull_p64(
+      reinterpret_cast<poly64_t>(vget_low_p64(vreinterpretq_p64_u64(l))),
+      reinterpret_cast<poly64_t>(vget_high_p64(vreinterpretq_p64_u64(r)))));
+}
+
+inline V128 V128_Xor(const V128 l, const V128 r) { return veorq_u64(l, r); }
+
+inline V128 V128_And(const V128 l, const V128 r) { return vandq_u64(l, r); }
+
+inline V128 V128_From2x64(const uint64_t l, const uint64_t r) {
+  return vcombine_u64(vcreate_u64(r), vcreate_u64(l));
+}
+
+template <int imm>
+inline V128 V128_ShiftRight(const V128 l) {
+  return vreinterpretq_u64_s8(
+      vextq_s8(vreinterpretq_s8_u64(l), vdupq_n_s8(0), imm));
+}
+
+template <int imm>
+inline int V128_Extract32(const V128 l) {
+  return vgetq_lane_s32(vreinterpretq_s32_u64(l), imm);
+}
+
+inline int64_t V128_Low64(const V128 l) {
+  return vgetq_lane_s64(vreinterpretq_s64_u64(l), 0);
+}
+
+inline V128 V128_ShiftLeft64(const V128 l, const V128 r) {
+  return vshlq_u64(l, vreinterpretq_s64_u64(r));
+}
+
+#endif
+
+}  // namespace crc_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_CRC32_X86_ARM_COMBINED_SIMD_H_
diff --git a/absl/crc/internal/crc32c.h b/absl/crc/internal/crc32c.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..34027c55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/crc/internal/crc32c.h
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_CRC32C_H_
+#define ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_CRC32C_H_
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/crc/crc32c.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace crc_internal {
+
+// Modifies a CRC32 value by removing `length` bytes with a value of 0 from
+// the end of the string.
+//
+// This is the inverse operation of ExtendCrc32cByZeroes().
+//
+// This operation has a runtime cost of O(log(`length`))
+//
+// Internal implementation detail, exposed for testing only.
+crc32c_t UnextendCrc32cByZeroes(crc32c_t initial_crc, size_t length);
+
+}  // namespace crc_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_CRC32C_H_
diff --git a/absl/crc/internal/crc32c_inline.h b/absl/crc/internal/crc32c_inline.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6236c10b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/crc/internal/crc32c_inline.h
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_CRC32C_INLINE_H_
+#define ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_CRC32C_INLINE_H_
+
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/endian.h"
+#include "absl/crc/internal/crc32_x86_arm_combined_simd.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace crc_internal {
+
+// CRC32C implementation optimized for small inputs.
+// Either computes crc and return true, or if there is
+// no hardware support does nothing and returns false.
+inline bool ExtendCrc32cInline(uint32_t* crc, const char* p, size_t n) {
+#if defined(ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_HAVE_ARM_SIMD) || \
+    defined(ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_HAVE_X86_SIMD)
+  constexpr uint32_t kCrc32Xor = 0xffffffffU;
+  *crc ^= kCrc32Xor;
+  if (n & 1) {
+    *crc = CRC32_u8(*crc, static_cast<uint8_t>(*p));
+    n--;
+    p++;
+  }
+  if (n & 2) {
+    *crc = CRC32_u16(*crc, absl::little_endian::Load16(p));
+    n -= 2;
+    p += 2;
+  }
+  if (n & 4) {
+    *crc = CRC32_u32(*crc, absl::little_endian::Load32(p));
+    n -= 4;
+    p += 4;
+  }
+  while (n) {
+    *crc = CRC32_u64(*crc, absl::little_endian::Load64(p));
+    n -= 8;
+    p += 8;
+  }
+  *crc ^= kCrc32Xor;
+  return true;
+#else
+  // No hardware support, signal the need to fallback.
+  static_cast<void>(crc);
+  static_cast<void>(p);
+  static_cast<void>(n);
+  return false;
+#endif  // defined(ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_HAVE_ARM_SIMD) ||
+        // defined(ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_HAVE_X86_SIMD)
+}
+
+}  // namespace crc_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_CRC32C_INLINE_H_
diff --git a/absl/crc/internal/crc_cord_state.cc b/absl/crc/internal/crc_cord_state.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..28d04dc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/crc/internal/crc_cord_state.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/crc/internal/crc_cord_state.h"
+
+#include <cassert>
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/numeric/bits.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace crc_internal {
+
+CrcCordState::RefcountedRep* CrcCordState::RefSharedEmptyRep() {
+  static CrcCordState::RefcountedRep* empty = new CrcCordState::RefcountedRep;
+
+  assert(empty->count.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) >= 1);
+  assert(empty->rep.removed_prefix.length == 0);
+  assert(empty->rep.prefix_crc.empty());
+
+  Ref(empty);
+  return empty;
+}
+
+CrcCordState::CrcCordState() : refcounted_rep_(new RefcountedRep) {}
+
+CrcCordState::CrcCordState(const CrcCordState& other)
+    : refcounted_rep_(other.refcounted_rep_) {
+  Ref(refcounted_rep_);
+}
+
+CrcCordState::CrcCordState(CrcCordState&& other)
+    : refcounted_rep_(other.refcounted_rep_) {
+  // Make `other` valid for use after move.
+  other.refcounted_rep_ = RefSharedEmptyRep();
+}
+
+CrcCordState& CrcCordState::operator=(const CrcCordState& other) {
+  if (this != &other) {
+    Unref(refcounted_rep_);
+    refcounted_rep_ = other.refcounted_rep_;
+    Ref(refcounted_rep_);
+  }
+  return *this;
+}
+
+CrcCordState& CrcCordState::operator=(CrcCordState&& other) {
+  if (this != &other) {
+    Unref(refcounted_rep_);
+    refcounted_rep_ = other.refcounted_rep_;
+    // Make `other` valid for use after move.
+    other.refcounted_rep_ = RefSharedEmptyRep();
+  }
+  return *this;
+}
+
+CrcCordState::~CrcCordState() {
+  Unref(refcounted_rep_);
+}
+
+crc32c_t CrcCordState::Checksum() const {
+  if (rep().prefix_crc.empty()) {
+    return absl::crc32c_t{0};
+  }
+  if (IsNormalized()) {
+    return rep().prefix_crc.back().crc;
+  }
+  return absl::RemoveCrc32cPrefix(
+      rep().removed_prefix.crc, rep().prefix_crc.back().crc,
+      rep().prefix_crc.back().length - rep().removed_prefix.length);
+}
+
+CrcCordState::PrefixCrc CrcCordState::NormalizedPrefixCrcAtNthChunk(
+    size_t n) const {
+  assert(n < NumChunks());
+  if (IsNormalized()) {
+    return rep().prefix_crc[n];
+  }
+  size_t length = rep().prefix_crc[n].length - rep().removed_prefix.length;
+  return PrefixCrc(length,
+                   absl::RemoveCrc32cPrefix(rep().removed_prefix.crc,
+                                            rep().prefix_crc[n].crc, length));
+}
+
+void CrcCordState::Normalize() {
+  if (IsNormalized() || rep().prefix_crc.empty()) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  Rep* r = mutable_rep();
+  for (auto& prefix_crc : r->prefix_crc) {
+    size_t remaining = prefix_crc.length - r->removed_prefix.length;
+    prefix_crc.crc = absl::RemoveCrc32cPrefix(r->removed_prefix.crc,
+                                              prefix_crc.crc, remaining);
+    prefix_crc.length = remaining;
+  }
+  r->removed_prefix = PrefixCrc();
+}
+
+void CrcCordState::Poison() {
+  Rep* rep = mutable_rep();
+  if (NumChunks() > 0) {
+    for (auto& prefix_crc : rep->prefix_crc) {
+      // This is basically CRC32::Scramble().
+      uint32_t crc = static_cast<uint32_t>(prefix_crc.crc);
+      crc += 0x2e76e41b;
+      crc = absl::rotr(crc, 17);
+      prefix_crc.crc = crc32c_t{crc};
+    }
+  } else {
+    // Add a fake corrupt chunk.
+    rep->prefix_crc.emplace_back(0, crc32c_t{1});
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace crc_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/crc/internal/crc_cord_state.h b/absl/crc/internal/crc_cord_state.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fbbb8c00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/crc/internal/crc_cord_state.h
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_CRC_CORD_STATE_H_
+#define ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_CRC_CORD_STATE_H_
+
+#include <atomic>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <deque>
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/crc/crc32c.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace crc_internal {
+
+// CrcCordState is a copy-on-write class that holds the chunked CRC32C data
+// that allows CrcCord to perform efficient substring operations. CrcCordState
+// is used as a member variable in CrcCord. When a CrcCord is converted to a
+// Cord, the CrcCordState is shallow-copied into the root node of the Cord. If
+// the converted Cord is modified outside of CrcCord, the CrcCordState is
+// discarded from the Cord. If the Cord is converted back to a CrcCord, and the
+// Cord is still carrying the CrcCordState in its root node, the CrcCord can
+// re-use the CrcCordState, making the construction of the CrcCord cheap.
+//
+// CrcCordState does not try to encapsulate the CRC32C state (CrcCord requires
+// knowledge of how CrcCordState represents the CRC32C state). It does
+// encapsulate the copy-on-write nature of the state.
+class CrcCordState {
+ public:
+  // Constructors.
+  CrcCordState();
+  CrcCordState(const CrcCordState&);
+  CrcCordState(CrcCordState&&);
+
+  // Destructor. Atomically unreferences the data.
+  ~CrcCordState();
+
+  // Copy and move operators.
+  CrcCordState& operator=(const CrcCordState&);
+  CrcCordState& operator=(CrcCordState&&);
+
+  // A (length, crc) pair.
+  struct PrefixCrc {
+    PrefixCrc() = default;
+    PrefixCrc(size_t length_arg, absl::crc32c_t crc_arg)
+        : length(length_arg), crc(crc_arg) {}
+
+    size_t length = 0;
+
+    // TODO(absl-team): Memory stomping often zeros out memory. If this struct
+    // gets overwritten, we could end up with {0, 0}, which is the correct CRC
+    // for a string of length 0. Consider storing a scrambled value and
+    // unscrambling it before verifying it.
+    absl::crc32c_t crc = absl::crc32c_t{0};
+  };
+
+  // The representation of the chunked CRC32C data.
+  struct Rep {
+    // `removed_prefix` is the crc and length of any prefix that has been
+    // removed from the Cord (for example, by calling
+    // `CrcCord::RemovePrefix()`). To get the checksum of any prefix of the
+    // cord, this value must be subtracted from `prefix_crc`. See `Checksum()`
+    // for an example.
+    //
+    // CrcCordState is said to be "normalized" if removed_prefix.length == 0.
+    PrefixCrc removed_prefix;
+
+    // A deque of (length, crc) pairs, representing length and crc of a prefix
+    // of the Cord, before removed_prefix has been subtracted. The lengths of
+    // the prefixes are stored in increasing order. If the Cord is not empty,
+    // the last value in deque is the contains the CRC32C of the entire Cord
+    // when removed_prefix is subtracted from it.
+    std::deque<PrefixCrc> prefix_crc;
+  };
+
+  // Returns a reference to the representation of the chunked CRC32C data.
+  const Rep& rep() const { return refcounted_rep_->rep; }
+
+  // Returns a mutable reference to the representation of the chunked CRC32C
+  // data. Calling this function will copy the data if another instance also
+  // holds a reference to the data, so it is important to call rep() instead if
+  // the data may not be mutated.
+  Rep* mutable_rep() {
+    if (refcounted_rep_->count.load(std::memory_order_acquire) != 1) {
+      RefcountedRep* copy = new RefcountedRep;
+      copy->rep = refcounted_rep_->rep;
+      Unref(refcounted_rep_);
+      refcounted_rep_ = copy;
+    }
+    return &refcounted_rep_->rep;
+  }
+
+  // Returns the CRC32C of the entire Cord.
+  absl::crc32c_t Checksum() const;
+
+  // Returns true if the chunked CRC32C cached is normalized.
+  bool IsNormalized() const { return rep().removed_prefix.length == 0; }
+
+  // Normalizes the chunked CRC32C checksum cache by subtracting any removed
+  // prefix from the chunks.
+  void Normalize();
+
+  // Returns the number of cached chunks.
+  size_t NumChunks() const { return rep().prefix_crc.size(); }
+
+  // Helper that returns the (length, crc) of the `n`-th cached chunked.
+  PrefixCrc NormalizedPrefixCrcAtNthChunk(size_t n) const;
+
+  // Poisons all chunks to so that Checksum() will likely be incorrect with high
+  // probability.
+  void Poison();
+
+ private:
+  struct RefcountedRep {
+    std::atomic<int32_t> count{1};
+    Rep rep;
+  };
+
+  // Adds a reference to the shared global empty `RefcountedRep`, and returns a
+  // pointer to the `RefcountedRep`. This is an optimization to avoid unneeded
+  // allocations when the allocation is unlikely to ever be used. The returned
+  // pointer can be `Unref()`ed when it is no longer needed.  Since the returned
+  // instance will always have a reference counter greater than 1, attempts to
+  // modify it (by calling `mutable_rep()`) will create a new unshared copy.
+  static RefcountedRep* RefSharedEmptyRep();
+
+  static void Ref(RefcountedRep* r) {
+    assert(r != nullptr);
+    r->count.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  }
+
+  static void Unref(RefcountedRep* r) {
+    assert(r != nullptr);
+    if (r->count.fetch_sub(1, std::memory_order_acq_rel) == 1) {
+      delete r;
+    }
+  }
+
+  RefcountedRep* refcounted_rep_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace crc_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_CRC_CORD_STATE_H_
diff --git a/absl/crc/internal/crc_cord_state_test.cc b/absl/crc/internal/crc_cord_state_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e2c8e3cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/crc/internal/crc_cord_state_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/crc/internal/crc_cord_state.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/crc/crc32c.h"
+
+namespace {
+
+TEST(CrcCordState, Default) {
+  absl::crc_internal::CrcCordState state;
+  EXPECT_TRUE(state.IsNormalized());
+  EXPECT_EQ(state.Checksum(), absl::crc32c_t{0});
+  state.Normalize();
+  EXPECT_EQ(state.Checksum(), absl::crc32c_t{0});
+}
+
+TEST(CrcCordState, Normalize) {
+  absl::crc_internal::CrcCordState state;
+  auto* rep = state.mutable_rep();
+  rep->prefix_crc.push_back(
+      absl::crc_internal::CrcCordState::PrefixCrc(1000, absl::crc32c_t{1000}));
+  rep->prefix_crc.push_back(
+      absl::crc_internal::CrcCordState::PrefixCrc(2000, absl::crc32c_t{2000}));
+  rep->removed_prefix =
+      absl::crc_internal::CrcCordState::PrefixCrc(500, absl::crc32c_t{500});
+
+  // The removed_prefix means state is not normalized.
+  EXPECT_FALSE(state.IsNormalized());
+
+  absl::crc32c_t crc = state.Checksum();
+  state.Normalize();
+  EXPECT_TRUE(state.IsNormalized());
+
+  // The checksum should not change as a result of calling Normalize().
+  EXPECT_EQ(state.Checksum(), crc);
+  EXPECT_EQ(rep->removed_prefix.length, 0);
+}
+
+TEST(CrcCordState, Copy) {
+  absl::crc_internal::CrcCordState state;
+  auto* rep = state.mutable_rep();
+  rep->prefix_crc.push_back(
+      absl::crc_internal::CrcCordState::PrefixCrc(1000, absl::crc32c_t{1000}));
+
+  absl::crc_internal::CrcCordState copy = state;
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(state.Checksum(), absl::crc32c_t{1000});
+  EXPECT_EQ(copy.Checksum(), absl::crc32c_t{1000});
+}
+
+TEST(CrcCordState, UnsharedSelfCopy) {
+  absl::crc_internal::CrcCordState state;
+  auto* rep = state.mutable_rep();
+  rep->prefix_crc.push_back(
+      absl::crc_internal::CrcCordState::PrefixCrc(1000, absl::crc32c_t{1000}));
+
+  const absl::crc_internal::CrcCordState& ref = state;
+  state = ref;
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(state.Checksum(), absl::crc32c_t{1000});
+}
+
+TEST(CrcCordState, Move) {
+  absl::crc_internal::CrcCordState state;
+  auto* rep = state.mutable_rep();
+  rep->prefix_crc.push_back(
+      absl::crc_internal::CrcCordState::PrefixCrc(1000, absl::crc32c_t{1000}));
+
+  absl::crc_internal::CrcCordState moved = std::move(state);
+  EXPECT_EQ(moved.Checksum(), absl::crc32c_t{1000});
+}
+
+TEST(CrcCordState, UnsharedSelfMove) {
+  absl::crc_internal::CrcCordState state;
+  auto* rep = state.mutable_rep();
+  rep->prefix_crc.push_back(
+      absl::crc_internal::CrcCordState::PrefixCrc(1000, absl::crc32c_t{1000}));
+
+  absl::crc_internal::CrcCordState& ref = state;
+  state = std::move(ref);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(state.Checksum(), absl::crc32c_t{1000});
+}
+
+TEST(CrcCordState, PoisonDefault) {
+  absl::crc_internal::CrcCordState state;
+  state.Poison();
+  EXPECT_NE(state.Checksum(), absl::crc32c_t{0});
+}
+
+TEST(CrcCordState, PoisonData) {
+  absl::crc_internal::CrcCordState state;
+  auto* rep = state.mutable_rep();
+  rep->prefix_crc.push_back(
+      absl::crc_internal::CrcCordState::PrefixCrc(1000, absl::crc32c_t{1000}));
+  rep->prefix_crc.push_back(
+      absl::crc_internal::CrcCordState::PrefixCrc(2000, absl::crc32c_t{2000}));
+  rep->removed_prefix =
+      absl::crc_internal::CrcCordState::PrefixCrc(500, absl::crc32c_t{500});
+
+  absl::crc32c_t crc = state.Checksum();
+  state.Poison();
+  EXPECT_NE(state.Checksum(), crc);
+}
+
+}  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/crc/internal/crc_internal.h b/absl/crc/internal/crc_internal.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4d3582d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/crc/internal/crc_internal.h
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_CRC_INTERNAL_H_
+#define ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_CRC_INTERNAL_H_
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <memory>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
+#include "absl/crc/internal/crc.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+namespace crc_internal {
+
+// Prefetch constants used in some Extend() implementations
+constexpr int kPrefetchHorizon = ABSL_CACHELINE_SIZE * 4;  // Prefetch this far
+// Shorter prefetch distance for smaller buffers
+constexpr int kPrefetchHorizonMedium = ABSL_CACHELINE_SIZE * 1;
+static_assert(kPrefetchHorizon >= 64, "CRCPrefetchHorizon less than loop len");
+
+// We require the Scramble() function:
+//  - to be reversible (Unscramble() must exist)
+//  - to be non-linear in the polynomial's Galois field (so the CRC of a
+//    scrambled CRC is not linearly affected by the scrambled CRC, even if
+//    using the same polynomial)
+//  - not to be its own inverse.  Preferably, if X=Scramble^N(X) and N!=0, then
+//    N is large.
+//  - to be fast.
+//  - not to change once defined.
+// We introduce non-linearity in two ways:
+//     Addition of a constant.
+//         - The carries introduce non-linearity; we use bits of an irrational
+//           (phi) to make it unlikely that we introduce no carries.
+//     Rotate by a constant number of bits.
+//         - We use floor(degree/2)+1, which does not divide the degree, and
+//           splits the bits nearly evenly, which makes it less likely the
+//           halves will be the same or one will be all zeroes.
+// We do both things to improve the chances of non-linearity in the face of
+// bit patterns with low numbers of bits set, while still being fast.
+// Below is the constant that we add.  The bits are the first 128 bits of the
+// fractional part of phi, with a 1 ored into the bottom bit to maximize the
+// cycle length of repeated adds.
+constexpr uint64_t kScrambleHi = (static_cast<uint64_t>(0x4f1bbcdcU) << 32) |
+                                 static_cast<uint64_t>(0xbfa53e0aU);
+constexpr uint64_t kScrambleLo = (static_cast<uint64_t>(0xf9ce6030U) << 32) |
+                                 static_cast<uint64_t>(0x2e76e41bU);
+
+class CRCImpl : public CRC {  // Implementation of the abstract class CRC
+ public:
+  using Uint32By256 = uint32_t[256];
+
+  CRCImpl() = default;
+  ~CRCImpl() override = default;
+
+  // The internal version of CRC::New().
+  static CRCImpl* NewInternal();
+
+  // Fill in a table for updating a CRC by one word of 'word_size' bytes
+  // [last_lo, last_hi] contains the answer if the last bit in the word
+  // is set.
+  static void FillWordTable(uint32_t poly, uint32_t last, int word_size,
+                            Uint32By256* t);
+
+  // Build the table for extending by zeroes, returning the number of entries.
+  // For a in {1, 2, ..., ZEROES_BASE-1}, b in {0, 1, 2, 3, ...},
+  // entry j=a-1+(ZEROES_BASE-1)*b
+  // contains a polynomial Pi such that multiplying
+  // a CRC by Pi mod P, where P is the CRC polynomial, is equivalent to
+  // appending a*2**(ZEROES_BASE_LG*b) zero bytes to the original string.
+  static int FillZeroesTable(uint32_t poly, Uint32By256* t);
+
+  virtual void InitTables() = 0;
+
+ private:
+  CRCImpl(const CRCImpl&) = delete;
+  CRCImpl& operator=(const CRCImpl&) = delete;
+};
+
+// This is the 32-bit implementation.  It handles all sizes from 8 to 32.
+class CRC32 : public CRCImpl {
+ public:
+  CRC32() = default;
+  ~CRC32() override = default;
+
+  void Extend(uint32_t* crc, const void* bytes, size_t length) const override;
+  void ExtendByZeroes(uint32_t* crc, size_t length) const override;
+  void Scramble(uint32_t* crc) const override;
+  void Unscramble(uint32_t* crc) const override;
+  void UnextendByZeroes(uint32_t* crc, size_t length) const override;
+
+  void InitTables() override;
+
+ private:
+  // Common implementation guts for ExtendByZeroes and UnextendByZeroes().
+  //
+  // zeroes_table is a table as returned by FillZeroesTable(), containing
+  // polynomials representing CRCs of strings-of-zeros of various lengths,
+  // and which can be combined by polynomial multiplication.  poly_table is
+  // a table of CRC byte extension values.  These tables are determined by
+  // the generator polynomial.
+  //
+  // These will be set to reverse_zeroes_ and reverse_table0_ for Unextend, and
+  // CRC32::zeroes_ and CRC32::table0_ for Extend.
+  static void ExtendByZeroesImpl(uint32_t* crc, size_t length,
+                                 const uint32_t zeroes_table[256],
+                                 const uint32_t poly_table[256]);
+
+  uint32_t table0_[256];  // table of byte extensions
+  uint32_t zeroes_[256];  // table of zero extensions
+
+  // table of 4-byte extensions shifted by 12 bytes of zeroes
+  uint32_t table_[4][256];
+
+  // Reverse lookup tables, using the alternate polynomial used by
+  // UnextendByZeroes().
+  uint32_t reverse_table0_[256];  // table of reverse byte extensions
+  uint32_t reverse_zeroes_[256];  // table of reverse zero extensions
+
+  CRC32(const CRC32&) = delete;
+  CRC32& operator=(const CRC32&) = delete;
+};
+
+// Helpers
+
+// Return a bit mask containing len 1-bits.
+// Requires 0 < len <= sizeof(T)
+template <typename T>
+T MaskOfLength(int len) {
+  // shift 2 by len-1 rather than 1 by len because shifts of wordsize
+  // are undefined.
+  return (T(2) << (len - 1)) - 1;
+}
+
+// Rotate low-order "width" bits of "in" right by "r" bits,
+// setting other bits in word to arbitrary values.
+template <typename T>
+T RotateRight(T in, int width, int r) {
+  return (in << (width - r)) | ((in >> r) & MaskOfLength<T>(width - r));
+}
+
+// RoundUp<N>(p) returns the lowest address >= p aligned to an N-byte
+// boundary.  Requires that N is a power of 2.
+template <int alignment>
+const uint8_t* RoundUp(const uint8_t* p) {
+  static_assert((alignment & (alignment - 1)) == 0, "alignment is not 2^n");
+  constexpr uintptr_t mask = alignment - 1;
+  const uintptr_t as_uintptr = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(p);
+  return reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>((as_uintptr + mask) & ~mask);
+}
+
+// Return a newly created CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombined if we can use Intel's
+// or ARM's CRC acceleration for a given polynomial.  Return nullptr otherwise.
+CRCImpl* TryNewCRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombined();
+
+// Return all possible hardware accelerated implementations. For testing only.
+std::vector<std::unique_ptr<CRCImpl>> NewCRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedAll();
+
+}  // namespace crc_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_CRC_INTERNAL_H_
diff --git a/absl/crc/internal/crc_memcpy.h b/absl/crc/internal/crc_memcpy.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4909d433
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/crc/internal/crc_memcpy.h
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_CRC_MEMCPY_H_
+#define ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_CRC_MEMCPY_H_
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <memory>
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/crc/crc32c.h"
+
+// Defined if the class AcceleratedCrcMemcpyEngine exists.
+#if defined(__x86_64__) && defined(__SSE4_2__)
+#define ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_X86_64_ACCELERATED_CRC_MEMCPY_ENGINE 1
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(__AVX__)
+#define ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_X86_64_ACCELERATED_CRC_MEMCPY_ENGINE 1
+#endif
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace crc_internal {
+
+class CrcMemcpyEngine {
+ public:
+  virtual ~CrcMemcpyEngine() = default;
+
+  virtual crc32c_t Compute(void* __restrict dst, const void* __restrict src,
+                           std::size_t length, crc32c_t initial_crc) const = 0;
+
+ protected:
+  CrcMemcpyEngine() = default;
+};
+
+class CrcMemcpy {
+ public:
+  static crc32c_t CrcAndCopy(void* __restrict dst, const void* __restrict src,
+                             std::size_t length,
+                             crc32c_t initial_crc = crc32c_t{0},
+                             bool non_temporal = false) {
+    static const ArchSpecificEngines engines = GetArchSpecificEngines();
+    auto* engine = non_temporal ? engines.non_temporal : engines.temporal;
+    return engine->Compute(dst, src, length, initial_crc);
+  }
+
+  // For testing only: get an architecture-specific engine for tests.
+  static std::unique_ptr<CrcMemcpyEngine> GetTestEngine(int vector,
+                                                        int integer);
+
+ private:
+  struct ArchSpecificEngines {
+    CrcMemcpyEngine* temporal;
+    CrcMemcpyEngine* non_temporal;
+  };
+
+  static ArchSpecificEngines GetArchSpecificEngines();
+};
+
+// Fallback CRC-memcpy engine.
+class FallbackCrcMemcpyEngine : public CrcMemcpyEngine {
+ public:
+  FallbackCrcMemcpyEngine() = default;
+  FallbackCrcMemcpyEngine(const FallbackCrcMemcpyEngine&) = delete;
+  FallbackCrcMemcpyEngine operator=(const FallbackCrcMemcpyEngine&) = delete;
+
+  crc32c_t Compute(void* __restrict dst, const void* __restrict src,
+                   std::size_t length, crc32c_t initial_crc) const override;
+};
+
+// CRC Non-Temporal-Memcpy engine.
+class CrcNonTemporalMemcpyEngine : public CrcMemcpyEngine {
+ public:
+  CrcNonTemporalMemcpyEngine() = default;
+  CrcNonTemporalMemcpyEngine(const CrcNonTemporalMemcpyEngine&) = delete;
+  CrcNonTemporalMemcpyEngine operator=(const CrcNonTemporalMemcpyEngine&) =
+      delete;
+
+  crc32c_t Compute(void* __restrict dst, const void* __restrict src,
+                   std::size_t length, crc32c_t initial_crc) const override;
+};
+
+// CRC Non-Temporal-Memcpy AVX engine.
+class CrcNonTemporalMemcpyAVXEngine : public CrcMemcpyEngine {
+ public:
+  CrcNonTemporalMemcpyAVXEngine() = default;
+  CrcNonTemporalMemcpyAVXEngine(const CrcNonTemporalMemcpyAVXEngine&) = delete;
+  CrcNonTemporalMemcpyAVXEngine operator=(
+      const CrcNonTemporalMemcpyAVXEngine&) = delete;
+
+  crc32c_t Compute(void* __restrict dst, const void* __restrict src,
+                   std::size_t length, crc32c_t initial_crc) const override;
+};
+
+// Copy source to destination and return the CRC32C of the data copied.  If an
+// accelerated version is available, use the accelerated version, otherwise use
+// the generic fallback version.
+inline crc32c_t Crc32CAndCopy(void* __restrict dst, const void* __restrict src,
+                              std::size_t length,
+                              crc32c_t initial_crc = crc32c_t{0},
+                              bool non_temporal = false) {
+  return CrcMemcpy::CrcAndCopy(dst, src, length, initial_crc, non_temporal);
+}
+
+}  // namespace crc_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_CRC_MEMCPY_H_
diff --git a/absl/crc/internal/crc_memcpy_fallback.cc b/absl/crc/internal/crc_memcpy_fallback.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..15b4b055
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/crc/internal/crc_memcpy_fallback.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <memory>
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/crc/crc32c.h"
+#include "absl/crc/internal/crc_memcpy.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace crc_internal {
+
+absl::crc32c_t FallbackCrcMemcpyEngine::Compute(void* __restrict dst,
+                                                const void* __restrict src,
+                                                std::size_t length,
+                                                crc32c_t initial_crc) const {
+  constexpr size_t kBlockSize = 8192;
+  absl::crc32c_t crc = initial_crc;
+
+  const char* src_bytes = reinterpret_cast<const char*>(src);
+  char* dst_bytes = reinterpret_cast<char*>(dst);
+
+  // Copy + CRC loop - run 8k chunks until we are out of full chunks.  CRC
+  // then copy was found to be slightly more efficient in our test cases.
+  std::size_t offset = 0;
+  for (; offset + kBlockSize < length; offset += kBlockSize) {
+    crc = absl::ExtendCrc32c(crc,
+                             absl::string_view(src_bytes + offset, kBlockSize));
+    memcpy(dst_bytes + offset, src_bytes + offset, kBlockSize);
+  }
+
+  // Save some work if length is 0.
+  if (offset < length) {
+    std::size_t final_copy_size = length - offset;
+    crc = absl::ExtendCrc32c(
+        crc, absl::string_view(src_bytes + offset, final_copy_size));
+    memcpy(dst_bytes + offset, src_bytes + offset, final_copy_size);
+  }
+
+  return crc;
+}
+
+// Compile the following only if we don't have
+#ifndef ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_X86_64_ACCELERATED_CRC_MEMCPY_ENGINE
+
+CrcMemcpy::ArchSpecificEngines CrcMemcpy::GetArchSpecificEngines() {
+  CrcMemcpy::ArchSpecificEngines engines;
+  engines.temporal = new FallbackCrcMemcpyEngine();
+  engines.non_temporal = new FallbackCrcMemcpyEngine();
+  return engines;
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<CrcMemcpyEngine> CrcMemcpy::GetTestEngine(int /*vector*/,
+                                                          int /*integer*/) {
+  return std::make_unique<FallbackCrcMemcpyEngine>();
+}
+
+#endif  // ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_X86_64_ACCELERATED_CRC_MEMCPY_ENGINE
+
+}  // namespace crc_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/crc/internal/crc_memcpy_test.cc b/absl/crc/internal/crc_memcpy_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bbdcd205
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/crc/internal/crc_memcpy_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/crc/internal/crc_memcpy.h"
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <limits>
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/crc/crc32c.h"
+#include "absl/memory/memory.h"
+#include "absl/random/distributions.h"
+#include "absl/random/random.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+
+namespace {
+
+enum CrcEngine {
+  X86 = 0,
+  NONTEMPORAL = 1,
+  FALLBACK = 2,
+};
+
+// Correctness tests:
+// - Every source/destination byte alignment 0-15, every size 0-511 bytes
+// - Arbitrarily aligned source, large size
+template <size_t max_size>
+class CrcMemcpyTest : public testing::Test {
+ protected:
+  CrcMemcpyTest() {
+    source_ = std::make_unique<char[]>(kSize);
+    destination_ = std::make_unique<char[]>(kSize);
+  }
+  static constexpr size_t kAlignment = 16;
+  static constexpr size_t kMaxCopySize = max_size;
+  static constexpr size_t kSize = kAlignment + kMaxCopySize;
+  std::unique_ptr<char[]> source_;
+  std::unique_ptr<char[]> destination_;
+
+  absl::BitGen gen_;
+};
+
+// Small test is slightly larger 4096 bytes to allow coverage of the "large"
+// copy function.  The minimum size to exercise all code paths in that function
+// would be around 256 consecutive tests (getting every possible tail value
+// and 0-2 small copy loops after the main block), so testing from 4096-4500
+// will cover all of those code paths multiple times.
+typedef CrcMemcpyTest<4500> CrcSmallTest;
+typedef CrcMemcpyTest<(1 << 24)> CrcLargeTest;
+// Parametrize the small test so that it can be done with all configurations.
+template <typename ParamsT>
+class x86ParamTestTemplate : public CrcSmallTest,
+                             public ::testing::WithParamInterface<ParamsT> {
+ protected:
+  x86ParamTestTemplate() {
+    if (GetParam().crc_engine_selector == FALLBACK) {
+      engine_ = std::make_unique<absl::crc_internal::FallbackCrcMemcpyEngine>();
+    } else if (GetParam().crc_engine_selector == NONTEMPORAL) {
+      engine_ =
+          std::make_unique<absl::crc_internal::CrcNonTemporalMemcpyEngine>();
+    } else {
+      engine_ = absl::crc_internal::CrcMemcpy::GetTestEngine(
+          GetParam().vector_lanes, GetParam().integer_lanes);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Convenience method.
+  ParamsT GetParam() const {
+    return ::testing::WithParamInterface<ParamsT>::GetParam();
+  }
+
+  std::unique_ptr<absl::crc_internal::CrcMemcpyEngine> engine_;
+};
+struct TestParams {
+  CrcEngine crc_engine_selector = X86;
+  int vector_lanes = 0;
+  int integer_lanes = 0;
+};
+using x86ParamTest = x86ParamTestTemplate<TestParams>;
+// SmallCorrectness is designed to exercise every possible set of code paths
+// in the memcpy code, not including the loop.
+TEST_P(x86ParamTest, SmallCorrectnessCheckSourceAlignment) {
+  constexpr size_t kTestSizes[] = {0, 100, 255, 512, 1024, 4000, kMaxCopySize};
+
+  for (size_t source_alignment = 0; source_alignment < kAlignment;
+       source_alignment++) {
+    for (auto size : kTestSizes) {
+      char* base_data = static_cast<char*>(source_.get()) + source_alignment;
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+        *(base_data + i) =
+            static_cast<char>(absl::Uniform<unsigned char>(gen_));
+      }
+      absl::crc32c_t initial_crc =
+          absl::crc32c_t{absl::Uniform<uint32_t>(gen_)};
+      absl::crc32c_t experiment_crc =
+          engine_->Compute(destination_.get(), source_.get() + source_alignment,
+                           size, initial_crc);
+      // Check the memory region to make sure it is the same
+      int mem_comparison =
+          memcmp(destination_.get(), source_.get() + source_alignment, size);
+      SCOPED_TRACE(absl::StrCat("Error in memcpy of size: ", size,
+                                " with source alignment: ", source_alignment));
+      ASSERT_EQ(mem_comparison, 0);
+      absl::crc32c_t baseline_crc = absl::ExtendCrc32c(
+          initial_crc,
+          absl::string_view(
+              static_cast<char*>(source_.get()) + source_alignment, size));
+      ASSERT_EQ(baseline_crc, experiment_crc);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+TEST_P(x86ParamTest, SmallCorrectnessCheckDestAlignment) {
+  constexpr size_t kTestSizes[] = {0, 100, 255, 512, 1024, 4000, kMaxCopySize};
+
+  for (size_t dest_alignment = 0; dest_alignment < kAlignment;
+       dest_alignment++) {
+    for (auto size : kTestSizes) {
+      char* base_data = static_cast<char*>(source_.get());
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+        *(base_data + i) =
+            static_cast<char>(absl::Uniform<unsigned char>(gen_));
+      }
+      absl::crc32c_t initial_crc =
+          absl::crc32c_t{absl::Uniform<uint32_t>(gen_)};
+      absl::crc32c_t experiment_crc =
+          engine_->Compute(destination_.get() + dest_alignment, source_.get(),
+                           size, initial_crc);
+      // Check the memory region to make sure it is the same
+      int mem_comparison =
+          memcmp(destination_.get() + dest_alignment, source_.get(), size);
+      SCOPED_TRACE(absl::StrCat("Error in memcpy of size: ", size,
+                                " with dest alignment: ", dest_alignment));
+      ASSERT_EQ(mem_comparison, 0);
+      absl::crc32c_t baseline_crc = absl::ExtendCrc32c(
+          initial_crc,
+          absl::string_view(static_cast<char*>(source_.get()), size));
+      ASSERT_EQ(baseline_crc, experiment_crc);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(x86ParamTest, x86ParamTest,
+                         ::testing::Values(
+                             // Tests for configurations that may occur in prod.
+                             TestParams{X86, 3, 0}, TestParams{X86, 1, 2},
+                             // Fallback test.
+                             TestParams{FALLBACK, 0, 0},
+                             // Non Temporal
+                             TestParams{NONTEMPORAL, 0, 0}));
+
+}  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/crc/internal/crc_memcpy_x86_64.cc b/absl/crc/internal/crc_memcpy_x86_64.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d42b08dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/crc/internal/crc_memcpy_x86_64.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,432 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+// Simultaneous memcopy and CRC-32C for x86-64.  Uses integer registers because
+// XMM registers do not support the CRC instruction (yet).  While copying,
+// compute the running CRC of the data being copied.
+//
+// It is assumed that any CPU running this code has SSE4.2 instructions
+// available (for CRC32C).  This file will do nothing if that is not true.
+//
+// The CRC instruction has a 3-byte latency, and we are stressing the ALU ports
+// here (unlike a traditional memcopy, which has almost no ALU use), so we will
+// need to copy in such a way that the CRC unit is used efficiently. We have two
+// regimes in this code:
+//  1. For operations of size < kCrcSmallSize, do the CRC then the memcpy
+//  2. For operations of size > kCrcSmallSize:
+//      a) compute an initial CRC + copy on a small amount of data to align the
+//         destination pointer on a 16-byte boundary.
+//      b) Split the data into 3 main regions and a tail (smaller than 48 bytes)
+//      c) Do the copy and CRC of the 3 main regions, interleaving (start with
+//         full cache line copies for each region, then move to single 16 byte
+//         pieces per region).
+//      d) Combine the CRCs with CRC32C::Concat.
+//      e) Copy the tail and extend the CRC with the CRC of the tail.
+// This method is not ideal for op sizes between ~1k and ~8k because CRC::Concat
+// takes a significant amount of time.  A medium-sized approach could be added
+// using 3 CRCs over fixed-size blocks where the zero-extensions required for
+// CRC32C::Concat can be precomputed.
+
+#ifdef __SSE4_2__
+#include <immintrin.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#include <intrin.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <array>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+#include "absl/base/dynamic_annotations.h"
+#include "absl/base/optimization.h"
+#include "absl/base/prefetch.h"
+#include "absl/crc/crc32c.h"
+#include "absl/crc/internal/cpu_detect.h"
+#include "absl/crc/internal/crc_memcpy.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+
+#ifdef ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_X86_64_ACCELERATED_CRC_MEMCPY_ENGINE
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace crc_internal {
+
+namespace {
+
+inline crc32c_t ShortCrcCopy(char* dst, const char* src, std::size_t length,
+                             crc32c_t crc) {
+  // Small copy: just go 1 byte at a time: being nice to the branch predictor
+  // is more important here than anything else
+  uint32_t crc_uint32 = static_cast<uint32_t>(crc);
+  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+    uint8_t data = *reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(src);
+    crc_uint32 = _mm_crc32_u8(crc_uint32, data);
+    *reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(dst) = data;
+    ++src;
+    ++dst;
+  }
+  return crc32c_t{crc_uint32};
+}
+
+constexpr size_t kIntLoadsPerVec = sizeof(__m128i) / sizeof(uint64_t);
+
+// Common function for copying the tails of multiple large regions.
+template <size_t vec_regions, size_t int_regions>
+inline void LargeTailCopy(crc32c_t* crcs, char** dst, const char** src,
+                          size_t region_size, size_t copy_rounds) {
+  std::array<__m128i, vec_regions> data;
+  std::array<uint64_t, kIntLoadsPerVec * int_regions> int_data;
+
+  while (copy_rounds > 0) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < vec_regions; i++) {
+      size_t region = i;
+
+      auto* vsrc =
+          reinterpret_cast<const __m128i*>(*src + region_size * region);
+      auto* vdst = reinterpret_cast<__m128i*>(*dst + region_size * region);
+
+      // Load the blocks, unaligned
+      data[i] = _mm_loadu_si128(vsrc);
+
+      // Store the blocks, aligned
+      _mm_store_si128(vdst, data[i]);
+
+      // Compute the running CRC
+      crcs[region] = crc32c_t{static_cast<uint32_t>(
+          _mm_crc32_u64(static_cast<uint32_t>(crcs[region]),
+                        static_cast<uint64_t>(_mm_extract_epi64(data[i], 0))))};
+      crcs[region] = crc32c_t{static_cast<uint32_t>(
+          _mm_crc32_u64(static_cast<uint32_t>(crcs[region]),
+                        static_cast<uint64_t>(_mm_extract_epi64(data[i], 1))))};
+    }
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < int_regions; i++) {
+      size_t region = vec_regions + i;
+
+      auto* usrc =
+          reinterpret_cast<const uint64_t*>(*src + region_size * region);
+      auto* udst = reinterpret_cast<uint64_t*>(*dst + region_size * region);
+
+      for (size_t j = 0; j < kIntLoadsPerVec; j++) {
+        size_t data_index = i * kIntLoadsPerVec + j;
+
+        int_data[data_index] = *(usrc + j);
+        crcs[region] = crc32c_t{static_cast<uint32_t>(_mm_crc32_u64(
+            static_cast<uint32_t>(crcs[region]), int_data[data_index]))};
+
+        *(udst + j) = int_data[data_index];
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Increment pointers
+    *src += sizeof(__m128i);
+    *dst += sizeof(__m128i);
+    --copy_rounds;
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+template <size_t vec_regions, size_t int_regions>
+class AcceleratedCrcMemcpyEngine : public CrcMemcpyEngine {
+ public:
+  AcceleratedCrcMemcpyEngine() = default;
+  AcceleratedCrcMemcpyEngine(const AcceleratedCrcMemcpyEngine&) = delete;
+  AcceleratedCrcMemcpyEngine operator=(const AcceleratedCrcMemcpyEngine&) =
+      delete;
+
+  crc32c_t Compute(void* __restrict dst, const void* __restrict src,
+                   std::size_t length, crc32c_t initial_crc) const override;
+};
+
+template <size_t vec_regions, size_t int_regions>
+crc32c_t AcceleratedCrcMemcpyEngine<vec_regions, int_regions>::Compute(
+    void* __restrict dst, const void* __restrict src, std::size_t length,
+    crc32c_t initial_crc) const {
+  constexpr std::size_t kRegions = vec_regions + int_regions;
+  constexpr uint32_t kCrcDataXor = uint32_t{0xffffffff};
+  constexpr std::size_t kBlockSize = sizeof(__m128i);
+  constexpr std::size_t kCopyRoundSize = kRegions * kBlockSize;
+
+  // Number of blocks per cacheline.
+  constexpr std::size_t kBlocksPerCacheLine = ABSL_CACHELINE_SIZE / kBlockSize;
+
+  char* dst_bytes = static_cast<char*>(dst);
+  const char* src_bytes = static_cast<const char*>(src);
+
+  // Make sure that one prefetch per big block is enough to cover the whole
+  // dataset, and we don't prefetch too much.
+  static_assert(ABSL_CACHELINE_SIZE % kBlockSize == 0,
+                "Cache lines are not divided evenly into blocks, may have "
+                "unintended behavior!");
+
+  // Experimentally-determined boundary between a small and large copy.
+  // Below this number, spin-up and concatenation of CRCs takes enough time that
+  // it kills the throughput gains of using 3 regions and wide vectors.
+  constexpr size_t kCrcSmallSize = 256;
+
+  // Experimentally-determined prefetch distance.  Main loop copies will
+  // prefeth data 2 cache lines ahead.
+  constexpr std::size_t kPrefetchAhead = 2 * ABSL_CACHELINE_SIZE;
+
+  // Small-size CRC-memcpy : just do CRC + memcpy
+  if (length < kCrcSmallSize) {
+    crc32c_t crc =
+        ExtendCrc32c(initial_crc, absl::string_view(src_bytes, length));
+    memcpy(dst, src, length);
+    return crc;
+  }
+
+  // Start work on the CRC: undo the XOR from the previous calculation or set up
+  // the initial value of the CRC.
+  // initial_crc ^= kCrcDataXor;
+  initial_crc = crc32c_t{static_cast<uint32_t>(initial_crc) ^ kCrcDataXor};
+
+  // Do an initial alignment copy, so we can use aligned store instructions to
+  // the destination pointer.  We align the destination pointer because the
+  // penalty for an unaligned load is small compared to the penalty of an
+  // unaligned store on modern CPUs.
+  std::size_t bytes_from_last_aligned =
+      reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(dst) & (kBlockSize - 1);
+  if (bytes_from_last_aligned != 0) {
+    std::size_t bytes_for_alignment = kBlockSize - bytes_from_last_aligned;
+
+    // Do the short-sized copy and CRC.
+    initial_crc =
+        ShortCrcCopy(dst_bytes, src_bytes, bytes_for_alignment, initial_crc);
+    src_bytes += bytes_for_alignment;
+    dst_bytes += bytes_for_alignment;
+    length -= bytes_for_alignment;
+  }
+
+  // We are going to do the copy and CRC in kRegions regions to make sure that
+  // we can saturate the CRC unit.  The CRCs will be combined at the end of the
+  // run.  Copying will use the SSE registers, and we will extract words from
+  // the SSE registers to add to the CRC.  Initially, we run the loop one full
+  // cache line per region at a time, in order to insert prefetches.
+
+  // Initialize CRCs for kRegions regions.
+  crc32c_t crcs[kRegions];
+  crcs[0] = initial_crc;
+  for (size_t i = 1; i < kRegions; i++) {
+    crcs[i] = crc32c_t{kCrcDataXor};
+  }
+
+  // Find the number of rounds to copy and the region size.  Also compute the
+  // tail size here.
+  size_t copy_rounds = length / kCopyRoundSize;
+
+  // Find the size of each region and the size of the tail.
+  const std::size_t region_size = copy_rounds * kBlockSize;
+  const std::size_t tail_size = length - (kRegions * region_size);
+
+  // Holding registers for data in each region.
+  std::array<__m128i, vec_regions> vec_data;
+  std::array<uint64_t, int_regions * kIntLoadsPerVec> int_data;
+
+  // Main loop.
+  while (copy_rounds > kBlocksPerCacheLine) {
+    // Prefetch kPrefetchAhead bytes ahead of each pointer.
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < kRegions; i++) {
+      absl::PrefetchToLocalCache(src_bytes + kPrefetchAhead + region_size * i);
+      absl::PrefetchToLocalCache(dst_bytes + kPrefetchAhead + region_size * i);
+    }
+
+    // Load and store data, computing CRC on the way.
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < kBlocksPerCacheLine; i++) {
+      // Copy and CRC the data for the CRC regions.
+      for (size_t j = 0; j < vec_regions; j++) {
+        // Cycle which regions get vector load/store and integer load/store, to
+        // engage prefetching logic around vector load/stores and save issue
+        // slots by using the integer registers.
+        size_t region = (j + i) % kRegions;
+
+        auto* vsrc =
+            reinterpret_cast<const __m128i*>(src_bytes + region_size * region);
+        auto* vdst =
+            reinterpret_cast<__m128i*>(dst_bytes + region_size * region);
+
+        // Load and CRC data.
+        vec_data[j] = _mm_loadu_si128(vsrc + i);
+        crcs[region] = crc32c_t{static_cast<uint32_t>(_mm_crc32_u64(
+            static_cast<uint32_t>(crcs[region]),
+            static_cast<uint64_t>(_mm_extract_epi64(vec_data[j], 0))))};
+        crcs[region] = crc32c_t{static_cast<uint32_t>(_mm_crc32_u64(
+            static_cast<uint32_t>(crcs[region]),
+            static_cast<uint64_t>(_mm_extract_epi64(vec_data[j], 1))))};
+
+        // Store the data.
+        _mm_store_si128(vdst + i, vec_data[j]);
+      }
+
+      // Preload the partial CRCs for the CLMUL subregions.
+      for (size_t j = 0; j < int_regions; j++) {
+        // Cycle which regions get vector load/store and integer load/store, to
+        // engage prefetching logic around vector load/stores and save issue
+        // slots by using the integer registers.
+        size_t region = (j + vec_regions + i) % kRegions;
+
+        auto* usrc =
+            reinterpret_cast<const uint64_t*>(src_bytes + region_size * region);
+        auto* udst =
+            reinterpret_cast<uint64_t*>(dst_bytes + region_size * region);
+
+        for (size_t k = 0; k < kIntLoadsPerVec; k++) {
+          size_t data_index = j * kIntLoadsPerVec + k;
+
+          // Load and CRC the data.
+          int_data[data_index] = *(usrc + i * kIntLoadsPerVec + k);
+          crcs[region] = crc32c_t{static_cast<uint32_t>(_mm_crc32_u64(
+              static_cast<uint32_t>(crcs[region]), int_data[data_index]))};
+
+          // Store the data.
+          *(udst + i * kIntLoadsPerVec + k) = int_data[data_index];
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Increment pointers
+    src_bytes += kBlockSize * kBlocksPerCacheLine;
+    dst_bytes += kBlockSize * kBlocksPerCacheLine;
+    copy_rounds -= kBlocksPerCacheLine;
+  }
+
+  // Copy and CRC the tails of each region.
+  LargeTailCopy<vec_regions, int_regions>(crcs, &dst_bytes, &src_bytes,
+                                          region_size, copy_rounds);
+
+  // Move the source and destination pointers to the end of the region
+  src_bytes += region_size * (kRegions - 1);
+  dst_bytes += region_size * (kRegions - 1);
+
+  // Finalize the first CRCs: XOR the internal CRCs by the XOR mask to undo the
+  // XOR done before doing block copy + CRCs.
+  for (size_t i = 0; i + 1 < kRegions; i++) {
+    crcs[i] = crc32c_t{static_cast<uint32_t>(crcs[i]) ^ kCrcDataXor};
+  }
+
+  // Build a CRC of the first kRegions - 1 regions.
+  crc32c_t full_crc = crcs[0];
+  for (size_t i = 1; i + 1 < kRegions; i++) {
+    full_crc = ConcatCrc32c(full_crc, crcs[i], region_size);
+  }
+
+  // Copy and CRC the tail through the XMM registers.
+  std::size_t tail_blocks = tail_size / kBlockSize;
+  LargeTailCopy<0, 1>(&crcs[kRegions - 1], &dst_bytes, &src_bytes, 0,
+                      tail_blocks);
+
+  // Final tail copy for under 16 bytes.
+  crcs[kRegions - 1] =
+      ShortCrcCopy(dst_bytes, src_bytes, tail_size - tail_blocks * kBlockSize,
+                   crcs[kRegions - 1]);
+
+  // Finalize and concatenate the final CRC, then return.
+  crcs[kRegions - 1] =
+      crc32c_t{static_cast<uint32_t>(crcs[kRegions - 1]) ^ kCrcDataXor};
+  return ConcatCrc32c(full_crc, crcs[kRegions - 1], region_size + tail_size);
+}
+
+CrcMemcpy::ArchSpecificEngines CrcMemcpy::GetArchSpecificEngines() {
+#ifdef UNDEFINED_BEHAVIOR_SANITIZER
+  // UBSAN does not play nicely with unaligned loads (which we use a lot).
+  // Get the underlying architecture.
+  CpuType cpu_type = GetCpuType();
+  switch (cpu_type) {
+    case CpuType::kUnknown:
+    case CpuType::kAmdRome:
+    case CpuType::kAmdNaples:
+    case CpuType::kIntelCascadelakeXeon:
+    case CpuType::kIntelSkylakeXeon:
+    case CpuType::kIntelSkylake:
+    case CpuType::kIntelBroadwell:
+    case CpuType::kIntelHaswell:
+    case CpuType::kIntelIvybridge:
+      return {
+          /*.temporal=*/new FallbackCrcMemcpyEngine(),
+          /*.non_temporal=*/new CrcNonTemporalMemcpyAVXEngine(),
+      };
+    // INTEL_SANDYBRIDGE performs better with SSE than AVX.
+    case CpuType::kIntelSandybridge:
+      return {
+          /*.temporal=*/new FallbackCrcMemcpyEngine(),
+          /*.non_temporal=*/new CrcNonTemporalMemcpyEngine(),
+      };
+    default:
+      return {/*.temporal=*/new FallbackCrcMemcpyEngine(),
+              /*.non_temporal=*/new FallbackCrcMemcpyEngine()};
+  }
+#else
+  // Get the underlying architecture.
+  CpuType cpu_type = GetCpuType();
+  switch (cpu_type) {
+    // On Zen 2, PEXTRQ uses 2 micro-ops, including one on the vector store port
+    // which data movement from the vector registers to the integer registers
+    // (where CRC32C happens) to crowd the same units as vector stores.  As a
+    // result, using that path exclusively causes bottlenecking on this port.
+    // We can avoid this bottleneck by using the integer side of the CPU for
+    // most operations rather than the vector side.  We keep a vector region to
+    // engage some of the prefetching logic in the cache hierarchy which seems
+    // to give vector instructions special treatment.  These prefetch units see
+    // strided access to each region, and do the right thing.
+    case CpuType::kAmdRome:
+    case CpuType::kAmdNaples:
+      return {
+          /*.temporal=*/new AcceleratedCrcMemcpyEngine<1, 2>(),
+          /*.non_temporal=*/new CrcNonTemporalMemcpyAVXEngine(),
+      };
+    // PCLMULQDQ is slow and we don't have wide enough issue width to take
+    // advantage of it.  For an unknown architecture, don't risk using CLMULs.
+    case CpuType::kIntelCascadelakeXeon:
+    case CpuType::kIntelSkylakeXeon:
+    case CpuType::kIntelSkylake:
+    case CpuType::kIntelBroadwell:
+    case CpuType::kIntelHaswell:
+    case CpuType::kIntelIvybridge:
+      return {
+          /*.temporal=*/new AcceleratedCrcMemcpyEngine<3, 0>(),
+          /*.non_temporal=*/new CrcNonTemporalMemcpyAVXEngine(),
+      };
+    // INTEL_SANDYBRIDGE performs better with SSE than AVX.
+    case CpuType::kIntelSandybridge:
+      return {
+          /*.temporal=*/new AcceleratedCrcMemcpyEngine<3, 0>(),
+          /*.non_temporal=*/new CrcNonTemporalMemcpyEngine(),
+      };
+    default:
+      return {/*.temporal=*/new FallbackCrcMemcpyEngine(),
+              /*.non_temporal=*/new FallbackCrcMemcpyEngine()};
+  }
+#endif  // UNDEFINED_BEHAVIOR_SANITIZER
+}
+
+// For testing, allow the user to specify which engine they want.
+std::unique_ptr<CrcMemcpyEngine> CrcMemcpy::GetTestEngine(int vector,
+                                                          int integer) {
+  if (vector == 3 && integer == 0) {
+    return std::make_unique<AcceleratedCrcMemcpyEngine<3, 0>>();
+  } else if (vector == 1 && integer == 2) {
+    return std::make_unique<AcceleratedCrcMemcpyEngine<1, 2>>();
+  }
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
+}  // namespace crc_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_X86_64_ACCELERATED_CRC_MEMCPY_ENGINE
diff --git a/absl/crc/internal/crc_non_temporal_memcpy.cc b/absl/crc/internal/crc_non_temporal_memcpy.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..adc867f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/crc/internal/crc_non_temporal_memcpy.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/crc/crc32c.h"
+#include "absl/crc/internal/crc_memcpy.h"
+#include "absl/crc/internal/non_temporal_memcpy.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace crc_internal {
+
+crc32c_t CrcNonTemporalMemcpyEngine::Compute(void* __restrict dst,
+                                             const void* __restrict src,
+                                             std::size_t length,
+                                             crc32c_t initial_crc) const {
+  constexpr size_t kBlockSize = 8192;
+  crc32c_t crc = initial_crc;
+
+  const char* src_bytes = reinterpret_cast<const char*>(src);
+  char* dst_bytes = reinterpret_cast<char*>(dst);
+
+  // Copy + CRC loop - run 8k chunks until we are out of full chunks.
+  std::size_t offset = 0;
+  for (; offset + kBlockSize < length; offset += kBlockSize) {
+    crc = absl::ExtendCrc32c(crc,
+                             absl::string_view(src_bytes + offset, kBlockSize));
+    non_temporal_store_memcpy(dst_bytes + offset, src_bytes + offset,
+                              kBlockSize);
+  }
+
+  // Save some work if length is 0.
+  if (offset < length) {
+    std::size_t final_copy_size = length - offset;
+    crc = ExtendCrc32c(crc,
+                       absl::string_view(src_bytes + offset, final_copy_size));
+
+    non_temporal_store_memcpy(dst_bytes + offset, src_bytes + offset,
+                              final_copy_size);
+  }
+
+  return crc;
+}
+
+crc32c_t CrcNonTemporalMemcpyAVXEngine::Compute(void* __restrict dst,
+                                                const void* __restrict src,
+                                                std::size_t length,
+                                                crc32c_t initial_crc) const {
+  constexpr size_t kBlockSize = 8192;
+  crc32c_t crc = initial_crc;
+
+  const char* src_bytes = reinterpret_cast<const char*>(src);
+  char* dst_bytes = reinterpret_cast<char*>(dst);
+
+  // Copy + CRC loop - run 8k chunks until we are out of full chunks.
+  std::size_t offset = 0;
+  for (; offset + kBlockSize < length; offset += kBlockSize) {
+    crc = ExtendCrc32c(crc, absl::string_view(src_bytes + offset, kBlockSize));
+
+    non_temporal_store_memcpy_avx(dst_bytes + offset, src_bytes + offset,
+                                  kBlockSize);
+  }
+
+  // Save some work if length is 0.
+  if (offset < length) {
+    std::size_t final_copy_size = length - offset;
+    crc = ExtendCrc32c(crc,
+                       absl::string_view(src_bytes + offset, final_copy_size));
+
+    non_temporal_store_memcpy_avx(dst_bytes + offset, src_bytes + offset,
+                                  final_copy_size);
+  }
+
+  return crc;
+}
+
+}  // namespace crc_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/crc/internal/crc_x86_arm_combined.cc b/absl/crc/internal/crc_x86_arm_combined.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ef521d22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/crc/internal/crc_x86_arm_combined.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,725 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+// Hardware accelerated CRC32 computation on Intel and ARM architecture.
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/dynamic_annotations.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/endian.h"
+#include "absl/base/prefetch.h"
+#include "absl/crc/internal/cpu_detect.h"
+#include "absl/crc/internal/crc.h"
+#include "absl/crc/internal/crc32_x86_arm_combined_simd.h"
+#include "absl/crc/internal/crc_internal.h"
+#include "absl/memory/memory.h"
+#include "absl/numeric/bits.h"
+
+#if defined(ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_HAVE_ARM_SIMD) || \
+    defined(ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_HAVE_X86_SIMD)
+#define ABSL_INTERNAL_CAN_USE_SIMD_CRC32C
+#endif
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace crc_internal {
+
+#if defined(ABSL_INTERNAL_CAN_USE_SIMD_CRC32C)
+
+// Implementation details not exported outside of file
+namespace {
+
+// Some machines have CRC acceleration hardware.
+// We can do a faster version of Extend() on such machines.
+class CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombined : public CRC32 {
+ public:
+  CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombined() {}
+  ~CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombined() override {}
+  void ExtendByZeroes(uint32_t* crc, size_t length) const override;
+  uint32_t ComputeZeroConstant(size_t length) const;
+
+ private:
+  CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombined(const CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombined&) =
+      delete;
+  CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombined& operator=(
+      const CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombined&) = delete;
+};
+
+// Constants for switching between algorithms.
+// Chosen by comparing speed at different powers of 2.
+constexpr size_t kSmallCutoff = 256;
+constexpr size_t kMediumCutoff = 2048;
+
+#define ABSL_INTERNAL_STEP1(crc)                      \
+  do {                                                \
+    crc = CRC32_u8(static_cast<uint32_t>(crc), *p++); \
+  } while (0)
+#define ABSL_INTERNAL_STEP2(crc)                                               \
+  do {                                                                         \
+    crc =                                                                      \
+        CRC32_u16(static_cast<uint32_t>(crc), absl::little_endian::Load16(p)); \
+    p += 2;                                                                    \
+  } while (0)
+#define ABSL_INTERNAL_STEP4(crc)                                               \
+  do {                                                                         \
+    crc =                                                                      \
+        CRC32_u32(static_cast<uint32_t>(crc), absl::little_endian::Load32(p)); \
+    p += 4;                                                                    \
+  } while (0)
+#define ABSL_INTERNAL_STEP8(crc, data)                  \
+  do {                                                  \
+    crc = CRC32_u64(static_cast<uint32_t>(crc),         \
+                    absl::little_endian::Load64(data)); \
+    data += 8;                                          \
+  } while (0)
+#define ABSL_INTERNAL_STEP8BY2(crc0, crc1, p0, p1) \
+  do {                                             \
+    ABSL_INTERNAL_STEP8(crc0, p0);                 \
+    ABSL_INTERNAL_STEP8(crc1, p1);                 \
+  } while (0)
+#define ABSL_INTERNAL_STEP8BY3(crc0, crc1, crc2, p0, p1, p2) \
+  do {                                                       \
+    ABSL_INTERNAL_STEP8(crc0, p0);                           \
+    ABSL_INTERNAL_STEP8(crc1, p1);                           \
+    ABSL_INTERNAL_STEP8(crc2, p2);                           \
+  } while (0)
+
+namespace {
+
+uint32_t multiply(uint32_t a, uint32_t b) {
+  V128 shifts = V128_From2x64(0, 1);
+  V128 power = V128_From2x64(0, a);
+  V128 crc = V128_From2x64(0, b);
+  V128 res = V128_PMulLow(power, crc);
+
+  // Combine crc values
+  res = V128_ShiftLeft64(res, shifts);
+  return static_cast<uint32_t>(V128_Extract32<1>(res)) ^
+         CRC32_u32(0, static_cast<uint32_t>(V128_Low64(res)));
+}
+
+// Powers of crc32c polynomial, for faster ExtendByZeros.
+// Verified against folly:
+// folly/hash/detail/Crc32CombineDetail.cpp
+constexpr uint32_t kCRC32CPowers[] = {
+    0x82f63b78, 0x6ea2d55c, 0x18b8ea18, 0x510ac59a, 0xb82be955, 0xb8fdb1e7,
+    0x88e56f72, 0x74c360a4, 0xe4172b16, 0x0d65762a, 0x35d73a62, 0x28461564,
+    0xbf455269, 0xe2ea32dc, 0xfe7740e6, 0xf946610b, 0x3c204f8f, 0x538586e3,
+    0x59726915, 0x734d5309, 0xbc1ac763, 0x7d0722cc, 0xd289cabe, 0xe94ca9bc,
+    0x05b74f3f, 0xa51e1f42, 0x40000000, 0x20000000, 0x08000000, 0x00800000,
+    0x00008000, 0x82f63b78, 0x6ea2d55c, 0x18b8ea18, 0x510ac59a, 0xb82be955,
+    0xb8fdb1e7, 0x88e56f72, 0x74c360a4, 0xe4172b16, 0x0d65762a, 0x35d73a62,
+    0x28461564, 0xbf455269, 0xe2ea32dc, 0xfe7740e6, 0xf946610b, 0x3c204f8f,
+    0x538586e3, 0x59726915, 0x734d5309, 0xbc1ac763, 0x7d0722cc, 0xd289cabe,
+    0xe94ca9bc, 0x05b74f3f, 0xa51e1f42, 0x40000000, 0x20000000, 0x08000000,
+    0x00800000, 0x00008000,
+};
+
+}  // namespace
+
+// Compute a magic constant, so that multiplying by it is the same as
+// extending crc by length zeros.
+uint32_t CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombined::ComputeZeroConstant(
+    size_t length) const {
+  // Lowest 2 bits are handled separately in ExtendByZeroes
+  length >>= 2;
+
+  int index = absl::countr_zero(length);
+  uint32_t prev = kCRC32CPowers[index];
+  length &= length - 1;
+
+  while (length) {
+    // For each bit of length, extend by 2**n zeros.
+    index = absl::countr_zero(length);
+    prev = multiply(prev, kCRC32CPowers[index]);
+    length &= length - 1;
+  }
+  return prev;
+}
+
+void CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombined::ExtendByZeroes(uint32_t* crc,
+                                                    size_t length) const {
+  uint32_t val = *crc;
+  // Don't bother with multiplication for small length.
+  switch (length & 3) {
+    case 0:
+      break;
+    case 1:
+      val = CRC32_u8(val, 0);
+      break;
+    case 2:
+      val = CRC32_u16(val, 0);
+      break;
+    case 3:
+      val = CRC32_u8(val, 0);
+      val = CRC32_u16(val, 0);
+      break;
+  }
+  if (length > 3) {
+    val = multiply(val, ComputeZeroConstant(length));
+  }
+  *crc = val;
+}
+
+// Taken from Intel paper "Fast CRC Computation for iSCSI Polynomial Using CRC32
+// Instruction"
+// https://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/white-papers/crc-iscsi-polynomial-crc32-instruction-paper.pdf
+// We only need every 4th value, because we unroll loop by 4.
+constexpr uint64_t kClmulConstants[] = {
+    0x09e4addf8, 0x0ba4fc28e, 0x00d3b6092, 0x09e4addf8, 0x0ab7aff2a,
+    0x102f9b8a2, 0x0b9e02b86, 0x00d3b6092, 0x1bf2e8b8a, 0x18266e456,
+    0x0d270f1a2, 0x0ab7aff2a, 0x11eef4f8e, 0x083348832, 0x0dd7e3b0c,
+    0x0b9e02b86, 0x0271d9844, 0x1b331e26a, 0x06b749fb2, 0x1bf2e8b8a,
+    0x0e6fc4e6a, 0x0ce7f39f4, 0x0d7a4825c, 0x0d270f1a2, 0x026f6a60a,
+    0x12ed0daac, 0x068bce87a, 0x11eef4f8e, 0x1329d9f7e, 0x0b3e32c28,
+    0x0170076fa, 0x0dd7e3b0c, 0x1fae1cc66, 0x010746f3c, 0x086d8e4d2,
+    0x0271d9844, 0x0b3af077a, 0x093a5f730, 0x1d88abd4a, 0x06b749fb2,
+    0x0c9c8b782, 0x0cec3662e, 0x1ddffc5d4, 0x0e6fc4e6a, 0x168763fa6,
+    0x0b0cd4768, 0x19b1afbc4, 0x0d7a4825c, 0x123888b7a, 0x00167d312,
+    0x133d7a042, 0x026f6a60a, 0x000bcf5f6, 0x19d34af3a, 0x1af900c24,
+    0x068bce87a, 0x06d390dec, 0x16cba8aca, 0x1f16a3418, 0x1329d9f7e,
+    0x19fb2a8b0, 0x02178513a, 0x1a0f717c4, 0x0170076fa,
+};
+
+enum class CutoffStrategy {
+  // Use 3 CRC streams to fold into 1.
+  Fold3,
+  // Unroll CRC instructions for 64 bytes.
+  Unroll64CRC,
+};
+
+// Base class for CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreams containing the
+// methods and data that don't need the template arguments.
+class CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreamsBase
+    : public CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombined {
+ protected:
+  // Update partialCRC with crc of 64 byte block. Calling FinalizePclmulStream
+  // would produce a single crc checksum, but it is expensive. PCLMULQDQ has a
+  // high latency, so we run 4 128-bit partial checksums that can be reduced to
+  // a single value by FinalizePclmulStream later. Computing crc for arbitrary
+  // polynomialas with PCLMULQDQ is described in Intel paper "Fast CRC
+  // Computation for Generic Polynomials Using PCLMULQDQ Instruction"
+  // https://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/white-papers/fast-crc-computation-generic-polynomials-pclmulqdq-paper.pdf
+  // We are applying it to CRC32C polynomial.
+  ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_ALWAYS_INLINE void Process64BytesPclmul(
+      const uint8_t* p, V128* partialCRC) const {
+    V128 loopMultiplicands = V128_Load(reinterpret_cast<const V128*>(k1k2));
+
+    V128 partialCRC1 = partialCRC[0];
+    V128 partialCRC2 = partialCRC[1];
+    V128 partialCRC3 = partialCRC[2];
+    V128 partialCRC4 = partialCRC[3];
+
+    V128 tmp1 = V128_PMulHi(partialCRC1, loopMultiplicands);
+    V128 tmp2 = V128_PMulHi(partialCRC2, loopMultiplicands);
+    V128 tmp3 = V128_PMulHi(partialCRC3, loopMultiplicands);
+    V128 tmp4 = V128_PMulHi(partialCRC4, loopMultiplicands);
+    V128 data1 = V128_LoadU(reinterpret_cast<const V128*>(p + 16 * 0));
+    V128 data2 = V128_LoadU(reinterpret_cast<const V128*>(p + 16 * 1));
+    V128 data3 = V128_LoadU(reinterpret_cast<const V128*>(p + 16 * 2));
+    V128 data4 = V128_LoadU(reinterpret_cast<const V128*>(p + 16 * 3));
+    partialCRC1 = V128_PMulLow(partialCRC1, loopMultiplicands);
+    partialCRC2 = V128_PMulLow(partialCRC2, loopMultiplicands);
+    partialCRC3 = V128_PMulLow(partialCRC3, loopMultiplicands);
+    partialCRC4 = V128_PMulLow(partialCRC4, loopMultiplicands);
+    partialCRC1 = V128_Xor(tmp1, partialCRC1);
+    partialCRC2 = V128_Xor(tmp2, partialCRC2);
+    partialCRC3 = V128_Xor(tmp3, partialCRC3);
+    partialCRC4 = V128_Xor(tmp4, partialCRC4);
+    partialCRC1 = V128_Xor(partialCRC1, data1);
+    partialCRC2 = V128_Xor(partialCRC2, data2);
+    partialCRC3 = V128_Xor(partialCRC3, data3);
+    partialCRC4 = V128_Xor(partialCRC4, data4);
+    partialCRC[0] = partialCRC1;
+    partialCRC[1] = partialCRC2;
+    partialCRC[2] = partialCRC3;
+    partialCRC[3] = partialCRC4;
+  }
+
+  // Reduce partialCRC produced by Process64BytesPclmul into a single value,
+  // that represents crc checksum of all the processed bytes.
+  ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_ALWAYS_INLINE uint64_t
+  FinalizePclmulStream(V128* partialCRC) const {
+    V128 partialCRC1 = partialCRC[0];
+    V128 partialCRC2 = partialCRC[1];
+    V128 partialCRC3 = partialCRC[2];
+    V128 partialCRC4 = partialCRC[3];
+
+    // Combine 4 vectors of partial crc into a single vector.
+    V128 reductionMultiplicands =
+        V128_Load(reinterpret_cast<const V128*>(k5k6));
+
+    V128 low = V128_PMulLow(reductionMultiplicands, partialCRC1);
+    V128 high = V128_PMulHi(reductionMultiplicands, partialCRC1);
+
+    partialCRC1 = V128_Xor(low, high);
+    partialCRC1 = V128_Xor(partialCRC1, partialCRC2);
+
+    low = V128_PMulLow(reductionMultiplicands, partialCRC3);
+    high = V128_PMulHi(reductionMultiplicands, partialCRC3);
+
+    partialCRC3 = V128_Xor(low, high);
+    partialCRC3 = V128_Xor(partialCRC3, partialCRC4);
+
+    reductionMultiplicands = V128_Load(reinterpret_cast<const V128*>(k3k4));
+
+    low = V128_PMulLow(reductionMultiplicands, partialCRC1);
+    high = V128_PMulHi(reductionMultiplicands, partialCRC1);
+    V128 fullCRC = V128_Xor(low, high);
+    fullCRC = V128_Xor(fullCRC, partialCRC3);
+
+    // Reduce fullCRC into scalar value.
+    reductionMultiplicands = V128_Load(reinterpret_cast<const V128*>(k5k6));
+
+    V128 mask = V128_Load(reinterpret_cast<const V128*>(kMask));
+
+    V128 tmp = V128_PMul01(reductionMultiplicands, fullCRC);
+    fullCRC = V128_ShiftRight<8>(fullCRC);
+    fullCRC = V128_Xor(fullCRC, tmp);
+
+    reductionMultiplicands = V128_Load(reinterpret_cast<const V128*>(k7k0));
+
+    tmp = V128_ShiftRight<4>(fullCRC);
+    fullCRC = V128_And(fullCRC, mask);
+    fullCRC = V128_PMulLow(reductionMultiplicands, fullCRC);
+    fullCRC = V128_Xor(tmp, fullCRC);
+
+    reductionMultiplicands = V128_Load(reinterpret_cast<const V128*>(kPoly));
+
+    tmp = V128_And(fullCRC, mask);
+    tmp = V128_PMul01(reductionMultiplicands, tmp);
+    tmp = V128_And(tmp, mask);
+    tmp = V128_PMulLow(reductionMultiplicands, tmp);
+
+    fullCRC = V128_Xor(tmp, fullCRC);
+
+    return static_cast<uint64_t>(V128_Extract32<1>(fullCRC));
+  }
+
+  // Update crc with 64 bytes of data from p.
+  ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_ALWAYS_INLINE uint64_t Process64BytesCRC(const uint8_t* p,
+                                                          uint64_t crc) const {
+    for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
+      crc =
+          CRC32_u64(static_cast<uint32_t>(crc), absl::little_endian::Load64(p));
+      p += 8;
+    }
+    return crc;
+  }
+
+  // Generated by crc32c_x86_test --crc32c_generate_constants=true
+  // and verified against constants in linux kernel for S390:
+  // https://github.com/torvalds/linux/blob/master/arch/s390/crypto/crc32le-vx.S
+  alignas(16) static constexpr uint64_t k1k2[2] = {0x0740eef02, 0x09e4addf8};
+  alignas(16) static constexpr uint64_t k3k4[2] = {0x1384aa63a, 0x0ba4fc28e};
+  alignas(16) static constexpr uint64_t k5k6[2] = {0x0f20c0dfe, 0x14cd00bd6};
+  alignas(16) static constexpr uint64_t k7k0[2] = {0x0dd45aab8, 0x000000000};
+  alignas(16) static constexpr uint64_t kPoly[2] = {0x105ec76f0, 0x0dea713f1};
+  alignas(16) static constexpr uint32_t kMask[4] = {~0u, 0u, ~0u, 0u};
+
+  // Medium runs of bytes are broken into groups of kGroupsSmall blocks of same
+  // size. Each group is CRCed in parallel then combined at the end of the
+  // block.
+  static constexpr size_t kGroupsSmall = 3;
+  // For large runs we use up to kMaxStreams blocks computed with CRC
+  // instruction, and up to kMaxStreams blocks computed with PCLMULQDQ, which
+  // are combined in the end.
+  static constexpr size_t kMaxStreams = 3;
+};
+
+#ifdef ABSL_INTERNAL_NEED_REDUNDANT_CONSTEXPR_DECL
+alignas(16) constexpr uint64_t
+    CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreamsBase::k1k2[2];
+alignas(16) constexpr uint64_t
+    CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreamsBase::k3k4[2];
+alignas(16) constexpr uint64_t
+    CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreamsBase::k5k6[2];
+alignas(16) constexpr uint64_t
+    CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreamsBase::k7k0[2];
+alignas(16) constexpr uint64_t
+    CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreamsBase::kPoly[2];
+alignas(16) constexpr uint32_t
+    CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreamsBase::kMask[4];
+constexpr size_t
+    CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreamsBase::kGroupsSmall;
+constexpr size_t CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreamsBase::kMaxStreams;
+#endif  // ABSL_INTERNAL_NEED_REDUNDANT_CONSTEXPR_DECL
+
+template <size_t num_crc_streams, size_t num_pclmul_streams,
+          CutoffStrategy strategy>
+class CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreams
+    : public CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreamsBase {
+  ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_HOT
+  void Extend(uint32_t* crc, const void* bytes, size_t length) const override {
+    static_assert(num_crc_streams >= 1 && num_crc_streams <= kMaxStreams,
+                  "Invalid number of crc streams");
+    static_assert(num_pclmul_streams >= 0 && num_pclmul_streams <= kMaxStreams,
+                  "Invalid number of pclmul streams");
+    const uint8_t* p = static_cast<const uint8_t*>(bytes);
+    const uint8_t* e = p + length;
+    uint32_t l = *crc;
+    uint64_t l64;
+
+    // We have dedicated instruction for 1,2,4 and 8 bytes.
+    if (length & 8) {
+      ABSL_INTERNAL_STEP8(l, p);
+      length &= ~size_t{8};
+    }
+    if (length & 4) {
+      ABSL_INTERNAL_STEP4(l);
+      length &= ~size_t{4};
+    }
+    if (length & 2) {
+      ABSL_INTERNAL_STEP2(l);
+      length &= ~size_t{2};
+    }
+    if (length & 1) {
+      ABSL_INTERNAL_STEP1(l);
+      length &= ~size_t{1};
+    }
+    if (length == 0) {
+      *crc = l;
+      return;
+    }
+    // length is now multiple of 16.
+
+    // For small blocks just run simple loop, because cost of combining multiple
+    // streams is significant.
+    if (strategy != CutoffStrategy::Unroll64CRC) {
+      if (length < kSmallCutoff) {
+        while (length >= 16) {
+          ABSL_INTERNAL_STEP8(l, p);
+          ABSL_INTERNAL_STEP8(l, p);
+          length -= 16;
+        }
+        *crc = l;
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // For medium blocks we run 3 crc streams and combine them as described in
+    // Intel paper above. Running 4th stream doesn't help, because crc
+    // instruction has latency 3 and throughput 1.
+    if (length < kMediumCutoff) {
+      l64 = l;
+      if (strategy == CutoffStrategy::Fold3) {
+        uint64_t l641 = 0;
+        uint64_t l642 = 0;
+        const size_t blockSize = 32;
+        size_t bs = static_cast<size_t>(e - p) / kGroupsSmall / blockSize;
+        const uint8_t* p1 = p + bs * blockSize;
+        const uint8_t* p2 = p1 + bs * blockSize;
+
+        for (size_t i = 0; i + 1 < bs; ++i) {
+          ABSL_INTERNAL_STEP8BY3(l64, l641, l642, p, p1, p2);
+          ABSL_INTERNAL_STEP8BY3(l64, l641, l642, p, p1, p2);
+          ABSL_INTERNAL_STEP8BY3(l64, l641, l642, p, p1, p2);
+          ABSL_INTERNAL_STEP8BY3(l64, l641, l642, p, p1, p2);
+          PrefetchToLocalCache(
+              reinterpret_cast<const char*>(p + kPrefetchHorizonMedium));
+          PrefetchToLocalCache(
+              reinterpret_cast<const char*>(p1 + kPrefetchHorizonMedium));
+          PrefetchToLocalCache(
+              reinterpret_cast<const char*>(p2 + kPrefetchHorizonMedium));
+        }
+        // Don't run crc on last 8 bytes.
+        ABSL_INTERNAL_STEP8BY3(l64, l641, l642, p, p1, p2);
+        ABSL_INTERNAL_STEP8BY3(l64, l641, l642, p, p1, p2);
+        ABSL_INTERNAL_STEP8BY3(l64, l641, l642, p, p1, p2);
+        ABSL_INTERNAL_STEP8BY2(l64, l641, p, p1);
+
+        V128 magic = *(reinterpret_cast<const V128*>(kClmulConstants) + bs - 1);
+
+        V128 tmp = V128_From2x64(0, l64);
+
+        V128 res1 = V128_PMulLow(tmp, magic);
+
+        tmp = V128_From2x64(0, l641);
+
+        V128 res2 = V128_PMul10(tmp, magic);
+        V128 x = V128_Xor(res1, res2);
+        l64 = static_cast<uint64_t>(V128_Low64(x)) ^
+              absl::little_endian::Load64(p2);
+        l64 = CRC32_u64(static_cast<uint32_t>(l642), l64);
+
+        p = p2 + 8;
+      } else if (strategy == CutoffStrategy::Unroll64CRC) {
+        while ((e - p) >= 64) {
+          l64 = Process64BytesCRC(p, l64);
+          p += 64;
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      // There is a lot of data, we can ignore combine costs and run all
+      // requested streams (num_crc_streams + num_pclmul_streams),
+      // using prefetch. CRC and PCLMULQDQ use different cpu execution units,
+      // so on some cpus it makes sense to execute both of them for different
+      // streams.
+
+      // Point x at first 8-byte aligned byte in string.
+      const uint8_t* x = RoundUp<8>(p);
+      // Process bytes until p is 8-byte aligned, if that isn't past the end.
+      while (p != x) {
+        ABSL_INTERNAL_STEP1(l);
+      }
+
+      size_t bs = static_cast<size_t>(e - p) /
+                  (num_crc_streams + num_pclmul_streams) / 64;
+      const uint8_t* crc_streams[kMaxStreams];
+      const uint8_t* pclmul_streams[kMaxStreams];
+      // We are guaranteed to have at least one crc stream.
+      crc_streams[0] = p;
+      for (size_t i = 1; i < num_crc_streams; i++) {
+        crc_streams[i] = crc_streams[i - 1] + bs * 64;
+      }
+      pclmul_streams[0] = crc_streams[num_crc_streams - 1] + bs * 64;
+      for (size_t i = 1; i < num_pclmul_streams; i++) {
+        pclmul_streams[i] = pclmul_streams[i - 1] + bs * 64;
+      }
+
+      // Per stream crc sums.
+      uint64_t l64_crc[kMaxStreams] = {l};
+      uint64_t l64_pclmul[kMaxStreams] = {0};
+
+      // Peel first iteration, because PCLMULQDQ stream, needs setup.
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < num_crc_streams; i++) {
+        l64_crc[i] = Process64BytesCRC(crc_streams[i], l64_crc[i]);
+        crc_streams[i] += 16 * 4;
+      }
+
+      V128 partialCRC[kMaxStreams][4];
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < num_pclmul_streams; i++) {
+        partialCRC[i][0] = V128_LoadU(
+            reinterpret_cast<const V128*>(pclmul_streams[i] + 16 * 0));
+        partialCRC[i][1] = V128_LoadU(
+            reinterpret_cast<const V128*>(pclmul_streams[i] + 16 * 1));
+        partialCRC[i][2] = V128_LoadU(
+            reinterpret_cast<const V128*>(pclmul_streams[i] + 16 * 2));
+        partialCRC[i][3] = V128_LoadU(
+            reinterpret_cast<const V128*>(pclmul_streams[i] + 16 * 3));
+        pclmul_streams[i] += 16 * 4;
+      }
+
+      for (size_t i = 1; i < bs; i++) {
+        // Prefetch data for next iterations.
+        for (size_t j = 0; j < num_crc_streams; j++) {
+          PrefetchToLocalCache(
+              reinterpret_cast<const char*>(crc_streams[j] + kPrefetchHorizon));
+        }
+        for (size_t j = 0; j < num_pclmul_streams; j++) {
+          PrefetchToLocalCache(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(pclmul_streams[j] +
+                                                             kPrefetchHorizon));
+        }
+
+        // We process each stream in 64 byte blocks. This can be written as
+        // for (int i = 0; i < num_pclmul_streams; i++) {
+        //   Process64BytesPclmul(pclmul_streams[i], partialCRC[i]);
+        //   pclmul_streams[i] += 16 * 4;
+        // }
+        // for (int i = 0; i < num_crc_streams; i++) {
+        //   l64_crc[i] = Process64BytesCRC(crc_streams[i], l64_crc[i]);
+        //   crc_streams[i] += 16*4;
+        // }
+        // But unrolling and interleaving PCLMULQDQ and CRC blocks manually
+        // gives ~2% performance boost.
+        l64_crc[0] = Process64BytesCRC(crc_streams[0], l64_crc[0]);
+        crc_streams[0] += 16 * 4;
+        if (num_pclmul_streams > 0) {
+          Process64BytesPclmul(pclmul_streams[0], partialCRC[0]);
+          pclmul_streams[0] += 16 * 4;
+        }
+        if (num_crc_streams > 1) {
+          l64_crc[1] = Process64BytesCRC(crc_streams[1], l64_crc[1]);
+          crc_streams[1] += 16 * 4;
+        }
+        if (num_pclmul_streams > 1) {
+          Process64BytesPclmul(pclmul_streams[1], partialCRC[1]);
+          pclmul_streams[1] += 16 * 4;
+        }
+        if (num_crc_streams > 2) {
+          l64_crc[2] = Process64BytesCRC(crc_streams[2], l64_crc[2]);
+          crc_streams[2] += 16 * 4;
+        }
+        if (num_pclmul_streams > 2) {
+          Process64BytesPclmul(pclmul_streams[2], partialCRC[2]);
+          pclmul_streams[2] += 16 * 4;
+        }
+      }
+
+      // PCLMULQDQ based streams require special final step;
+      // CRC based don't.
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < num_pclmul_streams; i++) {
+        l64_pclmul[i] = FinalizePclmulStream(partialCRC[i]);
+      }
+
+      // Combine all streams into single result.
+      uint32_t magic = ComputeZeroConstant(bs * 64);
+      l64 = l64_crc[0];
+      for (size_t i = 1; i < num_crc_streams; i++) {
+        l64 = multiply(static_cast<uint32_t>(l64), magic);
+        l64 ^= l64_crc[i];
+      }
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < num_pclmul_streams; i++) {
+        l64 = multiply(static_cast<uint32_t>(l64), magic);
+        l64 ^= l64_pclmul[i];
+      }
+
+      // Update p.
+      if (num_pclmul_streams > 0) {
+        p = pclmul_streams[num_pclmul_streams - 1];
+      } else {
+        p = crc_streams[num_crc_streams - 1];
+      }
+    }
+    l = static_cast<uint32_t>(l64);
+
+    while ((e - p) >= 16) {
+      ABSL_INTERNAL_STEP8(l, p);
+      ABSL_INTERNAL_STEP8(l, p);
+    }
+    // Process the last few bytes
+    while (p != e) {
+      ABSL_INTERNAL_STEP1(l);
+    }
+
+#undef ABSL_INTERNAL_STEP8BY3
+#undef ABSL_INTERNAL_STEP8BY2
+#undef ABSL_INTERNAL_STEP8
+#undef ABSL_INTERNAL_STEP4
+#undef ABSL_INTERNAL_STEP2
+#undef ABSL_INTERNAL_STEP1
+
+    *crc = l;
+  }
+};
+
+}  // namespace
+
+// Intel processors with SSE4.2 have an instruction for one particular
+// 32-bit CRC polynomial:  crc32c
+CRCImpl* TryNewCRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombined() {
+  CpuType type = GetCpuType();
+  switch (type) {
+    case CpuType::kIntelHaswell:
+    case CpuType::kAmdRome:
+    case CpuType::kAmdNaples:
+    case CpuType::kAmdMilan:
+      return new CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreams<
+          3, 1, CutoffStrategy::Fold3>();
+    // PCLMULQDQ is fast, use combined PCLMULQDQ + CRC implementation.
+    case CpuType::kIntelCascadelakeXeon:
+    case CpuType::kIntelSkylakeXeon:
+    case CpuType::kIntelBroadwell:
+    case CpuType::kIntelSkylake:
+      return new CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreams<
+          3, 2, CutoffStrategy::Fold3>();
+    // PCLMULQDQ is slow, don't use it.
+    case CpuType::kIntelIvybridge:
+    case CpuType::kIntelSandybridge:
+    case CpuType::kIntelWestmere:
+      return new CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreams<
+          3, 0, CutoffStrategy::Fold3>();
+    case CpuType::kArmNeoverseN1:
+      return new CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreams<
+          1, 1, CutoffStrategy::Unroll64CRC>();
+#if defined(__aarch64__)
+    default:
+      // Not all ARM processors support the needed instructions, so check here
+      // before trying to use an accelerated implementation.
+      if (SupportsArmCRC32PMULL()) {
+        return new CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreams<
+            1, 1, CutoffStrategy::Unroll64CRC>();
+      } else {
+        return nullptr;
+      }
+#else
+    default:
+      // Something else, play it safe and assume slow PCLMULQDQ.
+      return new CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreams<
+          3, 0, CutoffStrategy::Fold3>();
+#endif
+  }
+}
+
+std::vector<std::unique_ptr<CRCImpl>> NewCRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedAll() {
+  auto ret = std::vector<std::unique_ptr<CRCImpl>>();
+  ret.push_back(absl::make_unique<CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreams<
+                    1, 0, CutoffStrategy::Fold3>>());
+  ret.push_back(absl::make_unique<CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreams<
+                    1, 1, CutoffStrategy::Fold3>>());
+  ret.push_back(absl::make_unique<CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreams<
+                    1, 2, CutoffStrategy::Fold3>>());
+  ret.push_back(absl::make_unique<CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreams<
+                    1, 3, CutoffStrategy::Fold3>>());
+  ret.push_back(absl::make_unique<CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreams<
+                    2, 0, CutoffStrategy::Fold3>>());
+  ret.push_back(absl::make_unique<CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreams<
+                    2, 1, CutoffStrategy::Fold3>>());
+  ret.push_back(absl::make_unique<CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreams<
+                    2, 2, CutoffStrategy::Fold3>>());
+  ret.push_back(absl::make_unique<CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreams<
+                    2, 3, CutoffStrategy::Fold3>>());
+  ret.push_back(absl::make_unique<CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreams<
+                    3, 0, CutoffStrategy::Fold3>>());
+  ret.push_back(absl::make_unique<CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreams<
+                    3, 1, CutoffStrategy::Fold3>>());
+  ret.push_back(absl::make_unique<CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreams<
+                    3, 2, CutoffStrategy::Fold3>>());
+  ret.push_back(absl::make_unique<CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreams<
+                    3, 3, CutoffStrategy::Fold3>>());
+  ret.push_back(absl::make_unique<CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreams<
+                    1, 0, CutoffStrategy::Unroll64CRC>>());
+  ret.push_back(absl::make_unique<CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreams<
+                    1, 1, CutoffStrategy::Unroll64CRC>>());
+  ret.push_back(absl::make_unique<CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreams<
+                    1, 2, CutoffStrategy::Unroll64CRC>>());
+  ret.push_back(absl::make_unique<CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreams<
+                    1, 3, CutoffStrategy::Unroll64CRC>>());
+  ret.push_back(absl::make_unique<CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreams<
+                    2, 0, CutoffStrategy::Unroll64CRC>>());
+  ret.push_back(absl::make_unique<CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreams<
+                    2, 1, CutoffStrategy::Unroll64CRC>>());
+  ret.push_back(absl::make_unique<CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreams<
+                    2, 2, CutoffStrategy::Unroll64CRC>>());
+  ret.push_back(absl::make_unique<CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreams<
+                    2, 3, CutoffStrategy::Unroll64CRC>>());
+  ret.push_back(absl::make_unique<CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreams<
+                    3, 0, CutoffStrategy::Unroll64CRC>>());
+  ret.push_back(absl::make_unique<CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreams<
+                    3, 1, CutoffStrategy::Unroll64CRC>>());
+  ret.push_back(absl::make_unique<CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreams<
+                    3, 2, CutoffStrategy::Unroll64CRC>>());
+  ret.push_back(absl::make_unique<CRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedMultipleStreams<
+                    3, 3, CutoffStrategy::Unroll64CRC>>());
+
+  return ret;
+}
+
+#else  // !ABSL_INTERNAL_CAN_USE_SIMD_CRC32C
+
+std::vector<std::unique_ptr<CRCImpl>> NewCRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombinedAll() {
+  return std::vector<std::unique_ptr<CRCImpl>>();
+}
+
+// no hardware acceleration available
+CRCImpl* TryNewCRC32AcceleratedX86ARMCombined() { return nullptr; }
+
+#endif
+
+}  // namespace crc_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/crc/internal/non_temporal_arm_intrinsics.h b/absl/crc/internal/non_temporal_arm_intrinsics.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9e5ccfc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/crc/internal/non_temporal_arm_intrinsics.h
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_NON_TEMPORAL_ARM_INTRINSICS_H_
+#define ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_NON_TEMPORAL_ARM_INTRINSICS_H_
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+
+#ifdef __aarch64__
+#include <arm_neon.h>
+
+typedef int64x2_t __m128i; /* 128-bit vector containing integers */
+#define vreinterpretq_m128i_s32(x) vreinterpretq_s64_s32(x)
+#define vreinterpretq_s64_m128i(x) (x)
+
+// Guarantees that every preceding store is globally visible before any
+// subsequent store.
+// https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/5h2w73d1%28v=vs.90%29.aspx
+static inline __attribute__((always_inline)) void _mm_sfence(void) {
+  __sync_synchronize();
+}
+
+// Load 128-bits of integer data from unaligned memory into dst. This intrinsic
+// may perform better than _mm_loadu_si128 when the data crosses a cache line
+// boundary.
+//
+//   dst[127:0] := MEM[mem_addr+127:mem_addr]
+//
+// https://software.intel.com/sites/landingpage/IntrinsicsGuide/#text=_mm_lddqu_si128
+#define _mm_lddqu_si128 _mm_loadu_si128
+
+// Loads 128-bit value. :
+// https://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/f4k12ae8(v=vs.90).aspx
+static inline __attribute__((always_inline)) __m128i _mm_loadu_si128(
+    const __m128i *p) {
+  return vreinterpretq_m128i_s32(vld1q_s32((const int32_t *)p));
+}
+
+// Stores the data in a to the address p without polluting the caches.  If the
+// cache line containing address p is already in the cache, the cache will be
+// updated.
+// https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ba08y07y%28v=vs.90%29.aspx
+static inline __attribute__((always_inline)) void _mm_stream_si128(__m128i *p,
+                                                                   __m128i a) {
+#if ABSL_HAVE_BUILTIN(__builtin_nontemporal_store)
+  __builtin_nontemporal_store(a, p);
+#else
+  vst1q_s64((int64_t *)p, vreinterpretq_s64_m128i(a));
+#endif
+}
+
+// Sets the 16 signed 8-bit integer values.
+// https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/x0cx8zd3(v=vs.90).aspx
+static inline __attribute__((always_inline)) __m128i _mm_set_epi8(
+    signed char b15, signed char b14, signed char b13, signed char b12,
+    signed char b11, signed char b10, signed char b9, signed char b8,
+    signed char b7, signed char b6, signed char b5, signed char b4,
+    signed char b3, signed char b2, signed char b1, signed char b0) {
+  int8_t __attribute__((aligned(16)))
+  data[16] = {(int8_t)b0,  (int8_t)b1,  (int8_t)b2,  (int8_t)b3,
+              (int8_t)b4,  (int8_t)b5,  (int8_t)b6,  (int8_t)b7,
+              (int8_t)b8,  (int8_t)b9,  (int8_t)b10, (int8_t)b11,
+              (int8_t)b12, (int8_t)b13, (int8_t)b14, (int8_t)b15};
+  return (__m128i)vld1q_s8(data);
+}
+#endif  // __aarch64__
+
+#endif  // ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_NON_TEMPORAL_ARM_INTRINSICS_H_
diff --git a/absl/crc/internal/non_temporal_memcpy.h b/absl/crc/internal/non_temporal_memcpy.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b3d94bad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/crc/internal/non_temporal_memcpy.h
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_NON_TEMPORAL_MEMCPY_H_
+#define ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_NON_TEMPORAL_MEMCPY_H_
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#include <intrin.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __SSE__
+#include <xmmintrin.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __SSE2__
+#include <emmintrin.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __SSE3__
+#include <pmmintrin.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __AVX__
+#include <immintrin.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __aarch64__
+#include "absl/crc/internal/non_temporal_arm_intrinsics.h"
+#endif
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstring>
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/optimization.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace crc_internal {
+
+// This non-temporal memcpy does regular load and non-temporal store memory
+// copy. It is compatible to both 16-byte aligned and unaligned addresses. If
+// data at the destination is not immediately accessed, using non-temporal
+// memcpy can save 1 DRAM load of the destination cacheline.
+constexpr size_t kCacheLineSize = ABSL_CACHELINE_SIZE;
+
+// If the objects overlap, the behavior is undefined.
+inline void *non_temporal_store_memcpy(void *__restrict dst,
+                                       const void *__restrict src, size_t len) {
+#if defined(__SSE3__) || defined(__aarch64__) || \
+    (defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(__AVX__))
+  // This implementation requires SSE3.
+  // MSVC cannot target SSE3 directly, but when MSVC targets AVX,
+  // SSE3 support is implied.
+  uint8_t *d = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(dst);
+  const uint8_t *s = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(src);
+
+  // memcpy() the misaligned header. At the end of this if block, <d> is
+  // aligned to a 64-byte cacheline boundary or <len> == 0.
+  if (reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(d) & (kCacheLineSize - 1)) {
+    uintptr_t bytes_before_alignment_boundary =
+        kCacheLineSize -
+        (reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(d) & (kCacheLineSize - 1));
+    size_t header_len = (std::min)(bytes_before_alignment_boundary, len);
+    assert(bytes_before_alignment_boundary < kCacheLineSize);
+    memcpy(d, s, header_len);
+    d += header_len;
+    s += header_len;
+    len -= header_len;
+  }
+
+  if (len >= kCacheLineSize) {
+    _mm_sfence();
+    __m128i *dst_cacheline = reinterpret_cast<__m128i *>(d);
+    const __m128i *src_cacheline = reinterpret_cast<const __m128i *>(s);
+    constexpr int kOpsPerCacheLine = kCacheLineSize / sizeof(__m128i);
+    size_t loops = len / kCacheLineSize;
+
+    while (len >= kCacheLineSize) {
+      __m128i temp1, temp2, temp3, temp4;
+      temp1 = _mm_lddqu_si128(src_cacheline + 0);
+      temp2 = _mm_lddqu_si128(src_cacheline + 1);
+      temp3 = _mm_lddqu_si128(src_cacheline + 2);
+      temp4 = _mm_lddqu_si128(src_cacheline + 3);
+      _mm_stream_si128(dst_cacheline + 0, temp1);
+      _mm_stream_si128(dst_cacheline + 1, temp2);
+      _mm_stream_si128(dst_cacheline + 2, temp3);
+      _mm_stream_si128(dst_cacheline + 3, temp4);
+      src_cacheline += kOpsPerCacheLine;
+      dst_cacheline += kOpsPerCacheLine;
+      len -= kCacheLineSize;
+    }
+    d += loops * kCacheLineSize;
+    s += loops * kCacheLineSize;
+    _mm_sfence();
+  }
+
+  // memcpy the tail.
+  if (len) {
+    memcpy(d, s, len);
+  }
+  return dst;
+#else
+  // Fallback to regular memcpy.
+  return memcpy(dst, src, len);
+#endif  // __SSE3__ || __aarch64__ || (_MSC_VER && __AVX__)
+}
+
+inline void *non_temporal_store_memcpy_avx(void *__restrict dst,
+                                           const void *__restrict src,
+                                           size_t len) {
+#ifdef __AVX__
+  uint8_t *d = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(dst);
+  const uint8_t *s = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(src);
+
+  // memcpy() the misaligned header. At the end of this if block, <d> is
+  // aligned to a 64-byte cacheline boundary or <len> == 0.
+  if (reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(d) & (kCacheLineSize - 1)) {
+    uintptr_t bytes_before_alignment_boundary =
+        kCacheLineSize -
+        (reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(d) & (kCacheLineSize - 1));
+    size_t header_len = (std::min)(bytes_before_alignment_boundary, len);
+    assert(bytes_before_alignment_boundary < kCacheLineSize);
+    memcpy(d, s, header_len);
+    d += header_len;
+    s += header_len;
+    len -= header_len;
+  }
+
+  if (len >= kCacheLineSize) {
+    _mm_sfence();
+    __m256i *dst_cacheline = reinterpret_cast<__m256i *>(d);
+    const __m256i *src_cacheline = reinterpret_cast<const __m256i *>(s);
+    constexpr int kOpsPerCacheLine = kCacheLineSize / sizeof(__m256i);
+    size_t loops = len / kCacheLineSize;
+
+    while (len >= kCacheLineSize) {
+      __m256i temp1, temp2;
+      temp1 = _mm256_lddqu_si256(src_cacheline + 0);
+      temp2 = _mm256_lddqu_si256(src_cacheline + 1);
+      _mm256_stream_si256(dst_cacheline + 0, temp1);
+      _mm256_stream_si256(dst_cacheline + 1, temp2);
+      src_cacheline += kOpsPerCacheLine;
+      dst_cacheline += kOpsPerCacheLine;
+      len -= kCacheLineSize;
+    }
+    d += loops * kCacheLineSize;
+    s += loops * kCacheLineSize;
+    _mm_sfence();
+  }
+
+  // memcpy the tail.
+  if (len) {
+    memcpy(d, s, len);
+  }
+  return dst;
+#else
+  // Fallback to regular memcpy when AVX is not available.
+  return memcpy(dst, src, len);
+#endif  // __AVX__
+}
+
+}  // namespace crc_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_CRC_INTERNAL_NON_TEMPORAL_MEMCPY_H_
diff --git a/absl/crc/internal/non_temporal_memcpy_test.cc b/absl/crc/internal/non_temporal_memcpy_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eb07a559
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/crc/internal/non_temporal_memcpy_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/crc/internal/non_temporal_memcpy.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+
+namespace {
+
+struct TestParam {
+  size_t copy_size;
+  uint32_t src_offset;
+  uint32_t dst_offset;
+};
+
+class NonTemporalMemcpyTest : public testing::TestWithParam<TestParam> {
+ protected:
+  void SetUp() override {
+    // Make buf_size multiple of 16 bytes.
+    size_t buf_size = ((std::max(GetParam().src_offset, GetParam().dst_offset) +
+                        GetParam().copy_size) +
+                       15) /
+                      16 * 16;
+    a_.resize(buf_size);
+    b_.resize(buf_size);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < buf_size; i++) {
+      a_[i] = static_cast<uint8_t>(i % 256);
+      b_[i] = ~a_[i];
+    }
+  }
+
+  std::vector<uint8_t> a_, b_;
+};
+
+TEST_P(NonTemporalMemcpyTest, SSEEquality) {
+  uint8_t *src = a_.data() + GetParam().src_offset;
+  uint8_t *dst = b_.data() + GetParam().dst_offset;
+  absl::crc_internal::non_temporal_store_memcpy(dst, src, GetParam().copy_size);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < GetParam().copy_size; i++) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(src[i], dst[i]);
+  }
+}
+
+TEST_P(NonTemporalMemcpyTest, AVXEquality) {
+  uint8_t* src = a_.data() + GetParam().src_offset;
+  uint8_t* dst = b_.data() + GetParam().dst_offset;
+
+  absl::crc_internal::non_temporal_store_memcpy_avx(dst, src,
+                                                    GetParam().copy_size);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < GetParam().copy_size; i++) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(src[i], dst[i]);
+  }
+}
+
+// 63B is smaller than one cacheline operation thus the non-temporal routine
+// will not be called.
+// 4352B is sufficient for testing 4092B data copy with room for offsets.
+constexpr TestParam params[] = {
+    {63, 0, 0},       {58, 5, 5},    {61, 2, 0},    {61, 0, 2},
+    {58, 5, 2},       {4096, 0, 0},  {4096, 0, 1},  {4096, 0, 2},
+    {4096, 0, 3},     {4096, 0, 4},  {4096, 0, 5},  {4096, 0, 6},
+    {4096, 0, 7},     {4096, 0, 8},  {4096, 0, 9},  {4096, 0, 10},
+    {4096, 0, 11},    {4096, 0, 12}, {4096, 0, 13}, {4096, 0, 14},
+    {4096, 0, 15},    {4096, 7, 7},  {4096, 3, 0},  {4096, 1, 0},
+    {4096, 9, 3},     {4096, 9, 11}, {8192, 0, 0},  {8192, 5, 2},
+    {1024768, 7, 11}, {1, 0, 0},     {1, 0, 1},     {1, 1, 0},
+    {1, 1, 1}};
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(ParameterizedNonTemporalMemcpyTest,
+                         NonTemporalMemcpyTest, testing::ValuesIn(params));
+
+}  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/debugging/BUILD.bazel b/absl/debugging/BUILD.bazel
index 932a8e9f..42124bfb 100644
--- a/absl/debugging/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/absl/debugging/BUILD.bazel
@@ -49,6 +49,20 @@ cc_library(
         ":debugging_internal",
         "//absl/base:config",
         "//absl/base:core_headers",
+        "//absl/base:dynamic_annotations",
+        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_test(
+    name = "stacktrace_test",
+    srcs = ["stacktrace_test.cc"],
+    copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        ":stacktrace",
+        "//absl/base:core_headers",
+        "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
     ],
 )
 
@@ -70,6 +84,10 @@ cc_library(
     linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS + select({
         "//absl:msvc_compiler": ["-DEFAULTLIB:dbghelp.lib"],
         "//absl:clang-cl_compiler": ["-DEFAULTLIB:dbghelp.lib"],
+        "//absl:mingw_compiler": [
+            "-DEFAULTLIB:dbghelp.lib",
+            "-ldbghelp",
+        ],
         "//conditions:default": [],
     }),
     deps = [
@@ -104,7 +122,8 @@ cc_test(
         "//absl/base",
         "//absl/base:config",
         "//absl/base:core_headers",
-        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
+        "//absl/log",
+        "//absl/log:check",
         "//absl/memory",
         "//absl/strings",
         "@com_google_googletest//:gtest",
@@ -121,7 +140,7 @@ cc_library(
     ],
     copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
     linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
-    visibility = ["//visibility:private"],
+    visibility = ["//absl/log/internal:__pkg__"],
     deps = [
         ":stacktrace",
         ":symbolize",
@@ -162,6 +181,7 @@ cc_test(
         ":stacktrace",
         ":symbolize",
         "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
+        "//absl/log:check",
         "//absl/strings",
         "@com_google_googletest//:gtest",
     ],
@@ -215,7 +235,7 @@ cc_test(
         ":stack_consumption",
         "//absl/base:config",
         "//absl/base:core_headers",
-        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
+        "//absl/log",
         "//absl/memory",
         "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
     ],
@@ -242,7 +262,7 @@ cc_test(
     deps = [
         ":leak_check",
         "//absl/base:config",
-        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
+        "//absl/log",
         "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
     ],
 )
@@ -259,7 +279,7 @@ cc_binary(
     linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
     deps = [
         ":leak_check",
-        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
+        "//absl/log",
         "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
     ],
 )
@@ -288,7 +308,7 @@ cc_test(
     deps = [
         ":stack_consumption",
         "//absl/base:core_headers",
-        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
+        "//absl/log",
         "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
     ],
 )
diff --git a/absl/debugging/CMakeLists.txt b/absl/debugging/CMakeLists.txt
index d8207d6a..65e2af88 100644
--- a/absl/debugging/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/absl/debugging/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -41,9 +41,24 @@ absl_cc_library(
     absl::debugging_internal
     absl::config
     absl::core_headers
+    absl::dynamic_annotations
+    absl::raw_logging_internal
   PUBLIC
 )
 
+absl_cc_test(
+  NAME
+    stacktrace_test
+  SRCS
+    "stacktrace_test.cc"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::stacktrace
+    absl::core_headers
+    GTest::gmock_main
+)
+
 absl_cc_library(
   NAME
     symbolize
@@ -61,7 +76,7 @@ absl_cc_library(
     ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
   LINKOPTS
     ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
-    $<$<BOOL:${MINGW}>:"dbghelp">
+    $<$<BOOL:${MINGW}>:-ldbghelp>
   DEPS
     absl::debugging_internal
     absl::demangle_internal
@@ -86,14 +101,15 @@ absl_cc_test(
   LINKOPTS
     $<$<BOOL:${MSVC}>:-DEBUG>
   DEPS
-    absl::stack_consumption
-    absl::symbolize
     absl::base
+    absl::check
     absl::config
     absl::core_headers
+    absl::log
     absl::memory
-    absl::raw_logging_internal
+    absl::stack_consumption
     absl::strings
+    absl::symbolize
     GTest::gmock
 )
 
@@ -142,6 +158,7 @@ absl_cc_test(
   COPTS
     ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
   DEPS
+    absl::check
     absl::failure_signal_handler
     absl::stacktrace
     absl::symbolize
@@ -201,8 +218,8 @@ absl_cc_test(
     absl::stack_consumption
     absl::config
     absl::core_headers
+    absl::log
     absl::memory
-    absl::raw_logging_internal
     GTest::gmock_main
 )
 
@@ -233,6 +250,7 @@ absl_cc_test(
   DEPS
     absl::leak_check
     absl::base
+    absl::log
     GTest::gmock_main
 )
 
@@ -263,7 +281,7 @@ absl_cc_test(
   DEPS
     absl::stack_consumption
     absl::core_headers
-    absl::raw_logging_internal
+    absl::log
     GTest::gmock_main
 )
 
diff --git a/absl/debugging/failure_signal_handler.cc b/absl/debugging/failure_signal_handler.cc
index affade3b..992c89c3 100644
--- a/absl/debugging/failure_signal_handler.cc
+++ b/absl/debugging/failure_signal_handler.cc
@@ -31,6 +31,13 @@
 
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_MMAP
 #include <sys/mman.h>
+#if defined(MAP_ANON) && !defined(MAP_ANONYMOUS)
+#define MAP_ANONYMOUS MAP_ANON
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __linux__
+#include <sys/prctl.h>
 #endif
 
 #include <algorithm>
@@ -50,7 +57,9 @@
 #ifndef _WIN32
 #define ABSL_HAVE_SIGACTION
 // Apple WatchOS and TVOS don't allow sigaltstack
-#if !(defined(TARGET_OS_WATCH) && TARGET_OS_WATCH) && \
+// Apple macOS has sigaltstack, but using it makes backtrace() unusable.
+#if !(defined(TARGET_OS_OSX) && TARGET_OS_OSX) &&     \
+    !(defined(TARGET_OS_WATCH) && TARGET_OS_WATCH) && \
     !(defined(TARGET_OS_TV) && TARGET_OS_TV) && !defined(__QNX__)
 #define ABSL_HAVE_SIGALTSTACK
 #endif
@@ -75,10 +84,10 @@ struct FailureSignalData {
   struct sigaction previous_action;
   // StructSigaction is used to silence -Wmissing-field-initializers.
   using StructSigaction = struct sigaction;
-  #define FSD_PREVIOUS_INIT FailureSignalData::StructSigaction()
+#define FSD_PREVIOUS_INIT FailureSignalData::StructSigaction()
 #else
   void (*previous_handler)(int);
-  #define FSD_PREVIOUS_INIT SIG_DFL
+#define FSD_PREVIOUS_INIT SIG_DFL
 #endif
 };
 
@@ -130,13 +139,14 @@ const char* FailureSignalToString(int signo) {
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_SIGALTSTACK
 
 static bool SetupAlternateStackOnce() {
-#if defined(__wasm__) || defined (__asjms__)
+#if defined(__wasm__) || defined(__asjms__)
   const size_t page_mask = getpagesize() - 1;
 #else
-  const size_t page_mask = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE) - 1;
+  const size_t page_mask = static_cast<size_t>(sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE)) - 1;
 #endif
   size_t stack_size =
-      (std::max<size_t>(SIGSTKSZ, 65536) + page_mask) & ~page_mask;
+      (std::max(static_cast<size_t>(SIGSTKSZ), size_t{65536}) + page_mask) &
+      ~page_mask;
 #if defined(ABSL_HAVE_ADDRESS_SANITIZER) || \
     defined(ABSL_HAVE_MEMORY_SANITIZER) || defined(ABSL_HAVE_THREAD_SANITIZER)
   // Account for sanitizer instrumentation requiring additional stack space.
@@ -151,9 +161,6 @@ static bool SetupAlternateStackOnce() {
 #ifndef MAP_STACK
 #define MAP_STACK 0
 #endif
-#if defined(MAP_ANON) && !defined(MAP_ANONYMOUS)
-#define MAP_ANONYMOUS MAP_ANON
-#endif
   sigstk.ss_sp = mmap(nullptr, sigstk.ss_size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
                       MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS | MAP_STACK, -1, 0);
   if (sigstk.ss_sp == MAP_FAILED) {
@@ -169,6 +176,20 @@ static bool SetupAlternateStackOnce() {
   if (sigaltstack(&sigstk, nullptr) != 0) {
     ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "sigaltstack() failed with errno=%d", errno);
   }
+
+#ifdef __linux__
+#if defined(PR_SET_VMA) && defined(PR_SET_VMA_ANON_NAME)
+  // Make a best-effort attempt to name the allocated region in
+  // /proc/$PID/smaps.
+  //
+  // The call to prctl() may fail if the kernel was not configured with the
+  // CONFIG_ANON_VMA_NAME kernel option.  This is OK since the call is
+  // primarily a debugging aid.
+  prctl(PR_SET_VMA, PR_SET_VMA_ANON_NAME, sigstk.ss_sp, sigstk.ss_size,
+        "absl-signalstack");
+#endif
+#endif  // __linux__
+
   return true;
 }
 
@@ -215,10 +236,6 @@ static void InstallOneFailureHandler(FailureSignalData* data,
 
 #endif
 
-static void WriteToStderr(const char* data) {
-  absl::raw_logging_internal::AsyncSignalSafeWriteToStderr(data, strlen(data));
-}
-
 static void WriteSignalMessage(int signo, int cpu,
                                void (*writerfn)(const char*)) {
   char buf[96];
@@ -231,7 +248,7 @@ static void WriteSignalMessage(int signo, int cpu,
   if (signal_string != nullptr && signal_string[0] != '\0') {
     snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "*** %s received at time=%ld%s ***\n",
              signal_string,
-             static_cast<long>(time(nullptr)),   // NOLINT(runtime/int)
+             static_cast<long>(time(nullptr)),  // NOLINT(runtime/int)
              on_cpu);
   } else {
     snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "*** Signal %d received at time=%ld%s ***\n",
@@ -289,12 +306,13 @@ static void WriteFailureInfo(int signo, void* ucontext, int cpu,
 // some platforms.
 static void PortableSleepForSeconds(int seconds) {
 #ifdef _WIN32
-  Sleep(seconds * 1000);
+  Sleep(static_cast<DWORD>(seconds * 1000));
 #else
   struct timespec sleep_time;
   sleep_time.tv_sec = seconds;
   sleep_time.tv_nsec = 0;
-  while (nanosleep(&sleep_time, &sleep_time) != 0 && errno == EINTR) {}
+  while (nanosleep(&sleep_time, &sleep_time) != 0 && errno == EINTR) {
+  }
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -304,9 +322,7 @@ static void PortableSleepForSeconds(int seconds) {
 // set amount of time. If AbslFailureSignalHandler() hangs for more than
 // the alarm timeout, ImmediateAbortSignalHandler() will abort the
 // program.
-static void ImmediateAbortSignalHandler(int) {
-  RaiseToDefaultHandler(SIGABRT);
-}
+static void ImmediateAbortSignalHandler(int) { RaiseToDefaultHandler(SIGABRT); }
 #endif
 
 // absl::base_internal::GetTID() returns pid_t on most platforms, but
@@ -323,9 +339,9 @@ static void AbslFailureSignalHandler(int signo, siginfo_t*, void* ucontext) {
 
   const GetTidType this_tid = absl::base_internal::GetTID();
   GetTidType previous_failed_tid = 0;
-  if (!failed_tid.compare_exchange_strong(
-          previous_failed_tid, static_cast<intptr_t>(this_tid),
-          std::memory_order_acq_rel, std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
+  if (!failed_tid.compare_exchange_strong(previous_failed_tid, this_tid,
+                                          std::memory_order_acq_rel,
+                                          std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
     ABSL_RAW_LOG(
         ERROR,
         "Signal %d raised at PC=%p while already in AbslFailureSignalHandler()",
@@ -354,12 +370,15 @@ static void AbslFailureSignalHandler(int signo, siginfo_t*, void* ucontext) {
   if (fsh_options.alarm_on_failure_secs > 0) {
     alarm(0);  // Cancel any existing alarms.
     signal(SIGALRM, ImmediateAbortSignalHandler);
-    alarm(fsh_options.alarm_on_failure_secs);
+    alarm(static_cast<unsigned int>(fsh_options.alarm_on_failure_secs));
   }
 #endif
 
   // First write to stderr.
-  WriteFailureInfo(signo, ucontext, my_cpu, WriteToStderr);
+  WriteFailureInfo(
+      signo, ucontext, my_cpu, +[](const char* data) {
+        absl::raw_log_internal::AsyncSignalSafeWriteError(data, strlen(data));
+      });
 
   // Riskier code (because it is less likely to be async-signal-safe)
   // goes after this point.
diff --git a/absl/debugging/failure_signal_handler.h b/absl/debugging/failure_signal_handler.h
index 500115c0..5e034785 100644
--- a/absl/debugging/failure_signal_handler.h
+++ b/absl/debugging/failure_signal_handler.h
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ struct FailureSignalHandlerOptions {
   // If true, try to run signal handlers on an alternate stack (if supported on
   // the given platform). An alternate stack is useful for program crashes due
   // to a stack overflow; by running on a alternate stack, the signal handler
-  // may run even when normal stack space has been exausted. The downside of
+  // may run even when normal stack space has been exhausted. The downside of
   // using an alternate stack is that extra memory for the alternate stack needs
   // to be pre-allocated.
   bool use_alternate_stack = true;
diff --git a/absl/debugging/failure_signal_handler_test.cc b/absl/debugging/failure_signal_handler_test.cc
index 6a62428b..72816a3e 100644
--- a/absl/debugging/failure_signal_handler_test.cc
+++ b/absl/debugging/failure_signal_handler_test.cc
@@ -22,11 +22,12 @@
 #include <cstring>
 #include <fstream>
 
-#include "gtest/gtest.h"
 #include "gmock/gmock.h"
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
 #include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
 #include "absl/debugging/stacktrace.h"
 #include "absl/debugging/symbolize.h"
+#include "absl/log/check.h"
 #include "absl/strings/match.h"
 #include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
 
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ std::string GetTmpDir() {
 // This function runs in a fork()ed process on most systems.
 void InstallHandlerWithWriteToFileAndRaise(const char* file, int signo) {
   error_file = fopen(file, "w");
-  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(error_file != nullptr, "Failed create error_file");
+  CHECK_NE(error_file, nullptr) << "Failed create error_file";
   absl::FailureSignalHandlerOptions options;
   options.writerfn = WriteToErrorFile;
   absl::InstallFailureSignalHandler(options);
diff --git a/absl/debugging/internal/address_is_readable.cc b/absl/debugging/internal/address_is_readable.cc
index 4be6256b..91eaa76f 100644
--- a/absl/debugging/internal/address_is_readable.cc
+++ b/absl/debugging/internal/address_is_readable.cc
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ namespace debugging_internal {
 bool AddressIsReadable(const void *addr) {
   // Align address on 8-byte boundary. On aarch64, checking last
   // byte before inaccessible page returned unexpected EFAULT.
-  const uintptr_t u_addr = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(addr) & ~7;
+  const uintptr_t u_addr = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(addr) & ~uintptr_t{7};
   addr = reinterpret_cast<const void *>(u_addr);
 
   // rt_sigprocmask below will succeed for this input.
diff --git a/absl/debugging/internal/demangle.cc b/absl/debugging/internal/demangle.cc
index 93ae3279..f2832915 100644
--- a/absl/debugging/internal/demangle.cc
+++ b/absl/debugging/internal/demangle.cc
@@ -151,12 +151,12 @@ static const AbbrevPair kSubstitutionList[] = {
 // State needed for demangling.  This struct is copied in almost every stack
 // frame, so every byte counts.
 typedef struct {
-  int mangled_idx;                   // Cursor of mangled name.
-  int out_cur_idx;                   // Cursor of output string.
-  int prev_name_idx;                 // For constructors/destructors.
-  signed int prev_name_length : 16;  // For constructors/destructors.
-  signed int nest_level : 15;        // For nested names.
-  unsigned int append : 1;           // Append flag.
+  int mangled_idx;                     // Cursor of mangled name.
+  int out_cur_idx;                     // Cursor of output string.
+  int prev_name_idx;                   // For constructors/destructors.
+  unsigned int prev_name_length : 16;  // For constructors/destructors.
+  signed int nest_level : 15;          // For nested names.
+  unsigned int append : 1;             // Append flag.
   // Note: for some reason MSVC can't pack "bool append : 1" into the same int
   // with the above two fields, so we use an int instead.  Amusingly it can pack
   // "signed bool" as expected, but relying on that to continue to be a legal
@@ -235,8 +235,8 @@ static size_t StrLen(const char *str) {
 }
 
 // Returns true if "str" has at least "n" characters remaining.
-static bool AtLeastNumCharsRemaining(const char *str, int n) {
-  for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+static bool AtLeastNumCharsRemaining(const char *str, size_t n) {
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
     if (str[i] == '\0') {
       return false;
     }
@@ -253,18 +253,20 @@ static bool StrPrefix(const char *str, const char *prefix) {
   return prefix[i] == '\0';  // Consumed everything in "prefix".
 }
 
-static void InitState(State *state, const char *mangled, char *out,
-                      int out_size) {
+static void InitState(State* state,
+                      const char* mangled,
+                      char* out,
+                      size_t out_size) {
   state->mangled_begin = mangled;
   state->out = out;
-  state->out_end_idx = out_size;
+  state->out_end_idx = static_cast<int>(out_size);
   state->recursion_depth = 0;
   state->steps = 0;
 
   state->parse_state.mangled_idx = 0;
   state->parse_state.out_cur_idx = 0;
   state->parse_state.prev_name_idx = 0;
-  state->parse_state.prev_name_length = -1;
+  state->parse_state.prev_name_length = 0;
   state->parse_state.nest_level = -1;
   state->parse_state.append = true;
 }
@@ -356,8 +358,8 @@ static bool ZeroOrMore(ParseFunc parse_func, State *state) {
 // Append "str" at "out_cur_idx".  If there is an overflow, out_cur_idx is
 // set to out_end_idx+1.  The output string is ensured to
 // always terminate with '\0' as long as there is no overflow.
-static void Append(State *state, const char *const str, const int length) {
-  for (int i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
+static void Append(State *state, const char *const str, const size_t length) {
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
     if (state->parse_state.out_cur_idx + 1 <
         state->out_end_idx) {  // +1 for '\0'
       state->out[state->parse_state.out_cur_idx++] = str[i];
@@ -420,7 +422,7 @@ static bool EndsWith(State *state, const char chr) {
 
 // Append "str" with some tweaks, iff "append" state is true.
 static void MaybeAppendWithLength(State *state, const char *const str,
-                                  const int length) {
+                                  const size_t length) {
   if (state->parse_state.append && length > 0) {
     // Append a space if the output buffer ends with '<' and "str"
     // starts with '<' to avoid <<<.
@@ -432,14 +434,14 @@ static void MaybeAppendWithLength(State *state, const char *const str,
     if (state->parse_state.out_cur_idx < state->out_end_idx &&
         (IsAlpha(str[0]) || str[0] == '_')) {
       state->parse_state.prev_name_idx = state->parse_state.out_cur_idx;
-      state->parse_state.prev_name_length = length;
+      state->parse_state.prev_name_length = static_cast<unsigned int>(length);
     }
     Append(state, str, length);
   }
 }
 
 // Appends a positive decimal number to the output if appending is enabled.
-static bool MaybeAppendDecimal(State *state, unsigned int val) {
+static bool MaybeAppendDecimal(State *state, int val) {
   // Max {32-64}-bit unsigned int is 20 digits.
   constexpr size_t kMaxLength = 20;
   char buf[kMaxLength];
@@ -451,12 +453,12 @@ static bool MaybeAppendDecimal(State *state, unsigned int val) {
     // one-past-the-end and manipulate one character before the pointer.
     char *p = &buf[kMaxLength];
     do {  // val=0 is the only input that should write a leading zero digit.
-      *--p = (val % 10) + '0';
+      *--p = static_cast<char>((val % 10) + '0');
       val /= 10;
     } while (p > buf && val != 0);
 
     // 'p' landed on the last character we set.  How convenient.
-    Append(state, p, kMaxLength - (p - buf));
+    Append(state, p, kMaxLength - static_cast<size_t>(p - buf));
   }
 
   return true;
@@ -466,7 +468,7 @@ static bool MaybeAppendDecimal(State *state, unsigned int val) {
 // Returns true so that it can be placed in "if" conditions.
 static bool MaybeAppend(State *state, const char *const str) {
   if (state->parse_state.append) {
-    int length = StrLen(str);
+    size_t length = StrLen(str);
     MaybeAppendWithLength(state, str, length);
   }
   return true;
@@ -521,10 +523,10 @@ static void MaybeCancelLastSeparator(State *state) {
 
 // Returns true if the identifier of the given length pointed to by
 // "mangled_cur" is anonymous namespace.
-static bool IdentifierIsAnonymousNamespace(State *state, int length) {
+static bool IdentifierIsAnonymousNamespace(State *state, size_t length) {
   // Returns true if "anon_prefix" is a proper prefix of "mangled_cur".
   static const char anon_prefix[] = "_GLOBAL__N_";
-  return (length > static_cast<int>(sizeof(anon_prefix) - 1) &&
+  return (length > (sizeof(anon_prefix) - 1) &&
           StrPrefix(RemainingInput(state), anon_prefix));
 }
 
@@ -542,12 +544,13 @@ static bool ParseUnnamedTypeName(State *state);
 static bool ParseNumber(State *state, int *number_out);
 static bool ParseFloatNumber(State *state);
 static bool ParseSeqId(State *state);
-static bool ParseIdentifier(State *state, int length);
+static bool ParseIdentifier(State *state, size_t length);
 static bool ParseOperatorName(State *state, int *arity);
 static bool ParseSpecialName(State *state);
 static bool ParseCallOffset(State *state);
 static bool ParseNVOffset(State *state);
 static bool ParseVOffset(State *state);
+static bool ParseAbiTags(State *state);
 static bool ParseCtorDtorName(State *state);
 static bool ParseDecltype(State *state);
 static bool ParseType(State *state);
@@ -601,7 +604,7 @@ static bool ParseSubstitution(State *state, bool accept_std);
 //
 // Reference:
 // - Itanium C++ ABI
-//   <https://mentorembedded.github.io/cxx-abi/abi.html#mangling>
+//   <https://itanium-cxx-abi.github.io/cxx-abi/abi.html#mangling>
 
 // <mangled-name> ::= _Z <encoding>
 static bool ParseMangledName(State *state) {
@@ -741,17 +744,42 @@ static bool ParsePrefix(State *state) {
   return true;
 }
 
-// <unqualified-name> ::= <operator-name>
-//                    ::= <ctor-dtor-name>
-//                    ::= <source-name>
-//                    ::= <local-source-name> // GCC extension; see below.
-//                    ::= <unnamed-type-name>
+// <unqualified-name> ::= <operator-name> [<abi-tags>]
+//                    ::= <ctor-dtor-name> [<abi-tags>]
+//                    ::= <source-name> [<abi-tags>]
+//                    ::= <local-source-name> [<abi-tags>]
+//                    ::= <unnamed-type-name> [<abi-tags>]
+//
+// <local-source-name> is a GCC extension; see below.
 static bool ParseUnqualifiedName(State *state) {
   ComplexityGuard guard(state);
   if (guard.IsTooComplex()) return false;
-  return (ParseOperatorName(state, nullptr) || ParseCtorDtorName(state) ||
-          ParseSourceName(state) || ParseLocalSourceName(state) ||
-          ParseUnnamedTypeName(state));
+  if (ParseOperatorName(state, nullptr) || ParseCtorDtorName(state) ||
+      ParseSourceName(state) || ParseLocalSourceName(state) ||
+      ParseUnnamedTypeName(state)) {
+    return ParseAbiTags(state);
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+// <abi-tags> ::= <abi-tag> [<abi-tags>]
+// <abi-tag>  ::= B <source-name>
+static bool ParseAbiTags(State *state) {
+  ComplexityGuard guard(state);
+  if (guard.IsTooComplex()) return false;
+
+  while (ParseOneCharToken(state, 'B')) {
+    ParseState copy = state->parse_state;
+    MaybeAppend(state, "[abi:");
+
+    if (!ParseSourceName(state)) {
+      state->parse_state = copy;
+      return false;
+    }
+    MaybeAppend(state, "]");
+  }
+
+  return true;
 }
 
 // <source-name> ::= <positive length number> <identifier>
@@ -760,7 +788,8 @@ static bool ParseSourceName(State *state) {
   if (guard.IsTooComplex()) return false;
   ParseState copy = state->parse_state;
   int length = -1;
-  if (ParseNumber(state, &length) && ParseIdentifier(state, length)) {
+  if (ParseNumber(state, &length) &&
+      ParseIdentifier(state, static_cast<size_t>(length))) {
     return true;
   }
   state->parse_state = copy;
@@ -838,7 +867,7 @@ static bool ParseNumber(State *state, int *number_out) {
   uint64_t number = 0;
   for (; *p != '\0'; ++p) {
     if (IsDigit(*p)) {
-      number = number * 10 + (*p - '0');
+      number = number * 10 + static_cast<uint64_t>(*p - '0');
     } else {
       break;
     }
@@ -853,7 +882,7 @@ static bool ParseNumber(State *state, int *number_out) {
     state->parse_state.mangled_idx += p - RemainingInput(state);
     if (number_out != nullptr) {
       // Note: possibly truncate "number".
-      *number_out = number;
+      *number_out = static_cast<int>(number);
     }
     return true;
   }
@@ -897,10 +926,10 @@ static bool ParseSeqId(State *state) {
 }
 
 // <identifier> ::= <unqualified source code identifier> (of given length)
-static bool ParseIdentifier(State *state, int length) {
+static bool ParseIdentifier(State *state, size_t length) {
   ComplexityGuard guard(state);
   if (guard.IsTooComplex()) return false;
-  if (length < 0 || !AtLeastNumCharsRemaining(RemainingInput(state), length)) {
+  if (!AtLeastNumCharsRemaining(RemainingInput(state), length)) {
     return false;
   }
   if (IdentifierIsAnonymousNamespace(state, length)) {
@@ -1947,7 +1976,7 @@ static bool Overflowed(const State *state) {
 }
 
 // The demangler entry point.
-bool Demangle(const char *mangled, char *out, int out_size) {
+bool Demangle(const char* mangled, char* out, size_t out_size) {
   State state;
   InitState(&state, mangled, out, out_size);
   return ParseTopLevelMangledName(&state) && !Overflowed(&state) &&
diff --git a/absl/debugging/internal/demangle.h b/absl/debugging/internal/demangle.h
index c314d9bc..e1f15698 100644
--- a/absl/debugging/internal/demangle.h
+++ b/absl/debugging/internal/demangle.h
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ namespace debugging_internal {
 // Demangle `mangled`.  On success, return true and write the
 // demangled symbol name to `out`.  Otherwise, return false.
 // `out` is modified even if demangling is unsuccessful.
-bool Demangle(const char *mangled, char *out, int out_size);
+bool Demangle(const char* mangled, char* out, size_t out_size);
 
 }  // namespace debugging_internal
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
diff --git a/absl/debugging/internal/demangle_test.cc b/absl/debugging/internal/demangle_test.cc
index 6b142902..faec72b5 100644
--- a/absl/debugging/internal/demangle_test.cc
+++ b/absl/debugging/internal/demangle_test.cc
@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@
 
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
 #include "absl/base/config.h"
-#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
 #include "absl/debugging/internal/stack_consumption.h"
+#include "absl/log/log.h"
 #include "absl/memory/memory.h"
 
 namespace absl {
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ static const char *DemangleIt(const char * const mangled) {
   }
 }
 
-// Test corner cases of bounary conditions.
+// Test corner cases of boundary conditions.
 TEST(Demangle, CornerCases) {
   char tmp[10];
   EXPECT_TRUE(Demangle("_Z6foobarv", tmp, sizeof(tmp)));
@@ -102,6 +102,30 @@ TEST(Demangle, Clones) {
   EXPECT_FALSE(Demangle("_ZL3Foov.isra.2.constprop.", tmp, sizeof(tmp)));
 }
 
+// Test the GNU abi_tag extension.
+TEST(Demangle, AbiTags) {
+  char tmp[80];
+
+  // Mangled name generated via:
+  // struct [[gnu::abi_tag("abc")]] A{};
+  // A a;
+  EXPECT_TRUE(Demangle("_Z1aB3abc", tmp, sizeof(tmp)));
+  EXPECT_STREQ("a[abi:abc]", tmp);
+
+  // Mangled name generated via:
+  // struct B {
+  //   B [[gnu::abi_tag("xyz")]] (){};
+  // };
+  // B b;
+  EXPECT_TRUE(Demangle("_ZN1BC2B3xyzEv", tmp, sizeof(tmp)));
+  EXPECT_STREQ("B::B[abi:xyz]()", tmp);
+
+  // Mangled name generated via:
+  // [[gnu::abi_tag("foo", "bar")]] void C() {}
+  EXPECT_TRUE(Demangle("_Z1CB3barB3foov", tmp, sizeof(tmp)));
+  EXPECT_STREQ("C[abi:bar][abi:foo]()", tmp);
+}
+
 // Tests that verify that Demangle footprint is within some limit.
 // They are not to be run under sanitizers as the sanitizers increase
 // stack consumption by about 4x.
@@ -127,7 +151,7 @@ static const char *DemangleStackConsumption(const char *mangled,
                                             int *stack_consumed) {
   g_mangled = mangled;
   *stack_consumed = GetSignalHandlerStackConsumption(DemangleSignalHandler);
-  ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "Stack consumption of Demangle: %d", *stack_consumed);
+  LOG(INFO) << "Stack consumption of Demangle: " << *stack_consumed;
   return g_demangle_result;
 }
 
diff --git a/absl/debugging/internal/elf_mem_image.cc b/absl/debugging/internal/elf_mem_image.cc
index a9d66714..42dcd3cd 100644
--- a/absl/debugging/internal/elf_mem_image.cc
+++ b/absl/debugging/internal/elf_mem_image.cc
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ int ElfMemImage::GetNumSymbols() const {
     return 0;
   }
   // See http://www.caldera.com/developers/gabi/latest/ch5.dynamic.html#hash
-  return hash_[1];
+  return static_cast<int>(hash_[1]);
 }
 
 const ElfW(Sym) *ElfMemImage::GetDynsym(int index) const {
@@ -105,11 +105,9 @@ const ElfW(Versym) *ElfMemImage::GetVersym(int index) const {
 }
 
 const ElfW(Phdr) *ElfMemImage::GetPhdr(int index) const {
-  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(index < ehdr_->e_phnum, "index out of range");
-  return GetTableElement<ElfW(Phdr)>(ehdr_,
-                                     ehdr_->e_phoff,
-                                     ehdr_->e_phentsize,
-                                     index);
+  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(index >= 0 && index < ehdr_->e_phnum, "index out of range");
+  return GetTableElement<ElfW(Phdr)>(ehdr_, ehdr_->e_phoff, ehdr_->e_phentsize,
+                                     static_cast<size_t>(index));
 }
 
 const char *ElfMemImage::GetDynstr(ElfW(Word) offset) const {
@@ -159,7 +157,8 @@ void ElfMemImage::Init(const void *base) {
   hash_      = nullptr;
   strsize_   = 0;
   verdefnum_ = 0;
-  link_base_ = ~0L;  // Sentinel: PT_LOAD .p_vaddr can't possibly be this.
+  // Sentinel: PT_LOAD .p_vaddr can't possibly be this.
+  link_base_ = ~ElfW(Addr){0};  // NOLINT(readability/braces)
   if (!base) {
     return;
   }
@@ -218,11 +217,11 @@ void ElfMemImage::Init(const void *base) {
   }
   ptrdiff_t relocation =
       base_as_char - reinterpret_cast<const char *>(link_base_);
-  ElfW(Dyn) *dynamic_entry =
-      reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Dyn) *>(dynamic_program_header->p_vaddr +
-                                    relocation);
+  ElfW(Dyn)* dynamic_entry = reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Dyn)*>(
+      static_cast<intptr_t>(dynamic_program_header->p_vaddr) + relocation);
   for (; dynamic_entry->d_tag != DT_NULL; ++dynamic_entry) {
-    const auto value = dynamic_entry->d_un.d_val + relocation;
+    const auto value =
+        static_cast<intptr_t>(dynamic_entry->d_un.d_val) + relocation;
     switch (dynamic_entry->d_tag) {
       case DT_HASH:
         hash_ = reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Word) *>(value);
@@ -240,10 +239,10 @@ void ElfMemImage::Init(const void *base) {
         verdef_ = reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Verdef) *>(value);
         break;
       case DT_VERDEFNUM:
-        verdefnum_ = dynamic_entry->d_un.d_val;
+        verdefnum_ = static_cast<size_t>(dynamic_entry->d_un.d_val);
         break;
       case DT_STRSZ:
-        strsize_ = dynamic_entry->d_un.d_val;
+        strsize_ = static_cast<size_t>(dynamic_entry->d_un.d_val);
         break;
       default:
         // Unrecognized entries explicitly ignored.
diff --git a/absl/debugging/internal/elf_mem_image.h b/absl/debugging/internal/elf_mem_image.h
index 113071a9..e7fe6ab0 100644
--- a/absl/debugging/internal/elf_mem_image.h
+++ b/absl/debugging/internal/elf_mem_image.h
@@ -33,7 +33,8 @@
 
 #if defined(__ELF__) && !defined(__OpenBSD__) && !defined(__QNX__) && \
     !defined(__native_client__) && !defined(__asmjs__) &&             \
-    !defined(__wasm__) && !defined(__HAIKU__)
+    !defined(__wasm__) && !defined(__HAIKU__) && !defined(__sun) &&   \
+    !defined(__VXWORKS__) && !defined(__hexagon__)
 #define ABSL_HAVE_ELF_MEM_IMAGE 1
 #endif
 
diff --git a/absl/debugging/internal/examine_stack.cc b/absl/debugging/internal/examine_stack.cc
index 5bdd341e..3dd6ba1a 100644
--- a/absl/debugging/internal/examine_stack.cc
+++ b/absl/debugging/internal/examine_stack.cc
@@ -24,6 +24,9 @@
 
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_MMAP
 #include <sys/mman.h>
+#if defined(MAP_ANON) && !defined(MAP_ANONYMOUS)
+#define MAP_ANONYMOUS MAP_ANON
+#endif
 #endif
 
 #if defined(__linux__) || defined(__APPLE__)
@@ -278,13 +281,14 @@ void DumpStackTrace(int min_dropped_frames, int max_num_frames,
   void* stack_buf[kDefaultDumpStackFramesLimit];
   void** stack = stack_buf;
   int num_stack = kDefaultDumpStackFramesLimit;
-  int allocated_bytes = 0;
+  size_t allocated_bytes = 0;
 
   if (num_stack >= max_num_frames) {
     // User requested fewer frames than we already have space for.
     num_stack = max_num_frames;
   } else {
-    const size_t needed_bytes = max_num_frames * sizeof(stack[0]);
+    const size_t needed_bytes =
+        static_cast<size_t>(max_num_frames) * sizeof(stack[0]);
     void* p = Allocate(needed_bytes);
     if (p != nullptr) {  // We got the space.
       num_stack = max_num_frames;
@@ -293,12 +297,13 @@ void DumpStackTrace(int min_dropped_frames, int max_num_frames,
     }
   }
 
-  size_t depth = absl::GetStackTrace(stack, num_stack, min_dropped_frames + 1);
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < depth; i++) {
+  int depth = absl::GetStackTrace(stack, num_stack, min_dropped_frames + 1);
+  for (int i = 0; i < depth; i++) {
     if (symbolize_stacktrace) {
-      DumpPCAndSymbol(writer, writer_arg, stack[i], "    ");
+      DumpPCAndSymbol(writer, writer_arg, stack[static_cast<size_t>(i)],
+                      "    ");
     } else {
-      DumpPC(writer, writer_arg, stack[i], "    ");
+      DumpPC(writer, writer_arg, stack[static_cast<size_t>(i)], "    ");
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/absl/debugging/internal/stack_consumption.cc b/absl/debugging/internal/stack_consumption.cc
index 51348649..3f40beac 100644
--- a/absl/debugging/internal/stack_consumption.cc
+++ b/absl/debugging/internal/stack_consumption.cc
@@ -18,14 +18,17 @@
 #ifdef ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_DEBUGGING_STACK_CONSUMPTION
 
 #include <signal.h>
+#include <string.h>
 #include <sys/mman.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 
-#include <string.h>
-
 #include "absl/base/attributes.h"
 #include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
 
+#if defined(MAP_ANON) && !defined(MAP_ANONYMOUS)
+#define MAP_ANONYMOUS MAP_ANON
+#endif
+
 namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 namespace debugging_internal {
@@ -162,7 +165,7 @@ int GetSignalHandlerStackConsumption(void (*signal_handler)(int)) {
     // versions of musl have a bug that rejects ss_size==0. Work around this by
     // setting ss_size to MINSIGSTKSZ, which should be ignored by the kernel
     // when SS_DISABLE is set.
-    old_sigstk.ss_size = MINSIGSTKSZ;
+    old_sigstk.ss_size = static_cast<size_t>(MINSIGSTKSZ);
   }
   ABSL_RAW_CHECK(sigaltstack(&old_sigstk, nullptr) == 0,
                  "sigaltstack() failed");
diff --git a/absl/debugging/internal/stack_consumption_test.cc b/absl/debugging/internal/stack_consumption_test.cc
index 80445bf4..0255ac8f 100644
--- a/absl/debugging/internal/stack_consumption_test.cc
+++ b/absl/debugging/internal/stack_consumption_test.cc
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 #include <string.h>
 
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
-#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
+#include "absl/log/log.h"
 
 namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ static void SimpleSignalHandler(int signo) {
 
   // Never true, but prevents compiler from optimizing buf out.
   if (signo == 0) {
-    ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "%p", static_cast<void*>(buf));
+    LOG(INFO) << static_cast<void*>(buf);
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_aarch64-inl.inc b/absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_aarch64-inl.inc
index 4f9db9d6..3f087162 100644
--- a/absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_aarch64-inl.inc
+++ b/absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_aarch64-inl.inc
@@ -13,13 +13,18 @@
 #include <cassert>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <iostream>
+#include <limits>
 
 #include "absl/base/attributes.h"
 #include "absl/debugging/internal/address_is_readable.h"
 #include "absl/debugging/internal/vdso_support.h"  // a no-op on non-elf or non-glibc systems
 #include "absl/debugging/stacktrace.h"
 
-static const uintptr_t kUnknownFrameSize = 0;
+static const size_t kUnknownFrameSize = 0;
+// Stack end to use when we don't know the actual stack end
+// (effectively just the end of address space).
+constexpr uintptr_t kUnknownStackEnd =
+    std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max() - sizeof(void *);
 
 #if defined(__linux__)
 // Returns the address of the VDSO __kernel_rt_sigreturn function, if present.
@@ -65,11 +70,12 @@ static const unsigned char* GetKernelRtSigreturnAddress() {
 // Compute the size of a stack frame in [low..high).  We assume that
 // low < high.  Return size of kUnknownFrameSize.
 template<typename T>
-static inline uintptr_t ComputeStackFrameSize(const T* low,
-                                              const T* high) {
+static inline size_t ComputeStackFrameSize(const T* low,
+                                           const T* high) {
   const char* low_char_ptr = reinterpret_cast<const char *>(low);
   const char* high_char_ptr = reinterpret_cast<const char *>(high);
-  return low < high ? high_char_ptr - low_char_ptr : kUnknownFrameSize;
+  return low < high ? static_cast<size_t>(high_char_ptr - low_char_ptr)
+                    : kUnknownFrameSize;
 }
 
 // Given a pointer to a stack frame, locate and return the calling
@@ -78,8 +84,9 @@ static inline uintptr_t ComputeStackFrameSize(const T* low,
 // "STRICT_UNWINDING") to reduce the chance that a bad pointer is returned.
 template<bool STRICT_UNWINDING, bool WITH_CONTEXT>
 ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_ADDRESS  // May read random elements from stack.
-ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_MEMORY   // May read random elements from stack.
-static void **NextStackFrame(void **old_frame_pointer, const void *uc) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_MEMORY  // May read random elements from stack.
+static void **NextStackFrame(void **old_frame_pointer, const void *uc,
+                             size_t stack_low, size_t stack_high) {
   void **new_frame_pointer = reinterpret_cast<void**>(*old_frame_pointer);
   bool check_frame_size = true;
 
@@ -93,16 +100,21 @@ static void **NextStackFrame(void **old_frame_pointer, const void *uc) {
       void **const pre_signal_frame_pointer =
           reinterpret_cast<void **>(ucv->uc_mcontext.regs[29]);
 
+      // The most recent signal always needs special handling to find the frame
+      // pointer, but a nested signal does not.  If pre_signal_frame_pointer is
+      // earlier in the stack than the old_frame_pointer, then use it. If it is
+      // later, then we have already unwound through it and it needs no special
+      // handling.
+      if (pre_signal_frame_pointer >= old_frame_pointer) {
+        new_frame_pointer = pre_signal_frame_pointer;
+      }
       // Check that alleged frame pointer is actually readable. This is to
       // prevent "double fault" in case we hit the first fault due to e.g.
       // stack corruption.
       if (!absl::debugging_internal::AddressIsReadable(
-              pre_signal_frame_pointer))
+              new_frame_pointer))
         return nullptr;
 
-      // Alleged frame pointer is readable, use it for further unwinding.
-      new_frame_pointer = pre_signal_frame_pointer;
-
       // Skip frame size check if we return from a signal. We may be using a
       // an alternate stack for signals.
       check_frame_size = false;
@@ -110,18 +122,36 @@ static void **NextStackFrame(void **old_frame_pointer, const void *uc) {
   }
 #endif
 
-  // aarch64 ABI requires stack pointer to be 16-byte-aligned.
-  if ((reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(new_frame_pointer) & 15) != 0)
+  // The frame pointer should be 8-byte aligned.
+  if ((reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(new_frame_pointer) & 7) != 0)
     return nullptr;
 
   // Check frame size.  In strict mode, we assume frames to be under
   // 100,000 bytes.  In non-strict mode, we relax the limit to 1MB.
   if (check_frame_size) {
-    const uintptr_t max_size = STRICT_UNWINDING ? 100000 : 1000000;
-    const uintptr_t frame_size =
+    const size_t max_size = STRICT_UNWINDING ? 100000 : 1000000;
+    const size_t frame_size =
         ComputeStackFrameSize(old_frame_pointer, new_frame_pointer);
-    if (frame_size == kUnknownFrameSize || frame_size > max_size)
-      return nullptr;
+    if (frame_size == kUnknownFrameSize)
+       return nullptr;
+    // A very large frame may mean corrupt memory or an erroneous frame
+    // pointer. But also maybe just a plain-old large frame.  Assume that if the
+    // frame is within the known stack, then it is valid.
+    if (frame_size > max_size) {
+       if (stack_high < kUnknownStackEnd &&
+          static_cast<size_t>(getpagesize()) < stack_low) {
+        const uintptr_t new_fp_u =
+            reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(new_frame_pointer);
+        // Stack bounds are known.
+        if (!(stack_low < new_fp_u && new_fp_u <= stack_high)) {
+          // new_frame_pointer is not within the known stack.
+          return nullptr;
+        }
+      } else {
+        // Stack bounds are unknown, prefer truncated stack to possible crash.
+        return nullptr;
+      }
+    }
   }
 
   return new_frame_pointer;
@@ -137,41 +167,49 @@ static int UnwindImpl(void** result, int* sizes, int max_depth, int skip_count,
 #else
 # error reading stack point not yet supported on this platform.
 #endif
-
   skip_count++;    // Skip the frame for this function.
   int n = 0;
 
+  // Assume that the first page is not stack.
+  size_t stack_low = static_cast<size_t>(getpagesize());
+  size_t stack_high = kUnknownStackEnd;
+
   // The frame pointer points to low address of a frame.  The first 64-bit
   // word of a frame points to the next frame up the call chain, which normally
   // is just after the high address of the current frame.  The second word of
-  // a frame contains return adress of to the caller.   To find a pc value
+  // a frame contains return address of to the caller.   To find a pc value
   // associated with the current frame, we need to go down a level in the call
   // chain.  So we remember return the address of the last frame seen.  This
   // does not work for the first stack frame, which belongs to UnwindImp() but
   // we skip the frame for UnwindImp() anyway.
   void* prev_return_address = nullptr;
+  // The nth frame size is the difference between the nth frame pointer and the
+  // the frame pointer below it in the call chain. There is no frame below the
+  // leaf frame, but this function is the leaf anyway, and we skip it.
+  void** prev_frame_pointer = nullptr;
 
-  while (frame_pointer && n < max_depth) {
-    // The absl::GetStackFrames routine is called when we are in some
-    // informational context (the failure signal handler for example).
-    // Use the non-strict unwinding rules to produce a stack trace
-    // that is as complete as possible (even if it contains a few bogus
-    // entries in some rare cases).
-    void **next_frame_pointer =
-        NextStackFrame<!IS_STACK_FRAMES, IS_WITH_CONTEXT>(frame_pointer, ucp);
-
+   while (frame_pointer && n < max_depth) {
     if (skip_count > 0) {
       skip_count--;
     } else {
       result[n] = prev_return_address;
       if (IS_STACK_FRAMES) {
-        sizes[n] = ComputeStackFrameSize(frame_pointer, next_frame_pointer);
+        sizes[n] = static_cast<int>(
+            ComputeStackFrameSize(prev_frame_pointer, frame_pointer));
       }
       n++;
     }
     prev_return_address = frame_pointer[1];
-    frame_pointer = next_frame_pointer;
+    prev_frame_pointer = frame_pointer;
+    // The absl::GetStackFrames routine is called when we are in some
+    // informational context (the failure signal handler for example).
+    // Use the non-strict unwinding rules to produce a stack trace
+    // that is as complete as possible (even if it contains a few bogus
+    // entries in some rare cases).
+    frame_pointer = NextStackFrame<!IS_STACK_FRAMES, IS_WITH_CONTEXT>(
+        frame_pointer, ucp, stack_low, stack_high);
   }
+
   if (min_dropped_frames != nullptr) {
     // Implementation detail: we clamp the max of frames we are willing to
     // count, so as not to spend too much time in the loop below.
@@ -183,8 +221,8 @@ static int UnwindImpl(void** result, int* sizes, int max_depth, int skip_count,
       } else {
         num_dropped_frames++;
       }
-      frame_pointer =
-          NextStackFrame<!IS_STACK_FRAMES, IS_WITH_CONTEXT>(frame_pointer, ucp);
+      frame_pointer = NextStackFrame<!IS_STACK_FRAMES, IS_WITH_CONTEXT>(
+          frame_pointer, ucp, stack_low, stack_high);
     }
     *min_dropped_frames = num_dropped_frames;
   }
diff --git a/absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_generic-inl.inc b/absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_generic-inl.inc
index b2792a1f..5fa169a7 100644
--- a/absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_generic-inl.inc
+++ b/absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_generic-inl.inc
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ static int UnwindImpl(void** result, int* sizes, int max_depth, int skip_count,
 
   if (IS_STACK_FRAMES) {
     // No implementation for finding out the stack frame sizes yet.
-    memset(sizes, 0, sizeof(*sizes) * result_count);
+    memset(sizes, 0, sizeof(*sizes) * static_cast<size_t>(result_count));
   }
   if (min_dropped_frames != nullptr) {
     if (size - skip_count - max_depth > 0) {
diff --git a/absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_powerpc-inl.inc b/absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_powerpc-inl.inc
index 085cef67..a49ed2f7 100644
--- a/absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_powerpc-inl.inc
+++ b/absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_powerpc-inl.inc
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ static inline void *StacktracePowerPCGetLR(void **sp) {
   // This check is in case the compiler doesn't define _CALL_SYSV.
   return *(sp+1);
 #else
-#error Need to specify the PPC ABI for your archiecture.
+#error Need to specify the PPC ABI for your architecture.
 #endif
 }
 
diff --git a/absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_riscv-inl.inc b/absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_riscv-inl.inc
index 7123b71b..20183fa3 100644
--- a/absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_riscv-inl.inc
+++ b/absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_riscv-inl.inc
@@ -30,56 +30,14 @@
 #include <cassert>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <iostream>
+#include <limits>
+#include <utility>
 
 #include "absl/base/attributes.h"
-#include "absl/debugging/internal/address_is_readable.h"
-#include "absl/debugging/internal/vdso_support.h"
 #include "absl/debugging/stacktrace.h"
 
 static const uintptr_t kUnknownFrameSize = 0;
 
-#if defined(__linux__)
-// Returns the address of the VDSO __kernel_rt_sigreturn function, if present.
-static const unsigned char *GetKernelRtSigreturnAddress() {
-  constexpr uintptr_t kImpossibleAddress = 0;
-  ABSL_CONST_INIT static std::atomic<uintptr_t> memoized(kImpossibleAddress);
-  uintptr_t address = memoized.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
-  if (address != kImpossibleAddress) {
-    return reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char *>(address);
-  }
-
-  address = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(nullptr);
-
-#if ABSL_HAVE_VDSO_SUPPORT
-  absl::debugging_internal::VDSOSupport vdso;
-  if (vdso.IsPresent()) {
-    absl::debugging_internal::VDSOSupport::SymbolInfo symbol_info;
-    // Symbol versioning pulled from arch/riscv/kernel/vdso/vdso.lds at v5.10.
-    auto lookup = [&](int type) {
-      return vdso.LookupSymbol("__vdso_rt_sigreturn", "LINUX_4.15", type,
-                               &symbol_info);
-    };
-    if ((!lookup(STT_FUNC) && !lookup(STT_NOTYPE)) ||
-        symbol_info.address == nullptr) {
-      // Unexpected: VDSO is present, yet the expected symbol is missing or
-      // null.
-      assert(false && "VDSO is present, but doesn't have expected symbol");
-    } else {
-      if (reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(symbol_info.address) !=
-          kImpossibleAddress) {
-        address = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(symbol_info.address);
-      } else {
-        assert(false && "VDSO returned invalid address");
-      }
-    }
-  }
-#endif
-
-  memoized.store(address, std::memory_order_relaxed);
-  return reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char *>(address);
-}
-#endif  // __linux__
-
 // Compute the size of a stack frame in [low..high).  We assume that low < high.
 // Return size of kUnknownFrameSize.
 template <typename T>
@@ -96,7 +54,8 @@ static inline uintptr_t ComputeStackFrameSize(const T *low, const T *high) {
 template <bool STRICT_UNWINDING, bool WITH_CONTEXT>
 ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_ADDRESS  // May read random elements from stack.
 ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_MEMORY   // May read random elements from stack.
-static void ** NextStackFrame(void **old_frame_pointer, const void *uc) {
+static void ** NextStackFrame(void **old_frame_pointer, const void *uc,
+                              const std::pair<size_t, size_t> range) {
   //               .
   //               .
   //               .
@@ -114,55 +73,43 @@ static void ** NextStackFrame(void **old_frame_pointer, const void *uc) {
   // $sp ->|      ...       |
   //       +----------------+
   void **new_frame_pointer = reinterpret_cast<void **>(old_frame_pointer[-2]);
-  bool check_frame_size = true;
-
-#if defined(__linux__)
-  if (WITH_CONTEXT && uc != nullptr) {
-    // Check to see if next frame's return address is __kernel_rt_sigreturn.
-    if (old_frame_pointer[-1] == GetKernelRtSigreturnAddress()) {
-      const ucontext_t *ucv = static_cast<const ucontext_t *>(uc);
-      // old_frame_pointer is not suitable for unwinding, look at ucontext to
-      // discover frame pointer before signal.
-      //
-      // RISCV ELF psABI has the frame pointer at x8/fp/s0.
-      // -- RISCV psABI Table 18.2
-      void **const pre_signal_frame_pointer =
-          reinterpret_cast<void **>(ucv->uc_mcontext.__gregs[8]);
-
-      // Check the alleged frame pointer is actually readable. This is to
-      // prevent "double fault" in case we hit the first fault due to stack
-      // corruption.
-      if (!absl::debugging_internal::AddressIsReadable(
-              pre_signal_frame_pointer))
-        return nullptr;
-
-      // Alleged frame pointer is readable, use it for further unwinding.
-      new_frame_pointer = pre_signal_frame_pointer;
-
-      // Skip frame size check if we return from a signal.  We may be using an
-      // alterate stack for signals.
-      check_frame_size = false;
-    }
-  }
-#endif
+  uintptr_t frame_pointer = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(new_frame_pointer);
 
   // The RISCV ELF psABI mandates that the stack pointer is always 16-byte
   // aligned.
-  // FIXME(abdulras) this doesn't hold for ILP32E which only mandates a 4-byte
+  // TODO(#1236) this doesn't hold for ILP32E which only mandates a 4-byte
   // alignment.
-  if ((reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(new_frame_pointer) & 15) != 0)
+  if (frame_pointer & 15)
     return nullptr;
 
+  // If the new frame pointer matches the signal context, avoid terminating
+  // early to deal with alternate signal stacks.
+  if (WITH_CONTEXT)
+    if (const ucontext_t *ucv = static_cast<const ucontext_t *>(uc))
+      // RISCV ELF psABI has the frame pointer at x8/fp/s0.
+      // -- RISCV psABI Table 18.2
+      if (ucv->uc_mcontext.__gregs[8] == frame_pointer)
+        return new_frame_pointer;
+
   // Check frame size.  In strict mode, we assume frames to be under 100,000
   // bytes.  In non-strict mode, we relax the limit to 1MB.
-  if (check_frame_size) {
-    const uintptr_t max_size = STRICT_UNWINDING ? 100000 : 1000000;
-    const uintptr_t frame_size =
-        ComputeStackFrameSize(old_frame_pointer, new_frame_pointer);
-    if (frame_size == kUnknownFrameSize || frame_size > max_size)
+  const uintptr_t max_size = STRICT_UNWINDING ? 100000 : 1000000;
+  const uintptr_t frame_size =
+      ComputeStackFrameSize(old_frame_pointer, new_frame_pointer);
+  if (frame_size == kUnknownFrameSize) {
+    if (STRICT_UNWINDING)
+      return nullptr;
+
+    // In non-strict mode permit non-contiguous stacks (e.g. alternate signal
+    // frame handling).
+    if (reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(new_frame_pointer) < range.first ||
+        reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(new_frame_pointer) > range.second)
       return nullptr;
   }
 
+  if (frame_size > max_size)
+    return nullptr;
+
   return new_frame_pointer;
 }
 
@@ -180,6 +127,12 @@ static int UnwindImpl(void **result, int *sizes, int max_depth, int skip_count,
 #error reading stack pointer not yet supported on this platform
 #endif
 
+  std::pair<size_t, size_t> stack = {
+      // assume that the first page is not the stack.
+      static_cast<size_t>(sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE)),
+      std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max() - sizeof(void *)
+  };
+
   int n = 0;
   void *return_address = nullptr;
   while (frame_pointer && n < max_depth) {
@@ -190,7 +143,8 @@ static int UnwindImpl(void **result, int *sizes, int max_depth, int skip_count,
     // non-strict unwinding rules to produce a stack trace that is as complete
     // as possible (even if it contains a few bogus entries in some rare cases).
     void **next_frame_pointer =
-        NextStackFrame<!IS_STACK_FRAMES, IS_WITH_CONTEXT>(frame_pointer, ucp);
+        NextStackFrame<!IS_STACK_FRAMES, IS_WITH_CONTEXT>(frame_pointer, ucp,
+                                                          stack);
 
     if (skip_count > 0) {
       skip_count--;
@@ -217,7 +171,8 @@ static int UnwindImpl(void **result, int *sizes, int max_depth, int skip_count,
         num_dropped_frames++;
       }
       frame_pointer =
-          NextStackFrame<!IS_STACK_FRAMES, IS_WITH_CONTEXT>(frame_pointer, ucp);
+          NextStackFrame<!IS_STACK_FRAMES, IS_WITH_CONTEXT>(frame_pointer, ucp,
+                                                            stack);
     }
     *min_dropped_frames = num_dropped_frames;
   }
diff --git a/absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_win32-inl.inc b/absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_win32-inl.inc
index 1c666c8b..ef2b973e 100644
--- a/absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_win32-inl.inc
+++ b/absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_win32-inl.inc
@@ -63,11 +63,12 @@ static RtlCaptureStackBackTrace_Function* const RtlCaptureStackBackTrace_fn =
 template <bool IS_STACK_FRAMES, bool IS_WITH_CONTEXT>
 static int UnwindImpl(void** result, int* sizes, int max_depth, int skip_count,
                       const void*, int* min_dropped_frames) {
-  int n = 0;
-  if (!RtlCaptureStackBackTrace_fn) {
-    // can't find a stacktrace with no function to call
+  USHORT n = 0;
+  if (!RtlCaptureStackBackTrace_fn || skip_count < 0 || max_depth < 0) {
+    // can't get a stacktrace with no function/invalid args
   } else {
-    n = (int)RtlCaptureStackBackTrace_fn(skip_count + 2, max_depth, result, 0);
+    n = RtlCaptureStackBackTrace_fn(static_cast<ULONG>(skip_count) + 2,
+                                    static_cast<ULONG>(max_depth), result, 0);
   }
   if (IS_STACK_FRAMES) {
     // No implementation for finding out the stack frame sizes yet.
diff --git a/absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_x86-inl.inc b/absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_x86-inl.inc
index 1b5d8235..1975ba74 100644
--- a/absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_x86-inl.inc
+++ b/absl/debugging/internal/stacktrace_x86-inl.inc
@@ -29,19 +29,18 @@
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <limits>
 
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
 #include "absl/base/macros.h"
 #include "absl/base/port.h"
 #include "absl/debugging/internal/address_is_readable.h"
 #include "absl/debugging/internal/vdso_support.h"  // a no-op on non-elf or non-glibc systems
 #include "absl/debugging/stacktrace.h"
 
-#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
-
 using absl::debugging_internal::AddressIsReadable;
 
 #if defined(__linux__) && defined(__i386__)
 // Count "push %reg" instructions in VDSO __kernel_vsyscall(),
-// preceeding "syscall" or "sysenter".
+// preceding "syscall" or "sysenter".
 // If __kernel_vsyscall uses frame pointer, answer 0.
 //
 // kMaxBytes tells how many instruction bytes of __kernel_vsyscall
@@ -113,6 +112,10 @@ static int CountPushInstructions(const unsigned char *const addr) {
 
 // Assume stack frames larger than 100,000 bytes are bogus.
 static const int kMaxFrameBytes = 100000;
+// Stack end to use when we don't know the actual stack end
+// (effectively just the end of address space).
+constexpr uintptr_t kUnknownStackEnd =
+    std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max() - sizeof(void *);
 
 // Returns the stack frame pointer from signal context, 0 if unknown.
 // vuc is a ucontext_t *.  We use void* to avoid the use
@@ -140,13 +143,14 @@ static uintptr_t GetFP(const void *vuc) {
     // TODO(bcmills): -momit-leaf-frame-pointer is currently the default
     // behavior when building with clang.  Talk to the C++ toolchain team about
     // fixing that.
-    if (bp >= sp && bp - sp <= kMaxFrameBytes) return bp;
+    if (bp >= sp && bp - sp <= kMaxFrameBytes)
+      return static_cast<uintptr_t>(bp);
 
     // If bp isn't a plausible frame pointer, return the stack pointer instead.
     // If we're lucky, it points to the start of a stack frame; otherwise, we'll
     // get one frame of garbage in the stack trace and fail the sanity check on
     // the next iteration.
-    return sp;
+    return static_cast<uintptr_t>(sp);
   }
 #endif
   return 0;
@@ -258,8 +262,26 @@ static void **NextStackFrame(void **old_fp, const void *uc,
     // With the stack growing downwards, older stack frame must be
     // at a greater address that the current one.
     if (new_fp_u <= old_fp_u) return nullptr;
-    if (new_fp_u - old_fp_u > kMaxFrameBytes) return nullptr;
 
+    // If we get a very large frame size, it may be an indication that we
+    // guessed frame pointers incorrectly and now risk a paging fault
+    // dereferencing a wrong frame pointer. Or maybe not because large frames
+    // are possible as well. The main stack is assumed to be readable,
+    // so we assume the large frame is legit if we know the real stack bounds
+    // and are within the stack.
+    if (new_fp_u - old_fp_u > kMaxFrameBytes) {
+      if (stack_high < kUnknownStackEnd &&
+          static_cast<size_t>(getpagesize()) < stack_low) {
+        // Stack bounds are known.
+        if (!(stack_low < new_fp_u && new_fp_u <= stack_high)) {
+          // new_fp_u is not within the known stack.
+          return nullptr;
+        }
+      } else {
+        // Stack bounds are unknown, prefer truncated stack to possible crash.
+        return nullptr;
+      }
+    }
     if (stack_low < old_fp_u && old_fp_u <= stack_high) {
       // Old BP was in the expected stack region...
       if (!(stack_low < new_fp_u && new_fp_u <= stack_high)) {
@@ -310,8 +332,9 @@ static int UnwindImpl(void **result, int *sizes, int max_depth, int skip_count,
   int n = 0;
   void **fp = reinterpret_cast<void **>(__builtin_frame_address(0));
 
-  size_t stack_low = getpagesize();  // Assume that the first page is not stack.
-  size_t stack_high = std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max() - sizeof(void *);
+  // Assume that the first page is not stack.
+  size_t stack_low = static_cast<size_t>(getpagesize());
+  size_t stack_high = kUnknownStackEnd;
 
   while (fp && n < max_depth) {
     if (*(fp + 1) == reinterpret_cast<void *>(0)) {
@@ -327,7 +350,9 @@ static int UnwindImpl(void **result, int *sizes, int max_depth, int skip_count,
       result[n] = *(fp + 1);
       if (IS_STACK_FRAMES) {
         if (next_fp > fp) {
-          sizes[n] = (uintptr_t)next_fp - (uintptr_t)fp;
+          sizes[n] = static_cast<int>(
+              reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(next_fp) -
+              reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(fp));
         } else {
           // A frame-size of 0 is used to indicate unknown frame size.
           sizes[n] = 0;
diff --git a/absl/debugging/internal/symbolize.h b/absl/debugging/internal/symbolize.h
index 27d5e652..5593fde6 100644
--- a/absl/debugging/internal/symbolize.h
+++ b/absl/debugging/internal/symbolize.h
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ bool RemoveSymbolDecorator(int ticket);
 
 // Remove all installed decorators.  Returns true if successful, false if
 // symbolization is currently in progress.
-bool RemoveAllSymbolDecorators(void);
+bool RemoveAllSymbolDecorators();
 
 // Registers an address range to a file mapping.
 //
diff --git a/absl/debugging/internal/vdso_support.cc b/absl/debugging/internal/vdso_support.cc
index 40eb055f..8a588eaf 100644
--- a/absl/debugging/internal/vdso_support.cc
+++ b/absl/debugging/internal/vdso_support.cc
@@ -193,8 +193,9 @@ long VDSOSupport::InitAndGetCPU(unsigned *cpu,  // NOLINT(runtime/int)
 ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_MEMORY
 int GetCPU() {
   unsigned cpu;
-  int ret_code = (*VDSOSupport::getcpu_fn_)(&cpu, nullptr, nullptr);
-  return ret_code == 0 ? cpu : ret_code;
+  long ret_code =  // NOLINT(runtime/int)
+      (*VDSOSupport::getcpu_fn_)(&cpu, nullptr, nullptr);
+  return ret_code == 0 ? static_cast<int>(cpu) : static_cast<int>(ret_code);
 }
 
 }  // namespace debugging_internal
diff --git a/absl/debugging/leak_check.cc b/absl/debugging/leak_check.cc
index 195e82bf..fdb8798b 100644
--- a/absl/debugging/leak_check.cc
+++ b/absl/debugging/leak_check.cc
@@ -65,8 +65,8 @@ bool LeakCheckerIsActive() { return false; }
 void DoIgnoreLeak(const void*) { }
 void RegisterLivePointers(const void*, size_t) { }
 void UnRegisterLivePointers(const void*, size_t) { }
-LeakCheckDisabler::LeakCheckDisabler() { }
-LeakCheckDisabler::~LeakCheckDisabler() { }
+LeakCheckDisabler::LeakCheckDisabler() = default;
+LeakCheckDisabler::~LeakCheckDisabler() = default;
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
 }  // namespace absl
 
diff --git a/absl/debugging/leak_check.h b/absl/debugging/leak_check.h
index eff162f6..6bd79406 100644
--- a/absl/debugging/leak_check.h
+++ b/absl/debugging/leak_check.h
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
 // not also use AddressSanitizer). To use the mode, simply pass
 // `-fsanitize=leak` to both the compiler and linker. Since GCC does not
 // currently provide a way of detecting this mode at compile-time, GCC users
-// must also pass -DLEAK_SANIITIZER to the compiler. An example Bazel command
+// must also pass -DLEAK_SANITIZER to the compiler. An example Bazel command
 // could be
 //
 //   $ bazel test --copt=-DLEAK_SANITIZER --copt=-fsanitize=leak
diff --git a/absl/debugging/leak_check_fail_test.cc b/absl/debugging/leak_check_fail_test.cc
index c49b81a9..46e9fb62 100644
--- a/absl/debugging/leak_check_fail_test.cc
+++ b/absl/debugging/leak_check_fail_test.cc
@@ -13,9 +13,10 @@
 // limitations under the License.
 
 #include <memory>
+
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
-#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
 #include "absl/debugging/leak_check.h"
+#include "absl/log/log.h"
 
 namespace {
 
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ TEST(LeakCheckTest, LeakMemory) {
   // failed exit code.
 
   char* foo = strdup("lsan should complain about this leaked string");
-  ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "Should detect leaked string %s", foo);
+  LOG(INFO) << "Should detect leaked string " << foo;
 }
 
 TEST(LeakCheckTest, LeakMemoryAfterDisablerScope) {
@@ -34,8 +35,7 @@ TEST(LeakCheckTest, LeakMemoryAfterDisablerScope) {
   // failed exit code.
   { absl::LeakCheckDisabler disabler; }
   char* foo = strdup("lsan should also complain about this leaked string");
-  ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "Re-enabled leak detection.Should detect leaked string %s",
-               foo);
+  LOG(INFO) << "Re-enabled leak detection.Should detect leaked string " << foo;
 }
 
 }  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/debugging/leak_check_test.cc b/absl/debugging/leak_check_test.cc
index 6a42e31b..6f0135ed 100644
--- a/absl/debugging/leak_check_test.cc
+++ b/absl/debugging/leak_check_test.cc
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@
 
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
 #include "absl/base/config.h"
-#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
 #include "absl/debugging/leak_check.h"
+#include "absl/log/log.h"
 
 namespace {
 
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ TEST(LeakCheckTest, IgnoreLeakSuppressesLeakedMemoryErrors) {
     GTEST_SKIP() << "LeakChecker is not active";
   }
   auto foo = absl::IgnoreLeak(new std::string("some ignored leaked string"));
-  ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "Ignoring leaked string %s", foo->c_str());
+  LOG(INFO) << "Ignoring leaked string " << foo;
 }
 
 TEST(LeakCheckTest, LeakCheckDisablerIgnoresLeak) {
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ TEST(LeakCheckTest, LeakCheckDisablerIgnoresLeak) {
   }
   absl::LeakCheckDisabler disabler;
   auto foo = new std::string("some string leaked while checks are disabled");
-  ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "Ignoring leaked string %s", foo->c_str());
+  LOG(INFO) << "Ignoring leaked string " << foo;
 }
 
 }  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/debugging/stacktrace_test.cc b/absl/debugging/stacktrace_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..31f7723c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/debugging/stacktrace_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/debugging/stacktrace.h"
+
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/base/macros.h"
+#include "absl/base/optimization.h"
+
+namespace {
+
+// This test is currently only known to pass on Linux x86_64/aarch64.
+#if defined(__linux__) && (defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__aarch64__))
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE void Unwind(void* p) {
+  ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED static void* volatile sink = p;
+  constexpr int kSize = 16;
+  void* stack[kSize];
+  int frames[kSize];
+  absl::GetStackTrace(stack, kSize, 0);
+  absl::GetStackFrames(stack, frames, kSize, 0);
+}
+
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE void HugeFrame() {
+  char buffer[1 << 20];
+  Unwind(buffer);
+  ABSL_BLOCK_TAIL_CALL_OPTIMIZATION();
+}
+
+TEST(StackTrace, HugeFrame) {
+  // Ensure that the unwinder is not confused by very large stack frames.
+  HugeFrame();
+  ABSL_BLOCK_TAIL_CALL_OPTIMIZATION();
+}
+#endif
+
+}  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/debugging/symbolize_darwin.inc b/absl/debugging/symbolize_darwin.inc
index 443ce9ef..cf63d191 100644
--- a/absl/debugging/symbolize_darwin.inc
+++ b/absl/debugging/symbolize_darwin.inc
@@ -83,13 +83,14 @@ bool Symbolize(const void* pc, char* out, int out_size) {
       memmove(out, tmp_buf, len + 1);
     }
   } else {
-    strncpy(out, symbol.c_str(), out_size);
+    strncpy(out, symbol.c_str(), static_cast<size_t>(out_size));
   }
 
   if (out[out_size - 1] != '\0') {
     // strncpy() does not '\0' terminate when it truncates.
     static constexpr char kEllipsis[] = "...";
-    int ellipsis_size = std::min<int>(sizeof(kEllipsis) - 1, out_size - 1);
+    size_t ellipsis_size =
+        std::min(sizeof(kEllipsis) - 1, static_cast<size_t>(out_size) - 1);
     memcpy(out + out_size - ellipsis_size - 1, kEllipsis, ellipsis_size);
     out[out_size - 1] = '\0';
   }
diff --git a/absl/debugging/symbolize_elf.inc b/absl/debugging/symbolize_elf.inc
index 9bfdd915..30638cb2 100644
--- a/absl/debugging/symbolize_elf.inc
+++ b/absl/debugging/symbolize_elf.inc
@@ -205,7 +205,8 @@ struct ObjFile {
 
   // PT_LOAD program header describing executable code.
   // Normally we expect just one, but SWIFT binaries have two.
-  std::array<ElfW(Phdr), 2> phdr;
+  // CUDA binaries have 3 (see cr/473913254 description).
+  std::array<ElfW(Phdr), 4> phdr;
 };
 
 // Build 4-way associative cache for symbols. Within each cache line, symbols
@@ -252,21 +253,21 @@ class AddrMap {
  public:
   AddrMap() : size_(0), allocated_(0), obj_(nullptr) {}
   ~AddrMap() { base_internal::LowLevelAlloc::Free(obj_); }
-  int Size() const { return size_; }
-  ObjFile *At(int i) { return &obj_[i]; }
+  size_t Size() const { return size_; }
+  ObjFile *At(size_t i) { return &obj_[i]; }
   ObjFile *Add();
   void Clear();
 
  private:
-  int size_;       // count of valid elements (<= allocated_)
-  int allocated_;  // count of allocated elements
-  ObjFile *obj_;   // array of allocated_ elements
+  size_t size_;       // count of valid elements (<= allocated_)
+  size_t allocated_;  // count of allocated elements
+  ObjFile *obj_;      // array of allocated_ elements
   AddrMap(const AddrMap &) = delete;
   AddrMap &operator=(const AddrMap &) = delete;
 };
 
 void AddrMap::Clear() {
-  for (int i = 0; i != size_; i++) {
+  for (size_t i = 0; i != size_; i++) {
     At(i)->~ObjFile();
   }
   size_ = 0;
@@ -274,7 +275,7 @@ void AddrMap::Clear() {
 
 ObjFile *AddrMap::Add() {
   if (size_ == allocated_) {
-    int new_allocated = allocated_ * 2 + 50;
+    size_t new_allocated = allocated_ * 2 + 50;
     ObjFile *new_obj_ =
         static_cast<ObjFile *>(base_internal::LowLevelAlloc::AllocWithArena(
             new_allocated * sizeof(*new_obj_), SigSafeArena()));
@@ -300,7 +301,7 @@ class Symbolizer {
 
  private:
   char *CopyString(const char *s) {
-    int len = strlen(s);
+    size_t len = strlen(s);
     char *dst = static_cast<char *>(
         base_internal::LowLevelAlloc::AllocWithArena(len + 1, SigSafeArena()));
     ABSL_RAW_CHECK(dst != nullptr, "out of memory");
@@ -321,8 +322,8 @@ class Symbolizer {
   FindSymbolResult GetSymbolFromObjectFile(const ObjFile &obj,
                                            const void *const pc,
                                            const ptrdiff_t relocation,
-                                           char *out, int out_size,
-                                           char *tmp_buf, int tmp_buf_size);
+                                           char *out, size_t out_size,
+                                           char *tmp_buf, size_t tmp_buf_size);
   const char *GetUncachedSymbol(const void *pc);
 
   enum {
@@ -353,11 +354,11 @@ static std::atomic<Symbolizer *> g_cached_symbolizer;
 
 }  // namespace
 
-static int SymbolizerSize() {
+static size_t SymbolizerSize() {
 #if defined(__wasm__) || defined(__asmjs__)
-  int pagesize = getpagesize();
+  auto pagesize = static_cast<size_t>(getpagesize());
 #else
-  int pagesize = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
+  auto pagesize = static_cast<size_t>(sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE));
 #endif
   return ((sizeof(Symbolizer) - 1) / pagesize + 1) * pagesize;
 }
@@ -429,7 +430,7 @@ static ssize_t ReadPersistent(int fd, void *buf, size_t count) {
     if (len == 0) {  // Reached EOF.
       break;
     }
-    num_bytes += len;
+    num_bytes += static_cast<size_t>(len);
   }
   SAFE_ASSERT(num_bytes <= count);
   return static_cast<ssize_t>(num_bytes);
@@ -442,8 +443,8 @@ static ssize_t ReadFromOffset(const int fd, void *buf, const size_t count,
                               const off_t offset) {
   off_t off = lseek(fd, offset, SEEK_SET);
   if (off == (off_t)-1) {
-    ABSL_RAW_LOG(WARNING, "lseek(%d, %ju, SEEK_SET) failed: errno=%d", fd,
-                 static_cast<uintmax_t>(offset), errno);
+    ABSL_RAW_LOG(WARNING, "lseek(%d, %jd, SEEK_SET) failed: errno=%d", fd,
+                 static_cast<intmax_t>(offset), errno);
     return -1;
   }
   return ReadPersistent(fd, buf, count);
@@ -478,29 +479,37 @@ static int FileGetElfType(const int fd) {
 // inlined.
 static ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE bool GetSectionHeaderByType(
     const int fd, ElfW(Half) sh_num, const off_t sh_offset, ElfW(Word) type,
-    ElfW(Shdr) * out, char *tmp_buf, int tmp_buf_size) {
+    ElfW(Shdr) * out, char *tmp_buf, size_t tmp_buf_size) {
   ElfW(Shdr) *buf = reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Shdr) *>(tmp_buf);
-  const int buf_entries = tmp_buf_size / sizeof(buf[0]);
-  const int buf_bytes = buf_entries * sizeof(buf[0]);
+  const size_t buf_entries = tmp_buf_size / sizeof(buf[0]);
+  const size_t buf_bytes = buf_entries * sizeof(buf[0]);
 
-  for (int i = 0; i < sh_num;) {
-    const ssize_t num_bytes_left = (sh_num - i) * sizeof(buf[0]);
-    const ssize_t num_bytes_to_read =
+  for (size_t i = 0; static_cast<int>(i) < sh_num;) {
+    const size_t num_bytes_left =
+        (static_cast<size_t>(sh_num) - i) * sizeof(buf[0]);
+    const size_t num_bytes_to_read =
         (buf_bytes > num_bytes_left) ? num_bytes_left : buf_bytes;
-    const off_t offset = sh_offset + i * sizeof(buf[0]);
+    const off_t offset = sh_offset + static_cast<off_t>(i * sizeof(buf[0]));
     const ssize_t len = ReadFromOffset(fd, buf, num_bytes_to_read, offset);
-    if (len % sizeof(buf[0]) != 0) {
+    if (len < 0) {
       ABSL_RAW_LOG(
           WARNING,
-          "Reading %zd bytes from offset %ju returned %zd which is not a "
+          "Reading %zu bytes from offset %ju returned %zd which is negative.",
+          num_bytes_to_read, static_cast<intmax_t>(offset), len);
+      return false;
+    }
+    if (static_cast<size_t>(len) % sizeof(buf[0]) != 0) {
+      ABSL_RAW_LOG(
+          WARNING,
+          "Reading %zu bytes from offset %jd returned %zd which is not a "
           "multiple of %zu.",
-          num_bytes_to_read, static_cast<uintmax_t>(offset), len,
+          num_bytes_to_read, static_cast<intmax_t>(offset), len,
           sizeof(buf[0]));
       return false;
     }
-    const ssize_t num_headers_in_buf = len / sizeof(buf[0]);
+    const size_t num_headers_in_buf = static_cast<size_t>(len) / sizeof(buf[0]);
     SAFE_ASSERT(num_headers_in_buf <= buf_entries);
-    for (int j = 0; j < num_headers_in_buf; ++j) {
+    for (size_t j = 0; j < num_headers_in_buf; ++j) {
       if (buf[j].sh_type == type) {
         *out = buf[j];
         return true;
@@ -523,9 +532,14 @@ bool ForEachSection(int fd,
     return false;
   }
 
+  // Technically it can be larger, but in practice this never happens.
+  if (elf_header.e_shentsize != sizeof(ElfW(Shdr))) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
   ElfW(Shdr) shstrtab;
-  off_t shstrtab_offset =
-      (elf_header.e_shoff + elf_header.e_shentsize * elf_header.e_shstrndx);
+  off_t shstrtab_offset = static_cast<off_t>(elf_header.e_shoff) +
+                          elf_header.e_shentsize * elf_header.e_shstrndx;
   if (!ReadFromOffsetExact(fd, &shstrtab, sizeof(shstrtab), shstrtab_offset)) {
     return false;
   }
@@ -533,22 +547,23 @@ bool ForEachSection(int fd,
   for (int i = 0; i < elf_header.e_shnum; ++i) {
     ElfW(Shdr) out;
     off_t section_header_offset =
-        (elf_header.e_shoff + elf_header.e_shentsize * i);
+        static_cast<off_t>(elf_header.e_shoff) + elf_header.e_shentsize * i;
     if (!ReadFromOffsetExact(fd, &out, sizeof(out), section_header_offset)) {
       return false;
     }
-    off_t name_offset = shstrtab.sh_offset + out.sh_name;
+    off_t name_offset = static_cast<off_t>(shstrtab.sh_offset) + out.sh_name;
     char header_name[kMaxSectionNameLen];
     ssize_t n_read =
         ReadFromOffset(fd, &header_name, kMaxSectionNameLen, name_offset);
-    if (n_read == -1) {
+    if (n_read < 0) {
       return false;
     } else if (n_read > kMaxSectionNameLen) {
       // Long read?
       return false;
     }
 
-    absl::string_view name(header_name, strnlen(header_name, n_read));
+    absl::string_view name(header_name,
+                           strnlen(header_name, static_cast<size_t>(n_read)));
     if (!callback(name, out)) {
       break;
     }
@@ -574,20 +589,25 @@ bool GetSectionHeaderByName(int fd, const char *name, size_t name_len,
     return false;
   }
 
+  // Technically it can be larger, but in practice this never happens.
+  if (elf_header.e_shentsize != sizeof(ElfW(Shdr))) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
   ElfW(Shdr) shstrtab;
-  off_t shstrtab_offset =
-      (elf_header.e_shoff + elf_header.e_shentsize * elf_header.e_shstrndx);
+  off_t shstrtab_offset = static_cast<off_t>(elf_header.e_shoff) +
+                          elf_header.e_shentsize * elf_header.e_shstrndx;
   if (!ReadFromOffsetExact(fd, &shstrtab, sizeof(shstrtab), shstrtab_offset)) {
     return false;
   }
 
   for (int i = 0; i < elf_header.e_shnum; ++i) {
     off_t section_header_offset =
-        (elf_header.e_shoff + elf_header.e_shentsize * i);
+        static_cast<off_t>(elf_header.e_shoff) + elf_header.e_shentsize * i;
     if (!ReadFromOffsetExact(fd, out, sizeof(*out), section_header_offset)) {
       return false;
     }
-    off_t name_offset = shstrtab.sh_offset + out->sh_name;
+    off_t name_offset = static_cast<off_t>(shstrtab.sh_offset) + out->sh_name;
     ssize_t n_read = ReadFromOffset(fd, &header_name, name_len, name_offset);
     if (n_read < 0) {
       return false;
@@ -638,17 +658,19 @@ static bool ShouldPickFirstSymbol(const ElfW(Sym) & symbol1,
 }
 
 // Return true if an address is inside a section.
-static bool InSection(const void *address, const ElfW(Shdr) * section) {
-  const char *start = reinterpret_cast<const char *>(section->sh_addr);
+static bool InSection(const void *address, ptrdiff_t relocation,
+                      const ElfW(Shdr) * section) {
+  const char *start = reinterpret_cast<const char *>(
+      section->sh_addr + static_cast<ElfW(Addr)>(relocation));
   size_t size = static_cast<size_t>(section->sh_size);
   return start <= address && address < (start + size);
 }
 
 static const char *ComputeOffset(const char *base, ptrdiff_t offset) {
-  // Note: cast to uintptr_t to avoid undefined behavior when base evaluates to
+  // Note: cast to intptr_t to avoid undefined behavior when base evaluates to
   // zero and offset is non-zero.
-  return reinterpret_cast<const char *>(
-      reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(base) + offset);
+  return reinterpret_cast<const char *>(reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(base) +
+                                        offset);
 }
 
 // Read a symbol table and look for the symbol containing the
@@ -661,42 +683,45 @@ static const char *ComputeOffset(const char *base, ptrdiff_t offset) {
 // To keep stack consumption low, we would like this function to not get
 // inlined.
 static ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE FindSymbolResult FindSymbol(
-    const void *const pc, const int fd, char *out, int out_size,
+    const void *const pc, const int fd, char *out, size_t out_size,
     ptrdiff_t relocation, const ElfW(Shdr) * strtab, const ElfW(Shdr) * symtab,
-    const ElfW(Shdr) * opd, char *tmp_buf, int tmp_buf_size) {
+    const ElfW(Shdr) * opd, char *tmp_buf, size_t tmp_buf_size) {
   if (symtab == nullptr) {
     return SYMBOL_NOT_FOUND;
   }
 
   // Read multiple symbols at once to save read() calls.
   ElfW(Sym) *buf = reinterpret_cast<ElfW(Sym) *>(tmp_buf);
-  const int buf_entries = tmp_buf_size / sizeof(buf[0]);
+  const size_t buf_entries = tmp_buf_size / sizeof(buf[0]);
 
-  const int num_symbols = symtab->sh_size / symtab->sh_entsize;
+  const size_t num_symbols = symtab->sh_size / symtab->sh_entsize;
 
   // On platforms using an .opd section (PowerPC & IA64), a function symbol
   // has the address of a function descriptor, which contains the real
   // starting address.  However, we do not always want to use the real
   // starting address because we sometimes want to symbolize a function
   // pointer into the .opd section, e.g. FindSymbol(&foo,...).
-  const bool pc_in_opd =
-      kPlatformUsesOPDSections && opd != nullptr && InSection(pc, opd);
+  const bool pc_in_opd = kPlatformUsesOPDSections && opd != nullptr &&
+                         InSection(pc, relocation, opd);
   const bool deref_function_descriptor_pointer =
       kPlatformUsesOPDSections && opd != nullptr && !pc_in_opd;
 
   ElfW(Sym) best_match;
   SafeMemZero(&best_match, sizeof(best_match));
   bool found_match = false;
-  for (int i = 0; i < num_symbols;) {
-    off_t offset = symtab->sh_offset + i * symtab->sh_entsize;
-    const int num_remaining_symbols = num_symbols - i;
-    const int entries_in_chunk = std::min(num_remaining_symbols, buf_entries);
-    const int bytes_in_chunk = entries_in_chunk * sizeof(buf[0]);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < num_symbols;) {
+    off_t offset =
+        static_cast<off_t>(symtab->sh_offset + i * symtab->sh_entsize);
+    const size_t num_remaining_symbols = num_symbols - i;
+    const size_t entries_in_chunk =
+        std::min(num_remaining_symbols, buf_entries);
+    const size_t bytes_in_chunk = entries_in_chunk * sizeof(buf[0]);
     const ssize_t len = ReadFromOffset(fd, buf, bytes_in_chunk, offset);
-    SAFE_ASSERT(len % sizeof(buf[0]) == 0);
-    const ssize_t num_symbols_in_buf = len / sizeof(buf[0]);
+    SAFE_ASSERT(len >= 0);
+    SAFE_ASSERT(static_cast<size_t>(len) % sizeof(buf[0]) == 0);
+    const size_t num_symbols_in_buf = static_cast<size_t>(len) / sizeof(buf[0]);
     SAFE_ASSERT(num_symbols_in_buf <= entries_in_chunk);
-    for (int j = 0; j < num_symbols_in_buf; ++j) {
+    for (size_t j = 0; j < num_symbols_in_buf; ++j) {
       const ElfW(Sym) &symbol = buf[j];
 
       // For a DSO, a symbol address is relocated by the loading address.
@@ -713,11 +738,11 @@ static ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE FindSymbolResult FindSymbol(
       // about what encoding is being used; we just want the real start address
       // of the function.
       start_address = reinterpret_cast<const char *>(
-          reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(start_address) & ~1);
+          reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(start_address) & ~1u);
 #endif
 
       if (deref_function_descriptor_pointer &&
-          InSection(original_start_address, opd)) {
+          InSection(original_start_address, /*relocation=*/0, opd)) {
         // The opd section is mapped into memory.  Just dereference
         // start_address to get the first double word, which points to the
         // function entry.
@@ -726,7 +751,8 @@ static ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE FindSymbolResult FindSymbol(
 
       // If pc is inside the .opd section, it points to a function descriptor.
       const size_t size = pc_in_opd ? kFunctionDescriptorSize : symbol.st_size;
-      const void *const end_address = ComputeOffset(start_address, size);
+      const void *const end_address =
+          ComputeOffset(start_address, static_cast<ptrdiff_t>(size));
       if (symbol.st_value != 0 &&  // Skip null value symbols.
           symbol.st_shndx != 0 &&  // Skip undefined symbols.
 #ifdef STT_TLS
@@ -744,16 +770,18 @@ static ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE FindSymbolResult FindSymbol(
   }
 
   if (found_match) {
-    const size_t off = strtab->sh_offset + best_match.st_name;
+    const off_t off =
+        static_cast<off_t>(strtab->sh_offset) + best_match.st_name;
     const ssize_t n_read = ReadFromOffset(fd, out, out_size, off);
     if (n_read <= 0) {
       // This should never happen.
       ABSL_RAW_LOG(WARNING,
-                   "Unable to read from fd %d at offset %zu: n_read = %zd", fd,
-                   off, n_read);
+                   "Unable to read from fd %d at offset %lld: n_read = %zd", fd,
+                   static_cast<long long>(off), n_read);
       return SYMBOL_NOT_FOUND;
     }
-    ABSL_RAW_CHECK(n_read <= out_size, "ReadFromOffset read too much data.");
+    ABSL_RAW_CHECK(static_cast<size_t>(n_read) <= out_size,
+                   "ReadFromOffset read too much data.");
 
     // strtab->sh_offset points into .strtab-like section that contains
     // NUL-terminated strings: '\0foo\0barbaz\0...".
@@ -761,7 +789,7 @@ static ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE FindSymbolResult FindSymbol(
     // sh_offset+st_name points to the start of symbol name, but we don't know
     // how long the symbol is, so we try to read as much as we have space for,
     // and usually over-read (i.e. there is a NUL somewhere before n_read).
-    if (memchr(out, '\0', n_read) == nullptr) {
+    if (memchr(out, '\0', static_cast<size_t>(n_read)) == nullptr) {
       // Either out_size was too small (n_read == out_size and no NUL), or
       // we tried to read past the EOF (n_read < out_size) and .strtab is
       // corrupt (missing terminating NUL; should never happen for valid ELF).
@@ -779,7 +807,7 @@ static ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE FindSymbolResult FindSymbol(
 // See FindSymbol() comment for description of return value.
 FindSymbolResult Symbolizer::GetSymbolFromObjectFile(
     const ObjFile &obj, const void *const pc, const ptrdiff_t relocation,
-    char *out, int out_size, char *tmp_buf, int tmp_buf_size) {
+    char *out, size_t out_size, char *tmp_buf, size_t tmp_buf_size) {
   ElfW(Shdr) symtab;
   ElfW(Shdr) strtab;
   ElfW(Shdr) opd;
@@ -802,13 +830,15 @@ FindSymbolResult Symbolizer::GetSymbolFromObjectFile(
   // Consult a regular symbol table, then fall back to the dynamic symbol table.
   for (const auto symbol_table_type : {SHT_SYMTAB, SHT_DYNSYM}) {
     if (!GetSectionHeaderByType(obj.fd, obj.elf_header.e_shnum,
-                                obj.elf_header.e_shoff, symbol_table_type,
+                                static_cast<off_t>(obj.elf_header.e_shoff),
+                                static_cast<ElfW(Word)>(symbol_table_type),
                                 &symtab, tmp_buf, tmp_buf_size)) {
       continue;
     }
     if (!ReadFromOffsetExact(
             obj.fd, &strtab, sizeof(strtab),
-            obj.elf_header.e_shoff + symtab.sh_link * sizeof(symtab))) {
+            static_cast<off_t>(obj.elf_header.e_shoff +
+                               symtab.sh_link * sizeof(symtab)))) {
       continue;
     }
     const FindSymbolResult rc =
@@ -833,7 +863,7 @@ class FileDescriptor {
 
   ~FileDescriptor() {
     if (fd_ >= 0) {
-      NO_INTR(close(fd_));
+      close(fd_);
     }
   }
 
@@ -850,7 +880,7 @@ class FileDescriptor {
 // and snprintf().
 class LineReader {
  public:
-  explicit LineReader(int fd, char *buf, int buf_len)
+  explicit LineReader(int fd, char *buf, size_t buf_len)
       : fd_(fd),
         buf_len_(buf_len),
         buf_(buf),
@@ -878,12 +908,12 @@ class LineReader {
       bol_ = eol_ + 1;            // Advance to the next line in the buffer.
       SAFE_ASSERT(bol_ <= eod_);  // "bol_" can point to "eod_".
       if (!HasCompleteLine()) {
-        const int incomplete_line_length = eod_ - bol_;
+        const auto incomplete_line_length = static_cast<size_t>(eod_ - bol_);
         // Move the trailing incomplete line to the beginning.
         memmove(buf_, bol_, incomplete_line_length);
         // Read text from file and append it.
         char *const append_pos = buf_ + incomplete_line_length;
-        const int capacity_left = buf_len_ - incomplete_line_length;
+        const size_t capacity_left = buf_len_ - incomplete_line_length;
         const ssize_t num_bytes =
             ReadPersistent(fd_, append_pos, capacity_left);
         if (num_bytes <= 0) {  // EOF or error.
@@ -906,7 +936,8 @@ class LineReader {
 
  private:
   char *FindLineFeed() const {
-    return reinterpret_cast<char *>(memchr(bol_, '\n', eod_ - bol_));
+    return reinterpret_cast<char *>(
+        memchr(bol_, '\n', static_cast<size_t>(eod_ - bol_)));
   }
 
   bool BufferIsEmpty() const { return buf_ == eod_; }
@@ -916,7 +947,7 @@ class LineReader {
   }
 
   const int fd_;
-  const int buf_len_;
+  const size_t buf_len_;
   char *const buf_;
   char *bol_;
   char *eol_;
@@ -934,7 +965,8 @@ static const char *GetHex(const char *start, const char *end,
     int ch = *p;
     if ((ch >= '0' && ch <= '9') || (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'F') ||
         (ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'f')) {
-      hex = (hex << 4) | (ch < 'A' ? ch - '0' : (ch & 0xF) + 9);
+      hex = (hex << 4) |
+            static_cast<uint64_t>(ch < 'A' ? ch - '0' : (ch & 0xF) + 9);
     } else {  // Encountered the first non-hex character.
       break;
     }
@@ -966,7 +998,7 @@ static bool ShouldUseMapping(const char *const flags) {
 static ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE bool ReadAddrMap(
     bool (*callback)(const char *filename, const void *const start_addr,
                      const void *const end_addr, uint64_t offset, void *arg),
-    void *arg, void *tmp_buf, int tmp_buf_size) {
+    void *arg, void *tmp_buf, size_t tmp_buf_size) {
   // Use /proc/self/task/<pid>/maps instead of /proc/self/maps. The latter
   // requires kernel to stop all threads, and is significantly slower when there
   // are 1000s of threads.
@@ -1081,10 +1113,10 @@ ObjFile *Symbolizer::FindObjFile(const void *const addr, size_t len) {
       }
     }
 
-    int lo = 0;
-    int hi = addr_map_.Size();
+    size_t lo = 0;
+    size_t hi = addr_map_.Size();
     while (lo < hi) {
-      int mid = (lo + hi) / 2;
+      size_t mid = (lo + hi) / 2;
       if (addr < addr_map_.At(mid)->end_addr) {
         hi = mid;
       } else {
@@ -1106,11 +1138,11 @@ ObjFile *Symbolizer::FindObjFile(const void *const addr, size_t len) {
 }
 
 void Symbolizer::ClearAddrMap() {
-  for (int i = 0; i != addr_map_.Size(); i++) {
+  for (size_t i = 0; i != addr_map_.Size(); i++) {
     ObjFile *o = addr_map_.At(i);
     base_internal::LowLevelAlloc::Free(o->filename);
     if (o->fd >= 0) {
-      NO_INTR(close(o->fd));
+      close(o->fd);
     }
   }
   addr_map_.Clear();
@@ -1126,7 +1158,7 @@ bool Symbolizer::RegisterObjFile(const char *filename,
 
   // Files are supposed to be added in the increasing address order.  Make
   // sure that's the case.
-  int addr_map_size = impl->addr_map_.Size();
+  size_t addr_map_size = impl->addr_map_.Size();
   if (addr_map_size != 0) {
     ObjFile *old = impl->addr_map_.At(addr_map_size - 1);
     if (old->end_addr > end_addr) {
@@ -1170,12 +1202,12 @@ bool Symbolizer::RegisterObjFile(const char *filename,
 // where the input symbol is demangled in-place.
 // To keep stack consumption low, we would like this function to not
 // get inlined.
-static ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE void DemangleInplace(char *out, int out_size,
+static ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE void DemangleInplace(char *out, size_t out_size,
                                                     char *tmp_buf,
-                                                    int tmp_buf_size) {
+                                                    size_t tmp_buf_size) {
   if (Demangle(out, tmp_buf, tmp_buf_size)) {
     // Demangling succeeded. Copy to out if the space allows.
-    int len = strlen(tmp_buf);
+    size_t len = strlen(tmp_buf);
     if (len + 1 <= out_size) {  // +1 for '\0'.
       SAFE_ASSERT(len < tmp_buf_size);
       memmove(out, tmp_buf, len + 1);
@@ -1218,7 +1250,8 @@ const char *Symbolizer::InsertSymbolInCache(const void *const pc,
 
   SymbolCacheLine *line = GetCacheLine(pc);
   uint32_t max_age = 0;
-  int oldest_index = -1;
+  size_t oldest_index = 0;
+  bool found_oldest_index = false;
   for (size_t i = 0; i < ABSL_ARRAYSIZE(line->pc); ++i) {
     if (line->pc[i] == nullptr) {
       AgeSymbols(line);
@@ -1230,11 +1263,12 @@ const char *Symbolizer::InsertSymbolInCache(const void *const pc,
     if (line->age[i] >= max_age) {
       max_age = line->age[i];
       oldest_index = i;
+      found_oldest_index = true;
     }
   }
 
   AgeSymbols(line);
-  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(oldest_index >= 0, "Corrupt cache");
+  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(found_oldest_index, "Corrupt cache");
   base_internal::LowLevelAlloc::Free(line->name[oldest_index]);
   line->pc[oldest_index] = pc;
   line->name[oldest_index] = CopyString(name);
@@ -1303,8 +1337,8 @@ static bool MaybeInitializeObjFile(ObjFile *obj) {
     }
     const int phnum = obj->elf_header.e_phnum;
     const int phentsize = obj->elf_header.e_phentsize;
-    size_t phoff = obj->elf_header.e_phoff;
-    size_t num_executable_load_segments = 0;
+    auto phoff = static_cast<off_t>(obj->elf_header.e_phoff);
+    size_t num_interesting_load_segments = 0;
     for (int j = 0; j < phnum; j++) {
       ElfW(Phdr) phdr;
       if (!ReadFromOffsetExact(obj->fd, &phdr, sizeof(phdr), phoff)) {
@@ -1313,22 +1347,35 @@ static bool MaybeInitializeObjFile(ObjFile *obj) {
         return false;
       }
       phoff += phentsize;
-      constexpr int rx = PF_X | PF_R;
-      if (phdr.p_type != PT_LOAD || (phdr.p_flags & rx) != rx) {
-        // Not a LOAD segment, or not executable code.
+
+#if defined(__powerpc__) && !(_CALL_ELF > 1)
+      // On the PowerPC ELF v1 ABI, function pointers actually point to function
+      // descriptors. These descriptors are stored in an .opd section, which is
+      // mapped read-only. We thus need to look at all readable segments, not
+      // just the executable ones.
+      constexpr int interesting = PF_R;
+#else
+      constexpr int interesting = PF_X | PF_R;
+#endif
+
+      if (phdr.p_type != PT_LOAD
+          || (phdr.p_flags & interesting) != interesting) {
+        // Not a LOAD segment, not executable code, and not a function
+        // descriptor.
         continue;
       }
-      if (num_executable_load_segments < obj->phdr.size()) {
-        memcpy(&obj->phdr[num_executable_load_segments++], &phdr, sizeof(phdr));
+      if (num_interesting_load_segments < obj->phdr.size()) {
+        memcpy(&obj->phdr[num_interesting_load_segments++], &phdr, sizeof(phdr));
       } else {
-        ABSL_RAW_LOG(WARNING, "%s: too many executable LOAD segments",
-                     obj->filename);
+        ABSL_RAW_LOG(
+            WARNING, "%s: too many interesting LOAD segments: %zu >= %zu",
+            obj->filename, num_interesting_load_segments, obj->phdr.size());
         break;
       }
     }
-    if (num_executable_load_segments == 0) {
-      // This object has no "r-x" LOAD segments. That's unexpected.
-      ABSL_RAW_LOG(WARNING, "%s: no executable LOAD segments", obj->filename);
+    if (num_interesting_load_segments == 0) {
+      // This object has no interesting LOAD segments. That's unexpected.
+      ABSL_RAW_LOG(WARNING, "%s: no interesting LOAD segments", obj->filename);
       return false;
     }
   }
@@ -1354,10 +1401,10 @@ const char *Symbolizer::GetUncachedSymbol(const void *pc) {
         //
         // For obj->offset > 0, adjust the relocation since a mapping at offset
         // X in the file will have a start address of [true relocation]+X.
-        relocation = start_addr - obj->offset;
+        relocation = static_cast<ptrdiff_t>(start_addr - obj->offset);
 
-        // Note: some binaries have multiple "rx" LOAD segments. We must
-        // find the right one.
+        // Note: some binaries have multiple LOAD segments that can contain
+        // function pointers. We must find the right one.
         ElfW(Phdr) *phdr = nullptr;
         for (size_t j = 0; j < obj->phdr.size(); j++) {
           ElfW(Phdr) &p = obj->phdr[j];
@@ -1367,7 +1414,7 @@ const char *Symbolizer::GetUncachedSymbol(const void *pc) {
             ABSL_RAW_CHECK(p.p_type == PT_NULL, "unexpected p_type");
             break;
           }
-          if (pc < reinterpret_cast<void *>(start_addr + p.p_memsz)) {
+          if (pc < reinterpret_cast<void *>(start_addr + p.p_vaddr + p.p_memsz)) {
             phdr = &p;
             break;
           }
@@ -1529,7 +1576,7 @@ bool RegisterFileMappingHint(const void *start, const void *end, uint64_t offset
     ret = false;
   } else {
     // TODO(ckennelly): Move this into a string copy routine.
-    int len = strlen(filename);
+    size_t len = strlen(filename);
     char *dst = static_cast<char *>(
         base_internal::LowLevelAlloc::AllocWithArena(len + 1, SigSafeArena()));
     ABSL_RAW_CHECK(dst != nullptr, "out of memory");
@@ -1585,16 +1632,17 @@ bool Symbolize(const void *pc, char *out, int out_size) {
   const char *name = s->GetSymbol(pc);
   bool ok = false;
   if (name != nullptr && out_size > 0) {
-    strncpy(out, name, out_size);
+    strncpy(out, name, static_cast<size_t>(out_size));
     ok = true;
-    if (out[out_size - 1] != '\0') {
+    if (out[static_cast<size_t>(out_size) - 1] != '\0') {
       // strncpy() does not '\0' terminate when it truncates.  Do so, with
       // trailing ellipsis.
       static constexpr char kEllipsis[] = "...";
-      int ellipsis_size =
-          std::min(implicit_cast<int>(strlen(kEllipsis)), out_size - 1);
-      memcpy(out + out_size - ellipsis_size - 1, kEllipsis, ellipsis_size);
-      out[out_size - 1] = '\0';
+      size_t ellipsis_size =
+          std::min(strlen(kEllipsis), static_cast<size_t>(out_size) - 1);
+      memcpy(out + static_cast<size_t>(out_size) - ellipsis_size - 1, kEllipsis,
+             ellipsis_size);
+      out[static_cast<size_t>(out_size) - 1] = '\0';
     }
   }
   debugging_internal::FreeSymbolizer(s);
diff --git a/absl/debugging/symbolize_emscripten.inc b/absl/debugging/symbolize_emscripten.inc
index c226c456..a0f344dd 100644
--- a/absl/debugging/symbolize_emscripten.inc
+++ b/absl/debugging/symbolize_emscripten.inc
@@ -50,6 +50,9 @@ bool Symbolize(const void* pc, char* out, int out_size) {
   if (!HaveOffsetConverter()) {
     return false;
   }
+  if (pc == nullptr || out_size <= 0) {
+    return false;
+  }
   const char* func_name = emscripten_pc_get_function(pc);
   if (func_name == nullptr) {
     return false;
diff --git a/absl/debugging/symbolize_test.cc b/absl/debugging/symbolize_test.cc
index 3165c6ed..d0feab2f 100644
--- a/absl/debugging/symbolize_test.cc
+++ b/absl/debugging/symbolize_test.cc
@@ -14,6 +14,10 @@
 
 #include "absl/debugging/symbolize.h"
 
+#ifdef __EMSCRIPTEN__
+#include <emscripten.h>
+#endif
+
 #ifndef _WIN32
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <sys/mman.h>
@@ -29,12 +33,17 @@
 #include "absl/base/casts.h"
 #include "absl/base/config.h"
 #include "absl/base/internal/per_thread_tls.h"
-#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
 #include "absl/base/optimization.h"
 #include "absl/debugging/internal/stack_consumption.h"
+#include "absl/log/check.h"
+#include "absl/log/log.h"
 #include "absl/memory/memory.h"
 #include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
 
+#if defined(MAP_ANON) && !defined(MAP_ANONYMOUS)
+#define MAP_ANONYMOUS MAP_ANON
+#endif
+
 using testing::Contains;
 
 #ifdef _WIN32
@@ -81,21 +90,13 @@ int ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_SECTION_VARIABLE(.text.unlikely) unlikely_func() {
   return 0;
 }
 
-int ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_SECTION_VARIABLE(.text.hot) hot_func() {
-  return 0;
-}
+int ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_SECTION_VARIABLE(.text.hot) hot_func() { return 0; }
 
-int ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_SECTION_VARIABLE(.text.startup) startup_func() {
-  return 0;
-}
+int ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_SECTION_VARIABLE(.text.startup) startup_func() { return 0; }
 
-int ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_SECTION_VARIABLE(.text.exit) exit_func() {
-  return 0;
-}
+int ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_SECTION_VARIABLE(.text.exit) exit_func() { return 0; }
 
-int /*ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_SECTION_VARIABLE(.text)*/ regular_func() {
-  return 0;
-}
+int /*ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_SECTION_VARIABLE(.text)*/ regular_func() { return 0; }
 
 // Thread-local data may confuse the symbolizer, ensure that it does not.
 // Variable sizes and order are important.
@@ -106,6 +107,8 @@ static ABSL_PER_THREAD_TLS_KEYWORD char
 #endif
 
 #if !defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
+static void *GetPCFromFnPtr(void *ptr) { return ptr; }
+
 // Used below to hopefully inhibit some compiler/linker optimizations
 // that may remove kHpageTextPadding, kPadding0, and kPadding1 from
 // the binary.
@@ -114,7 +117,14 @@ static volatile bool volatile_bool = false;
 // Force the binary to be large enough that a THP .text remap will succeed.
 static constexpr size_t kHpageSize = 1 << 21;
 const char kHpageTextPadding[kHpageSize * 4] ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_SECTION_VARIABLE(
-    .text) = "";
+        .text) = "";
+
+#else
+static void *GetPCFromFnPtr(void *ptr) {
+  return EM_ASM_PTR(
+      { return wasmOffsetConverter.convert(wasmTable.get($0).name, 0); }, ptr);
+}
+
 #endif  // !defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
 
 static char try_symbolize_buffer[4096];
@@ -124,15 +134,17 @@ static char try_symbolize_buffer[4096];
 // absl::Symbolize() returns false, otherwise returns try_symbolize_buffer with
 // the result of absl::Symbolize().
 static const char *TrySymbolizeWithLimit(void *pc, int limit) {
-  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(limit <= sizeof(try_symbolize_buffer),
-                 "try_symbolize_buffer is too small");
+  CHECK_LE(limit, sizeof(try_symbolize_buffer))
+      << "try_symbolize_buffer is too small";
 
   // Use the heap to facilitate heap and buffer sanitizer tools.
   auto heap_buffer = absl::make_unique<char[]>(sizeof(try_symbolize_buffer));
   bool found = absl::Symbolize(pc, heap_buffer.get(), limit);
   if (found) {
-    ABSL_RAW_CHECK(strnlen(heap_buffer.get(), limit) < limit,
-                   "absl::Symbolize() did not properly terminate the string");
+    CHECK_LT(static_cast<int>(
+                 strnlen(heap_buffer.get(), static_cast<size_t>(limit))),
+             limit)
+        << "absl::Symbolize() did not properly terminate the string";
     strncpy(try_symbolize_buffer, heap_buffer.get(),
             sizeof(try_symbolize_buffer) - 1);
     try_symbolize_buffer[sizeof(try_symbolize_buffer) - 1] = '\0';
@@ -155,21 +167,20 @@ void ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE TestWithReturnAddress() {
 #if defined(ABSL_HAVE_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE)
   void *return_address = __builtin_return_address(0);
   const char *symbol = TrySymbolize(return_address);
-  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(symbol != nullptr, "TestWithReturnAddress failed");
-  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(strcmp(symbol, "main") == 0, "TestWithReturnAddress failed");
+  CHECK_NE(symbol, nullptr) << "TestWithReturnAddress failed";
+  CHECK_STREQ(symbol, "main") << "TestWithReturnAddress failed";
   std::cout << "TestWithReturnAddress passed" << std::endl;
 #endif
 }
 
-#ifndef ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_EMSCRIPTEN_SYMBOLIZE
-
 TEST(Symbolize, Cached) {
   // Compilers should give us pointers to them.
-  EXPECT_STREQ("nonstatic_func", TrySymbolize((void *)(&nonstatic_func)));
-
+  EXPECT_STREQ("nonstatic_func",
+               TrySymbolize(GetPCFromFnPtr((void *)(&nonstatic_func))));
   // The name of an internal linkage symbol is not specified; allow either a
   // mangled or an unmangled name here.
-  const char *static_func_symbol = TrySymbolize((void *)(&static_func));
+  const char *static_func_symbol =
+      TrySymbolize(GetPCFromFnPtr((void *)(&static_func)));
   EXPECT_TRUE(strcmp("static_func", static_func_symbol) == 0 ||
               strcmp("static_func()", static_func_symbol) == 0);
 
@@ -179,33 +190,50 @@ TEST(Symbolize, Cached) {
 TEST(Symbolize, Truncation) {
   constexpr char kNonStaticFunc[] = "nonstatic_func";
   EXPECT_STREQ("nonstatic_func",
-               TrySymbolizeWithLimit((void *)(&nonstatic_func),
+               TrySymbolizeWithLimit(GetPCFromFnPtr((void *)(&nonstatic_func)),
                                      strlen(kNonStaticFunc) + 1));
   EXPECT_STREQ("nonstatic_...",
-               TrySymbolizeWithLimit((void *)(&nonstatic_func),
+               TrySymbolizeWithLimit(GetPCFromFnPtr((void *)(&nonstatic_func)),
                                      strlen(kNonStaticFunc) + 0));
   EXPECT_STREQ("nonstatic...",
-               TrySymbolizeWithLimit((void *)(&nonstatic_func),
+               TrySymbolizeWithLimit(GetPCFromFnPtr((void *)(&nonstatic_func)),
                                      strlen(kNonStaticFunc) - 1));
-  EXPECT_STREQ("n...", TrySymbolizeWithLimit((void *)(&nonstatic_func), 5));
-  EXPECT_STREQ("...", TrySymbolizeWithLimit((void *)(&nonstatic_func), 4));
-  EXPECT_STREQ("..", TrySymbolizeWithLimit((void *)(&nonstatic_func), 3));
-  EXPECT_STREQ(".", TrySymbolizeWithLimit((void *)(&nonstatic_func), 2));
-  EXPECT_STREQ("", TrySymbolizeWithLimit((void *)(&nonstatic_func), 1));
-  EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, TrySymbolizeWithLimit((void *)(&nonstatic_func), 0));
+  EXPECT_STREQ("n...", TrySymbolizeWithLimit(
+                           GetPCFromFnPtr((void *)(&nonstatic_func)), 5));
+  EXPECT_STREQ("...", TrySymbolizeWithLimit(
+                          GetPCFromFnPtr((void *)(&nonstatic_func)), 4));
+  EXPECT_STREQ("..", TrySymbolizeWithLimit(
+                         GetPCFromFnPtr((void *)(&nonstatic_func)), 3));
+  EXPECT_STREQ(
+      ".", TrySymbolizeWithLimit(GetPCFromFnPtr((void *)(&nonstatic_func)), 2));
+  EXPECT_STREQ(
+      "", TrySymbolizeWithLimit(GetPCFromFnPtr((void *)(&nonstatic_func)), 1));
+  EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, TrySymbolizeWithLimit(
+                         GetPCFromFnPtr((void *)(&nonstatic_func)), 0));
 }
 
 TEST(Symbolize, SymbolizeWithDemangling) {
   Foo::func(100);
-  EXPECT_STREQ("Foo::func()", TrySymbolize((void *)(&Foo::func)));
+#ifdef __EMSCRIPTEN__
+  // Emscripten's online symbolizer is more precise with arguments.
+  EXPECT_STREQ("Foo::func(int)",
+               TrySymbolize(GetPCFromFnPtr((void *)(&Foo::func))));
+#else
+  EXPECT_STREQ("Foo::func()",
+               TrySymbolize(GetPCFromFnPtr((void *)(&Foo::func))));
+#endif
 }
 
 TEST(Symbolize, SymbolizeSplitTextSections) {
-  EXPECT_STREQ("unlikely_func()", TrySymbolize((void *)(&unlikely_func)));
-  EXPECT_STREQ("hot_func()", TrySymbolize((void *)(&hot_func)));
-  EXPECT_STREQ("startup_func()", TrySymbolize((void *)(&startup_func)));
-  EXPECT_STREQ("exit_func()", TrySymbolize((void *)(&exit_func)));
-  EXPECT_STREQ("regular_func()", TrySymbolize((void *)(&regular_func)));
+  EXPECT_STREQ("unlikely_func()",
+               TrySymbolize(GetPCFromFnPtr((void *)(&unlikely_func))));
+  EXPECT_STREQ("hot_func()", TrySymbolize(GetPCFromFnPtr((void *)(&hot_func))));
+  EXPECT_STREQ("startup_func()",
+               TrySymbolize(GetPCFromFnPtr((void *)(&startup_func))));
+  EXPECT_STREQ("exit_func()",
+               TrySymbolize(GetPCFromFnPtr((void *)(&exit_func))));
+  EXPECT_STREQ("regular_func()",
+               TrySymbolize(GetPCFromFnPtr((void *)(&regular_func))));
 }
 
 // Tests that verify that Symbolize stack footprint is within some limit.
@@ -275,15 +303,14 @@ TEST(Symbolize, SymbolizeWithDemanglingStackConsumption) {
 
 #endif  // ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_DEBUGGING_STACK_CONSUMPTION
 
-#ifndef ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_DARWIN_SYMBOLIZE
+#if !defined(ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_DARWIN_SYMBOLIZE) && \
+    !defined(ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_EMSCRIPTEN_SYMBOLIZE)
 // Use a 64K page size for PPC.
 const size_t kPageSize = 64 << 10;
 // We place a read-only symbols into the .text section and verify that we can
 // symbolize them and other symbols after remapping them.
-const char kPadding0[kPageSize * 4] ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_SECTION_VARIABLE(.text) =
-    "";
-const char kPadding1[kPageSize * 4] ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_SECTION_VARIABLE(.text) =
-    "";
+const char kPadding0[kPageSize * 4] ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_SECTION_VARIABLE(.text) = "";
+const char kPadding1[kPageSize * 4] ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_SECTION_VARIABLE(.text) = "";
 
 static int FilterElfHeader(struct dl_phdr_info *info, size_t size, void *data) {
   for (int i = 0; i < info->dlpi_phnum; i++) {
@@ -314,8 +341,8 @@ static int FilterElfHeader(struct dl_phdr_info *info, size_t size, void *data) {
 TEST(Symbolize, SymbolizeWithMultipleMaps) {
   // Force kPadding0 and kPadding1 to be linked in.
   if (volatile_bool) {
-    ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "%s", kPadding0);
-    ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "%s", kPadding1);
+    LOG(INFO) << kPadding0;
+    LOG(INFO) << kPadding1;
   }
 
   // Verify we can symbolize everything.
@@ -433,17 +460,17 @@ TEST(Symbolize, ForEachSection) {
 
   close(fd);
 }
-#endif  // !ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_DARWIN_SYMBOLIZE
-#endif  // !ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_EMSCRIPTEN_SYMBOLIZE
+#endif  // !ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_DARWIN_SYMBOLIZE &&
+        // !ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_EMSCRIPTEN_SYMBOLIZE
 
 // x86 specific tests.  Uses some inline assembler.
 extern "C" {
 inline void *ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_ALWAYS_INLINE inline_func() {
   void *pc = nullptr;
 #if defined(__i386__)
-  __asm__ __volatile__("call 1f;\n 1: pop %[PC]" : [ PC ] "=r"(pc));
+  __asm__ __volatile__("call 1f;\n 1: pop %[PC]" : [PC] "=r"(pc));
 #elif defined(__x86_64__)
-  __asm__ __volatile__("leaq 0(%%rip),%[PC];\n" : [ PC ] "=r"(pc));
+  __asm__ __volatile__("leaq 0(%%rip),%[PC];\n" : [PC] "=r"(pc));
 #endif
   return pc;
 }
@@ -451,9 +478,9 @@ inline void *ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_ALWAYS_INLINE inline_func() {
 void *ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE non_inline_func() {
   void *pc = nullptr;
 #if defined(__i386__)
-  __asm__ __volatile__("call 1f;\n 1: pop %[PC]" : [ PC ] "=r"(pc));
+  __asm__ __volatile__("call 1f;\n 1: pop %[PC]" : [PC] "=r"(pc));
 #elif defined(__x86_64__)
-  __asm__ __volatile__("leaq 0(%%rip),%[PC];\n" : [ PC ] "=r"(pc));
+  __asm__ __volatile__("leaq 0(%%rip),%[PC];\n" : [PC] "=r"(pc));
 #endif
   return pc;
 }
@@ -463,9 +490,9 @@ void ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE TestWithPCInsideNonInlineFunction() {
     (defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__))
   void *pc = non_inline_func();
   const char *symbol = TrySymbolize(pc);
-  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(symbol != nullptr, "TestWithPCInsideNonInlineFunction failed");
-  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(strcmp(symbol, "non_inline_func") == 0,
-                 "TestWithPCInsideNonInlineFunction failed");
+  CHECK_NE(symbol, nullptr) << "TestWithPCInsideNonInlineFunction failed";
+  CHECK_STREQ(symbol, "non_inline_func")
+      << "TestWithPCInsideNonInlineFunction failed";
   std::cout << "TestWithPCInsideNonInlineFunction passed" << std::endl;
 #endif
 }
@@ -475,9 +502,8 @@ void ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE TestWithPCInsideInlineFunction() {
     (defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__))
   void *pc = inline_func();  // Must be inlined.
   const char *symbol = TrySymbolize(pc);
-  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(symbol != nullptr, "TestWithPCInsideInlineFunction failed");
-  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(strcmp(symbol, __FUNCTION__) == 0,
-                 "TestWithPCInsideInlineFunction failed");
+  CHECK_NE(symbol, nullptr) << "TestWithPCInsideInlineFunction failed";
+  CHECK_STREQ(symbol, __FUNCTION__) << "TestWithPCInsideInlineFunction failed";
   std::cout << "TestWithPCInsideInlineFunction passed" << std::endl;
 #endif
 }
@@ -519,9 +545,8 @@ __attribute__((target("arm"))) int ArmThumbOverlapArm(int x) {
 void ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE TestArmThumbOverlap() {
 #if defined(ABSL_HAVE_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE)
   const char *symbol = TrySymbolize((void *)&ArmThumbOverlapArm);
-  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(symbol != nullptr, "TestArmThumbOverlap failed");
-  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(strcmp("ArmThumbOverlapArm()", symbol) == 0,
-                 "TestArmThumbOverlap failed");
+  CHECK_NE(symbol, nullptr) << "TestArmThumbOverlap failed";
+  CHECK_STREQ("ArmThumbOverlapArm()", symbol) << "TestArmThumbOverlap failed";
   std::cout << "TestArmThumbOverlap passed" << std::endl;
 #endif
 }
@@ -570,7 +595,7 @@ TEST(Symbolize, SymbolizeWithDemangling) {
 }
 
 #endif  // !defined(ABSL_CONSUME_DLL)
-#else  // Symbolizer unimplemented
+#else   // Symbolizer unimplemented
 TEST(Symbolize, Unimplemented) {
   char buf[64];
   EXPECT_FALSE(absl::Symbolize((void *)(&nonstatic_func), buf, sizeof(buf)));
@@ -584,7 +609,7 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
 #if !defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
   // Make sure kHpageTextPadding is linked into the binary.
   if (volatile_bool) {
-    ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "%s", kHpageTextPadding);
+    LOG(INFO) << kHpageTextPadding;
   }
 #endif  // !defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
 
@@ -597,7 +622,8 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
   absl::InitializeSymbolizer(argv[0]);
   testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
 
-#if defined(ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_ELF_SYMBOLIZE) || \
+#if defined(ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_ELF_SYMBOLIZE) ||        \
+    defined(ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_EMSCRIPTEN_SYMBOLIZE) || \
     defined(ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_DARWIN_SYMBOLIZE)
   TestWithPCInsideInlineFunction();
   TestWithPCInsideNonInlineFunction();
diff --git a/absl/debugging/symbolize_win32.inc b/absl/debugging/symbolize_win32.inc
index c3df46f6..53a099a1 100644
--- a/absl/debugging/symbolize_win32.inc
+++ b/absl/debugging/symbolize_win32.inc
@@ -65,14 +65,15 @@ bool Symbolize(const void* pc, char* out, int out_size) {
   if (!SymFromAddr(process, reinterpret_cast<DWORD64>(pc), nullptr, symbol)) {
     return false;
   }
-  strncpy(out, symbol->Name, out_size);
-  if (out[out_size - 1] != '\0') {
+  const size_t out_size_t = static_cast<size_t>(out_size);
+  strncpy(out, symbol->Name, out_size_t);
+  if (out[out_size_t - 1] != '\0') {
     // strncpy() does not '\0' terminate when it truncates.
     static constexpr char kEllipsis[] = "...";
-    int ellipsis_size =
-        std::min<int>(sizeof(kEllipsis) - 1, out_size - 1);
-    memcpy(out + out_size - ellipsis_size - 1, kEllipsis, ellipsis_size);
-    out[out_size - 1] = '\0';
+    size_t ellipsis_size =
+        std::min(sizeof(kEllipsis) - 1, out_size_t - 1);
+    memcpy(out + out_size_t - ellipsis_size - 1, kEllipsis, ellipsis_size);
+    out[out_size_t - 1] = '\0';
   }
   return true;
 }
diff --git a/absl/flags/BUILD.bazel b/absl/flags/BUILD.bazel
index 4ca687ee..50bf387c 100644
--- a/absl/flags/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/absl/flags/BUILD.bazel
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@ cc_library(
     linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
     visibility = [
         "//absl/flags:__pkg__",
+        "//absl/log:__pkg__",
     ],
     deps = [
         ":path_util",
@@ -98,6 +99,7 @@ cc_library(
         "//absl/base:config",
         "//absl/base:core_headers",
         "//absl/base:log_severity",
+        "//absl/numeric:int128",
         "//absl/strings",
         "//absl/strings:str_format",
         "//absl/types:optional",
@@ -283,6 +285,7 @@ cc_library(
         ":usage_internal",
         "//absl/base:config",
         "//absl/base:core_headers",
+        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
         "//absl/strings",
         "//absl/synchronization",
     ],
@@ -308,6 +311,7 @@ cc_library(
         ":reflection",
         ":usage",
         ":usage_internal",
+        "//absl/algorithm:container",
         "//absl/base:config",
         "//absl/base:core_headers",
         "//absl/strings",
@@ -327,6 +331,8 @@ cc_test(
     copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
     linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
     tags = [
+        "no_test:os:android",
+        "no_test:os:ios",
         "no_test_android",
         "no_test_ios",
         "no_test_wasm",
@@ -368,6 +374,8 @@ cc_test(
     copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
     linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
     tags = [
+        "no_test:os:android",
+        "no_test:os:ios",
         "no_test_android",
         "no_test_ios",
         "no_test_wasm",
@@ -380,6 +388,7 @@ cc_test(
         ":reflection",
         "//absl/base:core_headers",
         "//absl/base:malloc_internal",
+        "//absl/numeric:int128",
         "//absl/strings",
         "//absl/time",
         "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
@@ -434,6 +443,8 @@ cc_test(
     copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
     linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
     tags = [
+        "no_test:os:android",
+        "no_test:os:ios",
         "no_test_android",
         "no_test_ios",
         "no_test_wasm",
@@ -443,8 +454,8 @@ cc_test(
         ":parse",
         ":reflection",
         ":usage_internal",
-        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
         "//absl/base:scoped_set_env",
+        "//absl/log",
         "//absl/strings",
         "//absl/types:span",
         "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
@@ -490,6 +501,8 @@ cc_test(
     copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
     linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
     tags = [
+        "no_test:os:android",
+        "no_test:os:ios",
         "no_test_android",
         "no_test_ios",
         "no_test_wasm",
@@ -552,6 +565,8 @@ cc_test(
     copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
     linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
     tags = [
+        "no_test:os:android",
+        "no_test:os:ios",
         "no_test_android",
         "no_test_ios",
         "no_test_wasm",
diff --git a/absl/flags/CMakeLists.txt b/absl/flags/CMakeLists.txt
index 3e9d5adf..b20463f5 100644
--- a/absl/flags/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/absl/flags/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -87,6 +87,7 @@ absl_cc_library(
     absl::config
     absl::core_headers
     absl::log_severity
+    absl::int128
     absl::optional
     absl::strings
     absl::str_format
@@ -262,6 +263,7 @@ absl_cc_library(
     absl::config
     absl::core_headers
     absl::flags_usage_internal
+    absl::raw_logging_internal
     absl::strings
     absl::synchronization
 )
@@ -279,6 +281,7 @@ absl_cc_library(
   LINKOPTS
     ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
   DEPS
+    absl::algorithm_container
     absl::config
     absl::core_headers
     absl::flags_config
@@ -295,7 +298,7 @@ absl_cc_library(
 )
 
 ############################################################################
-# Unit tests in alpahabetical order.
+# Unit tests in alphabetical order.
 
 absl_cc_test(
   NAME
@@ -343,6 +346,7 @@ absl_cc_test(
     absl::flags_internal
     absl::flags_marshalling
     absl::flags_reflection
+    absl::int128
     absl::strings
     absl::time
     GTest::gtest_main
@@ -372,7 +376,7 @@ absl_cc_test(
     absl::flags_parse
     absl::flags_reflection
     absl::flags_usage_internal
-    absl::raw_logging_internal
+    absl::log
     absl::scoped_set_env
     absl::span
     absl::strings
diff --git a/absl/flags/commandlineflag.h b/absl/flags/commandlineflag.h
index f2fa0897..c30aa609 100644
--- a/absl/flags/commandlineflag.h
+++ b/absl/flags/commandlineflag.h
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ class CommandLineFlag {
   // command line.
   virtual bool IsSpecifiedOnCommandLine() const = 0;
 
-  // Validates supplied value usign validator or parseflag routine
+  // Validates supplied value using validator or parseflag routine
   virtual bool ValidateInputValue(absl::string_view value) const = 0;
 
   // Checks that flags default value can be converted to string and back to the
diff --git a/absl/flags/flag_benchmark.cc b/absl/flags/flag_benchmark.cc
index fc572d9c..758a6a55 100644
--- a/absl/flags/flag_benchmark.cc
+++ b/absl/flags/flag_benchmark.cc
@@ -241,10 +241,11 @@ BENCHMARK(BM_ThreadedFindCommandLineFlag)->ThreadRange(1, 16);
 
 }  // namespace
 
+#ifdef __llvm__
+// To view disassembly use: gdb ${BINARY}  -batch -ex "disassemble /s $FUNC"
 #define InvokeGetFlag(T)                                             \
   T AbslInvokeGetFlag##T() { return absl::GetFlag(SINGLE_FLAG(T)); } \
   int odr##T = (benchmark::DoNotOptimize(AbslInvokeGetFlag##T), 1);
 
 BENCHMARKED_TYPES(InvokeGetFlag)
-
-// To veiw disassembly use: gdb ${BINARY}  -batch -ex "disassemble /s $FUNC"
+#endif  // __llvm__
diff --git a/absl/flags/flag_test.cc b/absl/flags/flag_test.cc
index 845b4eba..f9cda02e 100644
--- a/absl/flags/flag_test.cc
+++ b/absl/flags/flag_test.cc
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
 #include "absl/flags/marshalling.h"
 #include "absl/flags/reflection.h"
 #include "absl/flags/usage_config.h"
+#include "absl/numeric/int128.h"
 #include "absl/strings/match.h"
 #include "absl/strings/numbers.h"
 #include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
@@ -127,6 +128,11 @@ TEST_F(FlagTest, Traits) {
             flags::FlagValueStorageKind::kAlignedBuffer);
   EXPECT_EQ(flags::StorageKind<std::vector<std::string>>(),
             flags::FlagValueStorageKind::kAlignedBuffer);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::StorageKind<absl::int128>(),
+            flags::FlagValueStorageKind::kSequenceLocked);
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::StorageKind<absl::uint128>(),
+            flags::FlagValueStorageKind::kSequenceLocked);
 }
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -135,6 +141,8 @@ constexpr flags::FlagHelpArg help_arg{flags::FlagHelpMsg("literal help"),
                                       flags::FlagHelpKind::kLiteral};
 
 using String = std::string;
+using int128 = absl::int128;
+using uint128 = absl::uint128;
 
 #if !defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(__clang__)
 #define DEFINE_CONSTRUCTED_FLAG(T, dflt, dflt_kind)                        \
@@ -171,6 +179,8 @@ DEFINE_CONSTRUCTED_FLAG(float, 7.8, kOneWord);
 DEFINE_CONSTRUCTED_FLAG(double, 9.10, kOneWord);
 DEFINE_CONSTRUCTED_FLAG(String, &TestMakeDflt<String>, kGenFunc);
 DEFINE_CONSTRUCTED_FLAG(UDT, &TestMakeDflt<UDT>, kGenFunc);
+DEFINE_CONSTRUCTED_FLAG(int128, 13, kGenFunc);
+DEFINE_CONSTRUCTED_FLAG(uint128, 14, kGenFunc);
 
 template <typename T>
 bool TestConstructionFor(const absl::Flag<T>& f1, absl::Flag<T>& f2) {
@@ -202,6 +212,8 @@ TEST_F(FlagTest, TestConstruction) {
   TEST_CONSTRUCTED_FLAG(double);
   TEST_CONSTRUCTED_FLAG(String);
   TEST_CONSTRUCTED_FLAG(UDT);
+  TEST_CONSTRUCTED_FLAG(int128);
+  TEST_CONSTRUCTED_FLAG(uint128);
 }
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -220,6 +232,8 @@ ABSL_DECLARE_FLAG(double, test_flag_09);
 ABSL_DECLARE_FLAG(float, test_flag_10);
 ABSL_DECLARE_FLAG(std::string, test_flag_11);
 ABSL_DECLARE_FLAG(absl::Duration, test_flag_12);
+ABSL_DECLARE_FLAG(absl::int128, test_flag_13);
+ABSL_DECLARE_FLAG(absl::uint128, test_flag_14);
 
 namespace {
 
@@ -251,6 +265,10 @@ TEST_F(FlagTest, TestFlagDeclaration) {
             "test_flag_11");
   EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlagReflectionHandle(FLAGS_test_flag_12).Name(),
             "test_flag_12");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlagReflectionHandle(FLAGS_test_flag_13).Name(),
+            "test_flag_13");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlagReflectionHandle(FLAGS_test_flag_14).Name(),
+            "test_flag_14");
 }
 #endif  // !ABSL_FLAGS_STRIP_NAMES
 
@@ -270,6 +288,9 @@ ABSL_FLAG(double, test_flag_09, -9.876e-50, "test flag 09");
 ABSL_FLAG(float, test_flag_10, 1.234e12f, "test flag 10");
 ABSL_FLAG(std::string, test_flag_11, "", "test flag 11");
 ABSL_FLAG(absl::Duration, test_flag_12, absl::Minutes(10), "test flag 12");
+ABSL_FLAG(absl::int128, test_flag_13, absl::MakeInt128(-1, 0), "test flag 13");
+ABSL_FLAG(absl::uint128, test_flag_14, absl::MakeUint128(0, 0xFFFAAABBBCCCDDD),
+          "test flag 14");
 
 namespace {
 
@@ -384,6 +405,24 @@ TEST_F(FlagTest, TestFlagDefinition) {
       absl::GetFlagReflectionHandle(FLAGS_test_flag_12).Filename(),
       expected_file_name))
       << absl::GetFlagReflectionHandle(FLAGS_test_flag_12).Filename();
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlagReflectionHandle(FLAGS_test_flag_13).Name(),
+            "test_flag_13");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlagReflectionHandle(FLAGS_test_flag_13).Help(),
+            "test flag 13");
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::EndsWith(
+      absl::GetFlagReflectionHandle(FLAGS_test_flag_13).Filename(),
+      expected_file_name))
+      << absl::GetFlagReflectionHandle(FLAGS_test_flag_13).Filename();
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlagReflectionHandle(FLAGS_test_flag_14).Name(),
+            "test_flag_14");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlagReflectionHandle(FLAGS_test_flag_14).Help(),
+            "test flag 14");
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::EndsWith(
+      absl::GetFlagReflectionHandle(FLAGS_test_flag_14).Filename(),
+      expected_file_name))
+      << absl::GetFlagReflectionHandle(FLAGS_test_flag_14).Filename();
 }
 #endif  // !ABSL_FLAGS_STRIP_NAMES
 
@@ -414,6 +453,10 @@ TEST_F(FlagTest, TestDefault) {
             "");
   EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlagReflectionHandle(FLAGS_test_flag_12).DefaultValue(),
             "10m");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlagReflectionHandle(FLAGS_test_flag_13).DefaultValue(),
+            "-18446744073709551616");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlagReflectionHandle(FLAGS_test_flag_14).DefaultValue(),
+            "1152827684197027293");
 
   EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlagReflectionHandle(FLAGS_test_flag_01).CurrentValue(),
             "true");
@@ -439,6 +482,10 @@ TEST_F(FlagTest, TestDefault) {
             "");
   EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlagReflectionHandle(FLAGS_test_flag_12).CurrentValue(),
             "10m");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlagReflectionHandle(FLAGS_test_flag_13).CurrentValue(),
+            "-18446744073709551616");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlagReflectionHandle(FLAGS_test_flag_14).CurrentValue(),
+            "1152827684197027293");
 
   EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_test_flag_01), true);
   EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_test_flag_02), 1234);
@@ -452,6 +499,9 @@ TEST_F(FlagTest, TestDefault) {
   EXPECT_NEAR(absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_test_flag_10), 1.234e12f, 1e5f);
   EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_test_flag_11), "");
   EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_test_flag_12), absl::Minutes(10));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_test_flag_13), absl::MakeInt128(-1, 0));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_test_flag_14),
+            absl::MakeUint128(0, 0xFFFAAABBBCCCDDD));
 }
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -553,6 +603,13 @@ TEST_F(FlagTest, TestGetSet) {
 
   absl::SetFlag(&FLAGS_test_flag_12, absl::Seconds(110));
   EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_test_flag_12), absl::Seconds(110));
+
+  absl::SetFlag(&FLAGS_test_flag_13, absl::MakeInt128(-1, 0));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_test_flag_13), absl::MakeInt128(-1, 0));
+
+  absl::SetFlag(&FLAGS_test_flag_14, absl::MakeUint128(0, 0xFFFAAABBBCCCDDD));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_test_flag_14),
+            absl::MakeUint128(0, 0xFFFAAABBBCCCDDD));
 }
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -582,6 +639,11 @@ TEST_F(FlagTest, TestGetViaReflection) {
   EXPECT_EQ(*handle->TryGet<std::string>(), "");
   handle = absl::FindCommandLineFlag("test_flag_12");
   EXPECT_EQ(*handle->TryGet<absl::Duration>(), absl::Minutes(10));
+  handle = absl::FindCommandLineFlag("test_flag_13");
+  EXPECT_EQ(*handle->TryGet<absl::int128>(), absl::MakeInt128(-1, 0));
+  handle = absl::FindCommandLineFlag("test_flag_14");
+  EXPECT_EQ(*handle->TryGet<absl::uint128>(),
+            absl::MakeUint128(0, 0xFFFAAABBBCCCDDD));
 }
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -980,7 +1042,7 @@ TEST_F(FlagTest, TesTypeWrappingEnum) {
 
 // This is a compile test to ensure macros are expanded within ABSL_FLAG and
 // ABSL_DECLARE_FLAG.
-#define FLAG_NAME_MACRO(name) prefix_ ## name
+#define FLAG_NAME_MACRO(name) prefix_##name
 ABSL_DECLARE_FLAG(int, FLAG_NAME_MACRO(test_macro_named_flag));
 ABSL_FLAG(int, FLAG_NAME_MACRO(test_macro_named_flag), 0,
           "Testing macro expansion within ABSL_FLAG");
diff --git a/absl/flags/internal/commandlineflag.cc b/absl/flags/internal/commandlineflag.cc
index 4482955c..3c114d10 100644
--- a/absl/flags/internal/commandlineflag.cc
+++ b/absl/flags/internal/commandlineflag.cc
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 namespace flags_internal {
 
-FlagStateInterface::~FlagStateInterface() {}
+FlagStateInterface::~FlagStateInterface() = default;
 
 }  // namespace flags_internal
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
diff --git a/absl/flags/internal/flag.cc b/absl/flags/internal/flag.cc
index 55892d77..65d0e58f 100644
--- a/absl/flags/internal/flag.cc
+++ b/absl/flags/internal/flag.cc
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ void FlagImpl::AssertValidType(FlagFastTypeId rhs_type_id,
   FlagFastTypeId lhs_type_id = flags_internal::FastTypeId(op_);
 
   // `rhs_type_id` is the fast type id corresponding to the declaration
-  // visibile at the call site. `lhs_type_id` is the fast type id
+  // visible at the call site. `lhs_type_id` is the fast type id
   // corresponding to the type specified in flag definition. They must match
   //  for this operation to be well-defined.
   if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(lhs_type_id == rhs_type_id)) return;
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ void FlagImpl::StoreValue(const void* src) {
   switch (ValueStorageKind()) {
     case FlagValueStorageKind::kValueAndInitBit:
     case FlagValueStorageKind::kOneWordAtomic: {
-      // Load the current value to avoid setting 'init' bit manualy.
+      // Load the current value to avoid setting 'init' bit manually.
       int64_t one_word_val = OneWordValue().load(std::memory_order_acquire);
       std::memcpy(&one_word_val, src, Sizeof(op_));
       OneWordValue().store(one_word_val, std::memory_order_release);
@@ -406,7 +406,7 @@ template <typename StorageT>
 StorageT* FlagImpl::OffsetValue() const {
   char* p = reinterpret_cast<char*>(const_cast<FlagImpl*>(this));
   // The offset is deduced via Flag value type specific op_.
-  size_t offset = flags_internal::ValueOffset(op_);
+  ptrdiff_t offset = flags_internal::ValueOffset(op_);
 
   return reinterpret_cast<StorageT*>(p + offset);
 }
@@ -486,7 +486,7 @@ bool FlagImpl::ReadOneBool() const {
 }
 
 void FlagImpl::ReadSequenceLockedData(void* dst) const {
-  int size = Sizeof(op_);
+  size_t size = Sizeof(op_);
   // Attempt to read using the sequence lock.
   if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(seq_lock_.TryRead(dst, AtomicBufferValue(), size))) {
     return;
diff --git a/absl/flags/internal/flag.h b/absl/flags/internal/flag.h
index 6154638c..b41f9a69 100644
--- a/absl/flags/internal/flag.h
+++ b/absl/flags/internal/flag.h
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ inline void* Clone(FlagOpFn op, const void* obj) {
   flags_internal::CopyConstruct(op, obj, res);
   return res;
 }
-// Returns true if parsing of input text is successfull.
+// Returns true if parsing of input text is successful.
 inline bool Parse(FlagOpFn op, absl::string_view text, void* dst,
                   std::string* error) {
   return op(FlagOp::kParse, &text, dst, error) != nullptr;
@@ -139,12 +139,12 @@ inline size_t Sizeof(FlagOpFn op) {
   return static_cast<size_t>(reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(
       op(FlagOp::kSizeof, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr)));
 }
-// Returns fast type id coresponding to the value type.
+// Returns fast type id corresponding to the value type.
 inline FlagFastTypeId FastTypeId(FlagOpFn op) {
   return reinterpret_cast<FlagFastTypeId>(
       op(FlagOp::kFastTypeId, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr));
 }
-// Returns fast type id coresponding to the value type.
+// Returns fast type id corresponding to the value type.
 inline const std::type_info* RuntimeTypeId(FlagOpFn op) {
   return reinterpret_cast<const std::type_info*>(
       op(FlagOp::kRuntimeTypeId, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr));
@@ -223,12 +223,12 @@ extern const char kStrippedFlagHelp[];
 // first overload if possible. If help message is evaluatable on constexpr
 // context We'll be able to make FixedCharArray out of it and we'll choose first
 // overload. In this case the help message expression is immediately evaluated
-// and is used to construct the absl::Flag. No additionl code is generated by
+// and is used to construct the absl::Flag. No additional code is generated by
 // ABSL_FLAG Otherwise SFINAE kicks in and first overload is dropped from the
 // consideration, in which case the second overload will be used. The second
 // overload does not attempt to evaluate the help message expression
-// immediately and instead delays the evaluation by returing the function
-// pointer (&T::NonConst) genering the help message when necessary. This is
+// immediately and instead delays the evaluation by returning the function
+// pointer (&T::NonConst) generating the help message when necessary. This is
 // evaluatable in constexpr context, but the cost is an extra function being
 // generated in the ABSL_FLAG code.
 template <typename Gen, size_t N>
@@ -308,19 +308,20 @@ constexpr int64_t UninitializedFlagValue() {
 }
 
 template <typename T>
-using FlagUseValueAndInitBitStorage = std::integral_constant<
-    bool, absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<T>::value &&
-              std::is_default_constructible<T>::value && (sizeof(T) < 8)>;
+using FlagUseValueAndInitBitStorage =
+    std::integral_constant<bool, std::is_trivially_copyable<T>::value &&
+                                     std::is_default_constructible<T>::value &&
+                                     (sizeof(T) < 8)>;
 
 template <typename T>
-using FlagUseOneWordStorage = std::integral_constant<
-    bool, absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<T>::value &&
-              (sizeof(T) <= 8)>;
+using FlagUseOneWordStorage =
+    std::integral_constant<bool, std::is_trivially_copyable<T>::value &&
+                                     (sizeof(T) <= 8)>;
 
 template <class T>
-using FlagUseSequenceLockStorage = std::integral_constant<
-    bool, absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<T>::value &&
-              (sizeof(T) > 8)>;
+using FlagUseSequenceLockStorage =
+    std::integral_constant<bool, std::is_trivially_copyable<T>::value &&
+                                     (sizeof(T) > 8)>;
 
 enum class FlagValueStorageKind : uint8_t {
   kValueAndInitBit = 0,
diff --git a/absl/flags/internal/flag_msvc.inc b/absl/flags/internal/flag_msvc.inc
index c31bd27f..614d09fd 100644
--- a/absl/flags/internal/flag_msvc.inc
+++ b/absl/flags/internal/flag_msvc.inc
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 // second level of protection is a global Mutex, so if two threads attempt to
 // construct the flag concurrently only one wins.
 //
-// This solution is based on a recomendation here:
+// This solution is based on a recommendation here:
 // https://developercommunity.visualstudio.com/content/problem/336946/class-with-constexpr-constructor-not-using-static.html?childToView=648454#comment-648454
 
 namespace flags_internal {
diff --git a/absl/flags/internal/parse.h b/absl/flags/internal/parse.h
index de706c89..10c531b8 100644
--- a/absl/flags/internal/parse.h
+++ b/absl/flags/internal/parse.h
@@ -16,11 +16,14 @@
 #ifndef ABSL_FLAGS_INTERNAL_PARSE_H_
 #define ABSL_FLAGS_INTERNAL_PARSE_H_
 
+#include <iostream>
+#include <ostream>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "absl/base/config.h"
 #include "absl/flags/declare.h"
+#include "absl/flags/internal/usage.h"
 #include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
 
 ABSL_DECLARE_FLAG(std::vector<std::string>, flagfile);
@@ -32,7 +35,6 @@ namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 namespace flags_internal {
 
-enum class ArgvListAction { kRemoveParsedArgs, kKeepParsedArgs };
 enum class UsageFlagsAction { kHandleUsage, kIgnoreUsage };
 enum class OnUndefinedFlag {
   kIgnoreUndefined,
@@ -40,10 +42,15 @@ enum class OnUndefinedFlag {
   kAbortIfUndefined
 };
 
-std::vector<char*> ParseCommandLineImpl(int argc, char* argv[],
-                                        ArgvListAction arg_list_act,
-                                        UsageFlagsAction usage_flag_act,
-                                        OnUndefinedFlag on_undef_flag);
+// This is not a public interface. This interface exists to expose the ability
+// to change help output stream in case of parsing errors. This is used by
+// internal unit tests to validate expected outputs.
+// When this was written, `EXPECT_EXIT` only supported matchers on stderr,
+// but not on stdout.
+std::vector<char*> ParseCommandLineImpl(
+    int argc, char* argv[], UsageFlagsAction usage_flag_action,
+    OnUndefinedFlag undef_flag_action,
+    std::ostream& error_help_output = std::cout);
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Inspect original command line
@@ -52,6 +59,10 @@ std::vector<char*> ParseCommandLineImpl(int argc, char* argv[],
 // command line or specified in flag file present on the original command line.
 bool WasPresentOnCommandLine(absl::string_view flag_name);
 
+// Return existing flags similar to the parameter, in order to help in case of
+// misspellings.
+std::vector<std::string> GetMisspellingHints(absl::string_view flag);
+
 }  // namespace flags_internal
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
 }  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/flags/internal/usage.cc b/absl/flags/internal/usage.cc
index 949709e8..13852e14 100644
--- a/absl/flags/internal/usage.cc
+++ b/absl/flags/internal/usage.cc
@@ -17,7 +17,10 @@
 
 #include <stdint.h>
 
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstdlib>
 #include <functional>
+#include <iterator>
 #include <map>
 #include <ostream>
 #include <string>
@@ -33,6 +36,7 @@
 #include "absl/flags/internal/program_name.h"
 #include "absl/flags/internal/registry.h"
 #include "absl/flags/usage_config.h"
+#include "absl/strings/match.h"
 #include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
 #include "absl/strings/str_split.h"
 #include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
@@ -88,8 +92,16 @@ class XMLElement {
         case '>':
           out << "&gt;";
           break;
+        case '\n':
+        case '\v':
+        case '\f':
+        case '\t':
+          out << " ";
+          break;
         default:
-          out << c;
+          if (IsValidXmlCharacter(static_cast<unsigned char>(c))) {
+            out << c;
+          }
           break;
       }
     }
@@ -98,6 +110,7 @@ class XMLElement {
   }
 
  private:
+  static bool IsValidXmlCharacter(unsigned char c) { return c >= 0x20; }
   absl::string_view tag_;
   absl::string_view txt_;
 };
@@ -127,7 +140,7 @@ class FlagHelpPrettyPrinter {
       for (auto line : absl::StrSplit(str, absl::ByAnyChar("\n\r"))) {
         if (!tokens.empty()) {
           // Keep line separators in the input string.
-          tokens.push_back("\n");
+          tokens.emplace_back("\n");
         }
         for (auto token :
              absl::StrSplit(line, absl::ByAnyChar(" \t"), absl::SkipEmpty())) {
@@ -148,8 +161,7 @@ class FlagHelpPrettyPrinter {
       }
 
       // Write the token, ending the string first if necessary/possible.
-      if (!new_line &&
-          (line_len_ + static_cast<int>(token.size()) >= max_line_len_)) {
+      if (!new_line && (line_len_ + token.size() >= max_line_len_)) {
         EndLine();
         new_line = true;
       }
@@ -344,7 +356,7 @@ void FlagHelp(std::ostream& out, const CommandLineFlag& flag,
 void FlagsHelp(std::ostream& out, absl::string_view filter, HelpFormat format,
                absl::string_view program_usage_message) {
   flags_internal::FlagKindFilter filter_cb = [&](absl::string_view filename) {
-    return filter.empty() || filename.find(filter) != absl::string_view::npos;
+    return filter.empty() || absl::StrContains(filename, filter);
   };
   flags_internal::FlagsHelpImpl(out, filter_cb, format, program_usage_message);
 }
@@ -352,8 +364,8 @@ void FlagsHelp(std::ostream& out, absl::string_view filter, HelpFormat format,
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Checks all the 'usage' command line flags to see if any have been set.
 // If so, handles them appropriately.
-int HandleUsageFlags(std::ostream& out,
-                     absl::string_view program_usage_message) {
+HelpMode HandleUsageFlags(std::ostream& out,
+                          absl::string_view program_usage_message) {
   switch (GetFlagsHelpMode()) {
     case HelpMode::kNone:
       break;
@@ -361,25 +373,24 @@ int HandleUsageFlags(std::ostream& out,
       flags_internal::FlagsHelpImpl(
           out, flags_internal::GetUsageConfig().contains_help_flags,
           GetFlagsHelpFormat(), program_usage_message);
-      return 1;
+      break;
 
     case HelpMode::kShort:
       flags_internal::FlagsHelpImpl(
           out, flags_internal::GetUsageConfig().contains_helpshort_flags,
           GetFlagsHelpFormat(), program_usage_message);
-      return 1;
+      break;
 
     case HelpMode::kFull:
       flags_internal::FlagsHelp(out, "", GetFlagsHelpFormat(),
                                 program_usage_message);
-      return 1;
+      break;
 
     case HelpMode::kPackage:
       flags_internal::FlagsHelpImpl(
           out, flags_internal::GetUsageConfig().contains_helppackage_flags,
           GetFlagsHelpFormat(), program_usage_message);
-
-      return 1;
+      break;
 
     case HelpMode::kMatch: {
       std::string substr = GetFlagsHelpMatchSubstr();
@@ -398,20 +409,19 @@ int HandleUsageFlags(std::ostream& out,
         flags_internal::FlagsHelpImpl(
             out, filter_cb, HelpFormat::kHumanReadable, program_usage_message);
       }
-
-      return 1;
+      break;
     }
     case HelpMode::kVersion:
       if (flags_internal::GetUsageConfig().version_string)
         out << flags_internal::GetUsageConfig().version_string();
       // Unlike help, we may be asking for version in a script, so return 0
-      return 0;
+      break;
 
     case HelpMode::kOnlyCheckArgs:
-      return 0;
+      break;
   }
 
-  return -1;
+  return GetFlagsHelpMode();
 }
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -466,7 +476,7 @@ void SetFlagsHelpFormat(HelpFormat format) {
 // function.
 bool DeduceUsageFlags(absl::string_view name, absl::string_view value) {
   if (absl::ConsumePrefix(&name, "help")) {
-    if (name == "") {
+    if (name.empty()) {
       if (value.empty()) {
         SetFlagsHelpMode(HelpMode::kImportant);
       } else {
@@ -519,6 +529,22 @@ bool DeduceUsageFlags(absl::string_view name, absl::string_view value) {
   return false;
 }
 
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+void MaybeExit(HelpMode mode) {
+  switch (mode) {
+    case flags_internal::HelpMode::kNone:
+      return;
+    case flags_internal::HelpMode::kOnlyCheckArgs:
+    case flags_internal::HelpMode::kVersion:
+      std::exit(0);
+    default:  // For all the other modes we exit with 1
+      std::exit(1);
+  }
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 }  // namespace flags_internal
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
 }  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/flags/internal/usage.h b/absl/flags/internal/usage.h
index c0bcac57..a96cbf38 100644
--- a/absl/flags/internal/usage.h
+++ b/absl/flags/internal/usage.h
@@ -17,11 +17,11 @@
 #define ABSL_FLAGS_INTERNAL_USAGE_H_
 
 #include <iosfwd>
+#include <ostream>
 #include <string>
 
 #include "absl/base/config.h"
 #include "absl/flags/commandlineflag.h"
-#include "absl/flags/declare.h"
 #include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -36,6 +36,18 @@ enum class HelpFormat {
   kHumanReadable,
 };
 
+// The kind of usage help requested.
+enum class HelpMode {
+  kNone,
+  kImportant,
+  kShort,
+  kFull,
+  kPackage,
+  kMatch,
+  kVersion,
+  kOnlyCheckArgs
+};
+
 // Streams the help message describing `flag` to `out`.
 // The default value for `flag` is included in the output.
 void FlagHelp(std::ostream& out, const CommandLineFlag& flag,
@@ -57,28 +69,18 @@ void FlagsHelp(std::ostream& out, absl::string_view filter,
 
 // If any of the 'usage' related command line flags (listed on the bottom of
 // this file) has been set this routine produces corresponding help message in
-// the specified output stream and returns:
-//  0 - if "version" or "only_check_flags" flags were set and handled.
-//  1 - if some other 'usage' related flag was set and handled.
-// -1 - if no usage flags were set on a commmand line.
-// Non negative return values are expected to be used as an exit code for a
-// binary.
-int HandleUsageFlags(std::ostream& out,
-                     absl::string_view program_usage_message);
+// the specified output stream and returns HelpMode that was handled. Otherwise
+// it returns HelpMode::kNone.
+HelpMode HandleUsageFlags(std::ostream& out,
+                          absl::string_view program_usage_message);
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
-// Globals representing usage reporting flags
+// Encapsulates the logic of exiting the binary depending on handled help mode.
 
-enum class HelpMode {
-  kNone,
-  kImportant,
-  kShort,
-  kFull,
-  kPackage,
-  kMatch,
-  kVersion,
-  kOnlyCheckArgs
-};
+void MaybeExit(HelpMode mode);
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Globals representing usage reporting flags
 
 // Returns substring to filter help output (--help=substr argument)
 std::string GetFlagsHelpMatchSubstr();
diff --git a/absl/flags/internal/usage_test.cc b/absl/flags/internal/usage_test.cc
index 209a7be9..6847386f 100644
--- a/absl/flags/internal/usage_test.cc
+++ b/absl/flags/internal/usage_test.cc
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
 #include "absl/flags/flag.h"
 #include "absl/flags/internal/parse.h"
-#include "absl/flags/internal/path_util.h"
 #include "absl/flags/internal/program_name.h"
 #include "absl/flags/reflection.h"
 #include "absl/flags/usage.h"
@@ -40,6 +39,8 @@ ABSL_FLAG(double, usage_reporting_test_flag_03, 1.03,
           "usage_reporting_test_flag_03 help message");
 ABSL_FLAG(int64_t, usage_reporting_test_flag_04, 1000000000000004L,
           "usage_reporting_test_flag_04 help message");
+ABSL_FLAG(std::string, usage_reporting_test_flag_07, "\r\n\f\v\a\b\t ",
+          "usage_reporting_test_flag_07 help \r\n\f\v\a\b\t ");
 
 static const char kTestUsageMessage[] = "Custom usage message";
 
@@ -204,8 +205,12 @@ TEST_F(UsageReportingTest, TestFlagsHelpHRF) {
 
       Some more help.
       Even more long long long long long long long long long long long long help
-      message.); default: "";
+      message.); default: "";)"
+
+      "\n    --usage_reporting_test_flag_07 (usage_reporting_test_flag_07 "
+      "help\n\n      \f\v\a\b ); default: \"\r\n\f\v\a\b\t \";\n"
 
+      R"(
 Try --helpfull to get a list of all flags or --help=substring shows help for
 flags which include specified substring in either in the name, or description or
 path.
@@ -256,7 +261,8 @@ path.
 
 TEST_F(UsageReportingTest, TestNoUsageFlags) {
   std::stringstream test_buf;
-  EXPECT_EQ(flags::HandleUsageFlags(test_buf, kTestUsageMessage), -1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::HandleUsageFlags(test_buf, kTestUsageMessage),
+            flags::HelpMode::kNone);
 }
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -265,9 +271,11 @@ TEST_F(UsageReportingTest, TestUsageFlag_helpshort) {
   flags::SetFlagsHelpMode(flags::HelpMode::kShort);
 
   std::stringstream test_buf;
-  EXPECT_EQ(flags::HandleUsageFlags(test_buf, kTestUsageMessage), 1);
-  EXPECT_EQ(test_buf.str(),
-            R"(usage_test: Custom usage message
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::HandleUsageFlags(test_buf, kTestUsageMessage),
+            flags::HelpMode::kShort);
+  EXPECT_EQ(
+      test_buf.str(),
+      R"(usage_test: Custom usage message
 
   Flags from absl/flags/internal/usage_test.cc:
     --usage_reporting_test_flag_01 (usage_reporting_test_flag_01 help message);
@@ -284,8 +292,12 @@ TEST_F(UsageReportingTest, TestUsageFlag_helpshort) {
 
       Some more help.
       Even more long long long long long long long long long long long long help
-      message.); default: "";
+      message.); default: "";)"
+
+      "\n    --usage_reporting_test_flag_07 (usage_reporting_test_flag_07 "
+      "help\n\n      \f\v\a\b ); default: \"\r\n\f\v\a\b\t \";\n"
 
+      R"(
 Try --helpfull to get a list of all flags or --help=substring shows help for
 flags which include specified substring in either in the name, or description or
 path.
@@ -298,9 +310,11 @@ TEST_F(UsageReportingTest, TestUsageFlag_help_simple) {
   flags::SetFlagsHelpMode(flags::HelpMode::kImportant);
 
   std::stringstream test_buf;
-  EXPECT_EQ(flags::HandleUsageFlags(test_buf, kTestUsageMessage), 1);
-  EXPECT_EQ(test_buf.str(),
-            R"(usage_test: Custom usage message
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::HandleUsageFlags(test_buf, kTestUsageMessage),
+            flags::HelpMode::kImportant);
+  EXPECT_EQ(
+      test_buf.str(),
+      R"(usage_test: Custom usage message
 
   Flags from absl/flags/internal/usage_test.cc:
     --usage_reporting_test_flag_01 (usage_reporting_test_flag_01 help message);
@@ -317,8 +331,12 @@ TEST_F(UsageReportingTest, TestUsageFlag_help_simple) {
 
       Some more help.
       Even more long long long long long long long long long long long long help
-      message.); default: "";
+      message.); default: "";)"
+
+      "\n    --usage_reporting_test_flag_07 (usage_reporting_test_flag_07 "
+      "help\n\n      \f\v\a\b ); default: \"\r\n\f\v\a\b\t \";\n"
 
+      R"(
 Try --helpfull to get a list of all flags or --help=substring shows help for
 flags which include specified substring in either in the name, or description or
 path.
@@ -332,7 +350,8 @@ TEST_F(UsageReportingTest, TestUsageFlag_help_one_flag) {
   flags::SetFlagsHelpMatchSubstr("usage_reporting_test_flag_06");
 
   std::stringstream test_buf;
-  EXPECT_EQ(flags::HandleUsageFlags(test_buf, kTestUsageMessage), 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::HandleUsageFlags(test_buf, kTestUsageMessage),
+            flags::HelpMode::kMatch);
   EXPECT_EQ(test_buf.str(),
             R"(usage_test: Custom usage message
 
@@ -356,9 +375,11 @@ TEST_F(UsageReportingTest, TestUsageFlag_help_multiple_flag) {
   flags::SetFlagsHelpMatchSubstr("test_flag");
 
   std::stringstream test_buf;
-  EXPECT_EQ(flags::HandleUsageFlags(test_buf, kTestUsageMessage), 1);
-  EXPECT_EQ(test_buf.str(),
-            R"(usage_test: Custom usage message
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::HandleUsageFlags(test_buf, kTestUsageMessage),
+            flags::HelpMode::kMatch);
+  EXPECT_EQ(
+      test_buf.str(),
+      R"(usage_test: Custom usage message
 
   Flags from absl/flags/internal/usage_test.cc:
     --usage_reporting_test_flag_01 (usage_reporting_test_flag_01 help message);
@@ -375,8 +396,12 @@ TEST_F(UsageReportingTest, TestUsageFlag_help_multiple_flag) {
 
       Some more help.
       Even more long long long long long long long long long long long long help
-      message.); default: "";
+      message.); default: "";)"
+
+      "\n    --usage_reporting_test_flag_07 (usage_reporting_test_flag_07 "
+      "help\n\n      \f\v\a\b ); default: \"\r\n\f\v\a\b\t \";\n"
 
+      R"(
 Try --helpfull to get a list of all flags or --help=substring shows help for
 flags which include specified substring in either in the name, or description or
 path.
@@ -389,9 +414,11 @@ TEST_F(UsageReportingTest, TestUsageFlag_helppackage) {
   flags::SetFlagsHelpMode(flags::HelpMode::kPackage);
 
   std::stringstream test_buf;
-  EXPECT_EQ(flags::HandleUsageFlags(test_buf, kTestUsageMessage), 1);
-  EXPECT_EQ(test_buf.str(),
-            R"(usage_test: Custom usage message
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::HandleUsageFlags(test_buf, kTestUsageMessage),
+            flags::HelpMode::kPackage);
+  EXPECT_EQ(
+      test_buf.str(),
+      R"(usage_test: Custom usage message
 
   Flags from absl/flags/internal/usage_test.cc:
     --usage_reporting_test_flag_01 (usage_reporting_test_flag_01 help message);
@@ -408,8 +435,12 @@ TEST_F(UsageReportingTest, TestUsageFlag_helppackage) {
 
       Some more help.
       Even more long long long long long long long long long long long long help
-      message.); default: "";
+      message.); default: "";)"
 
+      "\n    --usage_reporting_test_flag_07 (usage_reporting_test_flag_07 "
+      "help\n\n      \f\v\a\b ); default: \"\r\n\f\v\a\b\t \";\n"
+
+      R"(
 Try --helpfull to get a list of all flags or --help=substring shows help for
 flags which include specified substring in either in the name, or description or
 path.
@@ -422,7 +453,8 @@ TEST_F(UsageReportingTest, TestUsageFlag_version) {
   flags::SetFlagsHelpMode(flags::HelpMode::kVersion);
 
   std::stringstream test_buf;
-  EXPECT_EQ(flags::HandleUsageFlags(test_buf, kTestUsageMessage), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::HandleUsageFlags(test_buf, kTestUsageMessage),
+            flags::HelpMode::kVersion);
 #ifndef NDEBUG
   EXPECT_EQ(test_buf.str(), "usage_test\nDebug build (NDEBUG not #defined)\n");
 #else
@@ -436,7 +468,8 @@ TEST_F(UsageReportingTest, TestUsageFlag_only_check_args) {
   flags::SetFlagsHelpMode(flags::HelpMode::kOnlyCheckArgs);
 
   std::stringstream test_buf;
-  EXPECT_EQ(flags::HandleUsageFlags(test_buf, kTestUsageMessage), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::HandleUsageFlags(test_buf, kTestUsageMessage),
+            flags::HelpMode::kOnlyCheckArgs);
   EXPECT_EQ(test_buf.str(), "");
 }
 
@@ -447,7 +480,8 @@ TEST_F(UsageReportingTest, TestUsageFlag_helpon) {
   flags::SetFlagsHelpMatchSubstr("/bla-bla.");
 
   std::stringstream test_buf_01;
-  EXPECT_EQ(flags::HandleUsageFlags(test_buf_01, kTestUsageMessage), 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::HandleUsageFlags(test_buf_01, kTestUsageMessage),
+            flags::HelpMode::kMatch);
   EXPECT_EQ(test_buf_01.str(),
             R"(usage_test: Custom usage message
 
@@ -461,9 +495,11 @@ path.
   flags::SetFlagsHelpMatchSubstr("/usage_test.");
 
   std::stringstream test_buf_02;
-  EXPECT_EQ(flags::HandleUsageFlags(test_buf_02, kTestUsageMessage), 1);
-  EXPECT_EQ(test_buf_02.str(),
-            R"(usage_test: Custom usage message
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::HandleUsageFlags(test_buf_02, kTestUsageMessage),
+            flags::HelpMode::kMatch);
+  EXPECT_EQ(
+      test_buf_02.str(),
+      R"(usage_test: Custom usage message
 
   Flags from absl/flags/internal/usage_test.cc:
     --usage_reporting_test_flag_01 (usage_reporting_test_flag_01 help message);
@@ -480,8 +516,12 @@ path.
 
       Some more help.
       Even more long long long long long long long long long long long long help
-      message.); default: "";
+      message.); default: "";)"
+
+      "\n    --usage_reporting_test_flag_07 (usage_reporting_test_flag_07 "
+      "help\n\n      \f\v\a\b ); default: \"\r\n\f\v\a\b\t \";\n"
 
+      R"(
 Try --helpfull to get a list of all flags or --help=substring shows help for
 flags which include specified substring in either in the name, or description or
 path.
diff --git a/absl/flags/marshalling.cc b/absl/flags/marshalling.cc
index 81f9cebd..dc69754f 100644
--- a/absl/flags/marshalling.cc
+++ b/absl/flags/marshalling.cc
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 
 #include <cmath>
 #include <limits>
+#include <sstream>
 #include <string>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <vector>
@@ -26,6 +27,7 @@
 #include "absl/base/config.h"
 #include "absl/base/log_severity.h"
 #include "absl/base/macros.h"
+#include "absl/numeric/int128.h"
 #include "absl/strings/ascii.h"
 #include "absl/strings/match.h"
 #include "absl/strings/numbers.h"
@@ -68,8 +70,10 @@ bool AbslParseFlag(absl::string_view text, bool* dst, std::string*) {
 // puts us in base 16.  But leading 0 does not put us in base 8. It
 // caused too many bugs when we had that behavior.
 static int NumericBase(absl::string_view text) {
-  const bool hex = (text.size() >= 2 && text[0] == '0' &&
-                    (text[1] == 'x' || text[1] == 'X'));
+  if (text.empty()) return 0;
+  size_t num_start = (text[0] == '-' || text[0] == '+') ? 1 : 0;
+  const bool hex = (text.size() >= num_start + 2 && text[num_start] == '0' &&
+                    (text[num_start + 1] == 'x' || text[num_start + 1] == 'X'));
   return hex ? 16 : 10;
 }
 
@@ -125,6 +129,32 @@ bool AbslParseFlag(absl::string_view text, unsigned long long* dst,
   return ParseFlagImpl(text, *dst);
 }
 
+bool AbslParseFlag(absl::string_view text, absl::int128* dst, std::string*) {
+  text = absl::StripAsciiWhitespace(text);
+
+  // check hex
+  int base = NumericBase(text);
+  if (!absl::numbers_internal::safe_strto128_base(text, dst, base)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  return base == 16 ? absl::SimpleHexAtoi(text, dst)
+                    : absl::SimpleAtoi(text, dst);
+}
+
+bool AbslParseFlag(absl::string_view text, absl::uint128* dst, std::string*) {
+  text = absl::StripAsciiWhitespace(text);
+
+  // check hex
+  int base = NumericBase(text);
+  if (!absl::numbers_internal::safe_strtou128_base(text, dst, base)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  return base == 16 ? absl::SimpleHexAtoi(text, dst)
+                    : absl::SimpleAtoi(text, dst);
+}
+
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 // AbslParseFlag for floating point types.
 
@@ -171,6 +201,17 @@ std::string Unparse(long v) { return absl::StrCat(v); }
 std::string Unparse(unsigned long v) { return absl::StrCat(v); }
 std::string Unparse(long long v) { return absl::StrCat(v); }
 std::string Unparse(unsigned long long v) { return absl::StrCat(v); }
+std::string Unparse(absl::int128 v) {
+  std::stringstream ss;
+  ss << v;
+  return ss.str();
+}
+std::string Unparse(absl::uint128 v) {
+  std::stringstream ss;
+  ss << v;
+  return ss.str();
+}
+
 template <typename T>
 std::string UnparseFloatingPointVal(T v) {
   // digits10 is guaranteed to roundtrip correctly in string -> value -> string
diff --git a/absl/flags/marshalling.h b/absl/flags/marshalling.h
index b1e2ffa5..301213a9 100644
--- a/absl/flags/marshalling.h
+++ b/absl/flags/marshalling.h
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@
 //   }
 //
 // Using an optional flag in this manner avoids common workarounds for
-// indicating such an unset flag (such as using sentinal values to indicate this
+// indicating such an unset flag (such as using sentinel values to indicate this
 // state).
 //
 // An optional flag also allows a developer to pass a flag in an "unset"
@@ -200,6 +200,7 @@
 #define ABSL_FLAGS_MARSHALLING_H_
 
 #include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/numeric/int128.h"
 
 #if defined(ABSL_HAVE_STD_OPTIONAL) && !defined(ABSL_USES_STD_OPTIONAL)
 #include <optional>
@@ -233,6 +234,8 @@ bool AbslParseFlag(absl::string_view, unsigned long*, std::string*);   // NOLINT
 bool AbslParseFlag(absl::string_view, long long*, std::string*);       // NOLINT
 bool AbslParseFlag(absl::string_view, unsigned long long*,             // NOLINT
                    std::string*);
+bool AbslParseFlag(absl::string_view, absl::int128*, std::string*);    // NOLINT
+bool AbslParseFlag(absl::string_view, absl::uint128*, std::string*);   // NOLINT
 bool AbslParseFlag(absl::string_view, float*, std::string*);
 bool AbslParseFlag(absl::string_view, double*, std::string*);
 bool AbslParseFlag(absl::string_view, std::string*, std::string*);
@@ -310,6 +313,8 @@ std::string Unparse(long v);                // NOLINT
 std::string Unparse(unsigned long v);       // NOLINT
 std::string Unparse(long long v);           // NOLINT
 std::string Unparse(unsigned long long v);  // NOLINT
+std::string Unparse(absl::int128 v);
+std::string Unparse(absl::uint128 v);
 std::string Unparse(float v);
 std::string Unparse(double v);
 
diff --git a/absl/flags/marshalling_test.cc b/absl/flags/marshalling_test.cc
index 7b6d2ad5..b0e055f5 100644
--- a/absl/flags/marshalling_test.cc
+++ b/absl/flags/marshalling_test.cc
@@ -137,11 +137,10 @@ TEST(MarshallingTest, TestInt16Parsing) {
   EXPECT_EQ(value, 16);
   EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("0X234", &value, &err));
   EXPECT_EQ(value, 564);
-  // TODO(rogeeff): fix below validations
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::ParseFlag("-0x7FFD", &value, &err));
-  EXPECT_NE(value, -3);
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::ParseFlag("+0x31", &value, &err));
-  EXPECT_NE(value, 49);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("-0x7FFD", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, -32765);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("+0x31", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, 49);
 
   // Whitespace handling
   EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("10  ", &value, &err));
@@ -194,9 +193,8 @@ TEST(MarshallingTest, TestUint16Parsing) {
   EXPECT_EQ(value, 16);
   EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("0X234", &value, &err));
   EXPECT_EQ(value, 564);
-  // TODO(rogeeff): fix below validations
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::ParseFlag("+0x31", &value, &err));
-  EXPECT_NE(value, 49);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("+0x31", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, 49);
 
   // Whitespace handling
   EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("10  ", &value, &err));
@@ -254,11 +252,11 @@ TEST(MarshallingTest, TestInt32Parsing) {
   EXPECT_EQ(value, 16);
   EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("0X234", &value, &err));
   EXPECT_EQ(value, 564);
-  // TODO(rogeeff): fix below validations
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::ParseFlag("-0x7FFFFFFD", &value, &err));
-  EXPECT_NE(value, -3);
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::ParseFlag("+0x31", &value, &err));
-  EXPECT_NE(value, 49);
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("-0x7FFFFFFD", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, -2147483645);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("+0x31", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, 49);
 
   // Whitespace handling
   EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("10  ", &value, &err));
@@ -311,9 +309,8 @@ TEST(MarshallingTest, TestUint32Parsing) {
   EXPECT_EQ(value, 564);
   EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("0xFFFFFFFD", &value, &err));
   EXPECT_EQ(value, 4294967293);
-  // TODO(rogeeff): fix below validations
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::ParseFlag("+0x31", &value, &err));
-  EXPECT_NE(value, 49);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("+0x31", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, 49);
 
   // Whitespace handling
   EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("10  ", &value, &err));
@@ -371,11 +368,12 @@ TEST(MarshallingTest, TestInt64Parsing) {
   EXPECT_EQ(value, 16);
   EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("0XFFFAAABBBCCCDDD", &value, &err));
   EXPECT_EQ(value, 1152827684197027293);
-  // TODO(rogeeff): fix below validation
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::ParseFlag("-0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFE", &value, &err));
-  EXPECT_NE(value, -2);
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::ParseFlag("+0x31", &value, &err));
-  EXPECT_NE(value, 49);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("-0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFE", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, -9223372036854775806);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("-0x02", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, -2);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("+0x31", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, 49);
 
   // Whitespace handling
   EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("10  ", &value, &err));
@@ -428,9 +426,8 @@ TEST(MarshallingTest, TestUInt64Parsing) {
   EXPECT_EQ(value, 16);
   EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("0XFFFF", &value, &err));
   EXPECT_EQ(value, 65535);
-  // TODO(rogeeff): fix below validation
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::ParseFlag("+0x31", &value, &err));
-  EXPECT_NE(value, 49);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("+0x31", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, 49);
 
   // Whitespace handling
   EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("10  ", &value, &err));
@@ -455,6 +452,125 @@ TEST(MarshallingTest, TestUInt64Parsing) {
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+TEST(MarshallingTest, TestInt128Parsing) {
+  std::string err;
+  absl::int128 value;
+
+  // Decimal values.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("0", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, 0);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("1", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, 1);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("-1", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, -1);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("123", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, 123);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("-98765", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, -98765);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("+3", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, 3);
+
+  // Leading zero values.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("01", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, 1);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("001", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, 1);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("0000100", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, 100);
+
+  // Hex values.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("0x10", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, 16);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("0xFFFAAABBBCCCDDD", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, 1152827684197027293);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("0xFFF0FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, absl::MakeInt128(0x000000000000fff, 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF));
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("-0x10000000000000000", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, absl::MakeInt128(-1, 0));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("+0x31", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, 49);
+
+  // Whitespace handling
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("16  ", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, 16);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("  16", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, 16);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("  0100  ", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, 100);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag(" 0x7B    ", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, 123);
+
+  // Invalid values.
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::ParseFlag("", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::ParseFlag(" ", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::ParseFlag("  ", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::ParseFlag("--1", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::ParseFlag("\n", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::ParseFlag("\t", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::ParseFlag("2U", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::ParseFlag("FFF", &value, &err));
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(MarshallingTest, TestUint128Parsing) {
+  std::string err;
+  absl::uint128 value;
+
+  // Decimal values.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("0", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, 0);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("1", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, 1);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("123", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, 123);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("+3", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, 3);
+
+  // Leading zero values.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("01", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, 1);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("001", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, 1);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("0000100", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, 100);
+
+  // Hex values.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("0x10", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, 16);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("0xFFFAAABBBCCCDDD", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, 1152827684197027293);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("0xFFF0FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, absl::MakeInt128(0x000000000000fff, 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("+0x31", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, 49);
+
+  // Whitespace handling
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("16  ", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, 16);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("  16", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, 16);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag("  0100  ", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, 100);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ParseFlag(" 0x7B    ", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_EQ(value, 123);
+
+  // Invalid values.
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::ParseFlag("", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::ParseFlag(" ", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::ParseFlag("  ", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::ParseFlag("-1", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::ParseFlag("--1", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::ParseFlag("\n", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::ParseFlag("\t", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::ParseFlag("2U", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::ParseFlag("FFF", &value, &err));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::ParseFlag("-0x10000000000000000", &value, &err));
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 TEST(MarshallingTest, TestFloatParsing) {
   std::string err;
   float value;
@@ -844,6 +960,40 @@ TEST(MarshallingTest, TestUint64Unparsing) {
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+TEST(MarshallingTest, TestInt128Unparsing) {
+  absl::int128 value;
+
+  value = 1;
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::UnparseFlag(value), "1");
+  value = 0;
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::UnparseFlag(value), "0");
+  value = -1;
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::UnparseFlag(value), "-1");
+  value = 123456789L;
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::UnparseFlag(value), "123456789");
+  value = -987654321L;
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::UnparseFlag(value), "-987654321");
+  value = 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF;
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::UnparseFlag(value), "9223372036854775807");
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST(MarshallingTest, TestUint128Unparsing) {
+  absl::uint128 value;
+
+  value = 1;
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::UnparseFlag(value), "1");
+  value = 0;
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::UnparseFlag(value), "0");
+  value = 123456789L;
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::UnparseFlag(value), "123456789");
+  value = absl::MakeUint128(0, 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF);
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::UnparseFlag(value), "18446744073709551615");
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 TEST(MarshallingTest, TestFloatUnparsing) {
   float value;
 
diff --git a/absl/flags/parse.cc b/absl/flags/parse.cc
index dd1a6796..4cdd9d0a 100644
--- a/absl/flags/parse.cc
+++ b/absl/flags/parse.cc
@@ -18,9 +18,11 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 
 #include <algorithm>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstdlib>
 #include <fstream>
 #include <iostream>
-#include <iterator>
+#include <ostream>
 #include <string>
 #include <tuple>
 #include <utility>
@@ -30,6 +32,7 @@
 #include <windows.h>
 #endif
 
+#include "absl/algorithm/container.h"
 #include "absl/base/attributes.h"
 #include "absl/base/config.h"
 #include "absl/base/const_init.h"
@@ -47,7 +50,9 @@
 #include "absl/flags/usage.h"
 #include "absl/flags/usage_config.h"
 #include "absl/strings/ascii.h"
+#include "absl/strings/internal/damerau_levenshtein_distance.h"
 #include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_join.h"
 #include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
 #include "absl/strings/strip.h"
 #include "absl/synchronization/mutex.h"
@@ -72,6 +77,11 @@ ABSL_CONST_INIT absl::Mutex specified_flags_guard(absl::kConstInit);
 ABSL_CONST_INIT std::vector<const CommandLineFlag*>* specified_flags
     ABSL_GUARDED_BY(specified_flags_guard) = nullptr;
 
+// Suggesting at most kMaxHints flags in case of misspellings.
+ABSL_CONST_INIT const size_t kMaxHints = 100;
+// Suggesting only flags which have a smaller distance than kMaxDistance.
+ABSL_CONST_INIT const size_t kMaxDistance = 3;
+
 struct SpecifiedFlagsCompare {
   bool operator()(const CommandLineFlag* a, const CommandLineFlag* b) const {
     return a->Name() < b->Name();
@@ -89,6 +99,8 @@ struct SpecifiedFlagsCompare {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
 }  // namespace absl
 
+// These flags influence how command line flags are parsed and are only intended
+// to be set on the command line.  Avoid reading or setting them from C++ code.
 ABSL_FLAG(std::vector<std::string>, flagfile, {},
           "comma-separated list of files to load flags from")
     .OnUpdate([]() {
@@ -138,6 +150,8 @@ ABSL_FLAG(std::vector<std::string>, tryfromenv, {},
       absl::flags_internal::tryfromenv_needs_processing = true;
     });
 
+// Rather than reading or setting --undefok from C++ code, please consider using
+// ABSL_RETIRED_FLAG instead.
 ABSL_FLAG(std::vector<std::string>, undefok, {},
           "comma-separated list of flag names that it is okay to specify "
           "on the command line even if the program does not define a flag "
@@ -159,14 +173,14 @@ class ArgsList {
   // Returns success status: true if parsing successful, false otherwise.
   bool ReadFromFlagfile(const std::string& flag_file_name);
 
-  int Size() const { return args_.size() - next_arg_; }
-  int FrontIndex() const { return next_arg_; }
+  size_t Size() const { return args_.size() - next_arg_; }
+  size_t FrontIndex() const { return next_arg_; }
   absl::string_view Front() const { return args_[next_arg_]; }
   void PopFront() { next_arg_++; }
 
  private:
   std::vector<std::string> args_;
-  int next_arg_;
+  size_t next_arg_;
 };
 
 bool ArgsList::ReadFromFlagfile(const std::string& flag_file_name) {
@@ -181,7 +195,7 @@ bool ArgsList::ReadFromFlagfile(const std::string& flag_file_name) {
 
   // This argument represents fake argv[0], which should be present in all arg
   // lists.
-  args_.push_back("");
+  args_.emplace_back("");
 
   std::string line;
   bool success = true;
@@ -203,7 +217,7 @@ bool ArgsList::ReadFromFlagfile(const std::string& flag_file_name) {
         break;
       }
 
-      args_.push_back(std::string(stripped));
+      args_.emplace_back(stripped);
       continue;
     }
 
@@ -269,7 +283,7 @@ std::tuple<absl::string_view, absl::string_view, bool> SplitNameAndValue(
     return std::make_tuple("", "", false);
   }
 
-  auto equal_sign_pos = arg.find("=");
+  auto equal_sign_pos = arg.find('=');
 
   absl::string_view flag_name = arg.substr(0, equal_sign_pos);
 
@@ -358,7 +372,7 @@ bool ReadFlagsFromEnv(const std::vector<std::string>& flag_names,
 
   // This argument represents fake argv[0], which should be present in all arg
   // lists.
-  args.push_back("");
+  args.emplace_back("");
 
   for (const auto& flag_name : flag_names) {
     // Avoid infinite recursion.
@@ -407,7 +421,7 @@ bool HandleGeneratorFlags(std::vector<ArgsList>& input_args,
   // programmatically before invoking ParseCommandLine. Note that we do not
   // actually process arguments specified in the flagfile, but instead
   // create a secondary arguments list to be processed along with the rest
-  // of the comamnd line arguments. Since we always the process most recently
+  // of the command line arguments. Since we always the process most recently
   // created list of arguments first, this will result in flagfile argument
   // being processed before any other argument in the command line. If
   // FLAGS_flagfile contains more than one file name we create multiple new
@@ -590,6 +604,34 @@ bool CanIgnoreUndefinedFlag(absl::string_view flag_name) {
   return false;
 }
 
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+void ReportUnrecognizedFlags(
+    const std::vector<UnrecognizedFlag>& unrecognized_flags,
+    bool report_as_fatal_error) {
+  for (const auto& unrecognized : unrecognized_flags) {
+    // Verify if flag_name has the "no" already removed
+    std::vector<std::string> misspelling_hints;
+    if (unrecognized.source == UnrecognizedFlag::kFromArgv) {
+      misspelling_hints =
+          flags_internal::GetMisspellingHints(unrecognized.flag_name);
+    }
+
+    if (misspelling_hints.empty()) {
+      flags_internal::ReportUsageError(
+          absl::StrCat("Unknown command line flag '", unrecognized.flag_name,
+                       "'"),
+          report_as_fatal_error);
+    } else {
+      flags_internal::ReportUsageError(
+          absl::StrCat("Unknown command line flag '", unrecognized.flag_name,
+                       "'. Did you mean: ",
+                       absl::StrJoin(misspelling_hints, ", "), " ?"),
+          report_as_fatal_error);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 }  // namespace
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -605,60 +647,144 @@ bool WasPresentOnCommandLine(absl::string_view flag_name) {
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+struct BestHints {
+  explicit BestHints(uint8_t _max) : best_distance(_max + 1) {}
+  bool AddHint(absl::string_view hint, uint8_t distance) {
+    if (hints.size() >= kMaxHints) return false;
+    if (distance == best_distance) {
+      hints.emplace_back(hint);
+    }
+    if (distance < best_distance) {
+      best_distance = distance;
+      hints = std::vector<std::string>{std::string(hint)};
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  uint8_t best_distance;
+  std::vector<std::string> hints;
+};
+
+// Return the list of flags with the smallest Damerau-Levenshtein distance to
+// the given flag.
+std::vector<std::string> GetMisspellingHints(const absl::string_view flag) {
+  const size_t maxCutoff = std::min(flag.size() / 2 + 1, kMaxDistance);
+  auto undefok = absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_undefok);
+  BestHints best_hints(static_cast<uint8_t>(maxCutoff));
+  flags_internal::ForEachFlag([&](const CommandLineFlag& f) {
+    if (best_hints.hints.size() >= kMaxHints) return;
+    uint8_t distance = strings_internal::CappedDamerauLevenshteinDistance(
+        flag, f.Name(), best_hints.best_distance);
+    best_hints.AddHint(f.Name(), distance);
+    // For boolean flags, also calculate distance to the negated form.
+    if (f.IsOfType<bool>()) {
+      const std::string negated_flag = absl::StrCat("no", f.Name());
+      distance = strings_internal::CappedDamerauLevenshteinDistance(
+          flag, negated_flag, best_hints.best_distance);
+      best_hints.AddHint(negated_flag, distance);
+    }
+  });
+  // Finally calculate distance to flags in "undefok".
+  absl::c_for_each(undefok, [&](const absl::string_view f) {
+    if (best_hints.hints.size() >= kMaxHints) return;
+    uint8_t distance = strings_internal::CappedDamerauLevenshteinDistance(
+        flag, f, best_hints.best_distance);
+    best_hints.AddHint(absl::StrCat(f, " (undefok)"), distance);
+  });
+  return best_hints.hints;
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 std::vector<char*> ParseCommandLineImpl(int argc, char* argv[],
-                                        ArgvListAction arg_list_act,
-                                        UsageFlagsAction usage_flag_act,
-                                        OnUndefinedFlag on_undef_flag) {
-  ABSL_INTERNAL_CHECK(argc > 0, "Missing argv[0]");
+                                        UsageFlagsAction usage_flag_action,
+                                        OnUndefinedFlag undef_flag_action,
+                                        std::ostream& error_help_output) {
+  std::vector<char*> positional_args;
+  std::vector<UnrecognizedFlag> unrecognized_flags;
 
-  // Once parsing has started we will not have more flag registrations.
-  // If we did, they would be missing during parsing, which is a problem on
-  // itself.
-  flags_internal::FinalizeRegistry();
+  auto help_mode = flags_internal::ParseAbseilFlagsOnlyImpl(
+      argc, argv, positional_args, unrecognized_flags, usage_flag_action);
 
-  // This routine does not return anything since we abort on failure.
-  CheckDefaultValuesParsingRoundtrip();
+  if (undef_flag_action != OnUndefinedFlag::kIgnoreUndefined) {
+    flags_internal::ReportUnrecognizedFlags(
+        unrecognized_flags,
+        (undef_flag_action == OnUndefinedFlag::kAbortIfUndefined));
 
-  std::vector<std::string> flagfile_value;
+    if (undef_flag_action == OnUndefinedFlag::kAbortIfUndefined) {
+      if (!unrecognized_flags.empty()) {
+        flags_internal::HandleUsageFlags(error_help_output,
+        ProgramUsageMessage()); std::exit(1);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  flags_internal::MaybeExit(help_mode);
 
+  return positional_args;
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// This function handles all Abseil Flags and built-in usage flags and, if any
+// help mode was handled, it returns that help mode. The caller of this function
+// can decide to exit based on the returned help mode.
+// The caller may decide to handle unrecognized positional arguments and
+// unrecognized flags first before exiting.
+//
+// Returns:
+// * HelpMode::kFull if parsing errors were detected in recognized arguments
+// * The HelpMode that was handled in case when `usage_flag_action` is
+//   UsageFlagsAction::kHandleUsage and a usage flag was specified on the
+//   commandline
+// * Otherwise it returns HelpMode::kNone
+HelpMode ParseAbseilFlagsOnlyImpl(
+    int argc, char* argv[], std::vector<char*>& positional_args,
+    std::vector<UnrecognizedFlag>& unrecognized_flags,
+    UsageFlagsAction usage_flag_action) {
+  ABSL_INTERNAL_CHECK(argc > 0, "Missing argv[0]");
+
+  using flags_internal::ArgsList;
+  using flags_internal::specified_flags;
+
+  std::vector<std::string> flagfile_value;
   std::vector<ArgsList> input_args;
-  input_args.push_back(ArgsList(argc, argv));
 
-  std::vector<char*> output_args;
-  std::vector<char*> positional_args;
-  output_args.reserve(argc);
+  // Once parsing has started we will not allow more flag registrations.
+  flags_internal::FinalizeRegistry();
+
+  // This routine does not return anything since we abort on failure.
+  flags_internal::CheckDefaultValuesParsingRoundtrip();
 
-  // This is the list of undefined flags. The element of the list is the pair
-  // consisting of boolean indicating if flag came from command line (vs from
-  // some flag file we've read) and flag name.
-  // TODO(rogeeff): Eliminate the first element in the pair after cleanup.
-  std::vector<std::pair<bool, std::string>> undefined_flag_names;
+  input_args.push_back(ArgsList(argc, argv));
 
   // Set program invocation name if it is not set before.
-  if (ProgramInvocationName() == "UNKNOWN") {
+  if (flags_internal::ProgramInvocationName() == "UNKNOWN") {
     flags_internal::SetProgramInvocationName(argv[0]);
   }
-  output_args.push_back(argv[0]);
+  positional_args.push_back(argv[0]);
 
-  absl::MutexLock l(&specified_flags_guard);
+  absl::MutexLock l(&flags_internal::specified_flags_guard);
   if (specified_flags == nullptr) {
     specified_flags = new std::vector<const CommandLineFlag*>;
   } else {
     specified_flags->clear();
   }
 
-  // Iterate through the list of the input arguments. First level are arguments
-  // originated from argc/argv. Following levels are arguments originated from
-  // recursive parsing of flagfile(s).
+  // Iterate through the list of the input arguments. First level are
+  // arguments originated from argc/argv. Following levels are arguments
+  // originated from recursive parsing of flagfile(s).
   bool success = true;
   while (!input_args.empty()) {
-    // 10. First we process the built-in generator flags.
-    success &= HandleGeneratorFlags(input_args, flagfile_value);
+    // First we process the built-in generator flags.
+    success &= flags_internal::HandleGeneratorFlags(input_args, flagfile_value);
 
-    // 30. Select top-most (most recent) arguments list. If it is empty drop it
+    // Select top-most (most recent) arguments list. If it is empty drop it
     // and re-try.
     ArgsList& curr_list = input_args.back();
 
+    // Every ArgsList starts with real or fake program name, so we can always
+    // start by skipping it.
     curr_list.PopFront();
 
     if (curr_list.Size() == 0) {
@@ -666,13 +792,13 @@ std::vector<char*> ParseCommandLineImpl(int argc, char* argv[],
       continue;
     }
 
-    // 40. Pick up the front remaining argument in the current list. If current
-    // stack of argument lists contains only one element - we are processing an
-    // argument from the original argv.
+    // Handle the next argument in the current list. If the stack of argument
+    // lists contains only one element - we are processing an argument from
+    // the original argv.
     absl::string_view arg(curr_list.Front());
     bool arg_from_argv = input_args.size() == 1;
 
-    // 50. If argument does not start with - or is just "-" - this is
+    // If argument does not start with '-' or is just "-" - this is
     // positional argument.
     if (!absl::ConsumePrefix(&arg, "-") || arg.empty()) {
       ABSL_INTERNAL_CHECK(arg_from_argv,
@@ -682,12 +808,8 @@ std::vector<char*> ParseCommandLineImpl(int argc, char* argv[],
       continue;
     }
 
-    if (arg_from_argv && (arg_list_act == ArgvListAction::kKeepParsedArgs)) {
-      output_args.push_back(argv[curr_list.FrontIndex()]);
-    }
-
-    // 60. Split the current argument on '=' to figure out the argument
-    // name and value. If flag name is empty it means we've got "--". value
+    // Split the current argument on '=' to deduce the argument flag name and
+    // value. If flag name is empty it means we've got an "--" argument. Value
     // can be empty either if there were no '=' in argument string at all or
     // an argument looked like "--foo=". In a latter case is_empty_value is
     // true.
@@ -695,10 +817,11 @@ std::vector<char*> ParseCommandLineImpl(int argc, char* argv[],
     absl::string_view value;
     bool is_empty_value = false;
 
-    std::tie(flag_name, value, is_empty_value) = SplitNameAndValue(arg);
+    std::tie(flag_name, value, is_empty_value) =
+        flags_internal::SplitNameAndValue(arg);
 
-    // 70. "--" alone means what it does for GNU: stop flags parsing. We do
-    // not support positional arguments in flagfiles, so we just drop them.
+    // Standalone "--" argument indicates that the rest of the arguments are
+    // positional. We do not support positional arguments in flagfiles.
     if (flag_name.empty()) {
       ABSL_INTERNAL_CHECK(arg_from_argv,
                           "Flagfile cannot contain positional argument");
@@ -707,43 +830,36 @@ std::vector<char*> ParseCommandLineImpl(int argc, char* argv[],
       break;
     }
 
-    // 80. Locate the flag based on flag name. Handle both --foo and --nofoo
+    // Locate the flag based on flag name. Handle both --foo and --nofoo.
     CommandLineFlag* flag = nullptr;
     bool is_negative = false;
-    std::tie(flag, is_negative) = LocateFlag(flag_name);
+    std::tie(flag, is_negative) = flags_internal::LocateFlag(flag_name);
 
     if (flag == nullptr) {
       // Usage flags are not modeled as Abseil flags. Locate them separately.
       if (flags_internal::DeduceUsageFlags(flag_name, value)) {
         continue;
       }
-
-      if (on_undef_flag != OnUndefinedFlag::kIgnoreUndefined) {
-        undefined_flag_names.emplace_back(arg_from_argv,
-                                          std::string(flag_name));
-      }
+      unrecognized_flags.emplace_back(arg_from_argv
+                                          ? UnrecognizedFlag::kFromArgv
+                                          : UnrecognizedFlag::kFromFlagfile,
+                                      flag_name);
       continue;
     }
 
-    // 90. Deduce flag's value (from this or next argument)
-    auto curr_index = curr_list.FrontIndex();
+    // Deduce flag's value (from this or next argument).
     bool value_success = true;
-    std::tie(value_success, value) =
-        DeduceFlagValue(*flag, value, is_negative, is_empty_value, &curr_list);
+    std::tie(value_success, value) = flags_internal::DeduceFlagValue(
+        *flag, value, is_negative, is_empty_value, &curr_list);
     success &= value_success;
 
-    // If above call consumed an argument, it was a standalone value
-    if (arg_from_argv && (arg_list_act == ArgvListAction::kKeepParsedArgs) &&
-        (curr_index != curr_list.FrontIndex())) {
-      output_args.push_back(argv[curr_list.FrontIndex()]);
-    }
-
-    // 100. Set the located flag to a new new value, unless it is retired.
-    // Setting retired flag fails, but we ignoring it here while also reporting
-    // access to retired flag.
+    // Set the located flag to a new value, unless it is retired. Setting
+    // retired flag fails, but we ignoring it here while also reporting access
+    // to retired flag.
     std::string error;
     if (!flags_internal::PrivateHandleAccessor::ParseFrom(
-            *flag, value, SET_FLAGS_VALUE, kCommandLine, error)) {
+            *flag, value, flags_internal::SET_FLAGS_VALUE,
+            flags_internal::kCommandLine, error)) {
       if (flag->IsRetired()) continue;
 
       flags_internal::ReportUsageError(error, true);
@@ -753,69 +869,73 @@ std::vector<char*> ParseCommandLineImpl(int argc, char* argv[],
     }
   }
 
-  for (const auto& flag_name : undefined_flag_names) {
-    if (CanIgnoreUndefinedFlag(flag_name.second)) continue;
+  flags_internal::ResetGeneratorFlags(flagfile_value);
 
-    flags_internal::ReportUsageError(
-        absl::StrCat("Unknown command line flag '", flag_name.second, "'"),
-        true);
+  // All the remaining arguments are positional.
+  if (!input_args.empty()) {
+    for (size_t arg_index = input_args.back().FrontIndex();
+         arg_index < static_cast<size_t>(argc); ++arg_index) {
+      positional_args.push_back(argv[arg_index]);
+    }
+  }
 
-    success = false;
+  // Trim and sort the vector.
+  specified_flags->shrink_to_fit();
+  std::sort(specified_flags->begin(), specified_flags->end(),
+            flags_internal::SpecifiedFlagsCompare{});
+
+  // Filter out unrecognized flags, which are ok to ignore.
+  std::vector<UnrecognizedFlag> filtered;
+  filtered.reserve(unrecognized_flags.size());
+  for (const auto& unrecognized : unrecognized_flags) {
+    if (flags_internal::CanIgnoreUndefinedFlag(unrecognized.flag_name))
+      continue;
+    filtered.push_back(unrecognized);
   }
 
-#if ABSL_FLAGS_STRIP_NAMES
+  std::swap(unrecognized_flags, filtered);
+
   if (!success) {
+#if ABSL_FLAGS_STRIP_NAMES
     flags_internal::ReportUsageError(
         "NOTE: command line flags are disabled in this build", true);
-  }
+#else
+    flags_internal::HandleUsageFlags(std::cerr, ProgramUsageMessage());
 #endif
-
-  if (!success) {
-    flags_internal::HandleUsageFlags(std::cout,
-                                     ProgramUsageMessage());
-    std::exit(1);
+    return HelpMode::kFull;  // We just need to make sure the exit with
+                             // code 1.
   }
 
-  if (usage_flag_act == UsageFlagsAction::kHandleUsage) {
-    int exit_code = flags_internal::HandleUsageFlags(
-        std::cout, ProgramUsageMessage());
+  return usage_flag_action == UsageFlagsAction::kHandleUsage
+             ? flags_internal::HandleUsageFlags(std::cout,
+                                                ProgramUsageMessage())
+             : HelpMode::kNone;
+}
 
-    if (exit_code != -1) {
-      std::exit(exit_code);
-    }
-  }
+}  // namespace flags_internal
 
-  ResetGeneratorFlags(flagfile_value);
+void ParseAbseilFlagsOnly(int argc, char* argv[],
+                          std::vector<char*>& positional_args,
+                          std::vector<UnrecognizedFlag>& unrecognized_flags) {
+  auto help_mode = flags_internal::ParseAbseilFlagsOnlyImpl(
+      argc, argv, positional_args, unrecognized_flags,
+      flags_internal::UsageFlagsAction::kHandleUsage);
 
-  // Reinstate positional args which were intermixed with flags in the arguments
-  // list.
-  for (auto arg : positional_args) {
-    output_args.push_back(arg);
-  }
+  flags_internal::MaybeExit(help_mode);
+}
 
-  // All the remaining arguments are positional.
-  if (!input_args.empty()) {
-    for (int arg_index = input_args.back().FrontIndex(); arg_index < argc;
-         ++arg_index) {
-      output_args.push_back(argv[arg_index]);
-    }
-  }
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-  // Trim and sort the vector.
-  specified_flags->shrink_to_fit();
-  std::sort(specified_flags->begin(), specified_flags->end(),
-            SpecifiedFlagsCompare{});
-  return output_args;
+void ReportUnrecognizedFlags(
+    const std::vector<UnrecognizedFlag>& unrecognized_flags) {
+  flags_internal::ReportUnrecognizedFlags(unrecognized_flags, true);
 }
 
-}  // namespace flags_internal
-
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 std::vector<char*> ParseCommandLine(int argc, char* argv[]) {
   return flags_internal::ParseCommandLineImpl(
-      argc, argv, flags_internal::ArgvListAction::kRemoveParsedArgs,
-      flags_internal::UsageFlagsAction::kHandleUsage,
+      argc, argv, flags_internal::UsageFlagsAction::kHandleUsage,
       flags_internal::OnUndefinedFlag::kAbortIfUndefined);
 }
 
diff --git a/absl/flags/parse.h b/absl/flags/parse.h
index 929de2cb..f2a5cb10 100644
--- a/absl/flags/parse.h
+++ b/absl/flags/parse.h
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #ifndef ABSL_FLAGS_PARSE_H_
 #define ABSL_FLAGS_PARSE_H_
 
+#include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "absl/base/config.h"
@@ -31,27 +32,96 @@
 namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 
+// This type represent information about an unrecognized flag in the command
+// line.
+struct UnrecognizedFlag {
+  enum Source { kFromArgv, kFromFlagfile };
+
+  explicit UnrecognizedFlag(Source s, absl::string_view f)
+      : source(s), flag_name(f) {}
+  // This field indicates where we found this flag: on the original command line
+  // or read in some flag file.
+  Source source;
+  // Name of the flag we did not recognize in --flag_name=value or --flag_name.
+  std::string flag_name;
+};
+
+inline bool operator==(const UnrecognizedFlag& lhs,
+                       const UnrecognizedFlag& rhs) {
+  return lhs.source == rhs.source && lhs.flag_name == rhs.flag_name;
+}
+
+namespace flags_internal {
+
+HelpMode ParseAbseilFlagsOnlyImpl(
+    int argc, char* argv[], std::vector<char*>& positional_args,
+    std::vector<UnrecognizedFlag>& unrecognized_flags,
+    UsageFlagsAction usage_flag_action);
+
+}  // namespace flags_internal
+
+// ParseAbseilFlagsOnly()
+//
+// Parses a list of command-line arguments, passed in the `argc` and `argv[]`
+// parameters, into a set of Abseil Flag values, returning any unparsed
+// arguments in `positional_args` and `unrecognized_flags` output parameters.
+//
+// This function classifies all the arguments (including content of the
+// flagfiles, if any) into one of the following groups:
+//
+//   * arguments specified as "--flag=value" or "--flag value" that match
+//     registered or built-in Abseil Flags. These are "Abseil Flag arguments."
+//   * arguments specified as "--flag" that are unrecognized as Abseil Flags
+//   * arguments that are not specified as "--flag" are positional arguments
+//   * arguments that follow the flag-terminating delimiter (`--`) are also
+//     treated as positional arguments regardless of their syntax.
+//
+// All of the deduced Abseil Flag arguments are then parsed into their
+// corresponding flag values. If any syntax errors are found in these arguments,
+// the binary exits with code 1.
+//
+// This function also handles Abseil Flags built-in usage flags (e.g. --help)
+// if any were present on the command line.
+//
+// All the remaining positional arguments including original program name
+// (argv[0]) are are returned in the `positional_args` output parameter.
+//
+// All unrecognized flags that are not otherwise ignored are returned in the
+// `unrecognized_flags` output parameter. Note that the special `undefok`
+// flag allows you to specify flags which can be safely ignored; `undefok`
+// specifies these flags as a comma-separated list. Any unrecognized flags
+// that appear within `undefok` will therefore be ignored and not included in
+// the `unrecognized_flag` output parameter.
+//
+void ParseAbseilFlagsOnly(int argc, char* argv[],
+                          std::vector<char*>& positional_args,
+                          std::vector<UnrecognizedFlag>& unrecognized_flags);
+
+// ReportUnrecognizedFlags()
+//
+// Reports an error to `stderr` for all non-ignored unrecognized flags in
+// the provided `unrecognized_flags` list.
+void ReportUnrecognizedFlags(
+    const std::vector<UnrecognizedFlag>& unrecognized_flags);
+
 // ParseCommandLine()
 //
-// Parses the set of command-line arguments passed in the `argc` (argument
-// count) and `argv[]` (argument vector) parameters from `main()`, assigning
-// values to any defined Abseil flags. (Any arguments passed after the
-// flag-terminating delimiter (`--`) are treated as positional arguments and
-// ignored.)
-//
-// Any command-line flags (and arguments to those flags) are parsed into Abseil
-// Flag values, if those flags are defined. Any undefined flags will either
-// return an error, or be ignored if that flag is designated using `undefok` to
-// indicate "undefined is OK."
-//
-// Any command-line positional arguments not part of any command-line flag (or
-// arguments to a flag) are returned in a vector, with the program invocation
-// name at position 0 of that vector. (Note that this includes positional
-// arguments after the flag-terminating delimiter `--`.)
-//
-// After all flags and flag arguments are parsed, this function looks for any
-// built-in usage flags (e.g. `--help`), and if any were specified, it reports
-// help messages and then exits the program.
+// First parses Abseil Flags only from the command line according to the
+// description in `ParseAbseilFlagsOnly`. In addition this function handles
+// unrecognized and usage flags.
+//
+// If any unrecognized flags are located they are reported using
+// `ReportUnrecognizedFlags`.
+//
+// If any errors detected during command line parsing, this routine reports a
+// usage message and aborts the program.
+//
+// If any built-in usage flags were specified on the command line (e.g.
+// `--help`), this function reports help messages and then gracefully exits the
+// program.
+//
+// This function returns all the remaining positional arguments collected by
+// `ParseAbseilFlagsOnly`.
 std::vector<char*> ParseCommandLine(int argc, char* argv[]);
 
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
diff --git a/absl/flags/parse_test.cc b/absl/flags/parse_test.cc
index 8dc91db2..97b78980 100644
--- a/absl/flags/parse_test.cc
+++ b/absl/flags/parse_test.cc
@@ -18,18 +18,18 @@
 #include <stdlib.h>
 
 #include <fstream>
+#include <iostream>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "gmock/gmock.h"
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
-#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
 #include "absl/base/internal/scoped_set_env.h"
-#include "absl/flags/declare.h"
 #include "absl/flags/flag.h"
 #include "absl/flags/internal/parse.h"
 #include "absl/flags/internal/usage.h"
 #include "absl/flags/reflection.h"
+#include "absl/log/log.h"
 #include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
 #include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
 #include "absl/strings/substitute.h"
@@ -39,6 +39,36 @@
 #include <windows.h>
 #endif
 
+// Define 125 similar flags to test kMaxHints for flag suggestions.
+#define FLAG_MULT(x) F3(x)
+#define TEST_FLAG_HEADER FLAG_HEADER_
+
+#define F(name) ABSL_FLAG(int, name, 0, "");
+
+#define F1(name) \
+  F(name##1);    \
+  F(name##2);    \
+  F(name##3);    \
+  F(name##4);    \
+  F(name##5);
+/**/
+#define F2(name) \
+  F1(name##1);   \
+  F1(name##2);   \
+  F1(name##3);   \
+  F1(name##4);   \
+  F1(name##5);
+/**/
+#define F3(name) \
+  F2(name##1);   \
+  F2(name##2);   \
+  F2(name##3);   \
+  F2(name##4);   \
+  F2(name##5);
+/**/
+
+FLAG_MULT(TEST_FLAG_HEADER)
+
 namespace {
 
 using absl::base_internal::ScopedSetEnv;
@@ -120,8 +150,7 @@ const std::string& GetTestTempDir() {
     }
 
     if (res->empty()) {
-      ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(FATAL,
-                        "Failed to make temporary directory for data files");
+      LOG(FATAL) << "Failed to make temporary directory for data files";
     }
 
 #ifdef _WIN32
@@ -168,7 +197,7 @@ constexpr const char* const ff2_data[] = {
 // Builds flagfile flag in the flagfile_flag buffer and returns it. This
 // function also creates a temporary flagfile based on FlagfileData input.
 // We create a flagfile in a temporary directory with the name specified in
-// FlagfileData and populate it with lines specifed in FlagfileData. If $0 is
+// FlagfileData and populate it with lines specified in FlagfileData. If $0 is
 // referenced in any of the lines in FlagfileData they are replaced with
 // temporary directory location. This way we can test inclusion of one flagfile
 // from another flagfile.
@@ -206,7 +235,9 @@ ABSL_RETIRED_FLAG(std::string, legacy_str, "l", "");
 namespace {
 
 namespace flags = absl::flags_internal;
+using testing::AllOf;
 using testing::ElementsAreArray;
+using testing::HasSubstr;
 
 class ParseTest : public testing::Test {
  public:
@@ -219,6 +250,38 @@ class ParseTest : public testing::Test {
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 template <int N>
+flags::HelpMode InvokeParseAbslOnlyImpl(const char* (&in_argv)[N]) {
+  std::vector<char*> positional_args;
+  std::vector<absl::UnrecognizedFlag> unrecognized_flags;
+
+  return flags::ParseAbseilFlagsOnlyImpl(N, const_cast<char**>(in_argv),
+                                         positional_args, unrecognized_flags,
+                                         flags::UsageFlagsAction::kHandleUsage);
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+template <int N>
+void InvokeParseAbslOnly(const char* (&in_argv)[N]) {
+  std::vector<char*> positional_args;
+  std::vector<absl::UnrecognizedFlag> unrecognized_flags;
+
+  absl::ParseAbseilFlagsOnly(2, const_cast<char**>(in_argv), positional_args,
+                             unrecognized_flags);
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+template <int N>
+std::vector<char*> InvokeParseCommandLineImpl(const char* (&in_argv)[N]) {
+  return flags::ParseCommandLineImpl(
+      N, const_cast<char**>(in_argv), flags::UsageFlagsAction::kHandleUsage,
+      flags::OnUndefinedFlag::kAbortIfUndefined, std::cerr);
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+template <int N>
 std::vector<char*> InvokeParse(const char* (&in_argv)[N]) {
   return absl::ParseCommandLine(N, const_cast<char**>(in_argv));
 }
@@ -565,6 +628,49 @@ TEST_F(ParseDeathTest, TestInvalidUDTFlagFormat) {
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+TEST_F(ParseDeathTest, TestFlagSuggestions) {
+  const char* in_args1[] = {
+      "testbin",
+      "--legacy_boo",
+  };
+  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(
+      InvokeParse(in_args1),
+      "Unknown command line flag 'legacy_boo'. Did you mean: legacy_bool ?");
+
+  const char* in_args2[] = {"testbin", "--foo", "--undefok=foo1"};
+  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(
+      InvokeParse(in_args2),
+      "Unknown command line flag 'foo'. Did you mean: foo1 \\(undefok\\)?");
+
+  const char* in_args3[] = {
+      "testbin",
+      "--nolegacy_ino",
+  };
+  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(InvokeParse(in_args3),
+                            "Unknown command line flag 'nolegacy_ino'. Did "
+                            "you mean: nolegacy_bool, legacy_int ?");
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST_F(ParseTest, GetHints) {
+  EXPECT_THAT(absl::flags_internal::GetMisspellingHints("legacy_boo"),
+              testing::ContainerEq(std::vector<std::string>{"legacy_bool"}));
+  EXPECT_THAT(absl::flags_internal::GetMisspellingHints("nolegacy_itn"),
+              testing::ContainerEq(std::vector<std::string>{"legacy_int"}));
+  EXPECT_THAT(absl::flags_internal::GetMisspellingHints("nolegacy_int1"),
+              testing::ContainerEq(std::vector<std::string>{"legacy_int"}));
+  EXPECT_THAT(absl::flags_internal::GetMisspellingHints("nolegacy_int"),
+              testing::ContainerEq(std::vector<std::string>{"legacy_int"}));
+  EXPECT_THAT(absl::flags_internal::GetMisspellingHints("nolegacy_ino"),
+              testing::ContainerEq(
+                  std::vector<std::string>{"nolegacy_bool", "legacy_int"}));
+  EXPECT_THAT(
+      absl::flags_internal::GetMisspellingHints("FLAG_HEADER_000").size(), 100);
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 TEST_F(ParseTest, TestLegacyFlags) {
   const char* in_args1[] = {
       "testbin",
@@ -780,129 +886,66 @@ TEST_F(ParseTest, TestReadingFlagsFromEnvMoxedWithRegularFlags) {
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-TEST_F(ParseTest, TestKeepParsedArgs) {
-  const char* in_args1[] = {
-      "testbin",        "arg1", "--bool_flag",
-      "--int_flag=211", "arg2", "--double_flag=1.1",
-      "--string_flag",  "asd",  "--",
-      "arg3",           "arg4",
-  };
-
-  auto out_args1 = InvokeParse(in_args1);
-
-  EXPECT_THAT(
-      out_args1,
-      ElementsAreArray({absl::string_view("testbin"), absl::string_view("arg1"),
-                        absl::string_view("arg2"), absl::string_view("arg3"),
-                        absl::string_view("arg4")}));
-
-  auto out_args2 = flags::ParseCommandLineImpl(
-      11, const_cast<char**>(in_args1), flags::ArgvListAction::kKeepParsedArgs,
-      flags::UsageFlagsAction::kHandleUsage,
-      flags::OnUndefinedFlag::kAbortIfUndefined);
-
-  EXPECT_THAT(
-      out_args2,
-      ElementsAreArray({absl::string_view("testbin"),
-                        absl::string_view("--bool_flag"),
-                        absl::string_view("--int_flag=211"),
-                        absl::string_view("--double_flag=1.1"),
-                        absl::string_view("--string_flag"),
-                        absl::string_view("asd"), absl::string_view("--"),
-                        absl::string_view("arg1"), absl::string_view("arg2"),
-                        absl::string_view("arg3"), absl::string_view("arg4")}));
-}
-
-// --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-TEST_F(ParseTest, TestIgnoreUndefinedFlags) {
+TEST_F(ParseDeathTest, TestSimpleHelpFlagHandling) {
   const char* in_args1[] = {
       "testbin",
-      "arg1",
-      "--undef_flag=aa",
-      "--int_flag=21",
+      "--help",
   };
 
-  auto out_args1 = flags::ParseCommandLineImpl(
-      4, const_cast<char**>(in_args1), flags::ArgvListAction::kRemoveParsedArgs,
-      flags::UsageFlagsAction::kHandleUsage,
-      flags::OnUndefinedFlag::kIgnoreUndefined);
-
-  EXPECT_THAT(out_args1, ElementsAreArray({absl::string_view("testbin"),
-                                           absl::string_view("arg1")}));
-
-  EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_int_flag), 21);
+  EXPECT_EQ(InvokeParseAbslOnlyImpl(in_args1), flags::HelpMode::kImportant);
+  EXPECT_EXIT(InvokeParse(in_args1), testing::ExitedWithCode(1), "");
 
   const char* in_args2[] = {
       "testbin",
-      "arg1",
-      "--undef_flag=aa",
-      "--string_flag=AA",
+      "--help",
+      "--int_flag=3",
   };
 
-  auto out_args2 = flags::ParseCommandLineImpl(
-      4, const_cast<char**>(in_args2), flags::ArgvListAction::kKeepParsedArgs,
-      flags::UsageFlagsAction::kHandleUsage,
-      flags::OnUndefinedFlag::kIgnoreUndefined);
+  EXPECT_EQ(InvokeParseAbslOnlyImpl(in_args2), flags::HelpMode::kImportant);
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_int_flag), 3);
 
-  EXPECT_THAT(
-      out_args2,
-      ElementsAreArray(
-          {absl::string_view("testbin"), absl::string_view("--undef_flag=aa"),
-           absl::string_view("--string_flag=AA"), absl::string_view("arg1")}));
+  const char* in_args3[] = {"testbin", "--help", "some_positional_arg"};
 
-  EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_string_flag), "AA");
+  EXPECT_EQ(InvokeParseAbslOnlyImpl(in_args3), flags::HelpMode::kImportant);
 }
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-TEST_F(ParseDeathTest, TestSimpleHelpFlagHandling) {
+TEST_F(ParseTest, TestSubstringHelpFlagHandling) {
   const char* in_args1[] = {
       "testbin",
-      "--help",
-  };
-
-  EXPECT_EXIT(InvokeParse(in_args1), testing::ExitedWithCode(1), "");
-
-  const char* in_args2[] = {
-      "testbin",
-      "--help",
-      "--int_flag=3",
+      "--help=abcd",
   };
 
-  auto out_args2 = flags::ParseCommandLineImpl(
-      3, const_cast<char**>(in_args2), flags::ArgvListAction::kRemoveParsedArgs,
-      flags::UsageFlagsAction::kIgnoreUsage,
-      flags::OnUndefinedFlag::kAbortIfUndefined);
-
-  EXPECT_EQ(flags::GetFlagsHelpMode(), flags::HelpMode::kImportant);
-  EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_int_flag), 3);
+  EXPECT_EQ(InvokeParseAbslOnlyImpl(in_args1), flags::HelpMode::kMatch);
+  EXPECT_EQ(flags::GetFlagsHelpMatchSubstr(), "abcd");
 }
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-TEST_F(ParseDeathTest, TestSubstringHelpFlagHandling) {
+TEST_F(ParseDeathTest, TestVersionHandling) {
   const char* in_args1[] = {
       "testbin",
-      "--help=abcd",
+      "--version",
   };
 
-  auto out_args1 = flags::ParseCommandLineImpl(
-      2, const_cast<char**>(in_args1), flags::ArgvListAction::kRemoveParsedArgs,
-      flags::UsageFlagsAction::kIgnoreUsage,
-      flags::OnUndefinedFlag::kAbortIfUndefined);
+  EXPECT_EQ(InvokeParseAbslOnlyImpl(in_args1), flags::HelpMode::kVersion);
+}
 
-  EXPECT_EQ(flags::GetFlagsHelpMode(), flags::HelpMode::kMatch);
-  EXPECT_EQ(flags::GetFlagsHelpMatchSubstr(), "abcd");
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST_F(ParseTest, TestCheckArgsHandling) {
+  const char* in_args1[] = {"testbin", "--only_check_args", "--int_flag=211"};
 
-  const char* in_args2[] = {"testbin", "--help", "some_positional_arg"};
+  EXPECT_EQ(InvokeParseAbslOnlyImpl(in_args1), flags::HelpMode::kOnlyCheckArgs);
+  EXPECT_EXIT(InvokeParseAbslOnly(in_args1), testing::ExitedWithCode(0), "");
+  EXPECT_EXIT(InvokeParse(in_args1), testing::ExitedWithCode(0), "");
 
-  auto out_args2 = flags::ParseCommandLineImpl(
-      3, const_cast<char**>(in_args2), flags::ArgvListAction::kRemoveParsedArgs,
-      flags::UsageFlagsAction::kIgnoreUsage,
-      flags::OnUndefinedFlag::kAbortIfUndefined);
+  const char* in_args2[] = {"testbin", "--only_check_args", "--unknown_flag=a"};
 
-  EXPECT_EQ(flags::GetFlagsHelpMode(), flags::HelpMode::kImportant);
+  EXPECT_EQ(InvokeParseAbslOnlyImpl(in_args2), flags::HelpMode::kOnlyCheckArgs);
+  EXPECT_EXIT(InvokeParseAbslOnly(in_args2), testing::ExitedWithCode(0), "");
+  EXPECT_EXIT(InvokeParse(in_args2), testing::ExitedWithCode(1), "");
 }
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -927,4 +970,118 @@ TEST_F(ParseTest, WasPresentOnCommandLine) {
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+TEST_F(ParseTest, ParseAbseilFlagsOnlySuccess) {
+  const char* in_args[] = {
+      "testbin",
+      "arg1",
+      "--bool_flag",
+      "--int_flag=211",
+      "arg2",
+      "--double_flag=1.1",
+      "--undef_flag1",
+      "--undef_flag2=123",
+      "--string_flag",
+      "asd",
+      "--",
+      "--some_flag",
+      "arg4",
+  };
+
+  std::vector<char*> positional_args;
+  std::vector<absl::UnrecognizedFlag> unrecognized_flags;
+
+  absl::ParseAbseilFlagsOnly(13, const_cast<char**>(in_args), positional_args,
+                             unrecognized_flags);
+  EXPECT_THAT(positional_args,
+              ElementsAreArray(
+                  {absl::string_view("testbin"), absl::string_view("arg1"),
+                   absl::string_view("arg2"), absl::string_view("--some_flag"),
+                   absl::string_view("arg4")}));
+  EXPECT_THAT(unrecognized_flags,
+              ElementsAreArray(
+                  {absl::UnrecognizedFlag(absl::UnrecognizedFlag::kFromArgv,
+                                          "undef_flag1"),
+                   absl::UnrecognizedFlag(absl::UnrecognizedFlag::kFromArgv,
+                                          "undef_flag2")}));
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST_F(ParseDeathTest, ParseAbseilFlagsOnlyFailure) {
+  const char* in_args[] = {
+      "testbin",
+      "--int_flag=21.1",
+  };
+
+  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(
+      InvokeParseAbslOnly(in_args),
+      "Illegal value '21.1' specified for flag 'int_flag'");
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST_F(ParseTest, UndefOkFlagsAreIgnored) {
+  const char* in_args[] = {
+      "testbin",           "--undef_flag1",
+      "--undef_flag2=123", "--undefok=undef_flag2",
+      "--undef_flag3",     "value",
+  };
+
+  std::vector<char*> positional_args;
+  std::vector<absl::UnrecognizedFlag> unrecognized_flags;
+
+  absl::ParseAbseilFlagsOnly(6, const_cast<char**>(in_args), positional_args,
+                             unrecognized_flags);
+  EXPECT_THAT(positional_args, ElementsAreArray({absl::string_view("testbin"),
+                                                 absl::string_view("value")}));
+  EXPECT_THAT(unrecognized_flags,
+              ElementsAreArray(
+                  {absl::UnrecognizedFlag(absl::UnrecognizedFlag::kFromArgv,
+                                          "undef_flag1"),
+                   absl::UnrecognizedFlag(absl::UnrecognizedFlag::kFromArgv,
+                                          "undef_flag3")}));
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST_F(ParseTest, AllUndefOkFlagsAreIgnored) {
+  const char* in_args[] = {
+      "testbin",
+      "--undef_flag1",
+      "--undef_flag2=123",
+      "--undefok=undef_flag2,undef_flag1,undef_flag3",
+      "--undef_flag3",
+      "value",
+      "--",
+      "--undef_flag4",
+  };
+
+  std::vector<char*> positional_args;
+  std::vector<absl::UnrecognizedFlag> unrecognized_flags;
+
+  absl::ParseAbseilFlagsOnly(8, const_cast<char**>(in_args), positional_args,
+                             unrecognized_flags);
+  EXPECT_THAT(positional_args,
+              ElementsAreArray({absl::string_view("testbin"),
+                                absl::string_view("value"),
+                                absl::string_view("--undef_flag4")}));
+  EXPECT_THAT(unrecognized_flags, testing::IsEmpty());
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+TEST_F(ParseDeathTest, ExitOnUnrecognizedFlagPrintsHelp) {
+  const char* in_args[] = {
+      "testbin",
+      "--undef_flag1",
+      "--help=int_flag",
+  };
+
+  EXPECT_EXIT(InvokeParseCommandLineImpl(in_args), testing::ExitedWithCode(1),
+              AllOf(HasSubstr("Unknown command line flag 'undef_flag1'"),
+                    HasSubstr("Try --helpfull to get a list of all flags")));
+}
+
+// --------------------------------------------------------------------
+
 }  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/flags/usage.cc b/absl/flags/usage.cc
index 452f6675..267a5039 100644
--- a/absl/flags/usage.cc
+++ b/absl/flags/usage.cc
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include "absl/base/attributes.h"
 #include "absl/base/config.h"
 #include "absl/base/const_init.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
 #include "absl/base/thread_annotations.h"
 #include "absl/flags/internal/usage.h"
 #include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
diff --git a/absl/functional/BUILD.bazel b/absl/functional/BUILD.bazel
index c4fbce98..4ceac539 100644
--- a/absl/functional/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/absl/functional/BUILD.bazel
@@ -92,6 +92,7 @@ cc_library(
     copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
     linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
     deps = [
+        ":any_invocable",
         "//absl/base:base_internal",
         "//absl/base:core_headers",
         "//absl/meta:type_traits",
@@ -104,6 +105,7 @@ cc_test(
     srcs = ["function_ref_test.cc"],
     copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
     deps = [
+        ":any_invocable",
         ":function_ref",
         "//absl/container:test_instance_tracker",
         "//absl/memory",
diff --git a/absl/functional/CMakeLists.txt b/absl/functional/CMakeLists.txt
index c0f6eaaa..c704e049 100644
--- a/absl/functional/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/absl/functional/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ absl_cc_test(
     "any_invocable_test.cc"
     "internal/any_invocable.h"
   COPTS
-    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+    ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
   DEPS
     absl::any_invocable
     absl::base_internal
@@ -90,6 +90,7 @@ absl_cc_library(
   DEPS
     absl::base_internal
     absl::core_headers
+    absl::any_invocable
     absl::meta
   PUBLIC
 )
diff --git a/absl/functional/any_invocable.h b/absl/functional/any_invocable.h
index 0c5faca0..68d88253 100644
--- a/absl/functional/any_invocable.h
+++ b/absl/functional/any_invocable.h
@@ -26,6 +26,9 @@
 // NOTE: `absl::AnyInvocable` is similar to the C++23 `std::move_only_function`
 // abstraction, but has a slightly different API and is not designed to be a
 // drop-in replacement or C++11-compatible backfill of that type.
+//
+// Credits to Matt Calabrese (https://github.com/mattcalabrese) for the original
+// implementation.
 
 #ifndef ABSL_FUNCTIONAL_ANY_INVOCABLE_H_
 #define ABSL_FUNCTIONAL_ANY_INVOCABLE_H_
@@ -146,8 +149,8 @@ ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 //     std::move(continuation)(result_of_foo);
 //   }
 //
-// Credits to Matt Calabrese (https://github.com/mattcalabrese) for the original
-// implementation.
+// Attempting to call `absl::AnyInvocable` multiple times in such a case
+// results in undefined behavior.
 template <class Sig>
 class AnyInvocable : private internal_any_invocable::Impl<Sig> {
  private:
@@ -263,9 +266,17 @@ class AnyInvocable : private internal_any_invocable::Impl<Sig> {
   // Exchanges the targets of `*this` and `other`.
   void swap(AnyInvocable& other) noexcept { std::swap(*this, other); }
 
-  // abl::AnyInvocable::operator bool()
+  // absl::AnyInvocable::operator bool()
   //
   // Returns `true` if `*this` is not empty.
+  //
+  // WARNING: An `AnyInvocable` that wraps an empty `std::function` is not
+  // itself empty. This behavior is consistent with the standard equivalent
+  // `std::move_only_function`.
+  //
+  // In other words:
+  //   std::function<void()> f;  // empty
+  //   absl::AnyInvocable<void()> a = std::move(f);  // not empty
   explicit operator bool() const noexcept { return this->HasValue(); }
 
   // Invokes the target object of `*this`. `*this` must not be empty.
diff --git a/absl/functional/any_invocable_test.cc b/absl/functional/any_invocable_test.cc
index fb5e7792..a740faa6 100644
--- a/absl/functional/any_invocable_test.cc
+++ b/absl/functional/any_invocable_test.cc
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <initializer_list>
+#include <memory>
 #include <numeric>
 #include <type_traits>
 
@@ -1156,9 +1157,6 @@ TYPED_TEST_P(AnyInvTestMovable, ConversionConstructionUserDefinedType) {
 
   EXPECT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(fun));
   EXPECT_EQ(29, TypeParam::ToThisParam(fun)(7, 8, 9).value);
-
-  EXPECT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(fun));
-  EXPECT_EQ(38, TypeParam::ToThisParam(fun)(10, 11, 12).value);
 }
 
 TYPED_TEST_P(AnyInvTestMovable, ConversionConstructionVoidCovariance) {
@@ -1179,9 +1177,6 @@ TYPED_TEST_P(AnyInvTestMovable, ConversionAssignUserDefinedTypeEmptyLhs) {
 
   EXPECT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(fun));
   EXPECT_EQ(29, TypeParam::ToThisParam(fun)(7, 8, 9).value);
-
-  EXPECT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(fun));
-  EXPECT_EQ(38, TypeParam::ToThisParam(fun)(10, 11, 12).value);
 }
 
 TYPED_TEST_P(AnyInvTestMovable, ConversionAssignUserDefinedTypeNonemptyLhs) {
@@ -1193,9 +1188,6 @@ TYPED_TEST_P(AnyInvTestMovable, ConversionAssignUserDefinedTypeNonemptyLhs) {
 
   EXPECT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(fun));
   EXPECT_EQ(29, TypeParam::ToThisParam(fun)(7, 8, 9).value);
-
-  EXPECT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(fun));
-  EXPECT_EQ(38, TypeParam::ToThisParam(fun)(10, 11, 12).value);
 }
 
 TYPED_TEST_P(AnyInvTestMovable, ConversionAssignVoidCovariance) {
@@ -1246,12 +1238,9 @@ TYPED_TEST_P(AnyInvTestNoexceptTrue, ConversionConstructionConstraints) {
 #else
   using AnyInvType = typename TypeParam::AnyInvType;
 
-// TODO(b/217761454): Fix this and re-enable for MSVC.
-#ifndef _MSC_VER
   EXPECT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<
                 AnyInvType,
                 typename TypeParam::AnyInvocableFunTypeNotNoexcept*>::value));
-#endif
   EXPECT_FALSE((
       std::is_constructible<AnyInvType,
                             typename TypeParam::IncompatibleInvocable>::value));
@@ -1264,12 +1253,9 @@ TYPED_TEST_P(AnyInvTestNoexceptTrue, ConversionAssignConstraints) {
 #else
   using AnyInvType = typename TypeParam::AnyInvType;
 
-// TODO(b/217761454): Fix this and re-enable for MSVC.
-#ifndef _MSC_VER
   EXPECT_FALSE((std::is_assignable<
                 AnyInvType&,
                 typename TypeParam::AnyInvocableFunTypeNotNoexcept*>::value));
-#endif
   EXPECT_FALSE(
       (std::is_assignable<AnyInvType&,
                           typename TypeParam::IncompatibleInvocable>::value));
@@ -1420,6 +1406,41 @@ TYPED_TEST_P(AnyInvTestRvalue, ConversionAssignReferenceWrapper) {
       std::is_assignable<AnyInvType&, std::reference_wrapper<AddType>>::value));
 }
 
+TYPED_TEST_P(AnyInvTestRvalue, NonConstCrashesOnSecondCall) {
+  using AnyInvType = typename TypeParam::AnyInvType;
+  using AddType = typename TypeParam::AddType;
+
+  AnyInvType fun(absl::in_place_type<AddType>, 5);
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(fun));
+  std::move(fun)(7, 8, 9);
+
+  // Ensure we're still valid
+  EXPECT_TRUE(static_cast<bool>(fun));  // NOLINT(bugprone-use-after-move)
+
+#if !defined(NDEBUG)
+  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(std::move(fun)(7, 8, 9), "");
+#endif
+}
+
+// Ensure that any qualifiers (in particular &&-qualifiers) do not affect
+// when the destructor is actually run.
+TYPED_TEST_P(AnyInvTestRvalue, QualifierIndependentObjectLifetime) {
+  using AnyInvType = typename TypeParam::AnyInvType;
+
+  auto refs = std::make_shared<std::nullptr_t>();
+  {
+    AnyInvType fun([refs](auto&&...) noexcept { return 0; });
+    EXPECT_GT(refs.use_count(), 1);
+
+    std::move(fun)(7, 8, 9);
+
+    // Ensure destructor hasn't run even if rref-qualified
+    EXPECT_GT(refs.use_count(), 1);
+  }
+  EXPECT_EQ(refs.use_count(), 1);
+}
+
 // NOTE: This test suite originally attempted to enumerate all possible
 // combinations of type properties but the build-time started getting too large.
 // Instead, it is now assumed that certain parameters are orthogonal and so
@@ -1676,7 +1697,9 @@ INSTANTIATE_TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(NonRvalueCallNothrow, AnyInvTestNonRvalue,
 REGISTER_TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(AnyInvTestRvalue,
                             ConversionConstructionReferenceWrapper,
                             NonMoveableResultType,
-                            ConversionAssignReferenceWrapper);
+                            ConversionAssignReferenceWrapper,
+                            NonConstCrashesOnSecondCall,
+                            QualifierIndependentObjectLifetime);
 
 INSTANTIATE_TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(RvalueCallMayThrow, AnyInvTestRvalue,
                                TestParameterListRvalueQualifiersCallMayThrow);
diff --git a/absl/functional/bind_front.h b/absl/functional/bind_front.h
index f9075bd1..a956eb02 100644
--- a/absl/functional/bind_front.h
+++ b/absl/functional/bind_front.h
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 //
 // Like `std::bind()`, `absl::bind_front()` is implicitly convertible to
 // `std::function`.  In particular, it may be used as a simpler replacement for
-// `std::bind()` in most cases, as it does not require  placeholders to be
+// `std::bind()` in most cases, as it does not require placeholders to be
 // specified. More importantly, it provides more reliable correctness guarantees
 // than `std::bind()`; while `std::bind()` will silently ignore passing more
 // parameters than expected, for example, `absl::bind_front()` will report such
diff --git a/absl/functional/function_ref.h b/absl/functional/function_ref.h
index f9779607..2b9139d3 100644
--- a/absl/functional/function_ref.h
+++ b/absl/functional/function_ref.h
@@ -66,11 +66,11 @@ class FunctionRef;
 
 // FunctionRef
 //
-// An `absl::FunctionRef` is a lightweight wrapper to any invokable object with
+// An `absl::FunctionRef` is a lightweight wrapper to any invocable object with
 // a compatible signature. Generally, an `absl::FunctionRef` should only be used
 // as an argument type and should be preferred as an argument over a const
 // reference to a `std::function`. `absl::FunctionRef` itself does not allocate,
-// although the wrapped invokable may.
+// although the wrapped invocable may.
 //
 // Example:
 //
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ class FunctionRef<R(Args...)> {
                               std::is_convertible<FR, R>::value>::type;
 
  public:
-  // Constructs a FunctionRef from any invokable type.
+  // Constructs a FunctionRef from any invocable type.
   template <typename F, typename = EnableIfCompatible<const F&>>
   // NOLINTNEXTLINE(runtime/explicit)
   FunctionRef(const F& f ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND)
diff --git a/absl/functional/function_ref_test.cc b/absl/functional/function_ref_test.cc
index 412027cd..c61117eb 100644
--- a/absl/functional/function_ref_test.cc
+++ b/absl/functional/function_ref_test.cc
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 #include "gmock/gmock.h"
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
 #include "absl/container/internal/test_instance_tracker.h"
+#include "absl/functional/any_invocable.h"
 #include "absl/memory/memory.h"
 
 namespace absl {
@@ -157,6 +158,25 @@ TEST(FunctionRef, NullMemberPtrAssertFails) {
   EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH({ FunctionRef<int(const S& s)> ref(mem_ptr); }, "");
 }
 
+TEST(FunctionRef, NullStdFunctionAssertPasses) {
+  std::function<void()> function = []() {};
+  FunctionRef<void()> ref(function);
+}
+
+TEST(FunctionRef, NullStdFunctionAssertFails) {
+  std::function<void()> function = nullptr;
+  EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH({ FunctionRef<void()> ref(function); }, "");
+}
+
+TEST(FunctionRef, NullAnyInvocableAssertPasses) {
+  AnyInvocable<void() const> invocable = []() {};
+  FunctionRef<void()> ref(invocable);
+}
+TEST(FunctionRef, NullAnyInvocableAssertFails) {
+  AnyInvocable<void() const> invocable = nullptr;
+  EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH({ FunctionRef<void()> ref(invocable); }, "");
+}
+
 #endif  // GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
 
 TEST(FunctionRef, CopiesAndMovesPerPassByValue) {
@@ -237,7 +257,7 @@ TEST(FunctionRef, PassByValueTypes) {
       "Reference types should be preserved");
 
   // Make sure the address of an object received by reference is the same as the
-  // addess of the object passed by the caller.
+  // address of the object passed by the caller.
   {
     LargeTrivial obj;
     auto test = [&obj](LargeTrivial& input) { ASSERT_EQ(&input, &obj); };
@@ -253,6 +273,16 @@ TEST(FunctionRef, PassByValueTypes) {
   }
 }
 
+TEST(FunctionRef, ReferenceToIncompleteType) {
+  struct IncompleteType;
+  auto test = [](IncompleteType&) {};
+  absl::FunctionRef<void(IncompleteType&)> ref(test);
+
+  struct IncompleteType {};
+  IncompleteType obj;
+  ref(obj);
+}
+
 }  // namespace
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
 }  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/functional/internal/any_invocable.h b/absl/functional/internal/any_invocable.h
index f353139c..f096bb02 100644
--- a/absl/functional/internal/any_invocable.h
+++ b/absl/functional/internal/any_invocable.h
@@ -56,6 +56,7 @@
 #include <cassert>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <cstring>
+#include <exception>
 #include <functional>
 #include <initializer_list>
 #include <memory>
@@ -66,6 +67,7 @@
 #include "absl/base/config.h"
 #include "absl/base/internal/invoke.h"
 #include "absl/base/macros.h"
+#include "absl/base/optimization.h"
 #include "absl/meta/type_traits.h"
 #include "absl/utility/utility.h"
 
@@ -133,8 +135,16 @@ void InvokeR(F&& f, P&&... args) {
 template <class ReturnType, class F, class... P,
           absl::enable_if_t<!std::is_void<ReturnType>::value, int> = 0>
 ReturnType InvokeR(F&& f, P&&... args) {
+  // GCC 12 has a false-positive -Wmaybe-uninitialized warning here.
+#if ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_MIN_GNUC_VERSION(12, 0)
+#pragma GCC diagnostic push
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wmaybe-uninitialized"
+#endif
   return absl::base_internal::invoke(std::forward<F>(f),
                                      std::forward<P>(args)...);
+#if ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_MIN_GNUC_VERSION(12, 0)
+#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
+#endif
 }
 
 //
@@ -195,7 +205,7 @@ union TypeErasedState {
 template <class T>
 T& ObjectInLocalStorage(TypeErasedState* const state) {
   // We launder here because the storage may be reused with the same type.
-#if ABSL_INTERNAL_CPLUSPLUS_LANG >= 201703L
+#if defined(__cpp_lib_launder) && __cpp_lib_launder >= 201606L
   return *std::launder(reinterpret_cast<T*>(&state->storage));
 #elif ABSL_HAVE_BUILTIN(__builtin_launder)
   return *__builtin_launder(reinterpret_cast<T*>(&state->storage));
@@ -281,7 +291,7 @@ void LocalManagerNontrivial(FunctionToCall operation,
       from_object.~T();  // Must not throw. // NOLINT
       return;
   }
-  ABSL_INTERNAL_UNREACHABLE;
+  ABSL_UNREACHABLE();
 }
 
 // The invoker that is used when a target function is in local storage
@@ -319,7 +329,7 @@ inline void RemoteManagerTrivial(FunctionToCall operation,
 #endif  // __cpp_sized_deallocation
       return;
   }
-  ABSL_INTERNAL_UNREACHABLE;
+  ABSL_UNREACHABLE();
 }
 
 // The manager that is used when a target function is in remote storage and the
@@ -341,7 +351,7 @@ void RemoteManagerNontrivial(FunctionToCall operation,
       ::delete static_cast<T*>(from->remote.target);  // Must not throw.
       return;
   }
-  ABSL_INTERNAL_UNREACHABLE;
+  ABSL_UNREACHABLE();
 }
 
 // The invoker that is used when a target function is in remote storage
@@ -430,11 +440,11 @@ class CoreImpl {
 
   CoreImpl() noexcept : manager_(EmptyManager), invoker_(nullptr) {}
 
-  enum class TargetType : int {
-    kPointer = 0,
-    kCompatibleAnyInvocable = 1,
-    kIncompatibleAnyInvocable = 2,
-    kOther = 3,
+  enum class TargetType {
+    kPointer,
+    kCompatibleAnyInvocable,
+    kIncompatibleAnyInvocable,
+    kOther,
   };
 
   // Note: QualDecayedTRef here includes the cv-ref qualifiers associated with
@@ -456,8 +466,7 @@ class CoreImpl {
     // NOTE: We only use integers instead of enums as template parameters in
     // order to work around a bug on C++14 under MSVC 2017.
     // See b/236131881.
-    Initialize<static_cast<int>(kTargetType), QualDecayedTRef>(
-        std::forward<F>(f));
+    Initialize<kTargetType, QualDecayedTRef>(std::forward<F>(f));
   }
 
   // Note: QualTRef here includes the cv-ref qualifiers associated with the
@@ -486,7 +495,7 @@ class CoreImpl {
     // object.
     Clear();
 
-    // Perform the actual move/destory operation on the target function.
+    // Perform the actual move/destroy operation on the target function.
     other.manager_(FunctionToCall::relocate_from_to, &other.state_, &state_);
     manager_ = other.manager_;
     invoker_ = other.invoker_;
@@ -508,8 +517,8 @@ class CoreImpl {
     invoker_ = nullptr;
   }
 
-  template <int target_type, class QualDecayedTRef, class F,
-            absl::enable_if_t<target_type == 0, int> = 0>
+  template <TargetType target_type, class QualDecayedTRef, class F,
+            absl::enable_if_t<target_type == TargetType::kPointer, int> = 0>
   void Initialize(F&& f) {
 // This condition handles types that decay into pointers, which includes
 // function references. Since function references cannot be null, GCC warns
@@ -533,8 +542,9 @@ class CoreImpl {
     InitializeStorage<QualDecayedTRef>(std::forward<F>(f));
   }
 
-  template <int target_type, class QualDecayedTRef, class F,
-            absl::enable_if_t<target_type == 1, int> = 0>
+  template <TargetType target_type, class QualDecayedTRef, class F,
+            absl::enable_if_t<
+                target_type == TargetType::kCompatibleAnyInvocable, int> = 0>
   void Initialize(F&& f) {
     // In this case we can "steal the guts" of the other AnyInvocable.
     f.manager_(FunctionToCall::relocate_from_to, &f.state_, &state_);
@@ -545,8 +555,9 @@ class CoreImpl {
     f.invoker_ = nullptr;
   }
 
-  template <int target_type, class QualDecayedTRef, class F,
-            absl::enable_if_t<target_type == 2, int> = 0>
+  template <TargetType target_type, class QualDecayedTRef, class F,
+            absl::enable_if_t<
+                target_type == TargetType::kIncompatibleAnyInvocable, int> = 0>
   void Initialize(F&& f) {
     if (f.HasValue()) {
       InitializeStorage<QualDecayedTRef>(std::forward<F>(f));
@@ -556,8 +567,8 @@ class CoreImpl {
     }
   }
 
-  template <int target_type, class QualDecayedTRef, class F,
-            typename = absl::enable_if_t<target_type == 3>>
+  template <TargetType target_type, class QualDecayedTRef, class F,
+            typename = absl::enable_if_t<target_type == TargetType::kOther>>
   void Initialize(F&& f) {
     InitializeStorage<QualDecayedTRef>(std::forward<F>(f));
   }
@@ -683,23 +694,23 @@ using UnwrapStdReferenceWrapper =
 // An alias that always yields std::true_type (used with constraints) where
 // substitution failures happen when forming the template arguments.
 template <class... T>
-using True =
+using TrueAlias =
     std::integral_constant<bool, sizeof(absl::void_t<T...>*) != 0>;
 
 /*SFINAE constraints for the conversion-constructor.*/
 template <class Sig, class F,
           class = absl::enable_if_t<
               !std::is_same<RemoveCVRef<F>, AnyInvocable<Sig>>::value>>
-using CanConvert =
-    True<absl::enable_if_t<!IsInPlaceType<RemoveCVRef<F>>::value>,
-         absl::enable_if_t<Impl<Sig>::template CallIsValid<F>::value>,
-         absl::enable_if_t<
-             Impl<Sig>::template CallIsNoexceptIfSigIsNoexcept<F>::value>,
-         absl::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<absl::decay_t<F>, F>::value>>;
+using CanConvert = TrueAlias<
+    absl::enable_if_t<!IsInPlaceType<RemoveCVRef<F>>::value>,
+    absl::enable_if_t<Impl<Sig>::template CallIsValid<F>::value>,
+    absl::enable_if_t<
+        Impl<Sig>::template CallIsNoexceptIfSigIsNoexcept<F>::value>,
+    absl::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<absl::decay_t<F>, F>::value>>;
 
 /*SFINAE constraints for the std::in_place constructors.*/
 template <class Sig, class F, class... Args>
-using CanEmplace = True<
+using CanEmplace = TrueAlias<
     absl::enable_if_t<Impl<Sig>::template CallIsValid<F>::value>,
     absl::enable_if_t<
         Impl<Sig>::template CallIsNoexceptIfSigIsNoexcept<F>::value>,
@@ -709,19 +720,19 @@ using CanEmplace = True<
 template <class Sig, class F,
           class = absl::enable_if_t<
               !std::is_same<RemoveCVRef<F>, AnyInvocable<Sig>>::value>>
-using CanAssign =
-    True<absl::enable_if_t<Impl<Sig>::template CallIsValid<F>::value>,
-         absl::enable_if_t<
-             Impl<Sig>::template CallIsNoexceptIfSigIsNoexcept<F>::value>,
-         absl::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<absl::decay_t<F>, F>::value>>;
+using CanAssign = TrueAlias<
+    absl::enable_if_t<Impl<Sig>::template CallIsValid<F>::value>,
+    absl::enable_if_t<
+        Impl<Sig>::template CallIsNoexceptIfSigIsNoexcept<F>::value>,
+    absl::enable_if_t<std::is_constructible<absl::decay_t<F>, F>::value>>;
 
 /*SFINAE constraints for the reference-wrapper conversion-assign operator.*/
 template <class Sig, class F>
-using CanAssignReferenceWrapper =
-    True<absl::enable_if_t<
-             Impl<Sig>::template CallIsValid<std::reference_wrapper<F>>::value>,
-         absl::enable_if_t<Impl<Sig>::template CallIsNoexceptIfSigIsNoexcept<
-             std::reference_wrapper<F>>::value>>;
+using CanAssignReferenceWrapper = TrueAlias<
+    absl::enable_if_t<
+        Impl<Sig>::template CallIsValid<std::reference_wrapper<F>>::value>,
+    absl::enable_if_t<Impl<Sig>::template CallIsNoexceptIfSigIsNoexcept<
+        std::reference_wrapper<F>>::value>>;
 
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 //
@@ -778,7 +789,7 @@ using CanAssignReferenceWrapper =
                                                                                \
     /*SFINAE constraint to check if F is invocable with the proper signature*/ \
     template <class F>                                                         \
-    using CallIsValid = True<absl::enable_if_t<absl::disjunction<              \
+    using CallIsValid = TrueAlias<absl::enable_if_t<absl::disjunction<         \
         absl::base_internal::is_invocable_r<ReturnType,                        \
                                             absl::decay_t<F> inv_quals, P...>, \
         std::is_same<ReturnType,                                               \
@@ -788,8 +799,8 @@ using CanAssignReferenceWrapper =
     /*SFINAE constraint to check if F is nothrow-invocable when necessary*/    \
     template <class F>                                                         \
     using CallIsNoexceptIfSigIsNoexcept =                                      \
-        True<ABSL_INTERNAL_ANY_INVOCABLE_NOEXCEPT_CONSTRAINT(inv_quals,        \
-                                                             noex)>;           \
+        TrueAlias<ABSL_INTERNAL_ANY_INVOCABLE_NOEXCEPT_CONSTRAINT(inv_quals,   \
+                                                                  noex)>;      \
                                                                                \
     /*Put the AnyInvocable into an empty state.*/                              \
     Impl() = default;                                                          \
@@ -809,11 +820,34 @@ using CanAssignReferenceWrapper =
         : Core(absl::in_place_type<absl::decay_t<T> inv_quals>,                \
                std::forward<Args>(args)...) {}                                 \
                                                                                \
+    /*Raises a fatal error when the AnyInvocable is invoked after a move*/     \
+    static ReturnType InvokedAfterMove(                                        \
+      TypeErasedState*,                                                        \
+      ForwardedParameterType<P>...) noexcept(noex) {                           \
+      ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(false && "AnyInvocable use-after-move");           \
+      std::terminate();                                                        \
+    }                                                                          \
+                                                                               \
+    InvokerType<noex, ReturnType, P...>* ExtractInvoker() cv {                 \
+      using QualifiedTestType = int cv ref;                                    \
+      auto* invoker = this->invoker_;                                          \
+      if (!std::is_const<QualifiedTestType>::value &&                          \
+          std::is_rvalue_reference<QualifiedTestType>::value) {                \
+        ABSL_ASSERT([this]() {                                                 \
+          /* We checked that this isn't const above, so const_cast is safe */  \
+          const_cast<Impl*>(this)->invoker_ = InvokedAfterMove;                \
+          return this->HasValue();                                             \
+        }());                                                                  \
+      }                                                                        \
+      return invoker;                                                          \
+    }                                                                          \
+                                                                               \
     /*The actual invocation operation with the proper signature*/              \
     ReturnType operator()(P... args) cv ref noexcept(noex) {                   \
       assert(this->invoker_ != nullptr);                                       \
-      return this->invoker_(const_cast<TypeErasedState*>(&this->state_),       \
-                            static_cast<ForwardedParameterType<P>>(args)...);  \
+      return this->ExtractInvoker()(                                           \
+          const_cast<TypeErasedState*>(&this->state_),                         \
+          static_cast<ForwardedParameterType<P>>(args)...);                    \
     }                                                                          \
   }
 
diff --git a/absl/functional/internal/function_ref.h b/absl/functional/internal/function_ref.h
index b5bb8b43..1cd34a3c 100644
--- a/absl/functional/internal/function_ref.h
+++ b/absl/functional/internal/function_ref.h
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 #include <type_traits>
 
 #include "absl/base/internal/invoke.h"
+#include "absl/functional/any_invocable.h"
 #include "absl/meta/type_traits.h"
 
 namespace absl {
@@ -40,18 +41,21 @@ union VoidPtr {
 // Chooses the best type for passing T as an argument.
 // Attempt to be close to SystemV AMD64 ABI. Objects with trivial copy ctor are
 // passed by value.
+template <typename T,
+          bool IsLValueReference = std::is_lvalue_reference<T>::value>
+struct PassByValue : std::false_type {};
+
 template <typename T>
-constexpr bool PassByValue() {
-  return !std::is_lvalue_reference<T>::value &&
-         absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<T>::value &&
-         absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<
-             typename std::remove_cv<T>::type>::value &&
-         std::is_trivially_destructible<T>::value &&
-         sizeof(T) <= 2 * sizeof(void*);
-}
+struct PassByValue<T, /*IsLValueReference=*/false>
+    : std::integral_constant<bool,
+                             absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<T>::value &&
+                                 absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<
+                                     typename std::remove_cv<T>::type>::value &&
+                                 std::is_trivially_destructible<T>::value &&
+                                 sizeof(T) <= 2 * sizeof(void*)> {};
 
 template <typename T>
-struct ForwardT : std::conditional<PassByValue<T>(), T, T&&> {};
+struct ForwardT : std::conditional<PassByValue<T>::value, T, T&&> {};
 
 // An Invoker takes a pointer to the type-erased invokable object, followed by
 // the arguments that the invokable object expects.
@@ -87,6 +91,12 @@ void AssertNonNull(const std::function<Sig>& f) {
   (void)f;
 }
 
+template <typename Sig>
+void AssertNonNull(const AnyInvocable<Sig>& f) {
+  assert(f != nullptr);
+  (void)f;
+}
+
 template <typename F>
 void AssertNonNull(const F&) {}
 
diff --git a/absl/hash/BUILD.bazel b/absl/hash/BUILD.bazel
index bcc316f9..4346fc49 100644
--- a/absl/hash/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/absl/hash/BUILD.bazel
@@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ cc_library(
         "//absl/container:fixed_array",
         "//absl/functional:function_ref",
         "//absl/meta:type_traits",
+        "//absl/numeric:bits",
         "//absl/numeric:int128",
         "//absl/strings",
         "//absl/types:optional",
@@ -67,13 +68,17 @@ cc_library(
 
 cc_test(
     name = "hash_test",
-    srcs = ["hash_test.cc"],
+    srcs = [
+        "hash_test.cc",
+        "internal/hash_test.h",
+    ],
     copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
     linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
     deps = [
         ":hash",
         ":hash_testing",
         ":spy_hash_state",
+        "//absl/base:config",
         "//absl/base:core_headers",
         "//absl/container:btree",
         "//absl/container:flat_hash_map",
@@ -87,6 +92,27 @@ cc_test(
     ],
 )
 
+cc_test(
+    name = "hash_instantiated_test",
+    srcs = [
+        "hash_instantiated_test.cc",
+        "internal/hash_test.h",
+    ],
+    copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        ":hash",
+        ":hash_testing",
+        "//absl/base:config",
+        "//absl/container:btree",
+        "//absl/container:flat_hash_map",
+        "//absl/container:flat_hash_set",
+        "//absl/container:node_hash_map",
+        "//absl/container:node_hash_set",
+        "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
+
 cc_binary(
     name = "hash_benchmark",
     testonly = 1,
@@ -157,7 +183,7 @@ cc_library(
     deps = [
         "//absl/base:config",
         "//absl/base:endian",
-        "//absl/numeric:bits",
+        "//absl/base:prefetch",
         "//absl/numeric:int128",
     ],
 )
diff --git a/absl/hash/CMakeLists.txt b/absl/hash/CMakeLists.txt
index 423b74b5..65fd2a5f 100644
--- a/absl/hash/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/absl/hash/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -24,7 +24,8 @@ absl_cc_library(
     "internal/hash.h"
   COPTS
     ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
-    DEPS
+  DEPS
+    absl::bits
     absl::city
     absl::config
     absl::core_headers
@@ -55,6 +56,7 @@ absl_cc_library(
     absl::variant
     GTest::gmock
   TESTONLY
+  PUBLIC
 )
 
 absl_cc_test(
@@ -62,6 +64,7 @@ absl_cc_test(
     hash_test
   SRCS
     "hash_test.cc"
+    "internal/hash_test.h"
   COPTS
     ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
   DEPS
@@ -80,7 +83,31 @@ absl_cc_test(
     GTest::gmock_main
 )
 
+absl_cc_test(
+  NAME
+    hash_instantiated_test
+  SRCS
+    "hash_test.cc"
+    "internal/hash_test.h"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::hash
+    absl::hash_testing
+    absl::config
+    absl::btree
+    absl::flat_hash_map
+    absl::flat_hash_set
+    absl::node_hash_map
+    absl::node_hash_set
+    GTest::gtest_main
+)
+
 # Internal-only target, do not depend on directly.
+#
+# Note: Even though external code should not depend on this target
+# directly, it must be marked PUBLIC since it is a dependency of
+# hash_testing.
 absl_cc_library(
   NAME
     spy_hash_state
@@ -93,6 +120,7 @@ absl_cc_library(
     absl::strings
     absl::str_format
   TESTONLY
+  PUBLIC
 )
 
 # Internal-only target, do not depend on directly.
@@ -134,10 +162,10 @@ absl_cc_library(
   COPTS
     ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
   DEPS
-    absl::bits
     absl::config
     absl::endian
     absl::int128
+    absl::prefetch
 )
 
 absl_cc_test(
diff --git a/absl/hash/hash.h b/absl/hash/hash.h
index 74e2d7c0..470cca48 100644
--- a/absl/hash/hash.h
+++ b/absl/hash/hash.h
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
 //
 // `absl::Hash` may also produce different values from different dynamically
 // loaded libraries. For this reason, `absl::Hash` values must never cross
-// boundries in dynamically loaded libraries (including when used in types like
+// boundaries in dynamically loaded libraries (including when used in types like
 // hash containers.)
 //
 // `absl::Hash` is intended to strongly mix input bits with a target of passing
@@ -110,9 +110,12 @@ ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 //   * std::unique_ptr and std::shared_ptr
 //   * All string-like types including:
 //     * absl::Cord
-//     * std::string
-//     * std::string_view (as well as any instance of std::basic_string that
-//       uses char and std::char_traits)
+//     * std::string (as well as any instance of std::basic_string that
+//       uses one of {char, wchar_t, char16_t, char32_t} and its associated
+//       std::char_traits)
+//     * std::string_view (as well as any instance of std::basic_string_view
+//       that uses one of {char, wchar_t, char16_t, char32_t} and its associated
+//       std::char_traits)
 //  * All the standard sequence containers (provided the elements are hashable)
 //  * All the standard associative containers (provided the elements are
 //    hashable)
diff --git a/absl/hash/hash_instantiated_test.cc b/absl/hash/hash_instantiated_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e65de9ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/hash/hash_instantiated_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+// Copyright 2018 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+// This file contains a few select absl::Hash tests that, due to their reliance
+// on INSTANTIATE_TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P, require a large amount of memory to
+// compile. Put new tests in hash_test.cc, not this file.
+
+#include "absl/hash/hash.h"
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <deque>
+#include <forward_list>
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <list>
+#include <map>
+#include <set>
+#include <string>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <unordered_set>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/container/btree_map.h"
+#include "absl/container/btree_set.h"
+#include "absl/container/flat_hash_map.h"
+#include "absl/container/flat_hash_set.h"
+#include "absl/container/node_hash_map.h"
+#include "absl/container/node_hash_set.h"
+#include "absl/hash/hash_testing.h"
+#include "absl/hash/internal/hash_test.h"
+
+namespace {
+
+using ::absl::hash_test_internal::is_hashable;
+using ::absl::hash_test_internal::TypeErasedContainer;
+
+// Dummy type with unordered equality and hashing semantics.  This preserves
+// input order internally, and is used below to ensure we get test coverage
+// for equal sequences with different iteraton orders.
+template <typename T>
+class UnorderedSequence {
+ public:
+  UnorderedSequence() = default;
+  template <typename TT>
+  UnorderedSequence(std::initializer_list<TT> l)
+      : values_(l.begin(), l.end()) {}
+  template <typename ForwardIterator,
+            typename std::enable_if<!std::is_integral<ForwardIterator>::value,
+                                    bool>::type = true>
+  UnorderedSequence(ForwardIterator begin, ForwardIterator end)
+      : values_(begin, end) {}
+  // one-argument constructor of value type T, to appease older toolchains that
+  // get confused by one-element initializer lists in some contexts
+  explicit UnorderedSequence(const T& v) : values_(&v, &v + 1) {}
+
+  using value_type = T;
+
+  size_t size() const { return values_.size(); }
+  typename std::vector<T>::const_iterator begin() const {
+    return values_.begin();
+  }
+  typename std::vector<T>::const_iterator end() const { return values_.end(); }
+
+  friend bool operator==(const UnorderedSequence& lhs,
+                         const UnorderedSequence& rhs) {
+    return lhs.size() == rhs.size() &&
+           std::is_permutation(lhs.begin(), lhs.end(), rhs.begin());
+  }
+  friend bool operator!=(const UnorderedSequence& lhs,
+                         const UnorderedSequence& rhs) {
+    return !(lhs == rhs);
+  }
+  template <typename H>
+  friend H AbslHashValue(H h, const UnorderedSequence& u) {
+    return H::combine(H::combine_unordered(std::move(h), u.begin(), u.end()),
+                      u.size());
+  }
+
+ private:
+  std::vector<T> values_;
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+class HashValueSequenceTest : public testing::Test {};
+TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(HashValueSequenceTest);
+
+TYPED_TEST_P(HashValueSequenceTest, BasicUsage) {
+  EXPECT_TRUE((is_hashable<TypeParam>::value));
+
+  using IntType = typename TypeParam::value_type;
+  auto a = static_cast<IntType>(0);
+  auto b = static_cast<IntType>(23);
+  auto c = static_cast<IntType>(42);
+
+  std::vector<TypeParam> exemplars = {
+      TypeParam(),        TypeParam(),        TypeParam{a, b, c},
+      TypeParam{a, c, b}, TypeParam{c, a, b}, TypeParam{a},
+      TypeParam{a, a},    TypeParam{a, a, a}, TypeParam{a, a, b},
+      TypeParam{a, b, a}, TypeParam{b, a, a}, TypeParam{a, b},
+      TypeParam{b, c}};
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::VerifyTypeImplementsAbslHashCorrectly(exemplars));
+}
+
+REGISTER_TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(HashValueSequenceTest, BasicUsage);
+using IntSequenceTypes = testing::Types<
+    std::deque<int>, std::forward_list<int>, std::list<int>, std::vector<int>,
+    std::vector<bool>, TypeErasedContainer<std::vector<int>>, std::set<int>,
+    std::multiset<int>, UnorderedSequence<int>,
+    TypeErasedContainer<UnorderedSequence<int>>, std::unordered_set<int>,
+    std::unordered_multiset<int>, absl::flat_hash_set<int>,
+    absl::node_hash_set<int>, absl::btree_set<int>>;
+INSTANTIATE_TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(My, HashValueSequenceTest, IntSequenceTypes);
+
+template <typename T>
+class HashValueNestedSequenceTest : public testing::Test {};
+TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(HashValueNestedSequenceTest);
+
+TYPED_TEST_P(HashValueNestedSequenceTest, BasicUsage) {
+  using T = TypeParam;
+  using V = typename T::value_type;
+  std::vector<T> exemplars = {
+      // empty case
+      T{},
+      // sets of empty sets
+      T{V{}}, T{V{}, V{}}, T{V{}, V{}, V{}},
+      // multisets of different values
+      T{V{1}}, T{V{1, 1}, V{1, 1}}, T{V{1, 1, 1}, V{1, 1, 1}, V{1, 1, 1}},
+      // various orderings of same nested sets
+      T{V{}, V{1, 2}}, T{V{}, V{2, 1}}, T{V{1, 2}, V{}}, T{V{2, 1}, V{}},
+      // various orderings of various nested sets, case 2
+      T{V{1, 2}, V{3, 4}}, T{V{1, 2}, V{4, 3}}, T{V{1, 3}, V{2, 4}},
+      T{V{1, 3}, V{4, 2}}, T{V{1, 4}, V{2, 3}}, T{V{1, 4}, V{3, 2}},
+      T{V{2, 3}, V{1, 4}}, T{V{2, 3}, V{4, 1}}, T{V{2, 4}, V{1, 3}},
+      T{V{2, 4}, V{3, 1}}, T{V{3, 4}, V{1, 2}}, T{V{3, 4}, V{2, 1}}};
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::VerifyTypeImplementsAbslHashCorrectly(exemplars));
+}
+
+REGISTER_TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(HashValueNestedSequenceTest, BasicUsage);
+template <typename T>
+using TypeErasedSet = TypeErasedContainer<UnorderedSequence<T>>;
+
+using NestedIntSequenceTypes = testing::Types<
+    std::vector<std::vector<int>>, std::vector<UnorderedSequence<int>>,
+    std::vector<TypeErasedSet<int>>, UnorderedSequence<std::vector<int>>,
+    UnorderedSequence<UnorderedSequence<int>>,
+    UnorderedSequence<TypeErasedSet<int>>, TypeErasedSet<std::vector<int>>,
+    TypeErasedSet<UnorderedSequence<int>>, TypeErasedSet<TypeErasedSet<int>>>;
+INSTANTIATE_TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(My, HashValueNestedSequenceTest,
+                               NestedIntSequenceTypes);
+
+template <typename T>
+class HashValueAssociativeMapTest : public testing::Test {};
+TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(HashValueAssociativeMapTest);
+
+TYPED_TEST_P(HashValueAssociativeMapTest, BasicUsage) {
+  using M = TypeParam;
+  using V = typename M::value_type;
+  std::vector<M> exemplars{M{},
+                           M{V{0, "foo"}},
+                           M{V{1, "foo"}},
+                           M{V{0, "bar"}},
+                           M{V{1, "bar"}},
+                           M{V{0, "foo"}, V{42, "bar"}},
+                           M{V{42, "bar"}, V{0, "foo"}},
+                           M{V{1, "foo"}, V{42, "bar"}},
+                           M{V{1, "foo"}, V{43, "bar"}},
+                           M{V{1, "foo"}, V{43, "baz"}}};
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::VerifyTypeImplementsAbslHashCorrectly(exemplars));
+}
+
+REGISTER_TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(HashValueAssociativeMapTest, BasicUsage);
+using AssociativeMapTypes = testing::Types<
+    std::map<int, std::string>, std::unordered_map<int, std::string>,
+    absl::flat_hash_map<int, std::string>,
+    absl::node_hash_map<int, std::string>, absl::btree_map<int, std::string>,
+    UnorderedSequence<std::pair<const int, std::string>>>;
+INSTANTIATE_TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(My, HashValueAssociativeMapTest,
+                               AssociativeMapTypes);
+
+template <typename T>
+class HashValueAssociativeMultimapTest : public testing::Test {};
+TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(HashValueAssociativeMultimapTest);
+
+TYPED_TEST_P(HashValueAssociativeMultimapTest, BasicUsage) {
+  using MM = TypeParam;
+  using V = typename MM::value_type;
+  std::vector<MM> exemplars{MM{},
+                            MM{V{0, "foo"}},
+                            MM{V{1, "foo"}},
+                            MM{V{0, "bar"}},
+                            MM{V{1, "bar"}},
+                            MM{V{0, "foo"}, V{0, "bar"}},
+                            MM{V{0, "bar"}, V{0, "foo"}},
+                            MM{V{0, "foo"}, V{42, "bar"}},
+                            MM{V{1, "foo"}, V{42, "bar"}},
+                            MM{V{1, "foo"}, V{1, "foo"}, V{43, "bar"}},
+                            MM{V{1, "foo"}, V{43, "bar"}, V{1, "foo"}},
+                            MM{V{1, "foo"}, V{43, "baz"}}};
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::VerifyTypeImplementsAbslHashCorrectly(exemplars));
+}
+
+REGISTER_TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(HashValueAssociativeMultimapTest, BasicUsage);
+using AssociativeMultimapTypes =
+    testing::Types<std::multimap<int, std::string>,
+                   std::unordered_multimap<int, std::string>>;
+INSTANTIATE_TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(My, HashValueAssociativeMultimapTest,
+                               AssociativeMultimapTypes);
+
+}  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/hash/hash_test.cc b/absl/hash/hash_test.cc
index ffa45e6e..a0e2e4a7 100644
--- a/absl/hash/hash_test.cc
+++ b/absl/hash/hash_test.cc
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <array>
 #include <bitset>
+#include <cstdint>
 #include <cstring>
 #include <deque>
 #include <forward_list>
@@ -47,59 +48,21 @@
 #include "absl/container/node_hash_map.h"
 #include "absl/container/node_hash_set.h"
 #include "absl/hash/hash_testing.h"
+#include "absl/hash/internal/hash_test.h"
 #include "absl/hash/internal/spy_hash_state.h"
 #include "absl/meta/type_traits.h"
 #include "absl/numeric/int128.h"
 #include "absl/strings/cord_test_helpers.h"
 
-namespace {
-
-// Utility wrapper of T for the purposes of testing the `AbslHash` type erasure
-// mechanism.  `TypeErasedValue<T>` can be constructed with a `T`, and can
-// be compared and hashed.  However, all hashing goes through the hashing
-// type-erasure framework.
-template <typename T>
-class TypeErasedValue {
- public:
-  TypeErasedValue() = default;
-  TypeErasedValue(const TypeErasedValue&) = default;
-  TypeErasedValue(TypeErasedValue&&) = default;
-  explicit TypeErasedValue(const T& n) : n_(n) {}
-
-  template <typename H>
-  friend H AbslHashValue(H hash_state, const TypeErasedValue& v) {
-    v.HashValue(absl::HashState::Create(&hash_state));
-    return hash_state;
-  }
-
-  void HashValue(absl::HashState state) const {
-    absl::HashState::combine(std::move(state), n_);
-  }
+#ifdef ABSL_HAVE_STD_STRING_VIEW
+#include <string_view>
+#endif
 
-  bool operator==(const TypeErasedValue& rhs) const { return n_ == rhs.n_; }
-  bool operator!=(const TypeErasedValue& rhs) const { return !(*this == rhs); }
+namespace {
 
- private:
-  T n_;
-};
-
-// A TypeErasedValue refinement, for containers.  It exposes the wrapped
-// `value_type` and is constructible from an initializer list.
-template <typename T>
-class TypeErasedContainer : public TypeErasedValue<T> {
- public:
-  using value_type = typename T::value_type;
-  TypeErasedContainer() = default;
-  TypeErasedContainer(const TypeErasedContainer&) = default;
-  TypeErasedContainer(TypeErasedContainer&&) = default;
-  explicit TypeErasedContainer(const T& n) : TypeErasedValue<T>(n) {}
-  TypeErasedContainer(std::initializer_list<value_type> init_list)
-      : TypeErasedContainer(T(init_list.begin(), init_list.end())) {}
-  // one-argument constructor of value type T, to appease older toolchains that
-  // get confused by one-element initializer lists in some contexts
-  explicit TypeErasedContainer(const value_type& v)
-      : TypeErasedContainer(T(&v, &v + 1)) {}
-};
+using ::absl::hash_test_internal::is_hashable;
+using ::absl::hash_test_internal::TypeErasedContainer;
+using ::absl::hash_test_internal::TypeErasedValue;
 
 template <typename T>
 using TypeErasedVector = TypeErasedContainer<std::vector<T>>;
@@ -117,11 +80,6 @@ SpyHashState SpyHash(const T& value) {
   return SpyHashState::combine(SpyHashState(), value);
 }
 
-// Helper trait to verify if T is hashable. We use absl::Hash's poison status to
-// detect it.
-template <typename T>
-using is_hashable = std::is_default_constructible<absl::Hash<T>>;
-
 TYPED_TEST_P(HashValueIntTest, BasicUsage) {
   EXPECT_TRUE((is_hashable<TypeParam>::value));
 
@@ -222,7 +180,7 @@ TEST(HashValueTest, PointerAlignment) {
     // Limit the scope to the bits we would be using for Swisstable.
     constexpr size_t kMask = (1 << (kLog2NumValues + 7)) - 1;
     size_t stuck_bits = (~bits_or | bits_and) & kMask;
-    EXPECT_EQ(stuck_bits, 0) << "0x" << std::hex << stuck_bits;
+    EXPECT_EQ(stuck_bits, 0u) << "0x" << std::hex << stuck_bits;
   }
 }
 
@@ -487,6 +445,47 @@ TEST(HashValueTest, U32String) {
       std::u32string(U"Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn"))));
 }
 
+TEST(HashValueTest, WStringView) {
+#ifndef ABSL_HAVE_STD_STRING_VIEW
+  GTEST_SKIP();
+#else
+  EXPECT_TRUE((is_hashable<std::wstring_view>::value));
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::VerifyTypeImplementsAbslHashCorrectly(std::make_tuple(
+      std::wstring_view(), std::wstring_view(L"ABC"), std::wstring_view(L"ABC"),
+      std::wstring_view(L"Some other different string_view"),
+      std::wstring_view(L"Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn"))));
+#endif
+}
+
+TEST(HashValueTest, U16StringView) {
+#ifndef ABSL_HAVE_STD_STRING_VIEW
+  GTEST_SKIP();
+#else
+  EXPECT_TRUE((is_hashable<std::u16string_view>::value));
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::VerifyTypeImplementsAbslHashCorrectly(
+      std::make_tuple(std::u16string_view(), std::u16string_view(u"ABC"),
+                      std::u16string_view(u"ABC"),
+                      std::u16string_view(u"Some other different string_view"),
+                      std::u16string_view(u"Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn"))));
+#endif
+}
+
+TEST(HashValueTest, U32StringView) {
+#ifndef ABSL_HAVE_STD_STRING_VIEW
+  GTEST_SKIP();
+#else
+  EXPECT_TRUE((is_hashable<std::u32string_view>::value));
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::VerifyTypeImplementsAbslHashCorrectly(
+      std::make_tuple(std::u32string_view(), std::u32string_view(U"ABC"),
+                      std::u32string_view(U"ABC"),
+                      std::u32string_view(U"Some other different string_view"),
+                      std::u32string_view(U"Iñtërnâtiônàlizætiøn"))));
+#endif
+}
+
 TEST(HashValueTest, StdArray) {
   EXPECT_TRUE((is_hashable<std::array<int, 3>>::value));
 
@@ -520,121 +519,6 @@ TEST(HashValueTest, StdBitset) {
        std::bitset<kNumBits>(bit_strings[5].c_str())}));
 }  // namespace
 
-// Dummy type with unordered equality and hashing semantics.  This preserves
-// input order internally, and is used below to ensure we get test coverage
-// for equal sequences with different iteraton orders.
-template <typename T>
-class UnorderedSequence {
- public:
-  UnorderedSequence() = default;
-  template <typename TT>
-  UnorderedSequence(std::initializer_list<TT> l)
-      : values_(l.begin(), l.end()) {}
-  template <typename ForwardIterator,
-            typename std::enable_if<!std::is_integral<ForwardIterator>::value,
-                                    bool>::type = true>
-  UnorderedSequence(ForwardIterator begin, ForwardIterator end)
-      : values_(begin, end) {}
-  // one-argument constructor of value type T, to appease older toolchains that
-  // get confused by one-element initializer lists in some contexts
-  explicit UnorderedSequence(const T& v) : values_(&v, &v + 1) {}
-
-  using value_type = T;
-
-  size_t size() const { return values_.size(); }
-  typename std::vector<T>::const_iterator begin() const {
-    return values_.begin();
-  }
-  typename std::vector<T>::const_iterator end() const { return values_.end(); }
-
-  friend bool operator==(const UnorderedSequence& lhs,
-                         const UnorderedSequence& rhs) {
-    return lhs.size() == rhs.size() &&
-           std::is_permutation(lhs.begin(), lhs.end(), rhs.begin());
-  }
-  friend bool operator!=(const UnorderedSequence& lhs,
-                         const UnorderedSequence& rhs) {
-    return !(lhs == rhs);
-  }
-  template <typename H>
-  friend H AbslHashValue(H h, const UnorderedSequence& u) {
-    return H::combine(H::combine_unordered(std::move(h), u.begin(), u.end()),
-                      u.size());
-  }
-
- private:
-  std::vector<T> values_;
-};
-
-template <typename T>
-class HashValueSequenceTest : public testing::Test {
-};
-TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(HashValueSequenceTest);
-
-TYPED_TEST_P(HashValueSequenceTest, BasicUsage) {
-  EXPECT_TRUE((is_hashable<TypeParam>::value));
-
-  using IntType = typename TypeParam::value_type;
-  auto a = static_cast<IntType>(0);
-  auto b = static_cast<IntType>(23);
-  auto c = static_cast<IntType>(42);
-
-  std::vector<TypeParam> exemplars = {
-      TypeParam(),        TypeParam(),        TypeParam{a, b, c},
-      TypeParam{a, c, b}, TypeParam{c, a, b}, TypeParam{a},
-      TypeParam{a, a},    TypeParam{a, a, a}, TypeParam{a, a, b},
-      TypeParam{a, b, a}, TypeParam{b, a, a}, TypeParam{a, b},
-      TypeParam{b, c}};
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::VerifyTypeImplementsAbslHashCorrectly(exemplars));
-}
-
-REGISTER_TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(HashValueSequenceTest, BasicUsage);
-using IntSequenceTypes = testing::Types<
-    std::deque<int>, std::forward_list<int>, std::list<int>, std::vector<int>,
-    std::vector<bool>, TypeErasedContainer<std::vector<int>>, std::set<int>,
-    std::multiset<int>, UnorderedSequence<int>,
-    TypeErasedContainer<UnorderedSequence<int>>, std::unordered_set<int>,
-    std::unordered_multiset<int>, absl::flat_hash_set<int>,
-    absl::node_hash_set<int>, absl::btree_set<int>>;
-INSTANTIATE_TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(My, HashValueSequenceTest, IntSequenceTypes);
-
-template <typename T>
-class HashValueNestedSequenceTest : public testing::Test {};
-TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(HashValueNestedSequenceTest);
-
-TYPED_TEST_P(HashValueNestedSequenceTest, BasicUsage) {
-  using T = TypeParam;
-  using V = typename T::value_type;
-  std::vector<T> exemplars = {
-      // empty case
-      T{},
-      // sets of empty sets
-      T{V{}}, T{V{}, V{}}, T{V{}, V{}, V{}},
-      // multisets of different values
-      T{V{1}}, T{V{1, 1}, V{1, 1}}, T{V{1, 1, 1}, V{1, 1, 1}, V{1, 1, 1}},
-      // various orderings of same nested sets
-      T{V{}, V{1, 2}}, T{V{}, V{2, 1}}, T{V{1, 2}, V{}}, T{V{2, 1}, V{}},
-      // various orderings of various nested sets, case 2
-      T{V{1, 2}, V{3, 4}}, T{V{1, 2}, V{4, 3}}, T{V{1, 3}, V{2, 4}},
-      T{V{1, 3}, V{4, 2}}, T{V{1, 4}, V{2, 3}}, T{V{1, 4}, V{3, 2}},
-      T{V{2, 3}, V{1, 4}}, T{V{2, 3}, V{4, 1}}, T{V{2, 4}, V{1, 3}},
-      T{V{2, 4}, V{3, 1}}, T{V{3, 4}, V{1, 2}}, T{V{3, 4}, V{2, 1}}};
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::VerifyTypeImplementsAbslHashCorrectly(exemplars));
-}
-
-REGISTER_TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(HashValueNestedSequenceTest, BasicUsage);
-template <typename T>
-using TypeErasedSet = TypeErasedContainer<UnorderedSequence<T>>;
-
-using NestedIntSequenceTypes = testing::Types<
-    std::vector<std::vector<int>>, std::vector<UnorderedSequence<int>>,
-    std::vector<TypeErasedSet<int>>, UnorderedSequence<std::vector<int>>,
-    UnorderedSequence<UnorderedSequence<int>>,
-    UnorderedSequence<TypeErasedSet<int>>, TypeErasedSet<std::vector<int>>,
-    TypeErasedSet<UnorderedSequence<int>>, TypeErasedSet<TypeErasedSet<int>>>;
-INSTANTIATE_TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(My, HashValueNestedSequenceTest,
-                              NestedIntSequenceTypes);
-
 // Private type that only supports AbslHashValue to make sure our chosen hash
 // implementation is recursive within absl::Hash.
 // It uses std::abs() on the value to provide different bitwise representations
@@ -737,10 +621,10 @@ TEST(HashValueTest, CombinePiecewiseBuffer) {
   //
   // This test is run on a buffer that is a multiple of the stride size, and one
   // that isn't.
-  for (size_t big_buffer_size : {1024 * 2 + 512, 1024 * 3}) {
+  for (size_t big_buffer_size : {1024u * 2 + 512u, 1024u * 3}) {
     SCOPED_TRACE(big_buffer_size);
     std::string big_buffer;
-    for (int i = 0; i < big_buffer_size; ++i) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < big_buffer_size; ++i) {
       // Arbitrary string
       big_buffer.push_back(32 + (i * (i / 3)) % 64);
     }
@@ -793,64 +677,6 @@ TEST(HashValueTest, Variant) {
 #endif
 }
 
-template <typename T>
-class HashValueAssociativeMapTest : public testing::Test {};
-TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(HashValueAssociativeMapTest);
-
-TYPED_TEST_P(HashValueAssociativeMapTest, BasicUsage) {
-  using M = TypeParam;
-  using V = typename M::value_type;
-  std::vector<M> exemplars{M{},
-                           M{V{0, "foo"}},
-                           M{V{1, "foo"}},
-                           M{V{0, "bar"}},
-                           M{V{1, "bar"}},
-                           M{V{0, "foo"}, V{42, "bar"}},
-                           M{V{42, "bar"}, V{0, "foo"}},
-                           M{V{1, "foo"}, V{42, "bar"}},
-                           M{V{1, "foo"}, V{43, "bar"}},
-                           M{V{1, "foo"}, V{43, "baz"}}};
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::VerifyTypeImplementsAbslHashCorrectly(exemplars));
-}
-
-REGISTER_TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(HashValueAssociativeMapTest, BasicUsage);
-using AssociativeMapTypes = testing::Types<
-    std::map<int, std::string>, std::unordered_map<int, std::string>,
-    absl::flat_hash_map<int, std::string>,
-    absl::node_hash_map<int, std::string>, absl::btree_map<int, std::string>,
-    UnorderedSequence<std::pair<const int, std::string>>>;
-INSTANTIATE_TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(My, HashValueAssociativeMapTest,
-                              AssociativeMapTypes);
-
-template <typename T>
-class HashValueAssociativeMultimapTest : public testing::Test {};
-TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(HashValueAssociativeMultimapTest);
-
-TYPED_TEST_P(HashValueAssociativeMultimapTest, BasicUsage) {
-  using MM = TypeParam;
-  using V = typename MM::value_type;
-  std::vector<MM> exemplars{MM{},
-                            MM{V{0, "foo"}},
-                            MM{V{1, "foo"}},
-                            MM{V{0, "bar"}},
-                            MM{V{1, "bar"}},
-                            MM{V{0, "foo"}, V{0, "bar"}},
-                            MM{V{0, "bar"}, V{0, "foo"}},
-                            MM{V{0, "foo"}, V{42, "bar"}},
-                            MM{V{1, "foo"}, V{42, "bar"}},
-                            MM{V{1, "foo"}, V{1, "foo"}, V{43, "bar"}},
-                            MM{V{1, "foo"}, V{43, "bar"}, V{1, "foo"}},
-                            MM{V{1, "foo"}, V{43, "baz"}}};
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::VerifyTypeImplementsAbslHashCorrectly(exemplars));
-}
-
-REGISTER_TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(HashValueAssociativeMultimapTest, BasicUsage);
-using AssociativeMultimapTypes =
-    testing::Types<std::multimap<int, std::string>,
-                   std::unordered_multimap<int, std::string>>;
-INSTANTIATE_TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(My, HashValueAssociativeMultimapTest,
-                              AssociativeMultimapTypes);
-
 TEST(HashValueTest, ReferenceWrapper) {
   EXPECT_TRUE(is_hashable<std::reference_wrapper<Private>>::value);
 
@@ -904,8 +730,8 @@ TEST(IsHashableTest, PoisonHash) {
   EXPECT_FALSE(absl::is_copy_assignable<absl::Hash<X>>::value);
   EXPECT_FALSE(absl::is_move_assignable<absl::Hash<X>>::value);
   EXPECT_FALSE(IsHashCallable<X>::value);
-#if !defined(__GNUC__) || __GNUC__ < 9
-  // This doesn't compile on GCC 9.
+#if !defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
+  // TODO(b/144368551): As of GCC 8.4 this does not compile.
   EXPECT_FALSE(IsAggregateInitializable<absl::Hash<X>>::value);
 #endif
 }
@@ -1135,10 +961,10 @@ TEST(HashTest, HashNonUniquelyRepresentedType) {
   unsigned char buffer2[kNumStructs * sizeof(StructWithPadding)];
   std::memset(buffer2, 255, sizeof(buffer2));
   auto* s2 = reinterpret_cast<StructWithPadding*>(buffer2);
-  for (int i = 0; i < kNumStructs; ++i) {
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < kNumStructs; ++i) {
     SCOPED_TRACE(i);
-    s1[i].c = s2[i].c = '0' + i;
-    s1[i].i = s2[i].i = i;
+    s1[i].c = s2[i].c = static_cast<char>('0' + i);
+    s1[i].i = s2[i].i = static_cast<int>(i);
     ASSERT_FALSE(memcmp(buffer1 + i * sizeof(StructWithPadding),
                         buffer2 + i * sizeof(StructWithPadding),
                         sizeof(StructWithPadding)) == 0)
@@ -1226,7 +1052,9 @@ struct ValueWithBoolConversion {
 namespace std {
 template <>
 struct hash<ValueWithBoolConversion> {
-  size_t operator()(ValueWithBoolConversion v) { return v.i; }
+  size_t operator()(ValueWithBoolConversion v) {
+    return static_cast<size_t>(v.i);
+  }
 };
 }  // namespace std
 
@@ -1239,14 +1067,24 @@ TEST(HashTest, DoesNotUseImplicitConversionsToBool) {
 
 TEST(HashOf, MatchesHashForSingleArgument) {
   std::string s = "forty two";
-  int i = 42;
   double d = 42.0;
   std::tuple<int, int> t{4, 2};
+  int i = 42;
+  int neg_i = -42;
+  int16_t i16 = 42;
+  int16_t neg_i16 = -42;
+  int8_t i8 = 42;
+  int8_t neg_i8 = -42;
 
   EXPECT_EQ(absl::HashOf(s), absl::Hash<std::string>{}(s));
-  EXPECT_EQ(absl::HashOf(i), absl::Hash<int>{}(i));
   EXPECT_EQ(absl::HashOf(d), absl::Hash<double>{}(d));
   EXPECT_EQ(absl::HashOf(t), (absl::Hash<std::tuple<int, int>>{}(t)));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::HashOf(i), absl::Hash<int>{}(i));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::HashOf(neg_i), absl::Hash<int>{}(neg_i));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::HashOf(i16), absl::Hash<int16_t>{}(i16));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::HashOf(neg_i16), absl::Hash<int16_t>{}(neg_i16));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::HashOf(i8), absl::Hash<int8_t>{}(i8));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::HashOf(neg_i8), absl::Hash<int8_t>{}(neg_i8));
 }
 
 TEST(HashOf, MatchesHashOfTupleForMultipleArguments) {
diff --git a/absl/hash/internal/city.cc b/absl/hash/internal/city.cc
index 5460134e..f0d31964 100644
--- a/absl/hash/internal/city.cc
+++ b/absl/hash/internal/city.cc
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ static uint32_t Hash32Len13to24(const char *s, size_t len) {
   uint32_t d = Fetch32(s + (len >> 1));
   uint32_t e = Fetch32(s);
   uint32_t f = Fetch32(s + len - 4);
-  uint32_t h = len;
+  uint32_t h = static_cast<uint32_t>(len);
 
   return fmix(Mur(f, Mur(e, Mur(d, Mur(c, Mur(b, Mur(a, h)))))));
 }
@@ -106,15 +106,15 @@ static uint32_t Hash32Len0to4(const char *s, size_t len) {
   uint32_t b = 0;
   uint32_t c = 9;
   for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
-    signed char v = s[i];
-    b = b * c1 + v;
+    signed char v = static_cast<signed char>(s[i]);
+    b = b * c1 + static_cast<uint32_t>(v);
     c ^= b;
   }
-  return fmix(Mur(b, Mur(len, c)));
+  return fmix(Mur(b, Mur(static_cast<uint32_t>(len), c)));
 }
 
 static uint32_t Hash32Len5to12(const char *s, size_t len) {
-  uint32_t a = len, b = len * 5, c = 9, d = b;
+  uint32_t a = static_cast<uint32_t>(len), b = a * 5, c = 9, d = b;
   a += Fetch32(s);
   b += Fetch32(s + len - 4);
   c += Fetch32(s + ((len >> 1) & 4));
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ uint32_t CityHash32(const char *s, size_t len) {
   }
 
   // len > 24
-  uint32_t h = len, g = c1 * len, f = g;
+  uint32_t h = static_cast<uint32_t>(len), g = c1 * h, f = g;
 
   uint32_t a0 = Rotate32(Fetch32(s + len - 4) * c1, 17) * c2;
   uint32_t a1 = Rotate32(Fetch32(s + len - 8) * c1, 17) * c2;
@@ -230,11 +230,11 @@ static uint64_t HashLen0to16(const char *s, size_t len) {
     return HashLen16(len + (a << 3), Fetch32(s + len - 4), mul);
   }
   if (len > 0) {
-    uint8_t a = s[0];
-    uint8_t b = s[len >> 1];
-    uint8_t c = s[len - 1];
+    uint8_t a = static_cast<uint8_t>(s[0]);
+    uint8_t b = static_cast<uint8_t>(s[len >> 1]);
+    uint8_t c = static_cast<uint8_t>(s[len - 1]);
     uint32_t y = static_cast<uint32_t>(a) + (static_cast<uint32_t>(b) << 8);
-    uint32_t z = len + (static_cast<uint32_t>(c) << 2);
+    uint32_t z = static_cast<uint32_t>(len) + (static_cast<uint32_t>(c) << 2);
     return ShiftMix(y * k2 ^ z * k0) * k2;
   }
   return k2;
diff --git a/absl/hash/internal/hash.h b/absl/hash/internal/hash.h
index 45dfdd46..ef3f3664 100644
--- a/absl/hash/internal/hash.h
+++ b/absl/hash/internal/hash.h
@@ -49,12 +49,17 @@
 #include "absl/hash/internal/city.h"
 #include "absl/hash/internal/low_level_hash.h"
 #include "absl/meta/type_traits.h"
+#include "absl/numeric/bits.h"
 #include "absl/numeric/int128.h"
 #include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
 #include "absl/types/optional.h"
 #include "absl/types/variant.h"
 #include "absl/utility/utility.h"
 
+#ifdef ABSL_HAVE_STD_STRING_VIEW
+#include <string_view>
+#endif
+
 namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 
@@ -423,7 +428,7 @@ H AbslHashValue(H hash_state, std::nullptr_t) {
 
 // AbslHashValue() for hashing pointers-to-member
 template <typename H, typename T, typename C>
-H AbslHashValue(H hash_state, T C::* ptr) {
+H AbslHashValue(H hash_state, T C::*ptr) {
   auto salient_ptm_size = [](std::size_t n) -> std::size_t {
 #if defined(_MSC_VER)
     // Pointers-to-member-function on MSVC consist of one pointer plus 0, 1, 2,
@@ -441,10 +446,10 @@ H AbslHashValue(H hash_state, T C::* ptr) {
       return n == 24 ? 20 : n == 16 ? 12 : n;
     }
 #else
-    // On other platforms, we assume that pointers-to-members do not have
-    // padding.
+  // On other platforms, we assume that pointers-to-members do not have
+  // padding.
 #ifdef __cpp_lib_has_unique_object_representations
-    static_assert(std::has_unique_object_representations_v<T C::*>);
+    static_assert(std::has_unique_object_representations<T C::*>::value);
 #endif  // __cpp_lib_has_unique_object_representations
     return n;
 #endif
@@ -515,14 +520,15 @@ H AbslHashValue(H hash_state, const std::shared_ptr<T>& ptr) {
 // the same character sequence. These types are:
 //
 //  - `absl::Cord`
-//  - `std::string` (and std::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, A> for
-//      any allocator A)
-//  - `absl::string_view` and `std::string_view`
+//  - `std::string` (and std::basic_string<T, std::char_traits<T>, A> for
+//      any allocator A and any T in {char, wchar_t, char16_t, char32_t})
+//  - `absl::string_view`, `std::string_view`, `std::wstring_view`,
+//    `std::u16string_view`, and `std::u32_string_view`.
 //
-// For simplicity, we currently support only `char` strings. This support may
-// be broadened, if necessary, but with some caution - this overload would
-// misbehave in cases where the traits' `eq()` member isn't equivalent to `==`
-// on the underlying character type.
+// For simplicity, we currently support only strings built on `char`, `wchar_t`,
+// `char16_t`, or `char32_t`. This support may be broadened, if necessary, but
+// with some caution - this overload would misbehave in cases where the traits'
+// `eq()` member isn't equivalent to `==` on the underlying character type.
 template <typename H>
 H AbslHashValue(H hash_state, absl::string_view str) {
   return H::combine(
@@ -543,6 +549,21 @@ H AbslHashValue(
       str.size());
 }
 
+#ifdef ABSL_HAVE_STD_STRING_VIEW
+
+// Support std::wstring_view, std::u16string_view and std::u32string_view.
+template <typename Char, typename H,
+          typename = absl::enable_if_t<std::is_same<Char, wchar_t>::value ||
+                                       std::is_same<Char, char16_t>::value ||
+                                       std::is_same<Char, char32_t>::value>>
+H AbslHashValue(H hash_state, std::basic_string_view<Char> str) {
+  return H::combine(
+      H::combine_contiguous(std::move(hash_state), str.data(), str.size()),
+      str.size());
+}
+
+#endif  // ABSL_HAVE_STD_STRING_VIEW
+
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // AbslHashValue for Sequence Containers
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -934,8 +955,8 @@ class ABSL_DLL MixingHashState : public HashStateBase<MixingHashState> {
 #endif  // ABSL_HAVE_INTRINSIC_INT128
 
   static constexpr uint64_t kMul =
-      sizeof(size_t) == 4 ? uint64_t{0xcc9e2d51}
-                          : uint64_t{0x9ddfea08eb382d69};
+  sizeof(size_t) == 4 ? uint64_t{0xcc9e2d51}
+                      : uint64_t{0x9ddfea08eb382d69};
 
   template <typename T>
   using IntegralFastPath =
@@ -968,7 +989,8 @@ class ABSL_DLL MixingHashState : public HashStateBase<MixingHashState> {
   // The result should be the same as running the whole algorithm, but faster.
   template <typename T, absl::enable_if_t<IntegralFastPath<T>::value, int> = 0>
   static size_t hash(T value) {
-    return static_cast<size_t>(Mix(Seed(), static_cast<uint64_t>(value)));
+    return static_cast<size_t>(
+        Mix(Seed(), static_cast<std::make_unsigned_t<T>>(value)));
   }
 
   // Overload of MixingHashState::hash()
@@ -1052,7 +1074,7 @@ class ABSL_DLL MixingHashState : public HashStateBase<MixingHashState> {
     uint64_t most_significant = low_mem;
     uint64_t least_significant = high_mem;
 #endif
-    return {least_significant, most_significant >> (128 - len * 8)};
+    return {least_significant, most_significant};
   }
 
   // Reads 4 to 8 bytes from p. Zero pads to fill uint64_t.
@@ -1072,6 +1094,7 @@ class ABSL_DLL MixingHashState : public HashStateBase<MixingHashState> {
 
   // Reads 1 to 3 bytes from p. Zero pads to fill uint32_t.
   static uint32_t Read1To3(const unsigned char* p, size_t len) {
+    // The trick used by this implementation is to avoid branches if possible.
     unsigned char mem0 = p[0];
     unsigned char mem1 = p[len / 2];
     unsigned char mem2 = p[len - 1];
@@ -1081,7 +1104,7 @@ class ABSL_DLL MixingHashState : public HashStateBase<MixingHashState> {
     unsigned char significant0 = mem0;
 #else
     unsigned char significant2 = mem0;
-    unsigned char significant1 = mem1;
+    unsigned char significant1 = len == 2 ? mem0 : mem1;
     unsigned char significant0 = mem2;
 #endif
     return static_cast<uint32_t>(significant0 |                     //
@@ -1134,7 +1157,8 @@ class ABSL_DLL MixingHashState : public HashStateBase<MixingHashState> {
   // probably per-build and not per-process.
   ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_ALWAYS_INLINE static uint64_t Seed() {
 #if (!defined(__clang__) || __clang_major__ > 11) && \
-    !defined(__apple_build_version__)
+    (!defined(__apple_build_version__) ||            \
+     __apple_build_version__ >= 19558921)  // Xcode 12
     return static_cast<uint64_t>(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(&kSeed));
 #else
     // Workaround the absence of
@@ -1183,9 +1207,22 @@ inline uint64_t MixingHashState::CombineContiguousImpl(
     }
     v = Hash64(first, len);
   } else if (len > 8) {
+    // This hash function was constructed by the ML-driven algorithm discovery
+    // using reinforcement learning. We fed the agent lots of inputs from
+    // microbenchmarks, SMHasher, low hamming distance from generated inputs and
+    // picked up the one that was good on micro and macrobenchmarks.
     auto p = Read9To16(first, len);
-    state = Mix(state, p.first);
-    v = p.second;
+    uint64_t lo = p.first;
+    uint64_t hi = p.second;
+    // Rotation by 53 was found to be most often useful when discovering these
+    // hashing algorithms with ML techniques.
+    lo = absl::rotr(lo, 53);
+    state += kMul;
+    lo += state;
+    state ^= hi;
+    uint128 m = state;
+    m *= lo;
+    return static_cast<uint64_t>(m ^ (m >> 64));
   } else if (len >= 4) {
     v = Read4To8(first, len);
   } else if (len > 0) {
diff --git a/absl/hash/internal/hash_test.h b/absl/hash/internal/hash_test.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9963dc0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/hash/internal/hash_test.h
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+// Common code shared between absl/hash/hash_test.cc and
+// absl/hash/hash_instantiated_test.cc.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_HASH_INTERNAL_HASH_TEST_H_
+#define ABSL_HASH_INTERNAL_HASH_TEST_H_
+
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/hash/hash.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace hash_test_internal {
+
+// Utility wrapper of T for the purposes of testing the `AbslHash` type erasure
+// mechanism.  `TypeErasedValue<T>` can be constructed with a `T`, and can
+// be compared and hashed.  However, all hashing goes through the hashing
+// type-erasure framework.
+template <typename T>
+class TypeErasedValue {
+ public:
+  TypeErasedValue() = default;
+  TypeErasedValue(const TypeErasedValue&) = default;
+  TypeErasedValue(TypeErasedValue&&) = default;
+  explicit TypeErasedValue(const T& n) : n_(n) {}
+
+  template <typename H>
+  friend H AbslHashValue(H hash_state, const TypeErasedValue& v) {
+    v.HashValue(absl::HashState::Create(&hash_state));
+    return hash_state;
+  }
+
+  void HashValue(absl::HashState state) const {
+    absl::HashState::combine(std::move(state), n_);
+  }
+
+  bool operator==(const TypeErasedValue& rhs) const { return n_ == rhs.n_; }
+  bool operator!=(const TypeErasedValue& rhs) const { return !(*this == rhs); }
+
+ private:
+  T n_;
+};
+
+// A TypeErasedValue refinement, for containers.  It exposes the wrapped
+// `value_type` and is constructible from an initializer list.
+template <typename T>
+class TypeErasedContainer : public TypeErasedValue<T> {
+ public:
+  using value_type = typename T::value_type;
+  TypeErasedContainer() = default;
+  TypeErasedContainer(const TypeErasedContainer&) = default;
+  TypeErasedContainer(TypeErasedContainer&&) = default;
+  explicit TypeErasedContainer(const T& n) : TypeErasedValue<T>(n) {}
+  TypeErasedContainer(std::initializer_list<value_type> init_list)
+      : TypeErasedContainer(T(init_list.begin(), init_list.end())) {}
+  // one-argument constructor of value type T, to appease older toolchains that
+  // get confused by one-element initializer lists in some contexts
+  explicit TypeErasedContainer(const value_type& v)
+      : TypeErasedContainer(T(&v, &v + 1)) {}
+};
+
+// Helper trait to verify if T is hashable. We use absl::Hash's poison status to
+// detect it.
+template <typename T>
+using is_hashable = std::is_default_constructible<absl::Hash<T>>;
+
+}  // namespace hash_test_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_HASH_INTERNAL_HASH_TEST_H_
diff --git a/absl/hash/internal/low_level_hash.cc b/absl/hash/internal/low_level_hash.cc
index 6f9cb9c7..b5db0b89 100644
--- a/absl/hash/internal/low_level_hash.cc
+++ b/absl/hash/internal/low_level_hash.cc
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 #include "absl/hash/internal/low_level_hash.h"
 
 #include "absl/base/internal/unaligned_access.h"
-#include "absl/numeric/bits.h"
+#include "absl/base/prefetch.h"
 #include "absl/numeric/int128.h"
 
 namespace absl {
@@ -23,24 +23,15 @@ ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 namespace hash_internal {
 
 static uint64_t Mix(uint64_t v0, uint64_t v1) {
-#if !defined(__aarch64__)
-  // The default bit-mixer uses 64x64->128-bit multiplication.
   absl::uint128 p = v0;
   p *= v1;
   return absl::Uint128Low64(p) ^ absl::Uint128High64(p);
-#else
-  // The default bit-mixer above would perform poorly on some ARM microarchs,
-  // where calculating a 128-bit product requires a sequence of two
-  // instructions with a high combined latency and poor throughput.
-  // Instead, we mix bits using only 64-bit arithmetic, which is faster.
-  uint64_t p = v0 ^ absl::rotl(v1, 40);
-  p *= v1 ^ absl::rotl(v0, 39);
-  return p ^ (p >> 11);
-#endif
 }
 
 uint64_t LowLevelHash(const void* data, size_t len, uint64_t seed,
-                      const uint64_t salt[]) {
+                      const uint64_t salt[5]) {
+  // Prefetch the cacheline that data resides in.
+  PrefetchToLocalCache(data);
   const uint8_t* ptr = static_cast<const uint8_t*>(data);
   uint64_t starting_length = static_cast<uint64_t>(len);
   uint64_t current_state = seed ^ salt[0];
@@ -52,6 +43,9 @@ uint64_t LowLevelHash(const void* data, size_t len, uint64_t seed,
     uint64_t duplicated_state = current_state;
 
     do {
+      // Always prefetch the next cacheline.
+      PrefetchToLocalCache(ptr + ABSL_CACHELINE_SIZE);
+
       uint64_t a = absl::base_internal::UnalignedLoad64(ptr);
       uint64_t b = absl::base_internal::UnalignedLoad64(ptr + 8);
       uint64_t c = absl::base_internal::UnalignedLoad64(ptr + 16);
@@ -106,7 +100,8 @@ uint64_t LowLevelHash(const void* data, size_t len, uint64_t seed,
   } else if (len > 0) {
     // If we have at least 1 and at most 3 bytes, read all of the provided
     // bits into A, with some adjustments.
-    a = ((ptr[0] << 16) | (ptr[len >> 1] << 8) | ptr[len - 1]);
+    a = static_cast<uint64_t>((ptr[0] << 16) | (ptr[len >> 1] << 8) |
+                              ptr[len - 1]);
     b = 0;
   } else {
     a = 0;
diff --git a/absl/hash/internal/low_level_hash_test.cc b/absl/hash/internal/low_level_hash_test.cc
index ae930b34..589a3d8f 100644
--- a/absl/hash/internal/low_level_hash_test.cc
+++ b/absl/hash/internal/low_level_hash_test.cc
@@ -452,54 +452,6 @@ TEST(LowLevelHashTest, VerifyGolden) {
       0xdd497891465a2cc1, 0x6f1fe8c57a33072e, 0x2c9f4ec078c460c0,
       0x9a725bde8f6a1437, 0x6ce545fa3ef61e4d,
   };
-#elif defined(__aarch64__)
-  constexpr uint64_t kGolden[kNumGoldenOutputs] = {
-      0x45c0aadee165dcbe, 0x25ed8587f6f20d06, 0x5f23ae668ce7926d,
-      0xfef74d1da0846719, 0x54478408e68cb7d4, 0xee27ddaf88c6fe68,
-      0xb7ac7031e81867ca, 0xf1168f818ec6c36d, 0x1dd0b734a83b019a,
-      0xd6ae30d4142b54fe, 0xcd860c721ccb80fb, 0x068acf8493794756,
-      0xd4ada0be58681307, 0x13ffe0f64ca540ed, 0xffc1d7a3401aec02,
-      0xd81c4d865cf95fb9, 0x1dd0793acede62e0, 0xa6722abbca8fe4cf,
-      0x5453d3e4111a7e40, 0xf29b3e3204c9dcd2, 0x23be2980e43117f7,
-      0x74e2ccbc286f08eb, 0x19ef7c0f9496003a, 0xbfbf1c3e49b27987,
-      0x6e6c179eb4a82c70, 0x07f4e184216bc4fc, 0xf17fbc4254927554,
-      0xe57696b70a45b1b6, 0x6d3b144631b320e8, 0xccf8729792c75a2d,
-      0xe832495b41fa980b, 0x5c96cfdc7b227d34, 0xc4dca234ef4e43f4,
-      0x5fc801abf9abe307, 0xe41e3c5076d88f4d, 0x522346200ddec3c3,
-      0x72bed1946fd7aaa4, 0x0ac1f84dcc335f96, 0x3af78db5e0a47670,
-      0x6100ebf1481f1caf, 0xf5fd10037fc651a3, 0xa01227d8944665f3,
-      0x7217681c4bbc9420, 0x4adee538e3eb10d1, 0x35e1761ad96de9a7,
-      0x8b370aef9613bfba, 0x824506f749eeaf59, 0x85e805fa04423991,
-      0xb61e9c33283c3de7, 0xc79721bbcb039ed6, 0x04e1c19a3a1e6639,
-      0x6aaf6346b68dd638, 0x601a4b496be6d0c4, 0x3ece355f91c41787,
-      0xd2fc8998448d7888, 0xd7529804f843efa9, 0xabdcc38a288536aa,
-      0xdd323e48a9718648, 0x2090279c0030a52a, 0xe2f90faca88a3cd1,
-      0x3e0c4e92fc50e4aa, 0xa26d308798e801dd, 0x432eefeedee8c02e,
-      0xca4ce494614b77df, 0xbba82911e838066d, 0x4b00821016adee4b,
-      0x4cf6e526dfb5a20f, 0x5b8466495142cba2, 0xe28ac1406e88a68c,
-      0x8511e5f9d3100999, 0x05acbfe02798890b, 0x74c249c7ce4a8425,
-      0xdbe7468d09bc34bc, 0x11079ab10e3b9b58, 0xb7788dec9032035a,
-      0xb7e8daa786513f80, 0x34c3288831f46b45, 0x014cce5f0c21ecc6,
-      0xc6a8f7b024551a28, 0x49784e902e207fd8, 0x4720d32af0b55158,
-      0x8df3ec5de0c1da00, 0xf4db677b2c9e6853, 0xaa419abea78d312d,
-      0x181e0f91bd757443, 0xa8c45136fada083b, 0x91303b93f5f0582c,
-      0x883b95c6ddc62a08, 0x93186a8875fe952b, 0xd94f533928e957e2,
-      0x6ba343003e10c172, 0xc8623b620c715d6a, 0x8ca0c512e180e244,
-      0xdc9b74c2536b6216, 0x8eb5fdc61b295d96, 0x2ad83966b37c95ba,
-      0xb90bf154ac5edec9, 0x902cf847b326cfb3, 0x7b02d0c0ca7808ca,
-      0x492f310d003ea15f, 0x3eb6497a47c95990, 0x5d46b0ced31428b7,
-      0x081afa67d1986157, 0x043482ec286b20eb, 0xc103c8f18c1a2a53,
-      0xe8e9995a81481e83, 0x6bb3295822bc90b5, 0xeec75297a3fa5672,
-      0x591c8440c4857412, 0x74947f455aaf24ad, 0xcf0e571586ec77a9,
-      0x0c2553ea8c0400ad, 0x380219118066255f, 0x7595adb88b15ebe2,
-      0xb33c00696c64ae23, 0xa143516ddd7c9857, 0x39179af229248d26,
-      0x65d387a6f2ee2079, 0x89f8a9b21cd2f195, 0xbfef032d25df92e6,
-      0x6b7e18a36c69da71, 0x4b3b15f6c28974e6, 0x032a75917f6c544c,
-      0xe3b97ecca6d287cd, 0xa4a563110d3cda81, 0x35e09e8134f4e7f1,
-      0xc9419dd03a9a390e, 0x7b86fae9000fd329, 0x1e044f8d54fe74c3,
-      0x9c4991d7a47e9666, 0xfb485f3a1df4fdb6, 0xb11519969eeb94ff,
-      0x3224ea1c44caeb8d, 0x86570bbd7cc6b80d,
-  };
 #else
   constexpr uint64_t kGolden[kNumGoldenOutputs] = {
       0xe5a40d39ab796423, 0x1766974bf7527d81, 0x5c3bbbe230db17a8,
diff --git a/absl/log/BUILD.bazel b/absl/log/BUILD.bazel
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e1410637
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/BUILD.bazel
@@ -0,0 +1,597 @@
+#
+# Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+#
+
+load(
+    "//absl:copts/configure_copts.bzl",
+    "ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS",
+    "ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS",
+    "ABSL_TEST_COPTS",
+)
+
+package(default_visibility = ["//visibility:public"])
+
+licenses(["notice"])
+
+# Public targets
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "absl_check",
+    hdrs = ["absl_check.h"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        "//absl/log/internal:check_impl",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "absl_log",
+    hdrs = ["absl_log.h"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        "//absl/log/internal:log_impl",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "check",
+    hdrs = ["check.h"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        "//absl/log/internal:check_impl",
+        "//absl/log/internal:check_op",
+        "//absl/log/internal:conditions",
+        "//absl/log/internal:log_message",
+        "//absl/log/internal:strip",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "die_if_null",
+    srcs = ["die_if_null.cc"],
+    hdrs = ["die_if_null.h"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        ":log",
+        "//absl/base:config",
+        "//absl/base:core_headers",
+        "//absl/strings",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "flags",
+    srcs = ["flags.cc"],
+    hdrs = ["flags.h"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    visibility = ["//visibility:public"],
+    deps = [
+        ":globals",
+        "//absl/base:config",
+        "//absl/base:core_headers",
+        "//absl/base:log_severity",
+        "//absl/flags:flag",
+        "//absl/flags:marshalling",
+        "//absl/log/internal:config",
+        "//absl/log/internal:flags",
+        "//absl/strings",
+    ],
+    # Binaries which do not access these flags from C++ still want this library linked in.
+    alwayslink = True,
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "globals",
+    srcs = ["globals.cc"],
+    hdrs = ["globals.h"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    visibility = ["//visibility:public"],
+    deps = [
+        "//absl/base:atomic_hook",
+        "//absl/base:config",
+        "//absl/base:core_headers",
+        "//absl/base:log_severity",
+        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
+        "//absl/hash",
+        "//absl/strings",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "initialize",
+    srcs = ["initialize.cc"],
+    hdrs = ["initialize.h"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    visibility = ["//visibility:public"],
+    deps = [
+        ":globals",
+        "//absl/base:config",
+        "//absl/log/internal:globals",
+        "//absl/time",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "log",
+    hdrs = ["log.h"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        "//absl/log/internal:log_impl",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "log_entry",
+    srcs = ["log_entry.cc"],
+    hdrs = ["log_entry.h"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        "//absl/base:config",
+        "//absl/base:core_headers",
+        "//absl/base:log_severity",
+        "//absl/log/internal:config",
+        "//absl/strings",
+        "//absl/time",
+        "//absl/types:span",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "log_sink",
+    srcs = ["log_sink.cc"],
+    hdrs = ["log_sink.h"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        ":log_entry",
+        "//absl/base:config",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "log_sink_registry",
+    hdrs = ["log_sink_registry.h"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        ":log_sink",
+        "//absl/base:config",
+        "//absl/log/internal:log_sink_set",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "log_streamer",
+    hdrs = ["log_streamer.h"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        ":absl_log",
+        "//absl/base:config",
+        "//absl/base:log_severity",
+        "//absl/strings",
+        "//absl/strings:internal",
+        "//absl/types:optional",
+        "//absl/utility",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "scoped_mock_log",
+    testonly = True,
+    srcs = ["scoped_mock_log.cc"],
+    hdrs = ["scoped_mock_log.h"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        ":log_entry",
+        ":log_sink",
+        ":log_sink_registry",
+        "//absl/base:config",
+        "//absl/base:log_severity",
+        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
+        "//absl/strings",
+        "@com_google_googletest//:gtest",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "structured",
+    hdrs = ["structured.h"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        "//absl/base:config",
+        "//absl/log/internal:structured",
+        "//absl/strings",
+    ],
+)
+
+# Test targets
+
+cc_test(
+    name = "absl_check_test",
+    size = "small",
+    srcs = ["absl_check_test.cc"],
+    copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    tags = [
+        "no_test:os:ios",
+        "no_test_ios",
+        "no_test_wasm",
+    ],
+    deps = [
+        ":absl_check",
+        ":check_test_impl",
+        "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_test(
+    name = "absl_log_basic_test",
+    size = "small",
+    srcs = ["absl_log_basic_test.cc"],
+    copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        ":absl_log",
+        ":log_basic_test_impl",
+        "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_test(
+    name = "check_test",
+    size = "small",
+    srcs = ["check_test.cc"],
+    copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    tags = [
+        "no_test:os:ios",
+        "no_test_ios",
+        "no_test_wasm",
+    ],
+    deps = [
+        ":check",
+        ":check_test_impl",
+        "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "check_test_impl",
+    testonly = True,
+    copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    tags = [
+        "no_test:os:ios",
+        "no_test_ios",
+        "no_test_wasm",
+    ],
+    textual_hdrs = ["check_test_impl.inc"],
+    visibility = ["//visibility:private"],
+    deps = [
+        "//absl/base:config",
+        "//absl/base:core_headers",
+        "//absl/log/internal:test_helpers",
+        "//absl/status",
+        "@com_google_googletest//:gtest",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_test(
+    name = "die_if_null_test",
+    size = "small",
+    srcs = ["die_if_null_test.cc"],
+    copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        ":die_if_null",
+        "//absl/base:core_headers",
+        "//absl/log/internal:test_helpers",
+        "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_test(
+    name = "flags_test",
+    size = "small",
+    srcs = ["flags_test.cc"],
+    copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        ":flags",
+        ":globals",
+        ":log",
+        ":scoped_mock_log",
+        "//absl/base:core_headers",
+        "//absl/base:log_severity",
+        "//absl/flags:flag",
+        "//absl/flags:reflection",
+        "//absl/log/internal:flags",
+        "//absl/log/internal:test_helpers",
+        "//absl/log/internal:test_matchers",
+        "//absl/strings",
+        "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_test(
+    name = "globals_test",
+    size = "small",
+    srcs = ["globals_test.cc"],
+    copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        ":globals",
+        ":log",
+        ":scoped_mock_log",
+        "//absl/base:core_headers",
+        "//absl/base:log_severity",
+        "//absl/log/internal:globals",
+        "//absl/log/internal:test_helpers",
+        "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_test(
+    name = "log_basic_test",
+    size = "small",
+    srcs = ["log_basic_test.cc"],
+    copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        ":log",
+        ":log_basic_test_impl",
+        "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "log_basic_test_impl",
+    testonly = True,
+    copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    textual_hdrs = ["log_basic_test_impl.inc"],
+    visibility = ["//visibility:private"],
+    deps = [
+        "//absl/base",
+        "//absl/base:log_severity",
+        "//absl/log:globals",
+        "//absl/log:log_entry",
+        "//absl/log:scoped_mock_log",
+        "//absl/log/internal:test_actions",
+        "//absl/log/internal:test_helpers",
+        "//absl/log/internal:test_matchers",
+        "@com_google_googletest//:gtest",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_test(
+    name = "log_entry_test",
+    size = "small",
+    srcs = ["log_entry_test.cc"],
+    copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        ":log_entry",
+        "//absl/base:config",
+        "//absl/base:core_headers",
+        "//absl/base:log_severity",
+        "//absl/log/internal:append_truncated",
+        "//absl/log/internal:format",
+        "//absl/log/internal:test_helpers",
+        "//absl/strings",
+        "//absl/time",
+        "//absl/types:span",
+        "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_test(
+    name = "log_format_test",
+    size = "small",
+    srcs = ["log_format_test.cc"],
+    copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        ":check",
+        ":log",
+        ":scoped_mock_log",
+        "//absl/log/internal:test_matchers",
+        "//absl/strings",
+        "//absl/strings:str_format",
+        "//absl/types:optional",
+        "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_test(
+    name = "log_macro_hygiene_test",
+    size = "small",
+    srcs = ["log_macro_hygiene_test.cc"],
+    copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        ":log",
+        ":scoped_mock_log",
+        "//absl/base:core_headers",
+        "//absl/base:log_severity",
+        "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_test(
+    name = "log_sink_test",
+    size = "medium",
+    srcs = ["log_sink_test.cc"],
+    copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    tags = [
+        "no_test:os:ios",
+        "no_test_ios",
+        "no_test_wasm",
+    ],
+    deps = [
+        ":log",
+        ":log_sink",
+        ":log_sink_registry",
+        ":scoped_mock_log",
+        "//absl/base:core_headers",
+        "//absl/log/internal:test_actions",
+        "//absl/log/internal:test_helpers",
+        "//absl/log/internal:test_matchers",
+        "//absl/strings",
+        "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_test(
+    name = "log_streamer_test",
+    size = "medium",
+    srcs = ["log_streamer_test.cc"],
+    copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        ":log",
+        ":log_streamer",
+        ":scoped_mock_log",
+        "//absl/base",
+        "//absl/base:core_headers",
+        "//absl/base:log_severity",
+        "//absl/log/internal:test_actions",
+        "//absl/log/internal:test_helpers",
+        "//absl/log/internal:test_matchers",
+        "//absl/strings",
+        "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_test(
+    name = "log_modifier_methods_test",
+    size = "small",
+    srcs = ["log_modifier_methods_test.cc"],
+    copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        ":log",
+        ":log_sink",
+        ":scoped_mock_log",
+        "//absl/log/internal:test_actions",
+        "//absl/log/internal:test_helpers",
+        "//absl/log/internal:test_matchers",
+        "//absl/strings",
+        "//absl/time",
+        "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_test(
+    name = "scoped_mock_log_test",
+    size = "small",
+    srcs = ["scoped_mock_log_test.cc"],
+    copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    linkstatic = 1,
+    tags = [
+        "no_test:os:ios",
+        "no_test_ios",
+        "no_test_wasm",
+    ],
+    deps = [
+        ":globals",
+        ":log",
+        ":scoped_mock_log",
+        "//absl/base:core_headers",
+        "//absl/base:log_severity",
+        "//absl/log/internal:test_helpers",
+        "//absl/log/internal:test_matchers",
+        "//absl/memory",
+        "//absl/strings",
+        "//absl/synchronization",
+        "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_test(
+    name = "stripping_test",
+    size = "small",
+    srcs = ["stripping_test.cc"],
+    copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    # This test requires all code live in the binary (instead of shared libraries)
+    # because we test for the existence of specific literals in the binary.
+    linkstatic = 1,
+    deps = [
+        ":check",
+        ":log",
+        "//absl/base:log_severity",
+        "//absl/base:strerror",
+        "//absl/flags:program_name",
+        "//absl/log/internal:test_helpers",
+        "//absl/strings",
+        "//absl/strings:str_format",
+        "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_test(
+    name = "structured_test",
+    size = "small",
+    srcs = ["structured_test.cc"],
+    copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        ":log",
+        ":scoped_mock_log",
+        ":structured",
+        "//absl/base:core_headers",
+        "//absl/log/internal:test_helpers",
+        "//absl/log/internal:test_matchers",
+        "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_binary(
+    name = "log_benchmark",
+    testonly = 1,
+    srcs = ["log_benchmark.cc"],
+    copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    tags = ["benchmark"],
+    deps = [
+        ":check",
+        ":flags",
+        ":globals",
+        ":log",
+        ":log_entry",
+        ":log_sink",
+        ":log_sink_registry",
+        "//absl/base:core_headers",
+        "//absl/base:log_severity",
+        "//absl/flags:flag",
+        "//absl/log/internal:flags",
+        "@com_github_google_benchmark//:benchmark_main",
+    ],
+)
diff --git a/absl/log/CMakeLists.txt b/absl/log/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9320ce59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1042 @@
+# Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+#
+
+# Internal targets
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    log_internal_check_impl
+  SRCS
+  HDRS
+    "internal/check_impl.h"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::core_headers
+    absl::log_internal_check_op
+    absl::log_internal_conditions
+    absl::log_internal_message
+    absl::log_internal_strip
+)
+
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    log_internal_check_op
+  SRCS
+    "internal/check_op.cc"
+  HDRS
+    "internal/check_op.h"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::config
+    absl::core_headers
+    absl::log_internal_nullguard
+    absl::log_internal_nullstream
+    absl::log_internal_strip
+    absl::strings
+)
+
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    log_internal_conditions
+  SRCS
+    "internal/conditions.cc"
+  HDRS
+    "internal/conditions.h"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::base
+    absl::config
+    absl::core_headers
+    absl::log_internal_voidify
+)
+
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    log_internal_config
+  SRCS
+  HDRS
+    "internal/config.h"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::config
+    absl::core_headers
+)
+
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    log_internal_flags
+  SRCS
+  HDRS
+    "internal/flags.h"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::flags
+)
+
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    log_internal_format
+  SRCS
+    "internal/log_format.cc"
+  HDRS
+    "internal/log_format.h"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::config
+    absl::core_headers
+    absl::log_internal_append_truncated
+    absl::log_internal_config
+    absl::log_internal_globals
+    absl::log_severity
+    absl::strings
+    absl::str_format
+    absl::time
+    absl::span
+)
+
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    log_internal_globals
+  SRCS
+    "internal/globals.cc"
+  HDRS
+    "internal/globals.h"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::config
+    absl::core_headers
+    absl::log_severity
+    absl::raw_logging_internal
+    absl::strings
+    absl::time
+)
+
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    log_internal_log_impl
+  SRCS
+  HDRS
+    "internal/log_impl.h"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::log_internal_conditions
+    absl::log_internal_message
+    absl::log_internal_strip
+)
+
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    log_internal_proto
+  SRCS
+    "internal/proto.cc"
+  HDRS
+    "internal/proto.h"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::base
+    absl::config
+    absl::core_headers
+    absl::strings
+    absl::span
+)
+
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    log_internal_message
+  SRCS
+    "internal/log_message.cc"
+  HDRS
+    "internal/log_message.h"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::base
+    absl::config
+    absl::core_headers
+    absl::errno_saver
+    absl::inlined_vector
+    absl::examine_stack
+    absl::log_internal_append_truncated
+    absl::log_internal_format
+    absl::log_internal_globals
+    absl::log_internal_proto
+    absl::log_internal_log_sink_set
+    absl::log_internal_nullguard
+    absl::log_globals
+    absl::log_entry
+    absl::log_severity
+    absl::log_sink
+    absl::log_sink_registry
+    absl::memory
+    absl::raw_logging_internal
+    absl::strings
+    absl::strerror
+    absl::time
+    absl::span
+)
+
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    log_internal_log_sink_set
+  SRCS
+    "internal/log_sink_set.cc"
+  HDRS
+    "internal/log_sink_set.h"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+    $<$<BOOL:${ANDROID}>:-llog>
+  DEPS
+    absl::base
+    absl::cleanup
+    absl::config
+    absl::core_headers
+    absl::log_internal_config
+    absl::log_internal_globals
+    absl::log_globals
+    absl::log_entry
+    absl::log_severity
+    absl::log_sink
+    absl::raw_logging_internal
+    absl::synchronization
+    absl::span
+    absl::strings
+)
+
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    log_internal_nullguard
+  SRCS
+    "internal/nullguard.cc"
+  HDRS
+    "internal/nullguard.h"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::config
+    absl::core_headers
+)
+
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    log_internal_nullstream
+  SRCS
+  HDRS
+    "internal/nullstream.h"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::config
+    absl::core_headers
+    absl::log_severity
+    absl::strings
+)
+
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    log_internal_strip
+  SRCS
+  HDRS
+    "internal/strip.h"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::log_internal_message
+    absl::log_internal_nullstream
+    absl::log_severity
+)
+
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    log_internal_test_actions
+  SRCS
+    "internal/test_actions.cc"
+  HDRS
+    "internal/test_actions.h"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::config
+    absl::core_headers
+    absl::log_entry
+    absl::log_severity
+    absl::strings
+    absl::time
+  TESTONLY
+)
+
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    log_internal_test_helpers
+  SRCS
+    "internal/test_helpers.cc"
+  HDRS
+    "internal/test_helpers.h"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::config
+    absl::log_globals
+    absl::log_initialize
+    absl::log_internal_globals
+    absl::log_severity
+    GTest::gtest
+  TESTONLY
+)
+
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    log_internal_test_matchers
+  SRCS
+    "internal/test_matchers.cc"
+  HDRS
+    "internal/test_matchers.h"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::config
+    absl::core_headers
+    absl::log_entry
+    absl::log_internal_test_helpers
+    absl::log_severity
+    absl::strings
+    absl::time
+    GTest::gtest
+    GTest::gmock
+  TESTONLY
+)
+
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    log_internal_voidify
+  SRCS
+  HDRS
+    "internal/voidify.h"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::config
+)
+
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    log_internal_append_truncated
+  SRCS
+  HDRS
+    "internal/append_truncated.h"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::config
+    absl::strings
+    absl::span
+)
+
+# Public targets
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    absl_check
+  SRCS
+  HDRS
+    "absl_check.h"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::log_internal_check_impl
+  PUBLIC
+)
+
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    absl_log
+  SRCS
+  HDRS
+    "absl_log.h"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::log_internal_log_impl
+  PUBLIC
+)
+
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    check
+  SRCS
+  HDRS
+    "check.h"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::log_internal_check_impl
+    absl::core_headers
+    absl::log_internal_check_op
+    absl::log_internal_conditions
+    absl::log_internal_message
+    absl::log_internal_strip
+  PUBLIC
+)
+
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    die_if_null
+  SRCS
+    "die_if_null.cc"
+  HDRS
+    "die_if_null.h"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::config
+    absl::core_headers
+    absl::log
+    absl::strings
+  PUBLIC
+)
+
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    log_flags
+  SRCS
+    "flags.cc"
+  HDRS
+    "flags.h"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::config
+    absl::core_headers
+    absl::log_globals
+    absl::log_severity
+    absl::log_internal_config
+    absl::log_internal_flags
+    absl::flags
+    absl::flags_marshalling
+    absl::strings
+  PUBLIC
+)
+
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    log_globals
+  SRCS
+    "globals.cc"
+  HDRS
+    "globals.h"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::atomic_hook
+    absl::config
+    absl::core_headers
+    absl::hash
+    absl::log_severity
+    absl::raw_logging_internal
+    absl::strings
+)
+
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    log_initialize
+  SRCS
+    "initialize.cc"
+  HDRS
+    "initialize.h"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::config
+    absl::log_globals
+    absl::log_internal_globals
+    absl::time
+  PUBLIC
+)
+
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    log
+  SRCS
+  HDRS
+    "log.h"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::log_internal_log_impl
+  PUBLIC
+)
+
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    log_entry
+  SRCS
+    "log_entry.cc"
+  HDRS
+    "log_entry.h"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::config
+    absl::core_headers
+    absl::log_internal_config
+    absl::log_severity
+    absl::span
+    absl::strings
+    absl::time
+  PUBLIC
+)
+
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    log_sink
+  SRCS
+    "log_sink.cc"
+  HDRS
+    "log_sink.h"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::config
+    absl::log_entry
+  PUBLIC
+)
+
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    log_sink_registry
+  SRCS
+  HDRS
+    "log_sink_registry.h"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::config
+    absl::log_sink
+    absl::log_internal_log_sink_set
+  PUBLIC
+)
+
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    log_streamer
+  SRCS
+  HDRS
+    "log_streamer.h"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::config
+    absl::absl_log
+    absl::log_severity
+    absl::optional
+    absl::strings
+    absl::strings_internal
+    absl::utility
+  PUBLIC
+)
+
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    scoped_mock_log
+  SRCS
+    "scoped_mock_log.cc"
+  HDRS
+    "scoped_mock_log.h"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::config
+    absl::log_entry
+    absl::log_severity
+    absl::log_sink
+    absl::log_sink_registry
+    absl::raw_logging_internal
+    absl::strings
+    GTest::gmock
+    GTest::gtest
+  PUBLIC
+  TESTONLY
+)
+
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    log_internal_structured
+  HDRS
+    "internal/structured.h"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::config
+    absl::log_internal_message
+    absl::strings
+)
+
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    log_structured
+  HDRS
+    "structured.h"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::config
+    absl::log_internal_structured
+    absl::strings
+  PUBLIC
+)
+
+# Test targets
+
+absl_cc_test(
+  NAME
+    absl_check_test
+  SRCS
+    "absl_check_test.cc"
+    "check_test_impl.inc"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::absl_check
+    absl::config
+    absl::core_headers
+    absl::log_internal_test_helpers
+    absl::status
+    GTest::gmock
+    GTest::gtest_main
+)
+
+absl_cc_test(
+  NAME
+    absl_log_basic_test
+  SRCS
+    "log_basic_test.cc"
+    "log_basic_test_impl.inc"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::base
+    absl::absl_log
+    absl::log_entry
+    absl::log_globals
+    absl::log_severity
+    absl::log_internal_test_actions
+    absl::log_internal_test_helpers
+    absl::log_internal_test_matchers
+    absl::scoped_mock_log
+    GTest::gmock
+    GTest::gtest_main
+)
+
+absl_cc_test(
+  NAME
+    check_test
+  SRCS
+    "check_test.cc"
+    "check_test_impl.inc"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::check
+    absl::config
+    absl::core_headers
+    absl::log_internal_test_helpers
+    absl::status
+    GTest::gmock
+    GTest::gtest_main
+)
+
+absl_cc_test(
+  NAME
+    die_if_null_test
+  SRCS
+    "die_if_null_test.cc"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::core_headers
+    absl::die_if_null
+    absl::log_internal_test_helpers
+    GTest::gtest_main
+)
+
+absl_cc_test(
+  NAME
+    log_basic_test
+  SRCS
+    "log_basic_test.cc"
+    "log_basic_test_impl.inc"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::base
+    absl::log
+    absl::log_entry
+    absl::log_globals
+    absl::log_severity
+    absl::log_internal_test_actions
+    absl::log_internal_test_helpers
+    absl::log_internal_test_matchers
+    absl::scoped_mock_log
+    GTest::gmock
+    GTest::gtest_main
+)
+
+absl_cc_test(
+  NAME
+    log_entry_test
+  SRCS
+    "log_entry_test.cc"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::config
+    absl::core_headers
+    absl::log_entry
+    absl::log_internal_append_truncated
+    absl::log_internal_format
+    absl::log_internal_globals
+    absl::log_internal_test_helpers
+    absl::log_severity
+    absl::span
+    absl::strings
+    absl::time
+    GTest::gmock
+    GTest::gtest_main
+)
+
+absl_cc_test(
+  NAME
+    log_flags_test
+  SRCS
+    "flags_test.cc"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::core_headers
+    absl::log
+    absl::log_flags
+    absl::log_globals
+    absl::log_internal_flags
+    absl::log_internal_test_helpers
+    absl::log_internal_test_matchers
+    absl::log_severity
+    absl::flags
+    absl::flags_reflection
+    absl::scoped_mock_log
+    absl::strings
+    GTest::gmock
+    GTest::gtest_main
+)
+
+absl_cc_test(
+  NAME
+    log_globals_test
+  SRCS
+    "globals_test.cc"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::core_headers
+    absl::log
+    absl::log_globals
+    absl::log_internal_globals
+    absl::log_internal_test_helpers
+    absl::log_severity
+    absl::scoped_mock_log
+    GTest::gtest_main
+)
+
+absl_cc_test(
+  NAME
+    log_format_test
+  SRCS
+    "log_format_test.cc"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::check
+    absl::log
+    absl::log_internal_test_matchers
+    absl::optional
+    absl::scoped_mock_log
+    absl::str_format
+    absl::strings
+    GTest::gmock
+    GTest::gtest_main
+)
+
+absl_cc_test(
+  NAME
+    log_macro_hygiene_test
+  SRCS
+    "log_macro_hygiene_test.cc"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::core_headers
+    absl::log
+    absl::log_severity
+    absl::scoped_mock_log
+    GTest::gmock
+    GTest::gtest_main
+)
+
+absl_cc_test(
+  NAME
+    log_sink_test
+  SRCS
+    "log_sink_test.cc"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::core_headers
+    absl::log
+    absl::log_internal_test_actions
+    absl::log_internal_test_helpers
+    absl::log_internal_test_matchers
+    absl::log_sink
+    absl::log_sink_registry
+    absl::log_severity
+    absl::scoped_mock_log
+    absl::strings
+    GTest::gtest_main
+)
+
+absl_cc_test(
+  NAME
+    log_streamer_test
+  SRCS
+    "log_streamer_test.cc"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::base
+    absl::core_headers
+    absl::log
+    absl::log_internal_test_actions
+    absl::log_internal_test_helpers
+    absl::log_internal_test_matchers
+    absl::log_streamer
+    absl::log_severity
+    absl::scoped_mock_log
+    absl::strings
+    GTest::gtest_main
+)
+
+absl_cc_test(
+  NAME
+    log_modifier_methods_test
+  SRCS
+    "log_modifier_methods_test.cc"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::log
+    absl::log_internal_test_actions
+    absl::log_internal_test_helpers
+    absl::log_internal_test_matchers
+    absl::log_sink
+    absl::scoped_mock_log
+    absl::strings
+    absl::time
+    GTest::gmock
+    GTest::gtest_main
+)
+
+absl_cc_test(
+  NAME
+    scoped_mock_log_test
+  SRCS
+    "scoped_mock_log_test.cc"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::core_headers
+    absl::log
+    absl::log_globals
+    absl::log_internal_globals
+    absl::log_internal_test_helpers
+    absl::log_internal_test_matchers
+    absl::log_severity
+    absl::memory
+    absl::scoped_mock_log
+    absl::strings
+    absl::synchronization
+    GTest::gmock
+    GTest::gtest_main
+)
+
+absl_cc_test(
+  NAME
+    log_internal_stderr_log_sink_test
+  SRCS
+    "internal/stderr_log_sink_test.cc"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::core_headers
+    absl::log
+    absl::log_globals
+    absl::log_internal_test_helpers
+    absl::log_severity
+    GTest::gmock
+    GTest::gtest_main
+)
+
+absl_cc_test(
+  NAME
+    log_stripping_test
+  SRCS
+    "stripping_test.cc"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::check
+    absl::flags_program_name
+    absl::log
+    absl::log_internal_test_helpers
+    absl::log_severity
+    absl::strerror
+    absl::strings
+    absl::str_format
+    GTest::gmock
+    GTest::gtest_main
+)
+
+absl_cc_test(
+  NAME
+    log_structured_test
+  SRCS
+    "structured_test.cc"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
+  LINKOPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::core_headers
+    absl::log
+    absl::log_internal_test_helpers
+    absl::log_internal_test_matchers
+    absl::log_structured
+    absl::scoped_mock_log
+    GTest::gmock
+    GTest::gtest_main
+)
diff --git a/absl/log/absl_check.h b/absl/log/absl_check.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1bb43bd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/absl_check.h
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// File: log/absl_check.h
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// This header declares a family of `ABSL_CHECK` macros as alternative spellings
+// for `CHECK` macros in `check.h`.
+//
+// Except for those whose names begin with `ABSL_DCHECK`, these macros are not
+// controlled by `NDEBUG` (cf. `assert`), so the check will be executed
+// regardless of compilation mode. `ABSL_CHECK` and friends are thus useful for
+// confirming invariants in situations where continuing to run would be worse
+// than terminating, e.g., due to risk of data corruption or security
+// compromise.  It is also more robust and portable to deliberately terminate
+// at a particular place with a useful message and backtrace than to assume some
+// ultimately unspecified and unreliable crashing behavior (such as a
+// "segmentation fault").
+//
+// For full documentation of each macro, see comments in `check.h`, which has an
+// identical set of macros without the ABSL_* prefix.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_LOG_ABSL_CHECK_H_
+#define ABSL_LOG_ABSL_CHECK_H_
+
+#include "absl/log/internal/check_impl.h"
+
+#define ABSL_CHECK(condition) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_IMPL((condition), #condition)
+#define ABSL_QCHECK(condition) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_IMPL((condition), #condition)
+#define ABSL_PCHECK(condition) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_PCHECK_IMPL((condition), #condition)
+#define ABSL_DCHECK(condition) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_IMPL((condition), #condition)
+
+#define ABSL_CHECK_EQ(val1, val2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_EQ_IMPL((val1), #val1, (val2), #val2)
+#define ABSL_CHECK_NE(val1, val2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_NE_IMPL((val1), #val1, (val2), #val2)
+#define ABSL_CHECK_LE(val1, val2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_LE_IMPL((val1), #val1, (val2), #val2)
+#define ABSL_CHECK_LT(val1, val2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_LT_IMPL((val1), #val1, (val2), #val2)
+#define ABSL_CHECK_GE(val1, val2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_GE_IMPL((val1), #val1, (val2), #val2)
+#define ABSL_CHECK_GT(val1, val2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_GT_IMPL((val1), #val1, (val2), #val2)
+#define ABSL_QCHECK_EQ(val1, val2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_EQ_IMPL((val1), #val1, (val2), #val2)
+#define ABSL_QCHECK_NE(val1, val2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_NE_IMPL((val1), #val1, (val2), #val2)
+#define ABSL_QCHECK_LE(val1, val2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_LE_IMPL((val1), #val1, (val2), #val2)
+#define ABSL_QCHECK_LT(val1, val2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_LT_IMPL((val1), #val1, (val2), #val2)
+#define ABSL_QCHECK_GE(val1, val2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_GE_IMPL((val1), #val1, (val2), #val2)
+#define ABSL_QCHECK_GT(val1, val2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_GT_IMPL((val1), #val1, (val2), #val2)
+#define ABSL_DCHECK_EQ(val1, val2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_EQ_IMPL((val1), #val1, (val2), #val2)
+#define ABSL_DCHECK_NE(val1, val2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_NE_IMPL((val1), #val1, (val2), #val2)
+#define ABSL_DCHECK_LE(val1, val2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_LE_IMPL((val1), #val1, (val2), #val2)
+#define ABSL_DCHECK_LT(val1, val2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_LT_IMPL((val1), #val1, (val2), #val2)
+#define ABSL_DCHECK_GE(val1, val2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_GE_IMPL((val1), #val1, (val2), #val2)
+#define ABSL_DCHECK_GT(val1, val2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_GT_IMPL((val1), #val1, (val2), #val2)
+
+#define ABSL_CHECK_OK(status) ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_OK_IMPL((status), #status)
+#define ABSL_QCHECK_OK(status) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_OK_IMPL((status), #status)
+#define ABSL_DCHECK_OK(status) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_OK_IMPL((status), #status)
+
+#define ABSL_CHECK_STREQ(s1, s2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_STREQ_IMPL((s1), #s1, (s2), #s2)
+#define ABSL_CHECK_STRNE(s1, s2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_STRNE_IMPL((s1), #s1, (s2), #s2)
+#define ABSL_CHECK_STRCASEEQ(s1, s2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_STRCASEEQ_IMPL((s1), #s1, (s2), #s2)
+#define ABSL_CHECK_STRCASENE(s1, s2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_STRCASENE_IMPL((s1), #s1, (s2), #s2)
+#define ABSL_QCHECK_STREQ(s1, s2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_STREQ_IMPL((s1), #s1, (s2), #s2)
+#define ABSL_QCHECK_STRNE(s1, s2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_STRNE_IMPL((s1), #s1, (s2), #s2)
+#define ABSL_QCHECK_STRCASEEQ(s1, s2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_STRCASEEQ_IMPL((s1), #s1, (s2), #s2)
+#define ABSL_QCHECK_STRCASENE(s1, s2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_STRCASENE_IMPL((s1), #s1, (s2), #s2)
+#define ABSL_DCHECK_STREQ(s1, s2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_STREQ_IMPL((s1), #s1, (s2), #s2)
+#define ABSL_DCHECK_STRNE(s1, s2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_STRNE_IMPL((s1), #s1, (s2), #s2)
+#define ABSL_DCHECK_STRCASEEQ(s1, s2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_STRCASEEQ_IMPL((s1), #s1, (s2), #s2)
+#define ABSL_DCHECK_STRCASENE(s1, s2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_STRCASENE_IMPL((s1), #s1, (s2), #s2)
+
+#endif  // ABSL_LOG_ABSL_CHECK_H_
diff --git a/absl/log/absl_check_test.cc b/absl/log/absl_check_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d84940fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/absl_check_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+//
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/log/absl_check.h"
+
+#define ABSL_TEST_CHECK ABSL_CHECK
+#define ABSL_TEST_CHECK_OK ABSL_CHECK_OK
+#define ABSL_TEST_CHECK_EQ ABSL_CHECK_EQ
+#define ABSL_TEST_CHECK_NE ABSL_CHECK_NE
+#define ABSL_TEST_CHECK_GE ABSL_CHECK_GE
+#define ABSL_TEST_CHECK_LE ABSL_CHECK_LE
+#define ABSL_TEST_CHECK_GT ABSL_CHECK_GT
+#define ABSL_TEST_CHECK_LT ABSL_CHECK_LT
+#define ABSL_TEST_CHECK_STREQ ABSL_CHECK_STREQ
+#define ABSL_TEST_CHECK_STRNE ABSL_CHECK_STRNE
+#define ABSL_TEST_CHECK_STRCASEEQ ABSL_CHECK_STRCASEEQ
+#define ABSL_TEST_CHECK_STRCASENE ABSL_CHECK_STRCASENE
+
+#define ABSL_TEST_DCHECK ABSL_DCHECK
+#define ABSL_TEST_DCHECK_OK ABSL_DCHECK_OK
+#define ABSL_TEST_DCHECK_EQ ABSL_DCHECK_EQ
+#define ABSL_TEST_DCHECK_NE ABSL_DCHECK_NE
+#define ABSL_TEST_DCHECK_GE ABSL_DCHECK_GE
+#define ABSL_TEST_DCHECK_LE ABSL_DCHECK_LE
+#define ABSL_TEST_DCHECK_GT ABSL_DCHECK_GT
+#define ABSL_TEST_DCHECK_LT ABSL_DCHECK_LT
+#define ABSL_TEST_DCHECK_STREQ ABSL_DCHECK_STREQ
+#define ABSL_TEST_DCHECK_STRNE ABSL_DCHECK_STRNE
+#define ABSL_TEST_DCHECK_STRCASEEQ ABSL_DCHECK_STRCASEEQ
+#define ABSL_TEST_DCHECK_STRCASENE ABSL_DCHECK_STRCASENE
+
+#define ABSL_TEST_QCHECK ABSL_QCHECK
+#define ABSL_TEST_QCHECK_OK ABSL_QCHECK_OK
+#define ABSL_TEST_QCHECK_EQ ABSL_QCHECK_EQ
+#define ABSL_TEST_QCHECK_NE ABSL_QCHECK_NE
+#define ABSL_TEST_QCHECK_GE ABSL_QCHECK_GE
+#define ABSL_TEST_QCHECK_LE ABSL_QCHECK_LE
+#define ABSL_TEST_QCHECK_GT ABSL_QCHECK_GT
+#define ABSL_TEST_QCHECK_LT ABSL_QCHECK_LT
+#define ABSL_TEST_QCHECK_STREQ ABSL_QCHECK_STREQ
+#define ABSL_TEST_QCHECK_STRNE ABSL_QCHECK_STRNE
+#define ABSL_TEST_QCHECK_STRCASEEQ ABSL_QCHECK_STRCASEEQ
+#define ABSL_TEST_QCHECK_STRCASENE ABSL_QCHECK_STRCASENE
+
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/log/check_test_impl.inc"
diff --git a/absl/log/absl_log.h b/absl/log/absl_log.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0517760b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/absl_log.h
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// File: log/absl_log.h
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// This header declares a family of `ABSL_LOG` macros as alternative spellings
+// for macros in `log.h`.
+//
+// Basic invocation looks like this:
+//
+//   ABSL_LOG(INFO) << "Found " << num_cookies << " cookies";
+//
+// Most `ABSL_LOG` macros take a severity level argument. The severity levels
+// are `INFO`, `WARNING`, `ERROR`, and `FATAL`.
+//
+// For full documentation, see comments in `log.h`, which includes full
+// reference documentation on use of the equivalent `LOG` macro and has an
+// identical set of macros without the ABSL_* prefix.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_LOG_ABSL_LOG_H_
+#define ABSL_LOG_ABSL_LOG_H_
+
+#include "absl/log/internal/log_impl.h"
+
+#define ABSL_LOG(severity) ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_IMPL(_##severity)
+#define ABSL_PLOG(severity) ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_PLOG_IMPL(_##severity)
+#define ABSL_DLOG(severity) ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DLOG_IMPL(_##severity)
+
+#define ABSL_LOG_IF(severity, condition) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_IF_IMPL(_##severity, condition)
+#define ABSL_PLOG_IF(severity, condition) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_PLOG_IF_IMPL(_##severity, condition)
+#define ABSL_DLOG_IF(severity, condition) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DLOG_IF_IMPL(_##severity, condition)
+
+#define ABSL_LOG_EVERY_N(severity, n) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_EVERY_N_IMPL(_##severity, n)
+#define ABSL_LOG_FIRST_N(severity, n) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_FIRST_N_IMPL(_##severity, n)
+#define ABSL_LOG_EVERY_POW_2(severity) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_EVERY_POW_2_IMPL(_##severity)
+#define ABSL_LOG_EVERY_N_SEC(severity, n_seconds) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_EVERY_N_SEC_IMPL(_##severity, n_seconds)
+
+#define ABSL_PLOG_EVERY_N(severity, n) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_PLOG_EVERY_N_IMPL(_##severity, n)
+#define ABSL_PLOG_FIRST_N(severity, n) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_PLOG_FIRST_N_IMPL(_##severity, n)
+#define ABSL_PLOG_EVERY_POW_2(severity) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_PLOG_EVERY_POW_2_IMPL(_##severity)
+#define ABSL_PLOG_EVERY_N_SEC(severity, n_seconds) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_PLOG_EVERY_N_SEC_IMPL(_##severity, n_seconds)
+
+#define ABSL_DLOG_EVERY_N(severity, n) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DLOG_EVERY_N_IMPL(_##severity, n)
+#define ABSL_DLOG_FIRST_N(severity, n) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DLOG_FIRST_N_IMPL(_##severity, n)
+#define ABSL_DLOG_EVERY_POW_2(severity) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DLOG_EVERY_POW_2_IMPL(_##severity)
+#define ABSL_DLOG_EVERY_N_SEC(severity, n_seconds) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DLOG_EVERY_N_SEC_IMPL(_##severity, n_seconds)
+
+#define ABSL_LOG_IF_EVERY_N(severity, condition, n) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_IF_EVERY_N_IMPL(_##severity, condition, n)
+#define ABSL_LOG_IF_FIRST_N(severity, condition, n) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_IF_FIRST_N_IMPL(_##severity, condition, n)
+#define ABSL_LOG_IF_EVERY_POW_2(severity, condition) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_IF_EVERY_POW_2_IMPL(_##severity, condition)
+#define ABSL_LOG_IF_EVERY_N_SEC(severity, condition, n_seconds) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_IF_EVERY_N_SEC_IMPL(_##severity, condition, n_seconds)
+
+#define ABSL_PLOG_IF_EVERY_N(severity, condition, n) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_PLOG_IF_EVERY_N_IMPL(_##severity, condition, n)
+#define ABSL_PLOG_IF_FIRST_N(severity, condition, n) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_PLOG_IF_FIRST_N_IMPL(_##severity, condition, n)
+#define ABSL_PLOG_IF_EVERY_POW_2(severity, condition) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_PLOG_IF_EVERY_POW_2_IMPL(_##severity, condition)
+#define ABSL_PLOG_IF_EVERY_N_SEC(severity, condition, n_seconds) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_PLOG_IF_EVERY_N_SEC_IMPL(_##severity, condition, n_seconds)
+
+#define ABSL_DLOG_IF_EVERY_N(severity, condition, n) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DLOG_IF_EVERY_N_IMPL(_##severity, condition, n)
+#define ABSL_DLOG_IF_FIRST_N(severity, condition, n) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DLOG_IF_FIRST_N_IMPL(_##severity, condition, n)
+#define ABSL_DLOG_IF_EVERY_POW_2(severity, condition) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DLOG_IF_EVERY_POW_2_IMPL(_##severity, condition)
+#define ABSL_DLOG_IF_EVERY_N_SEC(severity, condition, n_seconds) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DLOG_IF_EVERY_N_SEC_IMPL(_##severity, condition, n_seconds)
+
+#endif  // ABSL_LOG_ABSL_LOG_H_
diff --git a/absl/log/absl_log_basic_test.cc b/absl/log/absl_log_basic_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3a4b83c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/absl_log_basic_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+//
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/log/absl_log.h"
+
+#define ABSL_TEST_LOG ABSL_LOG
+
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/log/log_basic_test_impl.inc"
diff --git a/absl/log/check.h b/absl/log/check.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0a2f2e4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/check.h
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// File: log/check.h
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// This header declares a family of `CHECK` macros.
+//
+// `CHECK` macros terminate the program with a fatal error if the specified
+// condition is not true.
+//
+// Except for those whose names begin with `DCHECK`, these macros are not
+// controlled by `NDEBUG` (cf. `assert`), so the check will be executed
+// regardless of compilation mode. `CHECK` and friends are thus useful for
+// confirming invariants in situations where continuing to run would be worse
+// than terminating, e.g., due to risk of data corruption or security
+// compromise.  It is also more robust and portable to deliberately terminate
+// at a particular place with a useful message and backtrace than to assume some
+// ultimately unspecified and unreliable crashing behavior (such as a
+// "segmentation fault").
+
+#ifndef ABSL_LOG_CHECK_H_
+#define ABSL_LOG_CHECK_H_
+
+#include "absl/log/internal/check_impl.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/check_op.h"     // IWYU pragma: export
+#include "absl/log/internal/conditions.h"   // IWYU pragma: export
+#include "absl/log/internal/log_message.h"  // IWYU pragma: export
+#include "absl/log/internal/strip.h"        // IWYU pragma: export
+
+// CHECK()
+//
+// `CHECK` terminates the program with a fatal error if `condition` is not true.
+//
+// The message may include additional information such as stack traces, when
+// available.
+//
+// Example:
+//
+//   CHECK(!cheese.empty()) << "Out of Cheese";
+//
+// Might produce a message like:
+//
+//   Check failed: !cheese.empty() Out of Cheese
+#define CHECK(condition) ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_IMPL((condition), #condition)
+
+// QCHECK()
+//
+// `QCHECK` behaves like `CHECK` but does not print a full stack trace and does
+// not run registered error handlers (as `QFATAL`).  It is useful when the
+// problem is definitely unrelated to program flow, e.g. when validating user
+// input.
+#define QCHECK(condition) ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_IMPL((condition), #condition)
+
+// PCHECK()
+//
+// `PCHECK` behaves like `CHECK` but appends a description of the current state
+// of `errno` to the failure message.
+//
+// Example:
+//
+//   int fd = open("/var/empty/missing", O_RDONLY);
+//   PCHECK(fd != -1) << "posix is difficult";
+//
+// Might produce a message like:
+//
+//   Check failed: fd != -1 posix is difficult: No such file or directory [2]
+#define PCHECK(condition) ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_PCHECK_IMPL((condition), #condition)
+
+// DCHECK()
+//
+// `DCHECK` behaves like `CHECK` in debug mode and does nothing otherwise (as
+// `DLOG`).  Unlike with `CHECK` (but as with `assert`), it is not safe to rely
+// on evaluation of `condition`: when `NDEBUG` is enabled, DCHECK does not
+// evaluate the condition.
+#define DCHECK(condition) ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_IMPL((condition), #condition)
+
+// `CHECK_EQ` and friends are syntactic sugar for `CHECK(x == y)` that
+// automatically output the expression being tested and the evaluated values on
+// either side.
+//
+// Example:
+//
+//   int x = 3, y = 5;
+//   CHECK_EQ(2 * x, y) << "oops!";
+//
+// Might produce a message like:
+//
+//   Check failed: 2 * x == y (6 vs. 5) oops!
+//
+// The values must implement the appropriate comparison operator as well as
+// `operator<<(std::ostream&, ...)`.  Care is taken to ensure that each
+// argument is evaluated exactly once, and that anything which is legal to pass
+// as a function argument is legal here.  In particular, the arguments may be
+// temporary expressions which will end up being destroyed at the end of the
+// statement,
+//
+// Example:
+//
+//   CHECK_EQ(std::string("abc")[1], 'b');
+//
+// WARNING: Passing `NULL` as an argument to `CHECK_EQ` and similar macros does
+// not compile.  Use `nullptr` instead.
+#define CHECK_EQ(val1, val2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_EQ_IMPL((val1), #val1, (val2), #val2)
+#define CHECK_NE(val1, val2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_NE_IMPL((val1), #val1, (val2), #val2)
+#define CHECK_LE(val1, val2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_LE_IMPL((val1), #val1, (val2), #val2)
+#define CHECK_LT(val1, val2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_LT_IMPL((val1), #val1, (val2), #val2)
+#define CHECK_GE(val1, val2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_GE_IMPL((val1), #val1, (val2), #val2)
+#define CHECK_GT(val1, val2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_GT_IMPL((val1), #val1, (val2), #val2)
+#define QCHECK_EQ(val1, val2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_EQ_IMPL((val1), #val1, (val2), #val2)
+#define QCHECK_NE(val1, val2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_NE_IMPL((val1), #val1, (val2), #val2)
+#define QCHECK_LE(val1, val2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_LE_IMPL((val1), #val1, (val2), #val2)
+#define QCHECK_LT(val1, val2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_LT_IMPL((val1), #val1, (val2), #val2)
+#define QCHECK_GE(val1, val2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_GE_IMPL((val1), #val1, (val2), #val2)
+#define QCHECK_GT(val1, val2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_GT_IMPL((val1), #val1, (val2), #val2)
+#define DCHECK_EQ(val1, val2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_EQ_IMPL((val1), #val1, (val2), #val2)
+#define DCHECK_NE(val1, val2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_NE_IMPL((val1), #val1, (val2), #val2)
+#define DCHECK_LE(val1, val2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_LE_IMPL((val1), #val1, (val2), #val2)
+#define DCHECK_LT(val1, val2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_LT_IMPL((val1), #val1, (val2), #val2)
+#define DCHECK_GE(val1, val2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_GE_IMPL((val1), #val1, (val2), #val2)
+#define DCHECK_GT(val1, val2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_GT_IMPL((val1), #val1, (val2), #val2)
+
+// `CHECK_OK` and friends validate that the provided `absl::Status` or
+// `absl::StatusOr<T>` is OK.  If it isn't, they print a failure message that
+// includes the actual status and terminate the program.
+//
+// As with all `DCHECK` variants, `DCHECK_OK` has no effect (not even
+// evaluating its argument) if `NDEBUG` is enabled.
+//
+// Example:
+//
+//   CHECK_OK(FunctionReturnsStatus(x, y, z)) << "oops!";
+//
+// Might produce a message like:
+//
+//   Check failed: FunctionReturnsStatus(x, y, z) is OK (ABORTED: timeout) oops!
+#define CHECK_OK(status) ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_OK_IMPL((status), #status)
+#define QCHECK_OK(status) ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_OK_IMPL((status), #status)
+#define DCHECK_OK(status) ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_OK_IMPL((status), #status)
+
+// `CHECK_STREQ` and friends provide `CHECK_EQ` functionality for C strings,
+// i.e., nul-terminated char arrays.  The `CASE` versions are case-insensitive.
+//
+// Example:
+//
+//   CHECK_STREQ(argv[0], "./skynet");
+//
+// Note that both arguments may be temporary strings which are destroyed by the
+// compiler at the end of the current full expression.
+//
+// Example:
+//
+//   CHECK_STREQ(Foo().c_str(), Bar().c_str());
+#define CHECK_STREQ(s1, s2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_STREQ_IMPL((s1), #s1, (s2), #s2)
+#define CHECK_STRNE(s1, s2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_STRNE_IMPL((s1), #s1, (s2), #s2)
+#define CHECK_STRCASEEQ(s1, s2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_STRCASEEQ_IMPL((s1), #s1, (s2), #s2)
+#define CHECK_STRCASENE(s1, s2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_STRCASENE_IMPL((s1), #s1, (s2), #s2)
+#define QCHECK_STREQ(s1, s2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_STREQ_IMPL((s1), #s1, (s2), #s2)
+#define QCHECK_STRNE(s1, s2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_STRNE_IMPL((s1), #s1, (s2), #s2)
+#define QCHECK_STRCASEEQ(s1, s2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_STRCASEEQ_IMPL((s1), #s1, (s2), #s2)
+#define QCHECK_STRCASENE(s1, s2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_STRCASENE_IMPL((s1), #s1, (s2), #s2)
+#define DCHECK_STREQ(s1, s2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_STREQ_IMPL((s1), #s1, (s2), #s2)
+#define DCHECK_STRNE(s1, s2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_STRNE_IMPL((s1), #s1, (s2), #s2)
+#define DCHECK_STRCASEEQ(s1, s2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_STRCASEEQ_IMPL((s1), #s1, (s2), #s2)
+#define DCHECK_STRCASENE(s1, s2) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_STRCASENE_IMPL((s1), #s1, (s2), #s2)
+
+#endif  // ABSL_LOG_CHECK_H_
diff --git a/absl/log/check_test.cc b/absl/log/check_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ef415bd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/check_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+//
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/log/check.h"
+
+#define ABSL_TEST_CHECK CHECK
+#define ABSL_TEST_CHECK_OK CHECK_OK
+#define ABSL_TEST_CHECK_EQ CHECK_EQ
+#define ABSL_TEST_CHECK_NE CHECK_NE
+#define ABSL_TEST_CHECK_GE CHECK_GE
+#define ABSL_TEST_CHECK_LE CHECK_LE
+#define ABSL_TEST_CHECK_GT CHECK_GT
+#define ABSL_TEST_CHECK_LT CHECK_LT
+#define ABSL_TEST_CHECK_STREQ CHECK_STREQ
+#define ABSL_TEST_CHECK_STRNE CHECK_STRNE
+#define ABSL_TEST_CHECK_STRCASEEQ CHECK_STRCASEEQ
+#define ABSL_TEST_CHECK_STRCASENE CHECK_STRCASENE
+
+#define ABSL_TEST_DCHECK DCHECK
+#define ABSL_TEST_DCHECK_OK DCHECK_OK
+#define ABSL_TEST_DCHECK_EQ DCHECK_EQ
+#define ABSL_TEST_DCHECK_NE DCHECK_NE
+#define ABSL_TEST_DCHECK_GE DCHECK_GE
+#define ABSL_TEST_DCHECK_LE DCHECK_LE
+#define ABSL_TEST_DCHECK_GT DCHECK_GT
+#define ABSL_TEST_DCHECK_LT DCHECK_LT
+#define ABSL_TEST_DCHECK_STREQ DCHECK_STREQ
+#define ABSL_TEST_DCHECK_STRNE DCHECK_STRNE
+#define ABSL_TEST_DCHECK_STRCASEEQ DCHECK_STRCASEEQ
+#define ABSL_TEST_DCHECK_STRCASENE DCHECK_STRCASENE
+
+#define ABSL_TEST_QCHECK QCHECK
+#define ABSL_TEST_QCHECK_OK QCHECK_OK
+#define ABSL_TEST_QCHECK_EQ QCHECK_EQ
+#define ABSL_TEST_QCHECK_NE QCHECK_NE
+#define ABSL_TEST_QCHECK_GE QCHECK_GE
+#define ABSL_TEST_QCHECK_LE QCHECK_LE
+#define ABSL_TEST_QCHECK_GT QCHECK_GT
+#define ABSL_TEST_QCHECK_LT QCHECK_LT
+#define ABSL_TEST_QCHECK_STREQ QCHECK_STREQ
+#define ABSL_TEST_QCHECK_STRNE QCHECK_STRNE
+#define ABSL_TEST_QCHECK_STRCASEEQ QCHECK_STRCASEEQ
+#define ABSL_TEST_QCHECK_STRCASENE QCHECK_STRCASENE
+
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/log/check_test_impl.inc"
diff --git a/absl/log/check_test_impl.inc b/absl/log/check_test_impl.inc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d5c0aee4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/check_test_impl.inc
@@ -0,0 +1,528 @@
+//
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_LOG_CHECK_TEST_IMPL_H_
+#define ABSL_LOG_CHECK_TEST_IMPL_H_
+
+// Verify that both sets of macros behave identically by parameterizing the
+// entire test file.
+#ifndef ABSL_TEST_CHECK
+#error ABSL_TEST_CHECK must be defined for these tests to work.
+#endif
+
+#include <ostream>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "gmock/gmock.h"
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/test_helpers.h"
+#include "absl/status/status.h"
+
+// NOLINTBEGIN(misc-definitions-in-headers)
+
+namespace absl_log_internal {
+
+using ::testing::AllOf;
+using ::testing::HasSubstr;
+using ::testing::Not;
+
+auto* test_env ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED = ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(
+    new absl::log_internal::LogTestEnvironment);
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
+
+TEST(CHECKDeathTest, TestBasicValues) {
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK(true);
+
+  EXPECT_DEATH(ABSL_TEST_CHECK(false), "Check failed: false");
+
+  int i = 2;
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK(i != 3);  // NOLINT
+}
+
+#endif  // GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
+
+TEST(CHECKTest, TestLogicExpressions) {
+  int i = 5;
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK(i > 0 && i < 10);
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK(i < 0 || i > 3);
+}
+
+#if ABSL_INTERNAL_CPLUSPLUS_LANG >= 201703L
+ABSL_CONST_INIT const auto global_var_check = [](int i) {
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK(i > 0);  // NOLINT
+  return i + 1;
+}(3);
+
+ABSL_CONST_INIT const auto global_var = [](int i) {
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK_GE(i, 0);  // NOLINT
+  return i + 1;
+}(global_var_check);
+#endif  // ABSL_INTERNAL_CPLUSPLUS_LANG
+
+TEST(CHECKTest, TestPlacementsInCompoundStatements) {
+  // check placement inside if/else clauses
+  if (true) ABSL_TEST_CHECK(true);
+
+  if (false)
+    ;  // NOLINT
+  else
+    ABSL_TEST_CHECK(true);
+
+  switch (0)
+  case 0:
+    ABSL_TEST_CHECK(true);  // NOLINT
+
+#if ABSL_INTERNAL_CPLUSPLUS_LANG >= 201703L
+  constexpr auto var = [](int i) {
+    ABSL_TEST_CHECK(i > 0);  // NOLINT
+    return i + 1;
+  }(global_var);
+  (void)var;
+#endif  // ABSL_INTERNAL_CPLUSPLUS_LANG
+}
+
+TEST(CHECKTest, TestBoolConvertible) {
+  struct Tester {
+  } tester;
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK([&]() { return &tester; }());
+}
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
+
+TEST(CHECKDeathTest, TestChecksWithSideEffects) {
+  int var = 0;
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK([&var]() {
+    ++var;
+    return true;
+  }());
+  EXPECT_EQ(var, 1);
+
+  EXPECT_DEATH(ABSL_TEST_CHECK([&var]() {
+                 ++var;
+                 return false;
+               }()) << var,
+               "Check failed: .* 2");
+}
+
+#endif  // GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
+
+template <int a, int b>
+constexpr int sum() {
+  return a + b;
+}
+#define MACRO_ONE 1
+#define TEMPLATE_SUM(a, b) sum<a, b>()
+#define CONCAT(a, b) a b
+#define IDENTITY(x) x
+
+TEST(CHECKTest, TestPassingMacroExpansion) {
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK(IDENTITY(true));
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK_EQ(TEMPLATE_SUM(MACRO_ONE, 2), 3);
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK_STREQ(CONCAT("x", "y"), "xy");
+}
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
+
+TEST(CHECKTest, TestMacroExpansionInMessage) {
+  auto MessageGen = []() { ABSL_TEST_CHECK(IDENTITY(false)); };
+  EXPECT_DEATH(MessageGen(), HasSubstr("IDENTITY(false)"));
+}
+
+TEST(CHECKTest, TestNestedMacroExpansionInMessage) {
+  EXPECT_DEATH(ABSL_TEST_CHECK(IDENTITY(false)), HasSubstr("IDENTITY(false)"));
+}
+
+TEST(CHECKTest, TestMacroExpansionCompare) {
+  EXPECT_DEATH(ABSL_TEST_CHECK_EQ(IDENTITY(false), IDENTITY(true)),
+               HasSubstr("IDENTITY(false) == IDENTITY(true)"));
+  EXPECT_DEATH(ABSL_TEST_CHECK_GT(IDENTITY(1), IDENTITY(2)),
+               HasSubstr("IDENTITY(1) > IDENTITY(2)"));
+}
+
+TEST(CHECKTest, TestMacroExpansionStrCompare) {
+  EXPECT_DEATH(ABSL_TEST_CHECK_STREQ(IDENTITY("x"), IDENTITY("y")),
+               HasSubstr("IDENTITY(\"x\") == IDENTITY(\"y\")"));
+  EXPECT_DEATH(ABSL_TEST_CHECK_STRCASENE(IDENTITY("a"), IDENTITY("A")),
+               HasSubstr("IDENTITY(\"a\") != IDENTITY(\"A\")"));
+}
+
+TEST(CHECKTest, TestMacroExpansionStatus) {
+  EXPECT_DEATH(
+      ABSL_TEST_CHECK_OK(IDENTITY(absl::FailedPreconditionError("message"))),
+      HasSubstr("IDENTITY(absl::FailedPreconditionError(\"message\"))"));
+}
+
+TEST(CHECKTest, TestMacroExpansionComma) {
+  EXPECT_DEATH(ABSL_TEST_CHECK(TEMPLATE_SUM(MACRO_ONE, 2) == 4),
+               HasSubstr("TEMPLATE_SUM(MACRO_ONE, 2) == 4"));
+}
+
+TEST(CHECKTest, TestMacroExpansionCommaCompare) {
+  EXPECT_DEATH(
+      ABSL_TEST_CHECK_EQ(TEMPLATE_SUM(2, MACRO_ONE), TEMPLATE_SUM(3, 2)),
+      HasSubstr("TEMPLATE_SUM(2, MACRO_ONE) == TEMPLATE_SUM(3, 2)"));
+  EXPECT_DEATH(
+      ABSL_TEST_CHECK_GT(TEMPLATE_SUM(2, MACRO_ONE), TEMPLATE_SUM(3, 2)),
+      HasSubstr("TEMPLATE_SUM(2, MACRO_ONE) > TEMPLATE_SUM(3, 2)"));
+}
+
+TEST(CHECKTest, TestMacroExpansionCommaStrCompare) {
+  EXPECT_DEATH(ABSL_TEST_CHECK_STREQ(CONCAT("x", "y"), "z"),
+               HasSubstr("CONCAT(\"x\", \"y\") == \"z\""));
+  EXPECT_DEATH(ABSL_TEST_CHECK_STRNE(CONCAT("x", "y"), "xy"),
+               HasSubstr("CONCAT(\"x\", \"y\") != \"xy\""));
+}
+
+#endif  // GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
+
+#undef TEMPLATE_SUM
+#undef CONCAT
+#undef MACRO
+#undef ONE
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
+
+TEST(CHECKDeachTest, TestOrderOfInvocationsBetweenCheckAndMessage) {
+  int counter = 0;
+
+  auto GetStr = [&counter]() -> std::string {
+    return counter++ == 0 ? "" : "non-empty";
+  };
+
+  EXPECT_DEATH(ABSL_TEST_CHECK(!GetStr().empty()) << GetStr(),
+               HasSubstr("non-empty"));
+}
+
+TEST(CHECKTest, TestSecondaryFailure) {
+  auto FailingRoutine = []() {
+    ABSL_TEST_CHECK(false) << "Secondary";
+    return false;
+  };
+  EXPECT_DEATH(ABSL_TEST_CHECK(FailingRoutine()) << "Primary",
+               AllOf(HasSubstr("Secondary"), Not(HasSubstr("Primary"))));
+}
+
+TEST(CHECKTest, TestSecondaryFailureInMessage) {
+  auto MessageGen = []() {
+    ABSL_TEST_CHECK(false) << "Secondary";
+    return "Primary";
+  };
+  EXPECT_DEATH(ABSL_TEST_CHECK(false) << MessageGen(),
+               AllOf(HasSubstr("Secondary"), Not(HasSubstr("Primary"))));
+}
+
+#endif  // GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
+
+TEST(CHECKTest, TestBinaryChecksWithPrimitives) {
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK_EQ(1, 1);
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK_NE(1, 2);
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK_GE(1, 1);
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK_GE(2, 1);
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK_LE(1, 1);
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK_LE(1, 2);
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK_GT(2, 1);
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK_LT(1, 2);
+}
+
+// For testing using CHECK*() on anonymous enums.
+enum { CASE_A, CASE_B };
+
+TEST(CHECKTest, TestBinaryChecksWithEnumValues) {
+  // Tests using CHECK*() on anonymous enums.
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK_EQ(CASE_A, CASE_A);
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK_NE(CASE_A, CASE_B);
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK_GE(CASE_A, CASE_A);
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK_GE(CASE_B, CASE_A);
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK_LE(CASE_A, CASE_A);
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK_LE(CASE_A, CASE_B);
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK_GT(CASE_B, CASE_A);
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK_LT(CASE_A, CASE_B);
+}
+
+TEST(CHECKTest, TestBinaryChecksWithNullptr) {
+  const void* p_null = nullptr;
+  const void* p_not_null = &p_null;
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK_EQ(p_null, nullptr);
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK_EQ(nullptr, p_null);
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK_NE(p_not_null, nullptr);
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK_NE(nullptr, p_not_null);
+}
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
+
+// Test logging of various char-typed values by failing CHECK*().
+TEST(CHECKDeathTest, TestComparingCharsValues) {
+  {
+    char a = ';';
+    char b = 'b';
+    EXPECT_DEATH(ABSL_TEST_CHECK_EQ(a, b),
+                 "Check failed: a == b \\(';' vs. 'b'\\)");
+    b = 1;
+    EXPECT_DEATH(ABSL_TEST_CHECK_EQ(a, b),
+                 "Check failed: a == b \\(';' vs. char value 1\\)");
+  }
+  {
+    signed char a = ';';
+    signed char b = 'b';
+    EXPECT_DEATH(ABSL_TEST_CHECK_EQ(a, b),
+                 "Check failed: a == b \\(';' vs. 'b'\\)");
+    b = -128;
+    EXPECT_DEATH(ABSL_TEST_CHECK_EQ(a, b),
+                 "Check failed: a == b \\(';' vs. signed char value -128\\)");
+  }
+  {
+    unsigned char a = ';';
+    unsigned char b = 'b';
+    EXPECT_DEATH(ABSL_TEST_CHECK_EQ(a, b),
+                 "Check failed: a == b \\(';' vs. 'b'\\)");
+    b = 128;
+    EXPECT_DEATH(ABSL_TEST_CHECK_EQ(a, b),
+                 "Check failed: a == b \\(';' vs. unsigned char value 128\\)");
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(CHECKDeathTest, TestNullValuesAreReportedCleanly) {
+  const char* a = nullptr;
+  const char* b = nullptr;
+  EXPECT_DEATH(ABSL_TEST_CHECK_NE(a, b),
+               "Check failed: a != b \\(\\(null\\) vs. \\(null\\)\\)");
+
+  a = "xx";
+  EXPECT_DEATH(ABSL_TEST_CHECK_EQ(a, b),
+               "Check failed: a == b \\(xx vs. \\(null\\)\\)");
+  EXPECT_DEATH(ABSL_TEST_CHECK_EQ(b, a),
+               "Check failed: b == a \\(\\(null\\) vs. xx\\)");
+
+  std::nullptr_t n{};
+  EXPECT_DEATH(ABSL_TEST_CHECK_NE(n, nullptr),
+               "Check failed: n != nullptr \\(\\(null\\) vs. \\(null\\)\\)");
+}
+
+#endif  // GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
+
+TEST(CHECKTest, TestSTREQ) {
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK_STREQ("this", "this");
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK_STREQ(nullptr, nullptr);
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK_STRCASEEQ("this", "tHiS");
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK_STRCASEEQ(nullptr, nullptr);
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK_STRNE("this", "tHiS");
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK_STRNE("this", nullptr);
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK_STRCASENE("this", "that");
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK_STRCASENE(nullptr, "that");
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK_STREQ((std::string("a") + "b").c_str(), "ab");
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK_STREQ(std::string("test").c_str(),
+                        (std::string("te") + std::string("st")).c_str());
+}
+
+TEST(CHECKTest, TestComparisonPlacementsInCompoundStatements) {
+  // check placement inside if/else clauses
+  if (true) ABSL_TEST_CHECK_EQ(1, 1);
+  if (true) ABSL_TEST_CHECK_STREQ("c", "c");
+
+  if (false)
+    ;  // NOLINT
+  else
+    ABSL_TEST_CHECK_LE(0, 1);
+
+  if (false)
+    ;  // NOLINT
+  else
+    ABSL_TEST_CHECK_STRNE("a", "b");
+
+  switch (0)
+  case 0:
+    ABSL_TEST_CHECK_NE(1, 0);
+
+  switch (0)
+  case 0:
+    ABSL_TEST_CHECK_STRCASEEQ("A", "a");
+
+#if ABSL_INTERNAL_CPLUSPLUS_LANG >= 201703L
+  constexpr auto var = [](int i) {
+    ABSL_TEST_CHECK_GT(i, 0);
+    return i + 1;
+  }(global_var);
+  (void)var;
+
+  // CHECK_STR... checks are not supported in constexpr routines.
+  // constexpr auto var2 = [](int i) {
+  //  ABSL_TEST_CHECK_STRNE("c", "d");
+  //  return i + 1;
+  // }(global_var);
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__)
+  int var3 = (({ ABSL_TEST_CHECK_LE(1, 2); }), global_var < 10) ? 1 : 0;
+  (void)var3;
+
+  int var4 = (({ ABSL_TEST_CHECK_STREQ("a", "a"); }), global_var < 10) ? 1 : 0;
+  (void)var4;
+#endif  // __GNUC__
+#endif  // ABSL_INTERNAL_CPLUSPLUS_LANG
+}
+
+TEST(CHECKTest, TestDCHECK) {
+#ifdef NDEBUG
+  ABSL_TEST_DCHECK(1 == 2) << " DCHECK's shouldn't be compiled in normal mode";
+#endif
+  ABSL_TEST_DCHECK(1 == 1);  // NOLINT(readability/check)
+  ABSL_TEST_DCHECK_EQ(1, 1);
+  ABSL_TEST_DCHECK_NE(1, 2);
+  ABSL_TEST_DCHECK_GE(1, 1);
+  ABSL_TEST_DCHECK_GE(2, 1);
+  ABSL_TEST_DCHECK_LE(1, 1);
+  ABSL_TEST_DCHECK_LE(1, 2);
+  ABSL_TEST_DCHECK_GT(2, 1);
+  ABSL_TEST_DCHECK_LT(1, 2);
+
+  // Test DCHECK on std::nullptr_t
+  const void* p_null = nullptr;
+  const void* p_not_null = &p_null;
+  ABSL_TEST_DCHECK_EQ(p_null, nullptr);
+  ABSL_TEST_DCHECK_EQ(nullptr, p_null);
+  ABSL_TEST_DCHECK_NE(p_not_null, nullptr);
+  ABSL_TEST_DCHECK_NE(nullptr, p_not_null);
+}
+
+TEST(CHECKTest, TestQCHECK) {
+  // The tests that QCHECK does the same as CHECK
+  ABSL_TEST_QCHECK(1 == 1);  // NOLINT(readability/check)
+  ABSL_TEST_QCHECK_EQ(1, 1);
+  ABSL_TEST_QCHECK_NE(1, 2);
+  ABSL_TEST_QCHECK_GE(1, 1);
+  ABSL_TEST_QCHECK_GE(2, 1);
+  ABSL_TEST_QCHECK_LE(1, 1);
+  ABSL_TEST_QCHECK_LE(1, 2);
+  ABSL_TEST_QCHECK_GT(2, 1);
+  ABSL_TEST_QCHECK_LT(1, 2);
+
+  // Tests using QCHECK*() on anonymous enums.
+  ABSL_TEST_QCHECK_EQ(CASE_A, CASE_A);
+  ABSL_TEST_QCHECK_NE(CASE_A, CASE_B);
+  ABSL_TEST_QCHECK_GE(CASE_A, CASE_A);
+  ABSL_TEST_QCHECK_GE(CASE_B, CASE_A);
+  ABSL_TEST_QCHECK_LE(CASE_A, CASE_A);
+  ABSL_TEST_QCHECK_LE(CASE_A, CASE_B);
+  ABSL_TEST_QCHECK_GT(CASE_B, CASE_A);
+  ABSL_TEST_QCHECK_LT(CASE_A, CASE_B);
+}
+
+TEST(CHECKTest, TestQCHECKPlacementsInCompoundStatements) {
+  // check placement inside if/else clauses
+  if (true) ABSL_TEST_QCHECK(true);
+
+  if (false)
+    ;  // NOLINT
+  else
+    ABSL_TEST_QCHECK(true);
+
+  if (false)
+    ;  // NOLINT
+  else
+    ABSL_TEST_QCHECK(true);
+
+  switch (0)
+  case 0:
+    ABSL_TEST_QCHECK(true);
+
+#if ABSL_INTERNAL_CPLUSPLUS_LANG >= 201703L
+  constexpr auto var = [](int i) {
+    ABSL_TEST_QCHECK(i > 0);  // NOLINT
+    return i + 1;
+  }(global_var);
+  (void)var;
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__)
+  int var2 = (({ ABSL_TEST_CHECK_LE(1, 2); }), global_var < 10) ? 1 : 0;
+  (void)var2;
+#endif  // __GNUC__
+#endif  // ABSL_INTERNAL_CPLUSPLUS_LANG
+}
+
+class ComparableType {
+ public:
+  explicit ComparableType(int v) : v_(v) {}
+
+  void MethodWithCheck(int i) {
+    ABSL_TEST_CHECK_EQ(*this, i);
+    ABSL_TEST_CHECK_EQ(i, *this);
+  }
+
+  int Get() const { return v_; }
+
+ private:
+  friend bool operator==(const ComparableType& lhs, const ComparableType& rhs) {
+    return lhs.v_ == rhs.v_;
+  }
+  friend bool operator!=(const ComparableType& lhs, const ComparableType& rhs) {
+    return lhs.v_ != rhs.v_;
+  }
+  friend bool operator<(const ComparableType& lhs, const ComparableType& rhs) {
+    return lhs.v_ < rhs.v_;
+  }
+  friend bool operator<=(const ComparableType& lhs, const ComparableType& rhs) {
+    return lhs.v_ <= rhs.v_;
+  }
+  friend bool operator>(const ComparableType& lhs, const ComparableType& rhs) {
+    return lhs.v_ > rhs.v_;
+  }
+  friend bool operator>=(const ComparableType& lhs, const ComparableType& rhs) {
+    return lhs.v_ >= rhs.v_;
+  }
+  friend bool operator==(const ComparableType& lhs, int rhs) {
+    return lhs.v_ == rhs;
+  }
+  friend bool operator==(int lhs, const ComparableType& rhs) {
+    return lhs == rhs.v_;
+  }
+
+  friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const ComparableType& v) {
+    return out << "ComparableType{" << v.Get() << "}";
+  }
+
+  int v_;
+};
+
+TEST(CHECKTest, TestUserDefinedCompOp) {
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK_EQ(ComparableType{0}, ComparableType{0});
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK_NE(ComparableType{1}, ComparableType{2});
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK_LT(ComparableType{1}, ComparableType{2});
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK_LE(ComparableType{1}, ComparableType{2});
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK_GT(ComparableType{2}, ComparableType{1});
+  ABSL_TEST_CHECK_GE(ComparableType{2}, ComparableType{2});
+}
+
+TEST(CHECKTest, TestCheckInMethod) {
+  ComparableType v{1};
+  v.MethodWithCheck(1);
+}
+
+TEST(CHECKDeathTest, TestUserDefinedStreaming) {
+  ComparableType v1{1};
+  ComparableType v2{2};
+
+  EXPECT_DEATH(
+      ABSL_TEST_CHECK_EQ(v1, v2),
+      HasSubstr(
+          "Check failed: v1 == v2 (ComparableType{1} vs. ComparableType{2})"));
+}
+
+}  // namespace absl_log_internal
+
+// NOLINTEND(misc-definitions-in-headers)
+
+#endif  // ABSL_LOG_CHECK_TEST_IMPL_H_
diff --git a/absl/log/die_if_null.cc b/absl/log/die_if_null.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..19c6a28e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/die_if_null.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/log/die_if_null.h"
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/log/log.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace log_internal {
+
+void DieBecauseNull(const char* file, int line, const char* exprtext) {
+  LOG(FATAL).AtLocation(file, line)
+      << absl::StrCat("Check failed: '", exprtext, "' Must be non-null");
+}
+
+}  // namespace log_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/log/die_if_null.h b/absl/log/die_if_null.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..127a9ac8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/die_if_null.h
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// File: log/die_if_null.h
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// This header declares macro `ABSL_DIE_IF_NULL`.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_LOG_DIE_IF_NULL_H_
+#define ABSL_LOG_DIE_IF_NULL_H_
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/optimization.h"
+
+// ABSL_DIE_IF_NULL()
+//
+// `ABSL_DIE_IF_NULL` behaves as `CHECK_NE` against `nullptr` but *also*
+// "returns" its argument.  It is useful in initializers where statements (like
+// `CHECK_NE`) can't be used.  Outside initializers, prefer `CHECK` or
+// `CHECK_NE`. `ABSL_DIE_IF_NULL` works for both raw pointers and (compatible)
+// smart pointers including `std::unique_ptr` and `std::shared_ptr`; more
+// generally, it works for any type that can be compared to nullptr_t.  For
+// types that aren't raw pointers, `ABSL_DIE_IF_NULL` returns a reference to
+// its argument, preserving the value category. Example:
+//
+//   Foo() : bar_(ABSL_DIE_IF_NULL(MethodReturningUniquePtr())) {}
+//
+// Use `CHECK(ptr)` or `CHECK(ptr != nullptr)` if the returned pointer is
+// unused.
+#define ABSL_DIE_IF_NULL(val) \
+  ::absl::log_internal::DieIfNull(__FILE__, __LINE__, #val, (val))
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace log_internal {
+
+// Crashes the process after logging `exprtext` annotated at the `file` and
+// `line` location. Called when `ABSL_DIE_IF_NULL` fails. Calling this function
+// generates less code than its implementation would if inlined, for a slight
+// code size reduction each time `ABSL_DIE_IF_NULL` is called.
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NORETURN ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE void DieBecauseNull(
+    const char* file, int line, const char* exprtext);
+
+// Helper for `ABSL_DIE_IF_NULL`.
+template <typename T>
+ABSL_MUST_USE_RESULT T DieIfNull(const char* file, int line,
+                                 const char* exprtext, T&& t) {
+  if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(t == nullptr)) {
+    // Call a non-inline helper function for a small code size improvement.
+    DieBecauseNull(file, line, exprtext);
+  }
+  return std::forward<T>(t);
+}
+
+}  // namespace log_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_LOG_DIE_IF_NULL_H_
diff --git a/absl/log/die_if_null_test.cc b/absl/log/die_if_null_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b0aab781
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/die_if_null_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+//
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/log/die_if_null.h"
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/test_helpers.h"
+
+namespace {
+
+auto* test_env ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED = ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(
+    new absl::log_internal::LogTestEnvironment);
+
+// TODO(b/69907837): Revisit these tests with the goal of making them less
+// convoluted.
+TEST(AbslDieIfNull, Simple) {
+  int64_t t;
+  void* ptr = static_cast<void*>(&t);
+  void* ref = ABSL_DIE_IF_NULL(ptr);
+  ASSERT_EQ(ptr, ref);
+
+  char* t_as_char;
+  t_as_char = ABSL_DIE_IF_NULL(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&t));
+  (void)t_as_char;
+
+  unsigned char* t_as_uchar;
+  t_as_uchar = ABSL_DIE_IF_NULL(reinterpret_cast<unsigned char*>(&t));
+  (void)t_as_uchar;
+
+  int* t_as_int;
+  t_as_int = ABSL_DIE_IF_NULL(reinterpret_cast<int*>(&t));
+  (void)t_as_int;
+
+  int64_t* t_as_int64_t;
+  t_as_int64_t = ABSL_DIE_IF_NULL(reinterpret_cast<int64_t*>(&t));
+  (void)t_as_int64_t;
+
+  std::unique_ptr<int64_t> sptr(new int64_t);
+  EXPECT_EQ(sptr.get(), ABSL_DIE_IF_NULL(sptr).get());
+  ABSL_DIE_IF_NULL(sptr).reset();
+
+  int64_t* int_ptr = new int64_t();
+  EXPECT_EQ(int_ptr, ABSL_DIE_IF_NULL(std::unique_ptr<int64_t>(int_ptr)).get());
+}
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
+TEST(DeathCheckAbslDieIfNull, Simple) {
+  void* ptr;
+  ASSERT_DEATH({ ptr = ABSL_DIE_IF_NULL(nullptr); }, "");
+  (void)ptr;
+
+  std::unique_ptr<int64_t> sptr;
+  ASSERT_DEATH(ptr = ABSL_DIE_IF_NULL(sptr).get(), "");
+}
+#endif
+
+// Ensures that ABSL_DIE_IF_NULL works with C++11's std::unique_ptr and
+// std::shared_ptr.
+TEST(AbslDieIfNull, DoesNotCompareSmartPointerToNULL) {
+  std::unique_ptr<int> up(new int);
+  EXPECT_EQ(&up, &ABSL_DIE_IF_NULL(up));
+  ABSL_DIE_IF_NULL(up).reset();
+
+  std::shared_ptr<int> sp(new int);
+  EXPECT_EQ(&sp, &ABSL_DIE_IF_NULL(sp));
+  ABSL_DIE_IF_NULL(sp).reset();
+}
+
+// Verifies that ABSL_DIE_IF_NULL returns an rvalue reference if its argument is
+// an rvalue reference.
+TEST(AbslDieIfNull, PreservesRValues) {
+  int64_t* ptr = new int64_t();
+  auto uptr = ABSL_DIE_IF_NULL(std::unique_ptr<int64_t>(ptr));
+  EXPECT_EQ(ptr, uptr.get());
+}
+
+// Verifies that ABSL_DIE_IF_NULL returns an lvalue if its argument is an
+// lvalue.
+TEST(AbslDieIfNull, PreservesLValues) {
+  int64_t array[2] = {0};
+  int64_t* a = array + 0;
+  int64_t* b = array + 1;
+  using std::swap;
+  swap(ABSL_DIE_IF_NULL(a), ABSL_DIE_IF_NULL(b));
+  EXPECT_EQ(array + 1, a);
+  EXPECT_EQ(array + 0, b);
+}
+
+}  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/log/flags.cc b/absl/log/flags.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..215b7bd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/flags.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+//
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/log/internal/flags.h"
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/log_severity.h"
+#include "absl/flags/flag.h"
+#include "absl/flags/marshalling.h"
+#include "absl/log/globals.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/config.h"
+#include "absl/strings/numbers.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace log_internal {
+namespace {
+
+void SyncLoggingFlags() {
+  absl::SetFlag(&FLAGS_minloglevel, static_cast<int>(absl::MinLogLevel()));
+  absl::SetFlag(&FLAGS_log_prefix, absl::ShouldPrependLogPrefix());
+}
+
+bool RegisterSyncLoggingFlags() {
+  log_internal::SetLoggingGlobalsListener(&SyncLoggingFlags);
+  return true;
+}
+
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED const bool unused = RegisterSyncLoggingFlags();
+
+template <typename T>
+T GetFromEnv(const char* varname, T dflt) {
+  const char* val = ::getenv(varname);
+  if (val != nullptr) {
+    std::string err;
+    ABSL_INTERNAL_CHECK(absl::ParseFlag(val, &dflt, &err), err.c_str());
+  }
+  return dflt;
+}
+
+constexpr absl::LogSeverityAtLeast StderrThresholdDefault() {
+  return absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kError;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+}  // namespace log_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+ABSL_FLAG(int, stderrthreshold,
+          static_cast<int>(absl::log_internal::StderrThresholdDefault()),
+          "Log messages at or above this threshold level are copied to stderr.")
+    .OnUpdate([] {
+      absl::log_internal::RawSetStderrThreshold(
+          static_cast<absl::LogSeverityAtLeast>(
+              absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_stderrthreshold)));
+    });
+
+ABSL_FLAG(int, minloglevel, static_cast<int>(absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kInfo),
+          "Messages logged at a lower level than this don't actually "
+          "get logged anywhere")
+    .OnUpdate([] {
+      absl::log_internal::RawSetMinLogLevel(
+          static_cast<absl::LogSeverityAtLeast>(
+              absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_minloglevel)));
+    });
+
+ABSL_FLAG(std::string, log_backtrace_at, "",
+          "Emit a backtrace when logging at file:linenum.")
+    .OnUpdate([] {
+      const std::string log_backtrace_at =
+          absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_log_backtrace_at);
+      if (log_backtrace_at.empty()) {
+        absl::ClearLogBacktraceLocation();
+        return;
+      }
+
+      const size_t last_colon = log_backtrace_at.rfind(':');
+      if (last_colon == log_backtrace_at.npos) {
+        absl::ClearLogBacktraceLocation();
+        return;
+      }
+
+      const absl::string_view file =
+          absl::string_view(log_backtrace_at).substr(0, last_colon);
+      int line;
+      if (!absl::SimpleAtoi(
+              absl::string_view(log_backtrace_at).substr(last_colon + 1),
+              &line)) {
+        absl::ClearLogBacktraceLocation();
+        return;
+      }
+      absl::SetLogBacktraceLocation(file, line);
+    });
+
+ABSL_FLAG(bool, log_prefix, true,
+          "Prepend the log prefix to the start of each log line")
+    .OnUpdate([] {
+      absl::log_internal::RawEnableLogPrefix(absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_log_prefix));
+    });
diff --git a/absl/log/flags.h b/absl/log/flags.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..146cfdd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/flags.h
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// File: log/flags.h
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+
+#ifndef ABSL_LOG_FLAGS_H_
+#define ABSL_LOG_FLAGS_H_
+
+// The Abseil Logging library supports the following command line flags to
+// configure logging behavior at runtime:
+//
+// --stderrthreshold=<value>
+// Log messages at or above this threshold level are copied to stderr.
+//
+// --minloglevel=<value>
+// Messages logged at a lower level than this are discarded and don't actually
+// get logged anywhere.
+//
+// --log_backtrace_at=<file:linenum>
+// Emit a backtrace (stack trace) when logging at file:linenum.
+//
+// To use these commandline flags, the //absl/log:flags library must be
+// explicitly linked, and absl::ParseCommandLine() must be called before the
+// call to absl::InitializeLog().
+//
+// To configure the Log library programmatically, use the interfaces defined in
+// absl/log/globals.h.
+
+#endif  // ABSL_LOG_FLAGS_H_
diff --git a/absl/log/flags_test.cc b/absl/log/flags_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1080ea11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/flags_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+//
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/log/internal/flags.h"
+
+#include <string>
+
+#include "gmock/gmock.h"
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
+#include "absl/base/log_severity.h"
+#include "absl/flags/flag.h"
+#include "absl/flags/reflection.h"
+#include "absl/log/globals.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/test_helpers.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/test_matchers.h"
+#include "absl/log/log.h"
+#include "absl/log/scoped_mock_log.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
+
+namespace {
+using ::absl::log_internal::TextMessage;
+
+using ::testing::HasSubstr;
+using ::testing::Not;
+
+auto* test_env ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED = ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(
+    new absl::log_internal::LogTestEnvironment);
+
+constexpr static absl::LogSeverityAtLeast DefaultStderrThreshold() {
+  return absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kError;
+}
+
+class LogFlagsTest : public ::testing::Test {
+ protected:
+  absl::FlagSaver flag_saver_;
+};
+
+// This test is disabled because it adds order dependency to the test suite.
+// This order dependency is currently not fixable due to the way the
+// stderrthreshold global value is out of sync with the stderrthreshold flag.
+TEST_F(LogFlagsTest, DISABLED_StderrKnobsDefault) {
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StderrThreshold(), DefaultStderrThreshold());
+}
+
+TEST_F(LogFlagsTest, SetStderrThreshold) {
+  absl::SetFlag(&FLAGS_stderrthreshold,
+                static_cast<int>(absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kInfo));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StderrThreshold(), absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kInfo);
+
+  absl::SetFlag(&FLAGS_stderrthreshold,
+                static_cast<int>(absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kError));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StderrThreshold(), absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kError);
+}
+
+TEST_F(LogFlagsTest, SetMinLogLevel) {
+  absl::SetFlag(&FLAGS_minloglevel,
+                static_cast<int>(absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kError));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::MinLogLevel(), absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kError);
+
+  absl::log_internal::ScopedMinLogLevel scoped_min_log_level(
+      absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kWarning);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_minloglevel),
+            static_cast<int>(absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kWarning));
+}
+
+TEST_F(LogFlagsTest, PrependLogPrefix) {
+  absl::SetFlag(&FLAGS_log_prefix, false);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::ShouldPrependLogPrefix(), false);
+
+  absl::EnableLogPrefix(true);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_log_prefix), true);
+}
+
+TEST_F(LogFlagsTest, EmptyBacktraceAtFlag) {
+  absl::SetMinLogLevel(absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kInfo);
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Send(TextMessage(Not(HasSubstr("(stacktrace:")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  absl::SetFlag(&FLAGS_log_backtrace_at, "");
+  LOG(INFO) << "hello world";
+}
+
+TEST_F(LogFlagsTest, BacktraceAtNonsense) {
+  absl::SetMinLogLevel(absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kInfo);
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Send(TextMessage(Not(HasSubstr("(stacktrace:")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  absl::SetFlag(&FLAGS_log_backtrace_at, "gibberish");
+  LOG(INFO) << "hello world";
+}
+
+TEST_F(LogFlagsTest, BacktraceAtWrongFile) {
+  absl::SetMinLogLevel(absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kInfo);
+  const int log_line = __LINE__ + 1;
+  auto do_log = [] { LOG(INFO) << "hello world"; };
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Send(TextMessage(Not(HasSubstr("(stacktrace:")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  absl::SetFlag(&FLAGS_log_backtrace_at,
+                absl::StrCat("some_other_file.cc:", log_line));
+  do_log();
+}
+
+TEST_F(LogFlagsTest, BacktraceAtWrongLine) {
+  absl::SetMinLogLevel(absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kInfo);
+  const int log_line = __LINE__ + 1;
+  auto do_log = [] { LOG(INFO) << "hello world"; };
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Send(TextMessage(Not(HasSubstr("(stacktrace:")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  absl::SetFlag(&FLAGS_log_backtrace_at,
+                absl::StrCat("flags_test.cc:", log_line + 1));
+  do_log();
+}
+
+TEST_F(LogFlagsTest, BacktraceAtWholeFilename) {
+  absl::SetMinLogLevel(absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kInfo);
+  const int log_line = __LINE__ + 1;
+  auto do_log = [] { LOG(INFO) << "hello world"; };
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Send(TextMessage(Not(HasSubstr("(stacktrace:")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  absl::SetFlag(&FLAGS_log_backtrace_at, absl::StrCat(__FILE__, ":", log_line));
+  do_log();
+}
+
+TEST_F(LogFlagsTest, BacktraceAtNonmatchingSuffix) {
+  absl::SetMinLogLevel(absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kInfo);
+  const int log_line = __LINE__ + 1;
+  auto do_log = [] { LOG(INFO) << "hello world"; };
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Send(TextMessage(Not(HasSubstr("(stacktrace:")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  absl::SetFlag(&FLAGS_log_backtrace_at,
+                absl::StrCat("flags_test.cc:", log_line, "gibberish"));
+  do_log();
+}
+
+TEST_F(LogFlagsTest, LogsBacktrace) {
+  absl::SetMinLogLevel(absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kInfo);
+  const int log_line = __LINE__ + 1;
+  auto do_log = [] { LOG(INFO) << "hello world"; };
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  testing::InSequence seq;
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Send(TextMessage(HasSubstr("(stacktrace:"))));
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Send(TextMessage(Not(HasSubstr("(stacktrace:")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  absl::SetFlag(&FLAGS_log_backtrace_at,
+                absl::StrCat("flags_test.cc:", log_line));
+  do_log();
+  absl::SetFlag(&FLAGS_log_backtrace_at, "");
+  do_log();
+}
+
+}  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/log/globals.cc b/absl/log/globals.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cc85438f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/globals.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/log/globals.h"
+
+#include <atomic>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/atomic_hook.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
+#include "absl/base/log_severity.h"
+#include "absl/hash/hash.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace {
+
+// These atomics represent logging library configuration.
+// Integer types are used instead of absl::LogSeverity to ensure that a
+// lock-free std::atomic is used when possible.
+ABSL_CONST_INIT std::atomic<int> min_log_level{
+    static_cast<int>(absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kInfo)};
+ABSL_CONST_INIT std::atomic<int> stderrthreshold{
+    static_cast<int>(absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kError)};
+// We evaluate this value as a hash comparison to avoid having to
+// hold a mutex or make a copy (to access the value of a string-typed flag) in
+// very hot codepath.
+ABSL_CONST_INIT std::atomic<size_t> log_backtrace_at_hash{0};
+ABSL_CONST_INIT std::atomic<bool> prepend_log_prefix{true};
+
+constexpr char kDefaultAndroidTag[] = "native";
+ABSL_CONST_INIT std::atomic<const char*> android_log_tag{kDefaultAndroidTag};
+
+ABSL_INTERNAL_ATOMIC_HOOK_ATTRIBUTES
+absl::base_internal::AtomicHook<log_internal::LoggingGlobalsListener>
+    logging_globals_listener;
+
+size_t HashSiteForLogBacktraceAt(absl::string_view file, int line) {
+  return absl::HashOf(file, line);
+}
+
+void TriggerLoggingGlobalsListener() {
+  auto* listener = logging_globals_listener.Load();
+  if (listener != nullptr) listener();
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+namespace log_internal {
+
+void RawSetMinLogLevel(absl::LogSeverityAtLeast severity) {
+  min_log_level.store(static_cast<int>(severity), std::memory_order_release);
+}
+
+void RawSetStderrThreshold(absl::LogSeverityAtLeast severity) {
+  stderrthreshold.store(static_cast<int>(severity), std::memory_order_release);
+}
+
+void RawEnableLogPrefix(bool on_off) {
+  prepend_log_prefix.store(on_off, std::memory_order_release);
+}
+
+void SetLoggingGlobalsListener(LoggingGlobalsListener l) {
+  logging_globals_listener.Store(l);
+}
+
+}  // namespace log_internal
+
+absl::LogSeverityAtLeast MinLogLevel() {
+  return static_cast<absl::LogSeverityAtLeast>(
+      min_log_level.load(std::memory_order_acquire));
+}
+
+void SetMinLogLevel(absl::LogSeverityAtLeast severity) {
+  log_internal::RawSetMinLogLevel(severity);
+  TriggerLoggingGlobalsListener();
+}
+
+namespace log_internal {
+
+ScopedMinLogLevel::ScopedMinLogLevel(absl::LogSeverityAtLeast severity)
+    : saved_severity_(absl::MinLogLevel()) {
+  absl::SetMinLogLevel(severity);
+}
+ScopedMinLogLevel::~ScopedMinLogLevel() {
+  absl::SetMinLogLevel(saved_severity_);
+}
+
+}  // namespace log_internal
+
+absl::LogSeverityAtLeast StderrThreshold() {
+  return static_cast<absl::LogSeverityAtLeast>(
+      stderrthreshold.load(std::memory_order_acquire));
+}
+
+void SetStderrThreshold(absl::LogSeverityAtLeast severity) {
+  log_internal::RawSetStderrThreshold(severity);
+  TriggerLoggingGlobalsListener();
+}
+
+ScopedStderrThreshold::ScopedStderrThreshold(absl::LogSeverityAtLeast severity)
+    : saved_severity_(absl::StderrThreshold()) {
+  absl::SetStderrThreshold(severity);
+}
+
+ScopedStderrThreshold::~ScopedStderrThreshold() {
+  absl::SetStderrThreshold(saved_severity_);
+}
+
+namespace log_internal {
+
+const char* GetAndroidNativeTag() {
+  return android_log_tag.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+}
+
+}  // namespace log_internal
+
+void SetAndroidNativeTag(const char* tag) {
+  ABSL_CONST_INIT static std::atomic<const std::string*> user_log_tag(nullptr);
+  ABSL_INTERNAL_CHECK(tag, "tag must be non-null.");
+
+  const std::string* tag_str = new std::string(tag);
+  ABSL_INTERNAL_CHECK(
+      android_log_tag.exchange(tag_str->c_str(), std::memory_order_acq_rel) ==
+          kDefaultAndroidTag,
+      "SetAndroidNativeTag() must only be called once per process!");
+  user_log_tag.store(tag_str, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+}
+
+namespace log_internal {
+
+bool ShouldLogBacktraceAt(absl::string_view file, int line) {
+  const size_t flag_hash =
+      log_backtrace_at_hash.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+
+  return flag_hash != 0 && flag_hash == HashSiteForLogBacktraceAt(file, line);
+}
+
+}  // namespace log_internal
+
+void SetLogBacktraceLocation(absl::string_view file, int line) {
+  log_backtrace_at_hash.store(HashSiteForLogBacktraceAt(file, line),
+                              std::memory_order_relaxed);
+}
+
+void ClearLogBacktraceLocation() {
+  log_backtrace_at_hash.store(0, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+}
+
+bool ShouldPrependLogPrefix() {
+  return prepend_log_prefix.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+}
+
+void EnableLogPrefix(bool on_off) {
+  log_internal::RawEnableLogPrefix(on_off);
+  TriggerLoggingGlobalsListener();
+}
+
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/log/globals.h b/absl/log/globals.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bc3864c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/globals.h
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// File: log/globals.h
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// This header declares global logging library configuration knobs.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_LOG_GLOBALS_H_
+#define ABSL_LOG_GLOBALS_H_
+
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/log_severity.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//  Minimum Log Level
+//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// Messages logged at or above this severity are directed to all registered log
+// sinks or skipped otherwise. This parameter can also be modified using
+// command line flag --minloglevel.
+// See absl/base/log_severity.h for descriptions of severity levels.
+
+// MinLogLevel()
+//
+// Returns the value of the Minimum Log Level parameter.
+// This function is async-signal-safe.
+ABSL_MUST_USE_RESULT absl::LogSeverityAtLeast MinLogLevel();
+
+// SetMinLogLevel()
+//
+// Updates the value of Minimum Log Level parameter.
+// This function is async-signal-safe.
+void SetMinLogLevel(absl::LogSeverityAtLeast severity);
+
+namespace log_internal {
+
+// ScopedMinLogLevel
+//
+// RAII type used to temporarily update the Min Log Level parameter.
+class ScopedMinLogLevel final {
+ public:
+  explicit ScopedMinLogLevel(absl::LogSeverityAtLeast severity);
+  ScopedMinLogLevel(const ScopedMinLogLevel&) = delete;
+  ScopedMinLogLevel& operator=(const ScopedMinLogLevel&) = delete;
+  ~ScopedMinLogLevel();
+
+ private:
+  absl::LogSeverityAtLeast saved_severity_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace log_internal
+
+//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Stderr Threshold
+//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// Messages logged at or above this level are directed to stderr in
+// addition to other registered log sinks. This parameter can also be modified
+// using command line flag --stderrthreshold.
+// See absl/base/log_severity.h for descriptions of severity levels.
+
+// StderrThreshold()
+//
+// Returns the value of the Stderr Threshold parameter.
+// This function is async-signal-safe.
+ABSL_MUST_USE_RESULT absl::LogSeverityAtLeast StderrThreshold();
+
+// SetStderrThreshold()
+//
+// Updates the Stderr Threshold parameter.
+// This function is async-signal-safe.
+void SetStderrThreshold(absl::LogSeverityAtLeast severity);
+inline void SetStderrThreshold(absl::LogSeverity severity) {
+  absl::SetStderrThreshold(static_cast<absl::LogSeverityAtLeast>(severity));
+}
+
+// ScopedStderrThreshold
+//
+// RAII type used to temporarily update the Stderr Threshold parameter.
+class ScopedStderrThreshold final {
+ public:
+  explicit ScopedStderrThreshold(absl::LogSeverityAtLeast severity);
+  ScopedStderrThreshold(const ScopedStderrThreshold&) = delete;
+  ScopedStderrThreshold& operator=(const ScopedStderrThreshold&) = delete;
+  ~ScopedStderrThreshold();
+
+ private:
+  absl::LogSeverityAtLeast saved_severity_;
+};
+
+//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Log Backtrace At
+//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// Users can request an existing `LOG` statement, specified by file and line
+// number, to also include a backtrace when logged.
+
+// ShouldLogBacktraceAt()
+//
+// Returns true if we should log a backtrace at the specified location.
+namespace log_internal {
+ABSL_MUST_USE_RESULT bool ShouldLogBacktraceAt(absl::string_view file,
+                                               int line);
+}  // namespace log_internal
+
+// SetLogBacktraceLocation()
+//
+// Sets the location the backtrace should be logged at.  If the specified
+// location isn't a `LOG` statement, the effect will be the same as
+// `ClearLogBacktraceLocation` (but less efficient).
+void SetLogBacktraceLocation(absl::string_view file, int line);
+
+// ClearLogBacktraceLocation()
+//
+// Clears the set location so that backtraces will no longer be logged at it.
+void ClearLogBacktraceLocation();
+
+//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Prepend Log Prefix
+//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// This option tells the logging library that every logged message
+// should include the prefix (severity, date, time, PID, etc.)
+
+// ShouldPrependLogPrefix()
+//
+// Returns the value of the Prepend Log Prefix option.
+// This function is async-signal-safe.
+ABSL_MUST_USE_RESULT bool ShouldPrependLogPrefix();
+
+// EnableLogPrefix()
+//
+// Updates the value of the Prepend Log Prefix option.
+// This function is async-signal-safe.
+void EnableLogPrefix(bool on_off);
+
+//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Configure Android Native Log Tag
+//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// The logging library forwards to the Android system log API when built for
+// Android.  That API takes a string "tag" value in addition to a message and
+// severity level.  The tag is used to identify the source of messages and to
+// filter them.  This library uses the tag "native" by default.
+
+// SetAndroidNativeTag()
+//
+// Stores a copy of the string pointed to by `tag` and uses it as the Android
+// logging tag thereafter. `tag` must not be null.
+// This function must not be called more than once!
+void SetAndroidNativeTag(const char* tag);
+
+namespace log_internal {
+// GetAndroidNativeTag()
+//
+// Returns the configured Android logging tag.
+const char* GetAndroidNativeTag();
+}  // namespace log_internal
+
+namespace log_internal {
+
+using LoggingGlobalsListener = void (*)();
+void SetLoggingGlobalsListener(LoggingGlobalsListener l);
+
+// Internal implementation for the setter routines. These are used
+// to break circular dependencies between flags and globals. Each "Raw"
+// routine corresponds to the non-"Raw" counterpart and used to set the
+// configuration parameter directly without calling back to the listener.
+void RawSetMinLogLevel(absl::LogSeverityAtLeast severity);
+void RawSetStderrThreshold(absl::LogSeverityAtLeast severity);
+void RawEnableLogPrefix(bool on_off);
+
+}  // namespace log_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_LOG_GLOBALS_H_
diff --git a/absl/log/globals_test.cc b/absl/log/globals_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f7af47cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/globals_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+//
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/log/globals.h"
+
+#include "gmock/gmock.h"
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
+#include "absl/base/log_severity.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/globals.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/test_helpers.h"
+#include "absl/log/log.h"
+#include "absl/log/scoped_mock_log.h"
+
+namespace {
+using ::testing::_;
+using ::testing::StrEq;
+
+auto* test_env ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED = ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(
+    new absl::log_internal::LogTestEnvironment);
+
+constexpr static absl::LogSeverityAtLeast DefaultMinLogLevel() {
+  return absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kInfo;
+}
+constexpr static absl::LogSeverityAtLeast DefaultStderrThreshold() {
+  return absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kError;
+}
+
+TEST(TestGlobals, MinLogLevel) {
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::MinLogLevel(), DefaultMinLogLevel());
+  absl::SetMinLogLevel(absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kError);
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::MinLogLevel(), absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kError);
+  absl::SetMinLogLevel(DefaultMinLogLevel());
+}
+
+TEST(TestGlobals, ScopedMinLogLevel) {
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::MinLogLevel(), DefaultMinLogLevel());
+  {
+    absl::log_internal::ScopedMinLogLevel scoped_stderr_threshold(
+        absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kError);
+    EXPECT_EQ(absl::MinLogLevel(), absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kError);
+  }
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::MinLogLevel(), DefaultMinLogLevel());
+}
+
+TEST(TestGlobals, StderrThreshold) {
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StderrThreshold(), DefaultStderrThreshold());
+  absl::SetStderrThreshold(absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kError);
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StderrThreshold(), absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kError);
+  absl::SetStderrThreshold(DefaultStderrThreshold());
+}
+
+TEST(TestGlobals, ScopedStderrThreshold) {
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StderrThreshold(), DefaultStderrThreshold());
+  {
+    absl::ScopedStderrThreshold scoped_stderr_threshold(
+        absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kError);
+    EXPECT_EQ(absl::StderrThreshold(), absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kError);
+  }
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StderrThreshold(), DefaultStderrThreshold());
+}
+
+TEST(TestGlobals, LogBacktraceAt) {
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::log_internal::ShouldLogBacktraceAt("some_file.cc", 111));
+  absl::SetLogBacktraceLocation("some_file.cc", 111);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::log_internal::ShouldLogBacktraceAt("some_file.cc", 111));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(
+      absl::log_internal::ShouldLogBacktraceAt("another_file.cc", 222));
+}
+
+TEST(TestGlobals, LogPrefix) {
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ShouldPrependLogPrefix());
+  absl::EnableLogPrefix(false);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::ShouldPrependLogPrefix());
+  absl::EnableLogPrefix(true);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ShouldPrependLogPrefix());
+}
+
+TEST(TestGlobals, AndroidLogTag) {
+  // Verify invalid tags result in a check failure.
+  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(absl::SetAndroidNativeTag(nullptr), ".*");
+
+  // Verify valid tags applied.
+  EXPECT_THAT(absl::log_internal::GetAndroidNativeTag(), StrEq("native"));
+  absl::SetAndroidNativeTag("test_tag");
+  EXPECT_THAT(absl::log_internal::GetAndroidNativeTag(), StrEq("test_tag"));
+
+  // Verify that additional calls (more than 1) result in a check failure.
+  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(absl::SetAndroidNativeTag("test_tag_fail"), ".*");
+}
+
+}  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/log/initialize.cc b/absl/log/initialize.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a3f6d6c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/initialize.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/log/initialize.h"
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/globals.h"
+#include "absl/time/time.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+void InitializeLog() {
+  // This comes first since it is used by RAW_LOG.
+  absl::log_internal::SetTimeZone(absl::LocalTimeZone());
+
+  // Note that initialization is complete, so logs can now be sent to their
+  // proper destinations rather than stderr.
+  log_internal::SetInitialized();
+}
+
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/log/initialize.h b/absl/log/initialize.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f600eb60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/initialize.h
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// File: log/initialize.h
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// This header declares the Abseil Log initialization routine InitializeLog().
+
+#ifndef ABSL_LOG_INITIALIZE_H_
+#define ABSL_LOG_INITIALIZE_H_
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+// InitializeLog()
+//
+// Initializes the Abseil logging library.
+//
+// Before this function is called, all log messages are directed only to stderr.
+// After initialization is finished, log messages are directed to all registered
+// `LogSink`s.
+//
+// It is an error to call this function twice.
+//
+// There is no corresponding function to shut down the logging library.
+void InitializeLog();
+
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_LOG_INITIALIZE_H_
diff --git a/absl/log/internal/BUILD.bazel b/absl/log/internal/BUILD.bazel
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..555c5e5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/internal/BUILD.bazel
@@ -0,0 +1,383 @@
+#
+# Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+#
+
+load(
+    "//absl:copts/configure_copts.bzl",
+    "ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS",
+    "ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS",
+    "ABSL_TEST_COPTS",
+)
+
+package(default_visibility = [
+    "//absl/log:__pkg__",
+])
+
+licenses(["notice"])
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "check_impl",
+    hdrs = ["check_impl.h"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        ":check_op",
+        ":conditions",
+        ":log_message",
+        ":strip",
+        "//absl/base:core_headers",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "check_op",
+    srcs = ["check_op.cc"],
+    hdrs = ["check_op.h"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    visibility = [
+        "//absl/log:__pkg__",
+    ],
+    deps = [
+        ":nullguard",
+        ":nullstream",
+        ":strip",
+        "//absl/base:config",
+        "//absl/base:core_headers",
+        "//absl/strings",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "conditions",
+    srcs = ["conditions.cc"],
+    hdrs = ["conditions.h"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        ":voidify",
+        "//absl/base",
+        "//absl/base:config",
+        "//absl/base:core_headers",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "config",
+    hdrs = ["config.h"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    visibility = [
+        "//absl/log:__pkg__",
+    ],
+    deps = [
+        "//absl/base:config",
+        "//absl/base:core_headers",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "flags",
+    hdrs = ["flags.h"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        "//absl/flags:flag",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "format",
+    srcs = ["log_format.cc"],
+    hdrs = ["log_format.h"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        ":append_truncated",
+        ":config",
+        ":globals",
+        "//absl/base:config",
+        "//absl/base:core_headers",
+        "//absl/base:log_severity",
+        "//absl/strings",
+        "//absl/strings:str_format",
+        "//absl/time",
+        "//absl/types:span",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "globals",
+    srcs = ["globals.cc"],
+    hdrs = ["globals.h"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    visibility = [
+        "//absl/log:__pkg__",
+    ],
+    deps = [
+        "//absl/base:config",
+        "//absl/base:core_headers",
+        "//absl/base:log_severity",
+        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
+        "//absl/strings",
+        "//absl/time",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "log_impl",
+    hdrs = ["log_impl.h"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        ":conditions",
+        ":log_message",
+        ":strip",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "log_message",
+    srcs = ["log_message.cc"],
+    hdrs = ["log_message.h"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    visibility = [
+        "//absl/log:__pkg__",
+    ],
+    deps = [
+        ":append_truncated",
+        ":format",
+        ":globals",
+        ":log_sink_set",
+        ":nullguard",
+        ":proto",
+        "//absl/base",
+        "//absl/base:config",
+        "//absl/base:core_headers",
+        "//absl/base:errno_saver",
+        "//absl/base:log_severity",
+        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
+        "//absl/base:strerror",
+        "//absl/container:inlined_vector",
+        "//absl/debugging:examine_stack",
+        "//absl/log:globals",
+        "//absl/log:log_entry",
+        "//absl/log:log_sink",
+        "//absl/log:log_sink_registry",
+        "//absl/memory",
+        "//absl/strings",
+        "//absl/time",
+        "//absl/types:span",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "append_truncated",
+    hdrs = ["append_truncated.h"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        "//absl/base:config",
+        "//absl/strings",
+        "//absl/types:span",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "log_sink_set",
+    srcs = ["log_sink_set.cc"],
+    hdrs = ["log_sink_set.h"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS + select({
+        "//conditions:default": [],
+        "@platforms//os:android": ["-llog"],
+    }),
+    deps = [
+        ":config",
+        ":globals",
+        "//absl/base",
+        "//absl/base:config",
+        "//absl/base:core_headers",
+        "//absl/base:log_severity",
+        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
+        "//absl/cleanup",
+        "//absl/log:globals",
+        "//absl/log:log_entry",
+        "//absl/log:log_sink",
+        "//absl/strings",
+        "//absl/synchronization",
+        "//absl/types:span",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "nullguard",
+    srcs = ["nullguard.cc"],
+    hdrs = ["nullguard.h"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        "//absl/base:config",
+        "//absl/base:core_headers",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "nullstream",
+    hdrs = ["nullstream.h"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        "//absl/base:config",
+        "//absl/base:core_headers",
+        "//absl/base:log_severity",
+        "//absl/strings",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "strip",
+    hdrs = ["strip.h"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        ":log_message",
+        ":nullstream",
+        "//absl/base:log_severity",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "structured",
+    hdrs = ["structured.h"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        ":log_message",
+        "//absl/base:config",
+        "//absl/strings",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "test_actions",
+    testonly = True,
+    srcs = ["test_actions.cc"],
+    hdrs = ["test_actions.h"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        "//absl/base:config",
+        "//absl/base:core_headers",
+        "//absl/base:log_severity",
+        "//absl/log:log_entry",
+        "//absl/strings",
+        "//absl/time",
+    ] + select({
+        "//absl:msvc_compiler": [],
+        "//conditions:default": [
+        ],
+    }),
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "test_helpers",
+    testonly = True,
+    srcs = ["test_helpers.cc"],
+    hdrs = ["test_helpers.h"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        ":globals",
+        "//absl/base:config",
+        "//absl/base:log_severity",
+        "//absl/log:globals",
+        "//absl/log:initialize",
+        "@com_google_googletest//:gtest",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "test_matchers",
+    testonly = True,
+    srcs = ["test_matchers.cc"],
+    hdrs = ["test_matchers.h"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        ":test_helpers",
+        "//absl/base:config",
+        "//absl/base:core_headers",
+        "//absl/base:log_severity",
+        "//absl/log:log_entry",
+        "//absl/strings",
+        "//absl/time",
+        "@com_google_googletest//:gtest",
+    ] + select({
+        "//absl:msvc_compiler": [],
+        "//conditions:default": [
+        ],
+    }),
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "voidify",
+    hdrs = ["voidify.h"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = ["//absl/base:config"],
+)
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "proto",
+    srcs = ["proto.cc"],
+    hdrs = ["proto.h"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        "//absl/base",
+        "//absl/base:config",
+        "//absl/base:core_headers",
+        "//absl/strings",
+        "//absl/types:span",
+    ],
+)
+
+# Test targets
+cc_test(
+    name = "stderr_log_sink_test",
+    size = "small",
+    srcs = ["stderr_log_sink_test.cc"],
+    copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    tags = [
+        "no_test:os:android",
+        "no_test:os:ios",
+        "no_test_android",
+        "no_test_darwin_x86_64",
+        "no_test_ios",
+        "no_test_wasm",
+    ],
+    deps = [
+        ":test_helpers",
+        "//absl/base:core_headers",
+        "//absl/base:log_severity",
+        "//absl/log",
+        "//absl/log:globals",
+        "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
diff --git a/absl/log/internal/append_truncated.h b/absl/log/internal/append_truncated.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f0e7912c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/internal/append_truncated.h
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_APPEND_TRUNCATED_H_
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_APPEND_TRUNCATED_H_
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstring>
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+#include "absl/types/span.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace log_internal {
+// Copies into `dst` as many bytes of `src` as will fit, then truncates the
+// copied bytes from the front of `dst` and returns the number of bytes written.
+inline size_t AppendTruncated(absl::string_view src, absl::Span<char> &dst) {
+  if (src.size() > dst.size()) src = src.substr(0, dst.size());
+  memcpy(dst.data(), src.data(), src.size());
+  dst.remove_prefix(src.size());
+  return src.size();
+}
+// Likewise, but `n` copies of `c`.
+inline size_t AppendTruncated(char c, size_t n, absl::Span<char> &dst) {
+  if (n > dst.size()) n = dst.size();
+  memset(dst.data(), c, n);
+  dst.remove_prefix(n);
+  return n;
+}
+}  // namespace log_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_APPEND_TRUNCATED_H_
diff --git a/absl/log/internal/check_impl.h b/absl/log/internal/check_impl.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..00f25f80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/internal/check_impl.h
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_IMPL_H_
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_IMPL_H_
+
+#include "absl/base/optimization.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/check_op.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/conditions.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/log_message.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/strip.h"
+
+// CHECK
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_IMPL(condition, condition_text)       \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION_FATAL(STATELESS,                        \
+                                    ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(!(condition))) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK(condition_text).InternalStream()
+
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_IMPL(condition, condition_text)       \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION_QFATAL(STATELESS,                        \
+                                     ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(!(condition))) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK(condition_text).InternalStream()
+
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_PCHECK_IMPL(condition, condition_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_IMPL(condition, condition_text).WithPerror()
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_IMPL(condition, condition_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_IMPL(condition, condition_text)
+#else
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_IMPL(condition, condition_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_IMPL(true || (condition), "true")
+#endif
+
+// CHECK_EQ
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_EQ_IMPL(val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_OP(Check_EQ, ==, val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_NE_IMPL(val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_OP(Check_NE, !=, val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_LE_IMPL(val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_OP(Check_LE, <=, val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_LT_IMPL(val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_OP(Check_LT, <, val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_GE_IMPL(val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_OP(Check_GE, >=, val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_GT_IMPL(val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_OP(Check_GT, >, val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_EQ_IMPL(val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_OP(Check_EQ, ==, val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_NE_IMPL(val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_OP(Check_NE, !=, val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_LE_IMPL(val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_OP(Check_LE, <=, val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_LT_IMPL(val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_OP(Check_LT, <, val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_GE_IMPL(val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_OP(Check_GE, >=, val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_GT_IMPL(val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_OP(Check_GT, >, val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text)
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_EQ_IMPL(val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_EQ_IMPL(val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_NE_IMPL(val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_NE_IMPL(val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_LE_IMPL(val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_LE_IMPL(val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_LT_IMPL(val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_LT_IMPL(val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_GE_IMPL(val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_GE_IMPL(val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_GT_IMPL(val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_GT_IMPL(val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text)
+#else  // ndef NDEBUG
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_EQ_IMPL(val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_NOP(val1, val2)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_NE_IMPL(val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_NOP(val1, val2)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_LE_IMPL(val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_NOP(val1, val2)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_LT_IMPL(val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_NOP(val1, val2)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_GE_IMPL(val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_NOP(val1, val2)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_GT_IMPL(val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_NOP(val1, val2)
+#endif  // def NDEBUG
+
+// CHECK_OK
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_OK_IMPL(status, status_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_OK(status, status_text)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_OK_IMPL(status, status_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_OK(status, status_text)
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_OK_IMPL(status, status_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_OK(status, status_text)
+#else
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_OK_IMPL(status, status_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_NOP(status, nullptr)
+#endif
+
+// CHECK_STREQ
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_STREQ_IMPL(s1, s1_text, s2, s2_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_STROP(strcmp, ==, true, s1, s1_text, s2, s2_text)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_STRNE_IMPL(s1, s1_text, s2, s2_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_STROP(strcmp, !=, false, s1, s1_text, s2, s2_text)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_STRCASEEQ_IMPL(s1, s1_text, s2, s2_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_STROP(strcasecmp, ==, true, s1, s1_text, s2, s2_text)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_STRCASENE_IMPL(s1, s1_text, s2, s2_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_STROP(strcasecmp, !=, false, s1, s1_text, s2, s2_text)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_STREQ_IMPL(s1, s1_text, s2, s2_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_STROP(strcmp, ==, true, s1, s1_text, s2, s2_text)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_STRNE_IMPL(s1, s1_text, s2, s2_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_STROP(strcmp, !=, false, s1, s1_text, s2, s2_text)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_STRCASEEQ_IMPL(s1, s1_text, s2, s2_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_STROP(strcasecmp, ==, true, s1, s1_text, s2, s2_text)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_STRCASENE_IMPL(s1, s1_text, s2, s2_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_STROP(strcasecmp, !=, false, s1, s1_text, s2,  \
+                                 s2_text)
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_STREQ_IMPL(s1, s1_text, s2, s2_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_STREQ_IMPL(s1, s1_text, s2, s2_text)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_STRCASEEQ_IMPL(s1, s1_text, s2, s2_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_STRCASEEQ_IMPL(s1, s1_text, s2, s2_text)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_STRNE_IMPL(s1, s1_text, s2, s2_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_STRNE_IMPL(s1, s1_text, s2, s2_text)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_STRCASENE_IMPL(s1, s1_text, s2, s2_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_STRCASENE_IMPL(s1, s1_text, s2, s2_text)
+#else  // ndef NDEBUG
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_STREQ_IMPL(s1, s1_text, s2, s2_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_NOP(s1, s2)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_STRCASEEQ_IMPL(s1, s1_text, s2, s2_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_NOP(s1, s2)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_STRNE_IMPL(s1, s1_text, s2, s2_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_NOP(s1, s2)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_STRCASENE_IMPL(s1, s1_text, s2, s2_text) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_NOP(s1, s2)
+#endif  // def NDEBUG
+
+#endif  // ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_IMPL_H_
diff --git a/absl/log/internal/check_op.cc b/absl/log/internal/check_op.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f4b67647
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/internal/check_op.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/log/internal/check_op.h"
+
+#include <string.h>
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#define strcasecmp _stricmp
+#else
+#include <strings.h>  // for strcasecmp, but msvc does not have this header
+#endif
+
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace log_internal {
+
+#define ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_DEFINE_MAKE_CHECK_OP_STRING(x) \
+  template std::string* MakeCheckOpString(x, x, const char*)
+ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_DEFINE_MAKE_CHECK_OP_STRING(bool);
+ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_DEFINE_MAKE_CHECK_OP_STRING(int64_t);
+ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_DEFINE_MAKE_CHECK_OP_STRING(uint64_t);
+ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_DEFINE_MAKE_CHECK_OP_STRING(float);
+ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_DEFINE_MAKE_CHECK_OP_STRING(double);
+ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_DEFINE_MAKE_CHECK_OP_STRING(char);
+ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_DEFINE_MAKE_CHECK_OP_STRING(unsigned char);
+ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_DEFINE_MAKE_CHECK_OP_STRING(const std::string&);
+ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_DEFINE_MAKE_CHECK_OP_STRING(const absl::string_view&);
+ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_DEFINE_MAKE_CHECK_OP_STRING(const char*);
+ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_DEFINE_MAKE_CHECK_OP_STRING(const signed char*);
+ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_DEFINE_MAKE_CHECK_OP_STRING(const unsigned char*);
+ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_DEFINE_MAKE_CHECK_OP_STRING(const void*);
+#undef ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_DEFINE_MAKE_CHECK_OP_STRING
+
+CheckOpMessageBuilder::CheckOpMessageBuilder(const char* exprtext) {
+  stream_ << exprtext << " (";
+}
+
+std::ostream& CheckOpMessageBuilder::ForVar2() {
+  stream_ << " vs. ";
+  return stream_;
+}
+
+std::string* CheckOpMessageBuilder::NewString() {
+  stream_ << ")";
+  return new std::string(stream_.str());
+}
+
+void MakeCheckOpValueString(std::ostream& os, const char v) {
+  if (v >= 32 && v <= 126) {
+    os << "'" << v << "'";
+  } else {
+    os << "char value " << int{v};
+  }
+}
+
+void MakeCheckOpValueString(std::ostream& os, const signed char v) {
+  if (v >= 32 && v <= 126) {
+    os << "'" << v << "'";
+  } else {
+    os << "signed char value " << int{v};
+  }
+}
+
+void MakeCheckOpValueString(std::ostream& os, const unsigned char v) {
+  if (v >= 32 && v <= 126) {
+    os << "'" << v << "'";
+  } else {
+    os << "unsigned char value " << int{v};
+  }
+}
+
+void MakeCheckOpValueString(std::ostream& os, const void* p) {
+  if (p == nullptr) {
+    os << "(null)";
+  } else {
+    os << p;
+  }
+}
+
+// Helper functions for string comparisons.
+#define DEFINE_CHECK_STROP_IMPL(name, func, expected)                      \
+  std::string* Check##func##expected##Impl(const char* s1, const char* s2, \
+                                           const char* exprtext) {         \
+    bool equal = s1 == s2 || (s1 && s2 && !func(s1, s2));                  \
+    if (equal == expected) {                                               \
+      return nullptr;                                                      \
+    } else {                                                               \
+      return new std::string(                                              \
+          absl::StrCat(exprtext, " (", s1, " vs. ", s2, ")"));             \
+    }                                                                      \
+  }
+DEFINE_CHECK_STROP_IMPL(CHECK_STREQ, strcmp, true)
+DEFINE_CHECK_STROP_IMPL(CHECK_STRNE, strcmp, false)
+DEFINE_CHECK_STROP_IMPL(CHECK_STRCASEEQ, strcasecmp, true)
+DEFINE_CHECK_STROP_IMPL(CHECK_STRCASENE, strcasecmp, false)
+#undef DEFINE_CHECK_STROP_IMPL
+
+}  // namespace log_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/log/internal/check_op.h b/absl/log/internal/check_op.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..20b01b5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/internal/check_op.h
@@ -0,0 +1,394 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// File: log/internal/check_op.h
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// This file declares helpers routines and macros used to implement `CHECK`
+// macros.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_OP_H_
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_OP_H_
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#include <ostream>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/optimization.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/nullguard.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/nullstream.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/strip.h"
+
+// `ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_STRIP_STRING_LITERAL` wraps string literals that
+// should be stripped when `ABSL_MIN_LOG_LEVEL` exceeds `kFatal`.
+#ifdef ABSL_MIN_LOG_LEVEL
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_STRIP_STRING_LITERAL(literal)         \
+  (::absl::LogSeverity::kFatal >=                               \
+           static_cast<::absl::LogSeverity>(ABSL_MIN_LOG_LEVEL) \
+       ? (literal)                                              \
+       : "")
+#else
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_STRIP_STRING_LITERAL(literal) (literal)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef NDEBUG
+// `NDEBUG` is defined, so `DCHECK_EQ(x, y)` and so on do nothing.  However, we
+// still want the compiler to parse `x` and `y`, because we don't want to lose
+// potentially useful errors and warnings.
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DCHECK_NOP(x, y)   \
+  while (false && ((void)(x), (void)(y), 0)) \
+  ::absl::log_internal::NullStream().InternalStream()
+#endif
+
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_OP(name, op, val1, val1_text, val2, val2_text) \
+  while (                                                                      \
+      ::std::string* absl_log_internal_check_op_result ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED = \
+          ::absl::log_internal::name##Impl(                                    \
+              ::absl::log_internal::GetReferenceableValue(val1),               \
+              ::absl::log_internal::GetReferenceableValue(val2),               \
+              ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_STRIP_STRING_LITERAL(val1_text                 \
+                                                     " " #op " " val2_text)))  \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK(*absl_log_internal_check_op_result).InternalStream()
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_OP(name, op, val1, val1_text, val2, \
+                                    val2_text)                       \
+  while (::std::string* absl_log_internal_qcheck_op_result =         \
+             ::absl::log_internal::name##Impl(                       \
+                 ::absl::log_internal::GetReferenceableValue(val1),  \
+                 ::absl::log_internal::GetReferenceableValue(val2),  \
+                 ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_STRIP_STRING_LITERAL(             \
+                     val1_text " " #op " " val2_text)))              \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK(*absl_log_internal_qcheck_op_result).InternalStream()
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_STROP(func, op, expected, s1, s1_text, s2,     \
+                                      s2_text)                                 \
+  while (::std::string* absl_log_internal_check_strop_result =                 \
+             ::absl::log_internal::Check##func##expected##Impl(                \
+                 (s1), (s2),                                                   \
+                 ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_STRIP_STRING_LITERAL(s1_text " " #op        \
+                                                                " " s2_text))) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK(*absl_log_internal_check_strop_result)               \
+      .InternalStream()
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_STROP(func, op, expected, s1, s1_text, s2,    \
+                                       s2_text)                                \
+  while (::std::string* absl_log_internal_qcheck_strop_result =                \
+             ::absl::log_internal::Check##func##expected##Impl(                \
+                 (s1), (s2),                                                   \
+                 ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_STRIP_STRING_LITERAL(s1_text " " #op        \
+                                                                " " s2_text))) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK(*absl_log_internal_qcheck_strop_result)             \
+      .InternalStream()
+// This one is tricky:
+// * We must evaluate `val` exactly once, yet we need to do two things with it:
+//   evaluate `.ok()` and (sometimes) `.ToString()`.
+// * `val` might be an `absl::Status` or some `absl::StatusOr<T>`.
+// * `val` might be e.g. `ATemporary().GetStatus()`, which may return a
+//   reference to a member of `ATemporary` that is only valid until the end of
+//   the full expression.
+// * We don't want this file to depend on `absl::Status` `#include`s or linkage,
+//   nor do we want to move the definition to status and introduce a dependency
+//   in the other direction.  We can be assured that callers must already have a
+//   `Status` and the necessary `#include`s and linkage.
+// * Callsites should be small and fast (at least when `val.ok()`): one branch,
+//   minimal stack footprint.
+//   * In particular, the string concat stuff should be out-of-line and emitted
+//     in only one TU to save linker input size
+// * We want the `val.ok()` check inline so static analyzers and optimizers can
+//   see it.
+// * As usual, no braces so we can stream into the expansion with `operator<<`.
+// * Also as usual, it must expand to a single (partial) statement with no
+//   ambiguous-else problems.
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_OK(val, val_text)                        \
+  for (::std::pair<const ::absl::Status*, ::std::string*>                \
+           absl_log_internal_check_ok_goo;                               \
+       absl_log_internal_check_ok_goo.first =                            \
+           ::absl::log_internal::AsStatus(val),                          \
+       absl_log_internal_check_ok_goo.second =                           \
+           ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(absl_log_internal_check_ok_goo.first->ok()) \
+               ? nullptr                                                 \
+               : ::absl::status_internal::MakeCheckFailString(           \
+                     absl_log_internal_check_ok_goo.first,               \
+                     ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_STRIP_STRING_LITERAL(val_text     \
+                                                            " is OK")),  \
+       !ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(absl_log_internal_check_ok_goo.first->ok());)  \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK(*absl_log_internal_check_ok_goo.second)        \
+      .InternalStream()
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK_OK(val, val_text)                       \
+  for (::std::pair<const ::absl::Status*, ::std::string*>                \
+           absl_log_internal_check_ok_goo;                               \
+       absl_log_internal_check_ok_goo.first =                            \
+           ::absl::log_internal::AsStatus(val),                          \
+       absl_log_internal_check_ok_goo.second =                           \
+           ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(absl_log_internal_check_ok_goo.first->ok()) \
+               ? nullptr                                                 \
+               : ::absl::status_internal::MakeCheckFailString(           \
+                     absl_log_internal_check_ok_goo.first,               \
+                     ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_STRIP_STRING_LITERAL(val_text     \
+                                                            " is OK")),  \
+       !ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(absl_log_internal_check_ok_goo.first->ok());)  \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK(*absl_log_internal_check_ok_goo.second)       \
+      .InternalStream()
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+class Status;
+template <typename T>
+class StatusOr;
+
+namespace status_internal {
+std::string* MakeCheckFailString(const absl::Status* status,
+                                 const char* prefix);
+}  // namespace status_internal
+
+namespace log_internal {
+
+// Convert a Status or a StatusOr to its underlying status value.
+//
+// (This implementation does not require a dep on absl::Status to work.)
+inline const absl::Status* AsStatus(const absl::Status& s) { return &s; }
+template <typename T>
+const absl::Status* AsStatus(const absl::StatusOr<T>& s) {
+  return &s.status();
+}
+
+// A helper class for formatting `expr (V1 vs. V2)` in a `CHECK_XX` statement.
+// See `MakeCheckOpString` for sample usage.
+class CheckOpMessageBuilder final {
+ public:
+  // Inserts `exprtext` and ` (` to the stream.
+  explicit CheckOpMessageBuilder(const char* exprtext);
+  ~CheckOpMessageBuilder() = default;
+  // For inserting the first variable.
+  std::ostream& ForVar1() { return stream_; }
+  // For inserting the second variable (adds an intermediate ` vs. `).
+  std::ostream& ForVar2();
+  // Get the result (inserts the closing `)`).
+  std::string* NewString();
+
+ private:
+  std::ostringstream stream_;
+};
+
+// This formats a value for a failing `CHECK_XX` statement.  Ordinarily, it uses
+// the definition for `operator<<`, with a few special cases below.
+template <typename T>
+inline void MakeCheckOpValueString(std::ostream& os, const T& v) {
+  os << log_internal::NullGuard<T>::Guard(v);
+}
+
+// Overloads for char types provide readable values for unprintable characters.
+void MakeCheckOpValueString(std::ostream& os, char v);
+void MakeCheckOpValueString(std::ostream& os, signed char v);
+void MakeCheckOpValueString(std::ostream& os, unsigned char v);
+void MakeCheckOpValueString(std::ostream& os, const void* p);
+
+namespace detect_specialization {
+
+// MakeCheckOpString is being specialized for every T and U pair that is being
+// passed to the CHECK_op macros. However, there is a lot of redundancy in these
+// specializations that creates unnecessary library and binary bloat.
+// The number of instantiations tends to be O(n^2) because we have two
+// independent inputs. This technique works by reducing `n`.
+//
+// Most user-defined types being passed to CHECK_op end up being printed as a
+// builtin type. For example, enums tend to be implicitly converted to its
+// underlying type when calling operator<<, and pointers are printed with the
+// `const void*` overload.
+// To reduce the number of instantiations we coerce these values before calling
+// MakeCheckOpString instead of inside it.
+//
+// To detect if this coercion is needed, we duplicate all the relevant
+// operator<< overloads as specified in the standard, just in a different
+// namespace. If the call to `stream << value` becomes ambiguous, it means that
+// one of these overloads is the one selected by overload resolution. We then
+// do overload resolution again just with our overload set to see which one gets
+// selected. That tells us which type to coerce to.
+// If the augmented call was not ambiguous, it means that none of these were
+// selected and we can't coerce the input.
+//
+// As a secondary step to reduce code duplication, we promote integral types to
+// their 64-bit variant. This does not change the printed value, but reduces the
+// number of instantiations even further. Promoting an integer is very cheap at
+// the call site.
+int64_t operator<<(std::ostream&, short value);           // NOLINT
+int64_t operator<<(std::ostream&, unsigned short value);  // NOLINT
+int64_t operator<<(std::ostream&, int value);
+int64_t operator<<(std::ostream&, unsigned int value);
+int64_t operator<<(std::ostream&, long value);                 // NOLINT
+uint64_t operator<<(std::ostream&, unsigned long value);       // NOLINT
+int64_t operator<<(std::ostream&, long long value);            // NOLINT
+uint64_t operator<<(std::ostream&, unsigned long long value);  // NOLINT
+float operator<<(std::ostream&, float value);
+double operator<<(std::ostream&, double value);
+long double operator<<(std::ostream&, long double value);
+bool operator<<(std::ostream&, bool value);
+const void* operator<<(std::ostream&, const void* value);
+const void* operator<<(std::ostream&, std::nullptr_t);
+
+// These `char` overloads are specified like this in the standard, so we have to
+// write them exactly the same to ensure the call is ambiguous.
+// If we wrote it in a different way (eg taking std::ostream instead of the
+// template) then one call might have a higher rank than the other and it would
+// not be ambiguous.
+template <typename Traits>
+char operator<<(std::basic_ostream<char, Traits>&, char);
+template <typename Traits>
+signed char operator<<(std::basic_ostream<char, Traits>&, signed char);
+template <typename Traits>
+unsigned char operator<<(std::basic_ostream<char, Traits>&, unsigned char);
+template <typename Traits>
+const char* operator<<(std::basic_ostream<char, Traits>&, const char*);
+template <typename Traits>
+const signed char* operator<<(std::basic_ostream<char, Traits>&,
+                              const signed char*);
+template <typename Traits>
+const unsigned char* operator<<(std::basic_ostream<char, Traits>&,
+                                const unsigned char*);
+
+// This overload triggers when the call is not ambiguous.
+// It means that T is being printed with some overload not on this list.
+// We keep the value as `const T&`.
+template <typename T, typename = decltype(std::declval<std::ostream&>()
+                                          << std::declval<const T&>())>
+const T& Detect(int);
+
+// This overload triggers when the call is ambiguous.
+// It means that T is either one from this list or printed as one from this
+// list. Eg an enum that decays to `int` for printing.
+// We ask the overload set to give us the type we want to convert it to.
+template <typename T>
+decltype(detect_specialization::operator<<(std::declval<std::ostream&>(),
+                                           std::declval<const T&>()))
+Detect(char);
+
+}  // namespace detect_specialization
+
+template <typename T>
+using CheckOpStreamType = decltype(detect_specialization::Detect<T>(0));
+
+// Build the error message string.  Specify no inlining for code size.
+template <typename T1, typename T2>
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_RETURNS_NONNULL std::string* MakeCheckOpString(
+    T1 v1, T2 v2, const char* exprtext) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE;
+
+template <typename T1, typename T2>
+std::string* MakeCheckOpString(T1 v1, T2 v2, const char* exprtext) {
+  CheckOpMessageBuilder comb(exprtext);
+  MakeCheckOpValueString(comb.ForVar1(), v1);
+  MakeCheckOpValueString(comb.ForVar2(), v2);
+  return comb.NewString();
+}
+
+// Add a few commonly used instantiations as extern to reduce size of objects
+// files.
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DEFINE_MAKE_CHECK_OP_STRING_EXTERN(x) \
+  extern template std::string* MakeCheckOpString(x, x, const char*)
+ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DEFINE_MAKE_CHECK_OP_STRING_EXTERN(bool);
+ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DEFINE_MAKE_CHECK_OP_STRING_EXTERN(int64_t);
+ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DEFINE_MAKE_CHECK_OP_STRING_EXTERN(uint64_t);
+ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DEFINE_MAKE_CHECK_OP_STRING_EXTERN(float);
+ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DEFINE_MAKE_CHECK_OP_STRING_EXTERN(double);
+ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DEFINE_MAKE_CHECK_OP_STRING_EXTERN(char);
+ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DEFINE_MAKE_CHECK_OP_STRING_EXTERN(unsigned char);
+ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DEFINE_MAKE_CHECK_OP_STRING_EXTERN(const std::string&);
+ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DEFINE_MAKE_CHECK_OP_STRING_EXTERN(const absl::string_view&);
+ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DEFINE_MAKE_CHECK_OP_STRING_EXTERN(const char*);
+ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DEFINE_MAKE_CHECK_OP_STRING_EXTERN(const signed char*);
+ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DEFINE_MAKE_CHECK_OP_STRING_EXTERN(const unsigned char*);
+ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DEFINE_MAKE_CHECK_OP_STRING_EXTERN(const void*);
+#undef ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DEFINE_MAKE_CHECK_OP_STRING_EXTERN
+
+// Helper functions for `ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_OP` macro family.  The
+// `(int, int)` override works around the issue that the compiler will not
+// instantiate the template version of the function on values of unnamed enum
+// type.
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_OP_IMPL(name, op)                        \
+  template <typename T1, typename T2>                                    \
+  inline constexpr ::std::string* name##Impl(const T1& v1, const T2& v2, \
+                                             const char* exprtext) {     \
+    using U1 = CheckOpStreamType<T1>;                                    \
+    using U2 = CheckOpStreamType<T2>;                                    \
+    return ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(v1 op v2)                                   \
+               ? nullptr                                                 \
+               : MakeCheckOpString<U1, U2>(v1, v2, exprtext);            \
+  }                                                                      \
+  inline constexpr ::std::string* name##Impl(int v1, int v2,             \
+                                             const char* exprtext) {     \
+    return name##Impl<int, int>(v1, v2, exprtext);                       \
+  }
+
+ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_OP_IMPL(Check_EQ, ==)
+ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_OP_IMPL(Check_NE, !=)
+ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_OP_IMPL(Check_LE, <=)
+ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_OP_IMPL(Check_LT, <)
+ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_OP_IMPL(Check_GE, >=)
+ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_OP_IMPL(Check_GT, >)
+#undef ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_OP_IMPL
+
+std::string* CheckstrcmptrueImpl(const char* s1, const char* s2,
+                                 const char* exprtext);
+std::string* CheckstrcmpfalseImpl(const char* s1, const char* s2,
+                                  const char* exprtext);
+std::string* CheckstrcasecmptrueImpl(const char* s1, const char* s2,
+                                     const char* exprtext);
+std::string* CheckstrcasecmpfalseImpl(const char* s1, const char* s2,
+                                      const char* exprtext);
+
+// `CHECK_EQ` and friends want to pass their arguments by reference, however
+// this winds up exposing lots of cases where people have defined and
+// initialized static const data members but never declared them (i.e. in a .cc
+// file), meaning they are not referenceable.  This function avoids that problem
+// for integers (the most common cases) by overloading for every primitive
+// integer type, even the ones we discourage, and returning them by value.
+template <typename T>
+inline constexpr const T& GetReferenceableValue(const T& t) {
+  return t;
+}
+inline constexpr char GetReferenceableValue(char t) { return t; }
+inline constexpr unsigned char GetReferenceableValue(unsigned char t) {
+  return t;
+}
+inline constexpr signed char GetReferenceableValue(signed char t) { return t; }
+inline constexpr short GetReferenceableValue(short t) { return t; }  // NOLINT
+inline constexpr unsigned short GetReferenceableValue(               // NOLINT
+    unsigned short t) {                                              // NOLINT
+  return t;
+}
+inline constexpr int GetReferenceableValue(int t) { return t; }
+inline constexpr unsigned int GetReferenceableValue(unsigned int t) {
+  return t;
+}
+inline constexpr long GetReferenceableValue(long t) { return t; }  // NOLINT
+inline constexpr unsigned long GetReferenceableValue(              // NOLINT
+    unsigned long t) {                                             // NOLINT
+  return t;
+}
+inline constexpr long long GetReferenceableValue(long long t) {  // NOLINT
+  return t;
+}
+inline constexpr unsigned long long GetReferenceableValue(  // NOLINT
+    unsigned long long t) {                                 // NOLINT
+  return t;
+}
+
+}  // namespace log_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK_OP_H_
diff --git a/absl/log/internal/conditions.cc b/absl/log/internal/conditions.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a9f4966f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/internal/conditions.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/log/internal/conditions.h"
+
+#include <atomic>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/cycleclock.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace log_internal {
+namespace {
+
+// The following code behaves like AtomicStatsCounter::LossyAdd() for
+// speed since it is fine to lose occasional updates.
+// Returns old value of *counter.
+uint32_t LossyIncrement(std::atomic<uint32_t>* counter) {
+  const uint32_t value = counter->load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  counter->store(value + 1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  return value;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+bool LogEveryNState::ShouldLog(int n) {
+  return n > 0 && (LossyIncrement(&counter_) % static_cast<uint32_t>(n)) == 0;
+}
+
+bool LogFirstNState::ShouldLog(int n) {
+  const uint32_t counter_value = counter_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  if (static_cast<int64_t>(counter_value) < n) {
+    counter_.store(counter_value + 1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+bool LogEveryPow2State::ShouldLog() {
+  const uint32_t new_value = LossyIncrement(&counter_) + 1;
+  return (new_value & (new_value - 1)) == 0;
+}
+
+bool LogEveryNSecState::ShouldLog(double seconds) {
+  using absl::base_internal::CycleClock;
+  LossyIncrement(&counter_);
+  const int64_t now_cycles = CycleClock::Now();
+  int64_t next_cycles = next_log_time_cycles_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+#if defined(__myriad2__)
+  // myriad2 does not have 8-byte compare and exchange.  Use a racy version that
+  // is "good enough" but will over-log in the face of concurrent logging.
+  if (now_cycles > next_cycles) {
+    next_log_time_cycles_.store(now_cycles + seconds * CycleClock::Frequency(),
+                                std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+#else
+  do {
+    if (now_cycles <= next_cycles) return false;
+  } while (!next_log_time_cycles_.compare_exchange_weak(
+      next_cycles, now_cycles + seconds * CycleClock::Frequency(),
+      std::memory_order_relaxed, std::memory_order_relaxed));
+  return true;
+#endif
+}
+
+}  // namespace log_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/log/internal/conditions.h b/absl/log/internal/conditions.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f576d650
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/internal/conditions.h
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// File: log/internal/conditions.h
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// This file contains implementation of conditional log statements, like LOG_IF
+// including all the ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_..._CONDITION_... macros and
+// various condition classes like LogEveryNState.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITIONS_H_
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITIONS_H_
+
+#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(__hexagon__)
+#include <cstdlib>
+#else
+#include <unistd.h>
+#endif
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include <atomic>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/voidify.h"
+
+// `ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION` prefixes another macro that expands to a
+// temporary `LogMessage` instantiation followed by zero or more streamed
+// expressions.  This definition is tricky to read correctly.  It evaluates to
+// either
+//
+//   (void)0;
+//
+// or
+//
+//   ::absl::log_internal::Voidify() &&
+//       ::absl::log_internal::LogMessage(...) << "the user's message";
+//
+// If the condition is evaluable at compile time, as is often the case, it
+// compiles away to just one side or the other.
+//
+// Although this is not used anywhere a statement (e.g. `if`) could not go,
+// the ternary expression does a better job avoiding spurious diagnostics
+// (dangling else, missing switch case) and preserving noreturn semantics (e.g.
+// on `LOG(FATAL)`) without requiring braces.
+//
+// The `switch` ensures that this expansion is the begnning of a statement (as
+// opposed to an expression) and prevents shenanigans like
+// `AFunction(LOG(INFO))` and `decltype(LOG(INFO))`.  The apparently-redundant
+// `default` case makes the condition more amenable to Clang dataflow analysis.
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_STATELESS_CONDITION(condition) \
+  switch (0)                                             \
+  case 0:                                                \
+  default:                                               \
+    !(condition) ? (void)0 : ::absl::log_internal::Voidify()&&
+
+// `ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_STATEFUL_CONDITION` applies a condition like
+// `ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION` but adds to that a series of variable
+// declarations, including a local static object which stores the state needed
+// to implement the stateful macros like `LOG_EVERY_N`.
+//
+// `for`-loops are used to declare scoped variables without braces (to permit
+// streaming into the macro's expansion) and without the dangling-`else`
+// problems/diagnostics that come with `if`.
+//
+// Two more variables are declared in separate `for`-loops:
+//
+// * `COUNTER` implements a streamable token whose value when streamed is the
+//   number of times execution has passed through the macro.
+// * A boolean flag is used to prevent any of the `for`-loops from ever actually
+//   looping.
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_STATEFUL_CONDITION(condition)             \
+  for (bool absl_log_internal_stateful_condition_do_log(condition); \
+       absl_log_internal_stateful_condition_do_log;                 \
+       absl_log_internal_stateful_condition_do_log = false)         \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_STATEFUL_CONDITION_IMPL
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_STATEFUL_CONDITION_IMPL(kind, ...)              \
+  for (static ::absl::log_internal::Log##kind##State                      \
+           absl_log_internal_stateful_condition_state;                    \
+       absl_log_internal_stateful_condition_do_log &&                     \
+       absl_log_internal_stateful_condition_state.ShouldLog(__VA_ARGS__); \
+       absl_log_internal_stateful_condition_do_log = false)               \
+    for (const uint32_t COUNTER ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED =                   \
+             absl_log_internal_stateful_condition_state.counter();        \
+         absl_log_internal_stateful_condition_do_log;                     \
+         absl_log_internal_stateful_condition_do_log = false)
+
+// `ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION_*` serve to combine any conditions from the
+// macro (e.g. `LOG_IF` or `VLOG`) with inherent conditions (e.g.
+// `ABSL_MIN_LOG_LEVEL`) into a single boolean expression.  We could chain
+// ternary operators instead, however some versions of Clang sometimes issue
+// spurious diagnostics after such expressions due to a control flow analysis
+// bug.
+#ifdef ABSL_MIN_LOG_LEVEL
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION_INFO(type, condition) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_##type##_CONDITION(                   \
+      (condition) && ::absl::LogSeverity::kInfo >=        \
+                         static_cast<::absl::LogSeverity>(ABSL_MIN_LOG_LEVEL))
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION_WARNING(type, condition) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_##type##_CONDITION(                      \
+      (condition) && ::absl::LogSeverity::kWarning >=        \
+                         static_cast<::absl::LogSeverity>(ABSL_MIN_LOG_LEVEL))
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION_ERROR(type, condition) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_##type##_CONDITION(                    \
+      (condition) && ::absl::LogSeverity::kError >=        \
+                         static_cast<::absl::LogSeverity>(ABSL_MIN_LOG_LEVEL))
+// NOTE: Use ternary operators instead of short-circuiting to mitigate
+// https://bugs.llvm.org/show_bug.cgi?id=51928.
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION_FATAL(type, condition)                 \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_##type##_CONDITION(                                    \
+      ((condition)                                                         \
+           ? (::absl::LogSeverity::kFatal >=                               \
+                      static_cast<::absl::LogSeverity>(ABSL_MIN_LOG_LEVEL) \
+                  ? true                                                   \
+                  : (::absl::log_internal::AbortQuietly(), false))         \
+           : false))
+// NOTE: Use ternary operators instead of short-circuiting to mitigate
+// https://bugs.llvm.org/show_bug.cgi?id=51928.
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION_QFATAL(type, condition)                \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_##type##_CONDITION(                                    \
+      ((condition)                                                         \
+           ? (::absl::LogSeverity::kFatal >=                               \
+                      static_cast<::absl::LogSeverity>(ABSL_MIN_LOG_LEVEL) \
+                  ? true                                                   \
+                  : (::absl::log_internal::ExitQuietly(), false))          \
+           : false))
+
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION_LEVEL(severity)                    \
+  for (int log_internal_severity_loop = 1; log_internal_severity_loop; \
+       log_internal_severity_loop = 0)                                 \
+    for (const absl::LogSeverity log_internal_severity =               \
+             ::absl::NormalizeLogSeverity(severity);                   \
+         log_internal_severity_loop; log_internal_severity_loop = 0)   \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION_LEVEL_IMPL
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION_LEVEL_IMPL(type, condition)    \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_##type##_CONDITION(                            \
+      (condition) &&                                               \
+      (log_internal_severity >=                                    \
+           static_cast<::absl::LogSeverity>(ABSL_MIN_LOG_LEVEL) || \
+       (log_internal_severity == ::absl::LogSeverity::kFatal &&    \
+        (::absl::log_internal::AbortQuietly(), false))))
+#else  // ndef ABSL_MIN_LOG_LEVEL
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION_INFO(type, condition) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_##type##_CONDITION(condition)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION_WARNING(type, condition) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_##type##_CONDITION(condition)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION_ERROR(type, condition) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_##type##_CONDITION(condition)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION_FATAL(type, condition) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_##type##_CONDITION(condition)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION_QFATAL(type, condition) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_##type##_CONDITION(condition)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION_LEVEL(severity)                    \
+  for (int log_internal_severity_loop = 1; log_internal_severity_loop; \
+       log_internal_severity_loop = 0)                                 \
+    for (const absl::LogSeverity log_internal_severity =               \
+             ::absl::NormalizeLogSeverity(severity);                   \
+         log_internal_severity_loop; log_internal_severity_loop = 0)   \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION_LEVEL_IMPL
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION_LEVEL_IMPL(type, condition) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_##type##_CONDITION(condition)
+#endif  // ndef ABSL_MIN_LOG_LEVEL
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace log_internal {
+
+// Stateful condition class name should be "Log" + name + "State".
+class LogEveryNState final {
+ public:
+  bool ShouldLog(int n);
+  uint32_t counter() { return counter_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed); }
+
+ private:
+  std::atomic<uint32_t> counter_{0};
+};
+
+class LogFirstNState final {
+ public:
+  bool ShouldLog(int n);
+  uint32_t counter() { return counter_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed); }
+
+ private:
+  std::atomic<uint32_t> counter_{0};
+};
+
+class LogEveryPow2State final {
+ public:
+  bool ShouldLog();
+  uint32_t counter() { return counter_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed); }
+
+ private:
+  std::atomic<uint32_t> counter_{0};
+};
+
+class LogEveryNSecState final {
+ public:
+  bool ShouldLog(double seconds);
+  uint32_t counter() { return counter_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed); }
+
+ private:
+  std::atomic<uint32_t> counter_{0};
+  // Cycle count according to CycleClock that we should next log at.
+  std::atomic<int64_t> next_log_time_cycles_{0};
+};
+
+// Helper routines to abort the application quietly
+
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NORETURN inline void AbortQuietly() { abort(); }
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NORETURN inline void ExitQuietly() { _exit(1); }
+}  // namespace log_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITIONS_H_
diff --git a/absl/log/internal/config.h b/absl/log/internal/config.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..379e9ab9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/internal/config.h
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// File: log/internal/config.h
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+
+#ifndef ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONFIG_H_
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONFIG_H_
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <cstdint>
+#else
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#endif
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace log_internal {
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+using Tid = uint32_t;
+#else
+using Tid = pid_t;
+#endif
+
+}  // namespace log_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONFIG_H_
diff --git a/absl/log/internal/flags.h b/absl/log/internal/flags.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0c5e81ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/internal/flags.h
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// File: log/log_flags.h
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// This header declares set of flags which can be used to configure Abseil
+// Logging library behaviour at runtime.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_FLAGS_H_
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_FLAGS_H_
+
+#include <string>
+
+#include "absl/flags/declare.h"
+
+// !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+// These flags should not be used in C++ code to access logging library
+// configuration knobs. Use interfaces defined in absl/log/globals.h
+// instead. It is still ok to use these flags on a command line.
+// !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
+
+// Log messages at this severity or above are sent to stderr in *addition* to
+// logfiles.  Defaults to `ERROR`.  See log_severity.h for numeric values of
+// severity levels.
+ABSL_DECLARE_FLAG(int, stderrthreshold);
+
+// Log messages at this severity or above are logged; others are discarded.
+// Defaults to `INFO`, i.e. log all severities.  See log_severity.h for numeric
+// values of severity levels.
+ABSL_DECLARE_FLAG(int, minloglevel);
+
+// If specified in the form file:linenum, any messages logged from a matching
+// location will also include a backtrace.
+ABSL_DECLARE_FLAG(std::string, log_backtrace_at);
+
+// If true, the log prefix (severity, date, time, PID, etc.) is prepended to
+// each message logged. Defaults to true.
+ABSL_DECLARE_FLAG(bool, log_prefix);
+
+#endif  // ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_FLAGS_H_
diff --git a/absl/log/internal/globals.cc b/absl/log/internal/globals.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..359858f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/internal/globals.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/log/internal/globals.h"
+
+#include <atomic>
+#include <cstdio>
+
+#if defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
+#include <emscripten/console.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
+#include "absl/base/log_severity.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+#include "absl/strings/strip.h"
+#include "absl/time/time.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace log_internal {
+
+namespace {
+// Keeps track of whether Logging initialization is finalized.
+// Log messages generated before that will go to stderr.
+ABSL_CONST_INIT std::atomic<bool> logging_initialized(false);
+
+// The TimeZone used for logging. This may only be set once.
+ABSL_CONST_INIT std::atomic<absl::TimeZone*> timezone_ptr{nullptr};
+
+// If true, the logging library will symbolize stack in fatal messages
+ABSL_CONST_INIT std::atomic<bool> symbolize_stack_trace(true);
+
+// Specifies maximum number of stack frames to report in fatal messages.
+ABSL_CONST_INIT std::atomic<int> max_frames_in_stack_trace(64);
+
+ABSL_CONST_INIT std::atomic<bool> exit_on_dfatal(true);
+ABSL_CONST_INIT std::atomic<bool> suppress_sigabort_trace(false);
+}  // namespace
+
+bool IsInitialized() {
+  return logging_initialized.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+}
+
+void SetInitialized() {
+  logging_initialized.store(true, std::memory_order_release);
+}
+
+void WriteToStderr(absl::string_view message, absl::LogSeverity severity) {
+  if (message.empty()) return;
+#if defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
+  // In WebAssembly, bypass filesystem emulation via fwrite.
+  // Skip a trailing newline character as emscripten_errn adds one itself.
+  const auto message_minus_newline = absl::StripSuffix(message, "\n");
+  // emscripten_errn was introduced in 3.1.41 but broken in standalone mode
+  // until 3.1.43.
+#if ABSL_INTERNAL_EMSCRIPTEN_VERSION >= 3001043
+  emscripten_errn(message_minus_newline.data(), message_minus_newline.size());
+#else
+  std::string null_terminated_message(message_minus_newline);
+  _emscripten_err(null_terminated_message.c_str());
+#endif
+#else
+  // Avoid using std::cerr from this module since we may get called during
+  // exit code, and cerr may be partially or fully destroyed by then.
+  std::fwrite(message.data(), message.size(), 1, stderr);
+#endif
+
+#if defined(_WIN64) || defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN16)
+  // C99 requires stderr to not be fully-buffered by default (7.19.3.7), but
+  // MS CRT buffers it anyway, so we must `fflush` to ensure the string hits
+  // the console/file before the program dies (and takes the libc buffers
+  // with it).
+  // https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/c-runtime-library/stream-i-o
+  if (severity >= absl::LogSeverity::kWarning) {
+    std::fflush(stderr);
+  }
+#else
+  // Avoid unused parameter warning in this branch.
+  (void)severity;
+#endif
+}
+
+void SetTimeZone(absl::TimeZone tz) {
+  absl::TimeZone* expected = nullptr;
+  absl::TimeZone* new_tz = new absl::TimeZone(tz);
+  // timezone_ptr can only be set once, otherwise new_tz is leaked.
+  if (!timezone_ptr.compare_exchange_strong(expected, new_tz,
+                                            std::memory_order_release,
+                                            std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
+    ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL,
+                 "absl::log_internal::SetTimeZone() has already been called");
+  }
+}
+
+const absl::TimeZone* TimeZone() {
+  return timezone_ptr.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+}
+
+bool ShouldSymbolizeLogStackTrace() {
+  return symbolize_stack_trace.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+}
+
+void EnableSymbolizeLogStackTrace(bool on_off) {
+  symbolize_stack_trace.store(on_off, std::memory_order_release);
+}
+
+int MaxFramesInLogStackTrace() {
+  return max_frames_in_stack_trace.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+}
+
+void SetMaxFramesInLogStackTrace(int max_num_frames) {
+  max_frames_in_stack_trace.store(max_num_frames, std::memory_order_release);
+}
+
+bool ExitOnDFatal() { return exit_on_dfatal.load(std::memory_order_acquire); }
+
+void SetExitOnDFatal(bool on_off) {
+  exit_on_dfatal.store(on_off, std::memory_order_release);
+}
+
+bool SuppressSigabortTrace() {
+  return suppress_sigabort_trace.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+}
+
+bool SetSuppressSigabortTrace(bool on_off) {
+  return suppress_sigabort_trace.exchange(on_off);
+}
+
+}  // namespace log_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/log/internal/globals.h b/absl/log/internal/globals.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..27bc0d09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/internal/globals.h
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// File: log/internal/globals.h
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// This header file contains various global objects and static helper routines
+// use in logging implementation.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_GLOBALS_H_
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_GLOBALS_H_
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/log_severity.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+#include "absl/time/time.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace log_internal {
+
+// IsInitialized returns true if the logging library is initialized.
+// This function is async-signal-safe
+bool IsInitialized();
+
+// SetLoggingInitialized is called once after logging initialization is done.
+void SetInitialized();
+
+// Unconditionally write a `message` to stderr. If `severity` exceeds kInfo
+// we also flush the stderr stream.
+void WriteToStderr(absl::string_view message, absl::LogSeverity severity);
+
+// Set the TimeZone used for human-friendly times (for example, the log message
+// prefix) printed by the logging library. This may only be called once.
+void SetTimeZone(absl::TimeZone tz);
+
+// Returns the TimeZone used for human-friendly times (for example, the log
+// message prefix) printed by the logging library Returns nullptr prior to
+// initialization.
+const absl::TimeZone* TimeZone();
+
+// Returns true if stack traces emitted by the logging library should be
+// symbolized. This function is async-signal-safe.
+bool ShouldSymbolizeLogStackTrace();
+
+// Enables or disables symbolization of stack traces emitted by the
+// logging library. This function is async-signal-safe.
+void EnableSymbolizeLogStackTrace(bool on_off);
+
+// Returns the maximum number of frames that appear in stack traces
+// emitted by the logging library. This function is async-signal-safe.
+int MaxFramesInLogStackTrace();
+
+// Sets the maximum number of frames that appear in stack traces emitted by
+// the logging library. This function is async-signal-safe.
+void SetMaxFramesInLogStackTrace(int max_num_frames);
+
+// Determines whether we exit the program for a LOG(DFATAL) message in
+// debug mode.  It does this by skipping the call to Fail/FailQuietly.
+// This is intended for testing only.
+//
+// This can have some effects on LOG(FATAL) as well. Failure messages
+// are always allocated (rather than sharing a buffer), the crash
+// reason is not recorded, the "gwq" status message is not updated,
+// and the stack trace is not recorded.  The LOG(FATAL) *will* still
+// exit the program. Since this function is used only in testing,
+// these differences are acceptable.
+//
+// Additionally, LOG(LEVEL(FATAL)) is indistinguishable from LOG(DFATAL) and
+// will not terminate the program if SetExitOnDFatal(false) has been called.
+bool ExitOnDFatal();
+
+// SetExitOnDFatal() sets the ExitOnDFatal() status
+void SetExitOnDFatal(bool on_off);
+
+// Determines if the logging library should suppress logging of stacktraces in
+// the `SIGABRT` handler, typically because we just logged a stacktrace as part
+// of `LOG(FATAL)` and are about to send ourselves a `SIGABRT` to end the
+// program.
+bool SuppressSigabortTrace();
+
+// Sets the SuppressSigabortTrace() status and returns the previous state.
+bool SetSuppressSigabortTrace(bool on_off);
+
+}  // namespace log_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_GLOBALS_H_
diff --git a/absl/log/internal/log_format.cc b/absl/log/internal/log_format.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..23cef88a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/internal/log_format.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+//
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/log/internal/log_format.h"
+
+#include <string.h>
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#include <winsock2.h>  // For timeval
+#else
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <limits>
+#include <string>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/log_severity.h"
+#include "absl/base/optimization.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/append_truncated.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/config.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/globals.h"
+#include "absl/strings/numbers.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_format.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+#include "absl/time/civil_time.h"
+#include "absl/time/time.h"
+#include "absl/types/span.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace log_internal {
+namespace {
+
+// This templated function avoids compiler warnings about tautological
+// comparisons when log_internal::Tid is unsigned. It can be replaced with a
+// constexpr if once the minimum C++ version Abseil supports is C++17.
+template <typename T>
+inline std::enable_if_t<!std::is_signed<T>::value>
+PutLeadingWhitespace(T tid, char*& p) {
+  if (tid < 10) *p++ = ' ';
+  if (tid < 100) *p++ = ' ';
+  if (tid < 1000) *p++ = ' ';
+  if (tid < 10000) *p++ = ' ';
+  if (tid < 100000) *p++ = ' ';
+  if (tid < 1000000) *p++ = ' ';
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+inline std::enable_if_t<std::is_signed<T>::value>
+PutLeadingWhitespace(T tid, char*& p) {
+  if (tid >= 0 && tid < 10) *p++ = ' ';
+  if (tid > -10 && tid < 100) *p++ = ' ';
+  if (tid > -100 && tid < 1000) *p++ = ' ';
+  if (tid > -1000 && tid < 10000) *p++ = ' ';
+  if (tid > -10000 && tid < 100000) *p++ = ' ';
+  if (tid > -100000 && tid < 1000000) *p++ = ' ';
+}
+
+// The fields before the filename are all fixed-width except for the thread ID,
+// which is of bounded width.
+size_t FormatBoundedFields(absl::LogSeverity severity, absl::Time timestamp,
+                           log_internal::Tid tid, absl::Span<char>& buf) {
+  constexpr size_t kBoundedFieldsMaxLen =
+      sizeof("SMMDD HH:MM:SS.NNNNNN  ") +
+      (1 + std::numeric_limits<log_internal::Tid>::digits10 + 1) - sizeof("");
+  if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(buf.size() < kBoundedFieldsMaxLen)) {
+    // We don't bother trying to truncate these fields if the buffer is too
+    // short (or almost too short) because it would require doing a lot more
+    // length checking (slow) and it should never happen.  A 15kB buffer should
+    // be enough for anyone.  Instead we mark `buf` full without writing
+    // anything.
+    buf.remove_suffix(buf.size());
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  // We can't call absl::LocalTime(), localtime_r(), or anything else here that
+  // isn't async-signal-safe. We can only use the time zone if it has already
+  // been loaded.
+  const absl::TimeZone* tz = absl::log_internal::TimeZone();
+  if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(tz == nullptr)) {
+    // If a time zone hasn't been set yet because we are logging before the
+    // logging library has been initialized, we fallback to a simpler, slower
+    // method. Just report the raw Unix time in seconds. We cram this into the
+    // normal time format for the benefit of parsers.
+    auto tv = absl::ToTimeval(timestamp);
+    int snprintf_result = absl::SNPrintF(
+        buf.data(), buf.size(), "%c0000 00:00:%02d.%06d %7d ",
+        absl::LogSeverityName(severity)[0], static_cast<int>(tv.tv_sec),
+        static_cast<int>(tv.tv_usec), static_cast<int>(tid));
+    if (snprintf_result >= 0) {
+      buf.remove_prefix(static_cast<size_t>(snprintf_result));
+      return static_cast<size_t>(snprintf_result);
+    }
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  char* p = buf.data();
+  *p++ = absl::LogSeverityName(severity)[0];
+  const absl::TimeZone::CivilInfo ci = tz->At(timestamp);
+  absl::numbers_internal::PutTwoDigits(static_cast<uint32_t>(ci.cs.month()), p);
+  p += 2;
+  absl::numbers_internal::PutTwoDigits(static_cast<uint32_t>(ci.cs.day()), p);
+  p += 2;
+  *p++ = ' ';
+  absl::numbers_internal::PutTwoDigits(static_cast<uint32_t>(ci.cs.hour()), p);
+  p += 2;
+  *p++ = ':';
+  absl::numbers_internal::PutTwoDigits(static_cast<uint32_t>(ci.cs.minute()),
+                                       p);
+  p += 2;
+  *p++ = ':';
+  absl::numbers_internal::PutTwoDigits(static_cast<uint32_t>(ci.cs.second()),
+                                       p);
+  p += 2;
+  *p++ = '.';
+  const int64_t usecs = absl::ToInt64Microseconds(ci.subsecond);
+  absl::numbers_internal::PutTwoDigits(static_cast<uint32_t>(usecs / 10000), p);
+  p += 2;
+  absl::numbers_internal::PutTwoDigits(static_cast<uint32_t>(usecs / 100 % 100),
+                                       p);
+  p += 2;
+  absl::numbers_internal::PutTwoDigits(static_cast<uint32_t>(usecs % 100), p);
+  p += 2;
+  *p++ = ' ';
+  PutLeadingWhitespace(tid, p);
+  p = absl::numbers_internal::FastIntToBuffer(tid, p);
+  *p++ = ' ';
+  const size_t bytes_formatted = static_cast<size_t>(p - buf.data());
+  buf.remove_prefix(bytes_formatted);
+  return bytes_formatted;
+}
+
+size_t FormatLineNumber(int line, absl::Span<char>& buf) {
+  constexpr size_t kLineFieldMaxLen =
+      sizeof(":] ") + (1 + std::numeric_limits<int>::digits10 + 1) - sizeof("");
+  if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(buf.size() < kLineFieldMaxLen)) {
+    // As above, we don't bother trying to truncate this if the buffer is too
+    // short and it should never happen.
+    buf.remove_suffix(buf.size());
+    return 0;
+  }
+  char* p = buf.data();
+  *p++ = ':';
+  p = absl::numbers_internal::FastIntToBuffer(line, p);
+  *p++ = ']';
+  *p++ = ' ';
+  const size_t bytes_formatted = static_cast<size_t>(p - buf.data());
+  buf.remove_prefix(bytes_formatted);
+  return bytes_formatted;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+std::string FormatLogMessage(absl::LogSeverity severity,
+                             absl::CivilSecond civil_second,
+                             absl::Duration subsecond, log_internal::Tid tid,
+                             absl::string_view basename, int line,
+                             PrefixFormat format, absl::string_view message) {
+  return absl::StrFormat(
+      "%c%02d%02d %02d:%02d:%02d.%06d %7d %s:%d] %s%s",
+      absl::LogSeverityName(severity)[0], civil_second.month(),
+      civil_second.day(), civil_second.hour(), civil_second.minute(),
+      civil_second.second(), absl::ToInt64Microseconds(subsecond), tid,
+      basename, line, format == PrefixFormat::kRaw ? "RAW: " : "", message);
+}
+
+// This method is fairly hot, and the library always passes a huge `buf`, so we
+// save some bounds-checking cycles by not trying to do precise truncation.
+// Truncating at a field boundary is probably a better UX anyway.
+//
+// The prefix is written in three parts, each of which does a single
+// bounds-check and truncation:
+// 1. severity, timestamp, and thread ID
+// 2. filename
+// 3. line number and bracket
+size_t FormatLogPrefix(absl::LogSeverity severity, absl::Time timestamp,
+                       log_internal::Tid tid, absl::string_view basename,
+                       int line, PrefixFormat format, absl::Span<char>& buf) {
+  auto prefix_size = FormatBoundedFields(severity, timestamp, tid, buf);
+  prefix_size += log_internal::AppendTruncated(basename, buf);
+  prefix_size += FormatLineNumber(line, buf);
+  if (format == PrefixFormat::kRaw)
+    prefix_size += log_internal::AppendTruncated("RAW: ", buf);
+  return prefix_size;
+}
+
+}  // namespace log_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/log/internal/log_format.h b/absl/log/internal/log_format.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..95a45edf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/internal/log_format.h
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// File: log/internal/log_format.h
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// This file declares routines implementing formatting of log message and log
+// prefix.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_FORMAT_H_
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_FORMAT_H_
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+
+#include <string>
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/log_severity.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/config.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+#include "absl/time/civil_time.h"
+#include "absl/time/time.h"
+#include "absl/types/span.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace log_internal {
+
+enum class PrefixFormat {
+  kNotRaw,
+  kRaw,
+};
+
+// Formats log message based on provided data.
+std::string FormatLogMessage(absl::LogSeverity severity,
+                             absl::CivilSecond civil_second,
+                             absl::Duration subsecond, log_internal::Tid tid,
+                             absl::string_view basename, int line,
+                             PrefixFormat format, absl::string_view message);
+
+// Formats various entry metadata into a text string meant for use as a
+// prefix on a log message string.  Writes into `buf`, advances `buf` to point
+// at the remainder of the buffer (i.e. past any written bytes), and returns the
+// number of bytes written.
+//
+// In addition to calling `buf->remove_prefix()` (or the equivalent), this
+// function may also do `buf->remove_suffix(buf->size())` in cases where no more
+// bytes (i.e. no message data) should be written into the buffer.  For example,
+// if the prefix ought to be:
+//   I0926 09:00:00.000000 1234567 foo.cc:123]
+// `buf` is too small, the function might fill the whole buffer:
+//   I0926 09:00:00.000000 1234
+// (note the apparrently incorrect thread ID), or it might write less:
+//   I0926 09:00:00.000000
+// In this case, it might also empty `buf` prior to returning to prevent
+// message data from being written into the space where a reader would expect to
+// see a thread ID.
+size_t FormatLogPrefix(absl::LogSeverity severity, absl::Time timestamp,
+                       log_internal::Tid tid, absl::string_view basename,
+                       int line, PrefixFormat format, absl::Span<char>& buf);
+
+}  // namespace log_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_FORMAT_H_
diff --git a/absl/log/internal/log_impl.h b/absl/log/internal/log_impl.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9326780d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/internal/log_impl.h
@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_IMPL_H_
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_IMPL_H_
+
+#include "absl/log/internal/conditions.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/log_message.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/strip.h"
+
+// ABSL_LOG()
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_IMPL(severity)             \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION##severity(STATELESS, true) \
+      ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG##severity.InternalStream()
+
+// ABSL_PLOG()
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_PLOG_IMPL(severity)              \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION##severity(STATELESS, true)   \
+      ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG##severity.InternalStream() \
+          .WithPerror()
+
+// ABSL_DLOG()
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DLOG_IMPL(severity)            \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION##severity(STATELESS, true) \
+      ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG##severity.InternalStream()
+#else
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DLOG_IMPL(severity)             \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION##severity(STATELESS, false) \
+      ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG##severity.InternalStream()
+#endif
+
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_IF_IMPL(severity, condition)    \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION##severity(STATELESS, condition) \
+      ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG##severity.InternalStream()
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_PLOG_IF_IMPL(severity, condition)   \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION##severity(STATELESS, condition) \
+      ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG##severity.InternalStream()    \
+          .WithPerror()
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DLOG_IF_IMPL(severity, condition)   \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION##severity(STATELESS, condition) \
+      ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG##severity.InternalStream()
+#else
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DLOG_IF_IMPL(severity, condition)              \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION##severity(STATELESS, false && (condition)) \
+      ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG##severity.InternalStream()
+#endif
+
+// ABSL_LOG_EVERY_N
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_EVERY_N_IMPL(severity, n)            \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION##severity(STATEFUL, true)(EveryN, n) \
+      ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG##severity.InternalStream()
+
+// ABSL_LOG_FIRST_N
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_FIRST_N_IMPL(severity, n)            \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION##severity(STATEFUL, true)(FirstN, n) \
+      ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG##severity.InternalStream()
+
+// ABSL_LOG_EVERY_POW_2
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_EVERY_POW_2_IMPL(severity)           \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION##severity(STATEFUL, true)(EveryPow2) \
+      ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG##severity.InternalStream()
+
+// ABSL_LOG_EVERY_N_SEC
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_EVERY_N_SEC_IMPL(severity, n_seconds)           \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION##severity(STATEFUL, true)(EveryNSec, n_seconds) \
+      ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG##severity.InternalStream()
+
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_PLOG_EVERY_N_IMPL(severity, n)           \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION##severity(STATEFUL, true)(EveryN, n) \
+      ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG##severity.InternalStream()         \
+          .WithPerror()
+
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_PLOG_FIRST_N_IMPL(severity, n)           \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION##severity(STATEFUL, true)(FirstN, n) \
+      ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG##severity.InternalStream()         \
+          .WithPerror()
+
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_PLOG_EVERY_POW_2_IMPL(severity)          \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION##severity(STATEFUL, true)(EveryPow2) \
+      ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG##severity.InternalStream()         \
+          .WithPerror()
+
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_PLOG_EVERY_N_SEC_IMPL(severity, n_seconds)          \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION##severity(STATEFUL, true)(EveryNSec, n_seconds) \
+      ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG##severity.InternalStream()                    \
+          .WithPerror()
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DLOG_EVERY_N_IMPL(severity, n) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION_INFO(STATEFUL, true)       \
+  (EveryN, n) ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG##severity.InternalStream()
+
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DLOG_FIRST_N_IMPL(severity, n) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION_INFO(STATEFUL, true)       \
+  (FirstN, n) ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG##severity.InternalStream()
+
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DLOG_EVERY_POW_2_IMPL(severity) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION_INFO(STATEFUL, true)        \
+  (EveryPow2) ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG##severity.InternalStream()
+
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DLOG_EVERY_N_SEC_IMPL(severity, n_seconds) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION_INFO(STATEFUL, true)                   \
+  (EveryNSec, n_seconds) ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG##severity.InternalStream()
+
+#else  // def NDEBUG
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DLOG_EVERY_N_IMPL(severity, n) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION_INFO(STATEFUL, false)      \
+  (EveryN, n) ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG##severity.InternalStream()
+
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DLOG_FIRST_N_IMPL(severity, n) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION_INFO(STATEFUL, false)      \
+  (FirstN, n) ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG##severity.InternalStream()
+
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DLOG_EVERY_POW_2_IMPL(severity) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION_INFO(STATEFUL, false)       \
+  (EveryPow2) ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG##severity.InternalStream()
+
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DLOG_EVERY_N_SEC_IMPL(severity, n_seconds) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION_INFO(STATEFUL, false)                  \
+  (EveryNSec, n_seconds) ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG##severity.InternalStream()
+#endif  // def NDEBUG
+
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_IF_EVERY_N_IMPL(severity, condition, n)   \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION##severity(STATEFUL, condition)(EveryN, n) \
+      ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG##severity.InternalStream()
+
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_IF_FIRST_N_IMPL(severity, condition, n)   \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION##severity(STATEFUL, condition)(FirstN, n) \
+      ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG##severity.InternalStream()
+
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_IF_EVERY_POW_2_IMPL(severity, condition)  \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION##severity(STATEFUL, condition)(EveryPow2) \
+      ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG##severity.InternalStream()
+
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_IF_EVERY_N_SEC_IMPL(severity, condition,  \
+                                                  n_seconds)            \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION##severity(STATEFUL, condition)(EveryNSec, \
+                                                             n_seconds) \
+      ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG##severity.InternalStream()
+
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_PLOG_IF_EVERY_N_IMPL(severity, condition, n)  \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION##severity(STATEFUL, condition)(EveryN, n) \
+      ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG##severity.InternalStream()              \
+          .WithPerror()
+
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_PLOG_IF_FIRST_N_IMPL(severity, condition, n)  \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION##severity(STATEFUL, condition)(FirstN, n) \
+      ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG##severity.InternalStream()              \
+          .WithPerror()
+
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_PLOG_IF_EVERY_POW_2_IMPL(severity, condition) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION##severity(STATEFUL, condition)(EveryPow2) \
+      ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG##severity.InternalStream()              \
+          .WithPerror()
+
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_PLOG_IF_EVERY_N_SEC_IMPL(severity, condition, \
+                                                   n_seconds)           \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION##severity(STATEFUL, condition)(EveryNSec, \
+                                                             n_seconds) \
+      ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG##severity.InternalStream()              \
+          .WithPerror()
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DLOG_IF_EVERY_N_IMPL(severity, condition, n)  \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION##severity(STATEFUL, condition)(EveryN, n) \
+      ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG##severity.InternalStream()
+
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DLOG_IF_FIRST_N_IMPL(severity, condition, n)  \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION##severity(STATEFUL, condition)(FirstN, n) \
+      ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG##severity.InternalStream()
+
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DLOG_IF_EVERY_POW_2_IMPL(severity, condition) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION##severity(STATEFUL, condition)(EveryPow2) \
+      ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG##severity.InternalStream()
+
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DLOG_IF_EVERY_N_SEC_IMPL(severity, condition, \
+                                                   n_seconds)           \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION##severity(STATEFUL, condition)(EveryNSec, \
+                                                             n_seconds) \
+      ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG##severity.InternalStream()
+
+#else  // def NDEBUG
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DLOG_IF_EVERY_N_IMPL(severity, condition, n)   \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION##severity(STATEFUL, false && (condition))( \
+      EveryN, n) ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG##severity.InternalStream()
+
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DLOG_IF_FIRST_N_IMPL(severity, condition, n)   \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION##severity(STATEFUL, false && (condition))( \
+      FirstN, n) ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG##severity.InternalStream()
+
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DLOG_IF_EVERY_POW_2_IMPL(severity, condition)  \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION##severity(STATEFUL, false && (condition))( \
+      EveryPow2) ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG##severity.InternalStream()
+
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DLOG_IF_EVERY_N_SEC_IMPL(severity, condition,  \
+                                                   n_seconds)            \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CONDITION##severity(STATEFUL, false && (condition))( \
+      EveryNSec, n_seconds)                                              \
+      ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG##severity.InternalStream()
+#endif  // def NDEBUG
+
+#endif  // ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_IMPL_H_
diff --git a/absl/log/internal/log_message.cc b/absl/log/internal/log_message.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..10ac2453
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/internal/log_message.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,633 @@
+//
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/log/internal/log_message.h"
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#ifndef _WIN32
+#include <unistd.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <array>
+#include <atomic>
+#include <memory>
+#include <ostream>
+#include <string>
+#include <tuple>
+
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/strerror.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/sysinfo.h"
+#include "absl/base/log_severity.h"
+#include "absl/container/inlined_vector.h"
+#include "absl/debugging/internal/examine_stack.h"
+#include "absl/log/globals.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/append_truncated.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/globals.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/log_format.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/log_sink_set.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/proto.h"
+#include "absl/log/log_entry.h"
+#include "absl/log/log_sink.h"
+#include "absl/log/log_sink_registry.h"
+#include "absl/memory/memory.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+#include "absl/time/clock.h"
+#include "absl/time/time.h"
+#include "absl/types/span.h"
+
+extern "C" ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_WEAK void ABSL_INTERNAL_C_SYMBOL(
+    AbslInternalOnFatalLogMessage)(const absl::LogEntry&) {
+  // Default - Do nothing
+}
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace log_internal {
+
+namespace {
+// message `logging.proto.Event`
+enum EventTag : uint8_t {
+  kValue = 7,
+};
+
+// message `logging.proto.Value`
+enum ValueTag : uint8_t {
+  kString = 1,
+  kStringLiteral = 6,
+};
+
+// Decodes a `logging.proto.Value` from `buf` and writes a string representation
+// into `dst`.  The string representation will be truncated if `dst` is not
+// large enough to hold it.  Returns false if `dst` has size zero or one (i.e.
+// sufficient only for a nul-terminator) and no decoded data could be written.
+// This function may or may not write a nul-terminator into `dst`, and it may or
+// may not truncate the data it writes in order to do make space for that nul
+// terminator.  In any case, `dst` will be advanced to point at the byte where
+// subsequent writes should begin.
+bool PrintValue(absl::Span<char>& dst, absl::Span<const char> buf) {
+  if (dst.size() <= 1) return false;
+  ProtoField field;
+  while (field.DecodeFrom(&buf)) {
+    switch (field.tag()) {
+      case ValueTag::kString:
+      case ValueTag::kStringLiteral:
+        if (field.type() == WireType::kLengthDelimited)
+          if (log_internal::AppendTruncated(field.string_value(), dst) <
+              field.string_value().size())
+            return false;
+    }
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+absl::string_view Basename(absl::string_view filepath) {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+  size_t path = filepath.find_last_of("/\\");
+#else
+  size_t path = filepath.find_last_of('/');
+#endif
+  if (path != filepath.npos) filepath.remove_prefix(path + 1);
+  return filepath;
+}
+
+void WriteToString(const char* data, void* str) {
+  reinterpret_cast<std::string*>(str)->append(data);
+}
+void WriteToStream(const char* data, void* os) {
+  auto* cast_os = static_cast<std::ostream*>(os);
+  *cast_os << data;
+}
+}  // namespace
+
+struct LogMessage::LogMessageData final {
+  LogMessageData(const char* file, int line, absl::LogSeverity severity,
+                 absl::Time timestamp);
+  LogMessageData(const LogMessageData&) = delete;
+  LogMessageData& operator=(const LogMessageData&) = delete;
+
+  // `LogEntry` sent to `LogSink`s; contains metadata.
+  absl::LogEntry entry;
+
+  // true => this was first fatal msg
+  bool first_fatal;
+  // true => all failures should be quiet
+  bool fail_quietly;
+  // true => PLOG was requested
+  bool is_perror;
+
+  // Extra `LogSink`s to log to, in addition to `global_sinks`.
+  absl::InlinedVector<absl::LogSink*, 16> extra_sinks;
+  // If true, log to `extra_sinks` but not to `global_sinks` or hardcoded
+  // non-sink targets (e.g. stderr, log files).
+  bool extra_sinks_only;
+
+  std::ostream manipulated;  // ostream with IO manipulators applied
+
+  // A `logging.proto.Event` proto message is built into `encoded_buf`.
+  std::array<char, kLogMessageBufferSize> encoded_buf;
+  // `encoded_remaining` is the suffix of `encoded_buf` that has not been filled
+  // yet.  If a datum to be encoded does not fit into `encoded_remaining` and
+  // cannot be truncated to fit, the size of `encoded_remaining` will be zeroed
+  // to prevent encoding of any further data.  Note that in this case its data()
+  // pointer will not point past the end of `encoded_buf`.
+  absl::Span<char> encoded_remaining;
+
+  // A formatted string message is built in `string_buf`.
+  std::array<char, kLogMessageBufferSize> string_buf;
+
+  void FinalizeEncodingAndFormat();
+};
+
+LogMessage::LogMessageData::LogMessageData(const char* file, int line,
+                                           absl::LogSeverity severity,
+                                           absl::Time timestamp)
+    : extra_sinks_only(false),
+      manipulated(nullptr),
+      // This `absl::MakeSpan` silences spurious -Wuninitialized from GCC:
+      encoded_remaining(absl::MakeSpan(encoded_buf)) {
+  // Legacy defaults for LOG's ostream:
+  manipulated.setf(std::ios_base::showbase | std::ios_base::boolalpha);
+  entry.full_filename_ = file;
+  entry.base_filename_ = Basename(file);
+  entry.line_ = line;
+  entry.prefix_ = absl::ShouldPrependLogPrefix();
+  entry.severity_ = absl::NormalizeLogSeverity(severity);
+  entry.verbose_level_ = absl::LogEntry::kNoVerbosityLevel;
+  entry.timestamp_ = timestamp;
+  entry.tid_ = absl::base_internal::GetCachedTID();
+}
+
+void LogMessage::LogMessageData::FinalizeEncodingAndFormat() {
+  // Note that `encoded_remaining` may have zero size without pointing past the
+  // end of `encoded_buf`, so the difference between `data()` pointers is used
+  // to compute the size of `encoded_data`.
+  absl::Span<const char> encoded_data(
+      encoded_buf.data(),
+      static_cast<size_t>(encoded_remaining.data() - encoded_buf.data()));
+  // `string_remaining` is the suffix of `string_buf` that has not been filled
+  // yet.
+  absl::Span<char> string_remaining(string_buf);
+  // We may need to write a newline and nul-terminator at the end of the decoded
+  // string data.  Rather than worry about whether those should overwrite the
+  // end of the string (if the buffer is full) or be appended, we avoid writing
+  // into the last two bytes so we always have space to append.
+  string_remaining.remove_suffix(2);
+  entry.prefix_len_ =
+      entry.prefix() ? log_internal::FormatLogPrefix(
+                           entry.log_severity(), entry.timestamp(), entry.tid(),
+                           entry.source_basename(), entry.source_line(),
+                           log_internal::ThreadIsLoggingToLogSink()
+                               ? PrefixFormat::kRaw
+                               : PrefixFormat::kNotRaw,
+                           string_remaining)
+                     : 0;
+  // Decode data from `encoded_buf` until we run out of data or we run out of
+  // `string_remaining`.
+  ProtoField field;
+  while (field.DecodeFrom(&encoded_data)) {
+    switch (field.tag()) {
+      case EventTag::kValue:
+        if (field.type() != WireType::kLengthDelimited) continue;
+        if (PrintValue(string_remaining, field.bytes_value())) continue;
+        break;
+    }
+    break;
+  }
+  auto chars_written =
+      static_cast<size_t>(string_remaining.data() - string_buf.data());
+    string_buf[chars_written++] = '\n';
+  string_buf[chars_written++] = '\0';
+  entry.text_message_with_prefix_and_newline_and_nul_ =
+      absl::MakeSpan(string_buf).subspan(0, chars_written);
+}
+
+LogMessage::LogMessage(const char* file, int line, absl::LogSeverity severity)
+    : data_(absl::make_unique<LogMessageData>(file, line, severity,
+                                              absl::Now())) {
+  data_->first_fatal = false;
+  data_->is_perror = false;
+  data_->fail_quietly = false;
+
+  // This logs a backtrace even if the location is subsequently changed using
+  // AtLocation.  This quirk, and the behavior when AtLocation is called twice,
+  // are fixable but probably not worth fixing.
+  LogBacktraceIfNeeded();
+}
+
+LogMessage::LogMessage(const char* file, int line, InfoTag)
+    : LogMessage(file, line, absl::LogSeverity::kInfo) {}
+LogMessage::LogMessage(const char* file, int line, WarningTag)
+    : LogMessage(file, line, absl::LogSeverity::kWarning) {}
+LogMessage::LogMessage(const char* file, int line, ErrorTag)
+    : LogMessage(file, line, absl::LogSeverity::kError) {}
+
+LogMessage::~LogMessage() {
+#ifdef ABSL_MIN_LOG_LEVEL
+  if (data_->entry.log_severity() <
+          static_cast<absl::LogSeverity>(ABSL_MIN_LOG_LEVEL) &&
+      data_->entry.log_severity() < absl::LogSeverity::kFatal) {
+    return;
+  }
+#endif
+  Flush();
+}
+
+LogMessage& LogMessage::AtLocation(absl::string_view file, int line) {
+  data_->entry.full_filename_ = file;
+  data_->entry.base_filename_ = Basename(file);
+  data_->entry.line_ = line;
+  LogBacktraceIfNeeded();
+  return *this;
+}
+
+LogMessage& LogMessage::NoPrefix() {
+  data_->entry.prefix_ = false;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+LogMessage& LogMessage::WithVerbosity(int verbose_level) {
+  if (verbose_level == absl::LogEntry::kNoVerbosityLevel) {
+    data_->entry.verbose_level_ = absl::LogEntry::kNoVerbosityLevel;
+  } else {
+    data_->entry.verbose_level_ = std::max(0, verbose_level);
+  }
+  return *this;
+}
+
+LogMessage& LogMessage::WithTimestamp(absl::Time timestamp) {
+  data_->entry.timestamp_ = timestamp;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+LogMessage& LogMessage::WithThreadID(absl::LogEntry::tid_t tid) {
+  data_->entry.tid_ = tid;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+LogMessage& LogMessage::WithMetadataFrom(const absl::LogEntry& entry) {
+  data_->entry.full_filename_ = entry.full_filename_;
+  data_->entry.base_filename_ = entry.base_filename_;
+  data_->entry.line_ = entry.line_;
+  data_->entry.prefix_ = entry.prefix_;
+  data_->entry.severity_ = entry.severity_;
+  data_->entry.verbose_level_ = entry.verbose_level_;
+  data_->entry.timestamp_ = entry.timestamp_;
+  data_->entry.tid_ = entry.tid_;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+LogMessage& LogMessage::WithPerror() {
+  data_->is_perror = true;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+LogMessage& LogMessage::ToSinkAlso(absl::LogSink* sink) {
+  ABSL_INTERNAL_CHECK(sink, "null LogSink*");
+  data_->extra_sinks.push_back(sink);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+LogMessage& LogMessage::ToSinkOnly(absl::LogSink* sink) {
+  ABSL_INTERNAL_CHECK(sink, "null LogSink*");
+  data_->extra_sinks.clear();
+  data_->extra_sinks.push_back(sink);
+  data_->extra_sinks_only = true;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+#ifdef __ELF__
+extern "C" void __gcov_dump() ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_WEAK;
+extern "C" void __gcov_flush() ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_WEAK;
+#endif
+
+void LogMessage::FailWithoutStackTrace() {
+  // Now suppress repeated trace logging:
+  log_internal::SetSuppressSigabortTrace(true);
+#if defined _DEBUG && defined COMPILER_MSVC
+  // When debugging on windows, avoid the obnoxious dialog.
+  __debugbreak();
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __ELF__
+  // For b/8737634, flush coverage if we are in coverage mode.
+  if (&__gcov_dump != nullptr) {
+    __gcov_dump();
+  } else if (&__gcov_flush != nullptr) {
+    __gcov_flush();
+  }
+#endif
+
+  abort();
+}
+
+void LogMessage::FailQuietly() {
+  // _exit. Calling abort() would trigger all sorts of death signal handlers
+  // and a detailed stack trace. Calling exit() would trigger the onexit
+  // handlers, including the heap-leak checker, which is guaranteed to fail in
+  // this case: we probably just new'ed the std::string that we logged.
+  // Anyway, if you're calling Fail or FailQuietly, you're trying to bail out
+  // of the program quickly, and it doesn't make much sense for FailQuietly to
+  // offer different guarantees about exit behavior than Fail does. (And as a
+  // consequence for QCHECK and CHECK to offer different exit behaviors)
+  _exit(1);
+}
+
+LogMessage& LogMessage::operator<<(const std::string& v) {
+  CopyToEncodedBuffer<StringType::kNotLiteral>(v);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+LogMessage& LogMessage::operator<<(absl::string_view v) {
+  CopyToEncodedBuffer<StringType::kNotLiteral>(v);
+  return *this;
+}
+LogMessage& LogMessage::operator<<(std::ostream& (*m)(std::ostream& os)) {
+  OstreamView view(*data_);
+  data_->manipulated << m;
+  return *this;
+}
+LogMessage& LogMessage::operator<<(std::ios_base& (*m)(std::ios_base& os)) {
+  OstreamView view(*data_);
+  data_->manipulated << m;
+  return *this;
+}
+template LogMessage& LogMessage::operator<<(const char& v);
+template LogMessage& LogMessage::operator<<(const signed char& v);
+template LogMessage& LogMessage::operator<<(const unsigned char& v);
+template LogMessage& LogMessage::operator<<(const short& v);           // NOLINT
+template LogMessage& LogMessage::operator<<(const unsigned short& v);  // NOLINT
+template LogMessage& LogMessage::operator<<(const int& v);
+template LogMessage& LogMessage::operator<<(const unsigned int& v);
+template LogMessage& LogMessage::operator<<(const long& v);           // NOLINT
+template LogMessage& LogMessage::operator<<(const unsigned long& v);  // NOLINT
+template LogMessage& LogMessage::operator<<(const long long& v);      // NOLINT
+template LogMessage& LogMessage::operator<<(
+    const unsigned long long& v);  // NOLINT
+template LogMessage& LogMessage::operator<<(void* const& v);
+template LogMessage& LogMessage::operator<<(const void* const& v);
+template LogMessage& LogMessage::operator<<(const float& v);
+template LogMessage& LogMessage::operator<<(const double& v);
+template LogMessage& LogMessage::operator<<(const bool& v);
+
+void LogMessage::Flush() {
+  if (data_->entry.log_severity() < absl::MinLogLevel()) return;
+
+  if (data_->is_perror) {
+    InternalStream() << ": " << absl::base_internal::StrError(errno_saver_())
+                     << " [" << errno_saver_() << "]";
+  }
+
+  // Have we already seen a fatal message?
+  ABSL_CONST_INIT static std::atomic<bool> seen_fatal(false);
+  if (data_->entry.log_severity() == absl::LogSeverity::kFatal &&
+      absl::log_internal::ExitOnDFatal()) {
+    // Exactly one LOG(FATAL) message is responsible for aborting the process,
+    // even if multiple threads LOG(FATAL) concurrently.
+    bool expected_seen_fatal = false;
+    if (seen_fatal.compare_exchange_strong(expected_seen_fatal, true,
+                                           std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
+      data_->first_fatal = true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  data_->FinalizeEncodingAndFormat();
+  data_->entry.encoding_ =
+      absl::string_view(data_->encoded_buf.data(),
+                        static_cast<size_t>(data_->encoded_remaining.data() -
+                                            data_->encoded_buf.data()));
+  SendToLog();
+}
+
+void LogMessage::SetFailQuietly() { data_->fail_quietly = true; }
+
+LogMessage::OstreamView::OstreamView(LogMessageData& message_data)
+    : data_(message_data), encoded_remaining_copy_(data_.encoded_remaining) {
+  // This constructor sets the `streambuf` up so that streaming into an attached
+  // ostream encodes string data in-place.  To do that, we write appropriate
+  // headers into the buffer using a copy of the buffer view so that we can
+  // decide not to keep them later if nothing is ever streamed in.  We don't
+  // know how much data we'll get, but we can use the size of the remaining
+  // buffer as an upper bound and fill in the right size once we know it.
+  message_start_ =
+      EncodeMessageStart(EventTag::kValue, encoded_remaining_copy_.size(),
+                         &encoded_remaining_copy_);
+  string_start_ =
+      EncodeMessageStart(ValueTag::kString, encoded_remaining_copy_.size(),
+                         &encoded_remaining_copy_);
+  setp(encoded_remaining_copy_.data(),
+       encoded_remaining_copy_.data() + encoded_remaining_copy_.size());
+  data_.manipulated.rdbuf(this);
+}
+
+LogMessage::OstreamView::~OstreamView() {
+  data_.manipulated.rdbuf(nullptr);
+  if (!string_start_.data()) {
+    // The second field header didn't fit.  Whether the first one did or not, we
+    // shouldn't commit `encoded_remaining_copy_`, and we also need to zero the
+    // size of `data_->encoded_remaining` so that no more data are encoded.
+    data_.encoded_remaining.remove_suffix(data_.encoded_remaining.size());
+    return;
+  }
+  const absl::Span<const char> contents(pbase(),
+                                        static_cast<size_t>(pptr() - pbase()));
+  if (contents.empty()) return;
+  encoded_remaining_copy_.remove_prefix(contents.size());
+  EncodeMessageLength(string_start_, &encoded_remaining_copy_);
+  EncodeMessageLength(message_start_, &encoded_remaining_copy_);
+  data_.encoded_remaining = encoded_remaining_copy_;
+}
+
+std::ostream& LogMessage::OstreamView::stream() { return data_.manipulated; }
+
+bool LogMessage::IsFatal() const {
+  return data_->entry.log_severity() == absl::LogSeverity::kFatal &&
+         absl::log_internal::ExitOnDFatal();
+}
+
+void LogMessage::PrepareToDie() {
+  // If we log a FATAL message, flush all the log destinations, then toss
+  // a signal for others to catch. We leave the logs in a state that
+  // someone else can use them (as long as they flush afterwards)
+  if (data_->first_fatal) {
+    // Notify observers about the upcoming fatal error.
+    ABSL_INTERNAL_C_SYMBOL(AbslInternalOnFatalLogMessage)(data_->entry);
+  }
+
+  if (!data_->fail_quietly) {
+    // Log the message first before we start collecting stack trace.
+    log_internal::LogToSinks(data_->entry, absl::MakeSpan(data_->extra_sinks),
+                             data_->extra_sinks_only);
+
+    // `DumpStackTrace` generates an empty string under MSVC.
+    // Adding the constant prefix here simplifies testing.
+    data_->entry.stacktrace_ = "*** Check failure stack trace: ***\n";
+    debugging_internal::DumpStackTrace(
+        0, log_internal::MaxFramesInLogStackTrace(),
+        log_internal::ShouldSymbolizeLogStackTrace(), WriteToString,
+        &data_->entry.stacktrace_);
+  }
+}
+
+void LogMessage::Die() {
+  absl::FlushLogSinks();
+
+  if (data_->fail_quietly) {
+    FailQuietly();
+  } else {
+    FailWithoutStackTrace();
+  }
+}
+
+void LogMessage::SendToLog() {
+  if (IsFatal()) PrepareToDie();
+  // Also log to all registered sinks, even if OnlyLogToStderr() is set.
+  log_internal::LogToSinks(data_->entry, absl::MakeSpan(data_->extra_sinks),
+                           data_->extra_sinks_only);
+  if (IsFatal()) Die();
+}
+
+void LogMessage::LogBacktraceIfNeeded() {
+  if (!absl::log_internal::IsInitialized()) return;
+
+  if (!absl::log_internal::ShouldLogBacktraceAt(data_->entry.source_basename(),
+                                                data_->entry.source_line()))
+    return;
+  OstreamView view(*data_);
+  view.stream() << " (stacktrace:\n";
+  debugging_internal::DumpStackTrace(
+      1, log_internal::MaxFramesInLogStackTrace(),
+      log_internal::ShouldSymbolizeLogStackTrace(), WriteToStream,
+      &view.stream());
+  view.stream() << ") ";
+}
+
+// Encodes into `data_->encoded_remaining` a partial `logging.proto.Event`
+// containing the specified string data using a `Value` field appropriate to
+// `str_type`.  Truncates `str` if necessary, but emits nothing and marks the
+// buffer full if  even the field headers do not fit.
+template <LogMessage::StringType str_type>
+void LogMessage::CopyToEncodedBuffer(absl::string_view str) {
+  auto encoded_remaining_copy = data_->encoded_remaining;
+  auto start = EncodeMessageStart(
+      EventTag::kValue, BufferSizeFor(WireType::kLengthDelimited) + str.size(),
+      &encoded_remaining_copy);
+  // If the `logging.proto.Event.value` field header did not fit,
+  // `EncodeMessageStart` will have zeroed `encoded_remaining_copy`'s size and
+  // `EncodeStringTruncate` will fail too.
+  if (EncodeStringTruncate(str_type == StringType::kLiteral
+                               ? ValueTag::kStringLiteral
+                               : ValueTag::kString,
+                           str, &encoded_remaining_copy)) {
+    // The string may have been truncated, but the field header fit.
+    EncodeMessageLength(start, &encoded_remaining_copy);
+    data_->encoded_remaining = encoded_remaining_copy;
+  } else {
+    // The field header(s) did not fit; zero `encoded_remaining` so we don't
+    // write anything else later.
+    data_->encoded_remaining.remove_suffix(data_->encoded_remaining.size());
+  }
+}
+template void LogMessage::CopyToEncodedBuffer<LogMessage::StringType::kLiteral>(
+    absl::string_view str);
+template void LogMessage::CopyToEncodedBuffer<
+    LogMessage::StringType::kNotLiteral>(absl::string_view str);
+template <LogMessage::StringType str_type>
+void LogMessage::CopyToEncodedBuffer(char ch, size_t num) {
+  auto encoded_remaining_copy = data_->encoded_remaining;
+  auto value_start = EncodeMessageStart(
+      EventTag::kValue, BufferSizeFor(WireType::kLengthDelimited) + num,
+      &encoded_remaining_copy);
+  auto str_start = EncodeMessageStart(str_type == StringType::kLiteral
+                                          ? ValueTag::kStringLiteral
+                                          : ValueTag::kString,
+                                      num, &encoded_remaining_copy);
+  if (str_start.data()) {
+    // The field headers fit.
+    log_internal::AppendTruncated(ch, num, encoded_remaining_copy);
+    EncodeMessageLength(str_start, &encoded_remaining_copy);
+    EncodeMessageLength(value_start, &encoded_remaining_copy);
+    data_->encoded_remaining = encoded_remaining_copy;
+  } else {
+    // The field header(s) did not fit; zero `encoded_remaining` so we don't
+    // write anything else later.
+    data_->encoded_remaining.remove_suffix(data_->encoded_remaining.size());
+  }
+}
+template void LogMessage::CopyToEncodedBuffer<LogMessage::StringType::kLiteral>(
+    char ch, size_t num);
+template void LogMessage::CopyToEncodedBuffer<
+    LogMessage::StringType::kNotLiteral>(char ch, size_t num);
+
+LogMessageFatal::LogMessageFatal(const char* file, int line)
+    : LogMessage(file, line, absl::LogSeverity::kFatal) {}
+
+LogMessageFatal::LogMessageFatal(const char* file, int line,
+                                 absl::string_view failure_msg)
+    : LogMessage(file, line, absl::LogSeverity::kFatal) {
+  *this << "Check failed: " << failure_msg << " ";
+}
+
+// ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NORETURN doesn't seem to work on destructors with msvc, so
+// disable msvc's warning about the d'tor never returning.
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__clang__)
+#pragma warning(push)
+#pragma warning(disable : 4722)
+#endif
+LogMessageFatal::~LogMessageFatal() {
+  Flush();
+  FailWithoutStackTrace();
+}
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__clang__)
+#pragma warning(pop)
+#endif
+
+LogMessageQuietlyFatal::LogMessageQuietlyFatal(const char* file, int line)
+    : LogMessage(file, line, absl::LogSeverity::kFatal) {
+  SetFailQuietly();
+}
+
+LogMessageQuietlyFatal::LogMessageQuietlyFatal(const char* file, int line,
+                                               absl::string_view failure_msg)
+    : LogMessage(file, line, absl::LogSeverity::kFatal) {
+  SetFailQuietly();
+  *this << "Check failed: " << failure_msg << " ";
+}
+
+// ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NORETURN doesn't seem to work on destructors with msvc, so
+// disable msvc's warning about the d'tor never returning.
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__clang__)
+#pragma warning(push)
+#pragma warning(disable : 4722)
+#endif
+LogMessageQuietlyFatal::~LogMessageQuietlyFatal() {
+  Flush();
+  FailQuietly();
+}
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__clang__)
+#pragma warning(pop)
+#endif
+
+}  // namespace log_internal
+
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/log/internal/log_message.h b/absl/log/internal/log_message.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..46937728
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/internal/log_message.h
@@ -0,0 +1,377 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// File: log/internal/log_message.h
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// This file declares `class absl::log_internal::LogMessage`. This class more or
+// less represents a particular log message. LOG/CHECK macros create a
+// temporary instance of `LogMessage` and then stream values to it.  At the end
+// of the LOG/CHECK statement, LogMessage instance goes out of scope and
+// `~LogMessage` directs the message to the registered log sinks.
+// Heap-allocation of `LogMessage` is unsupported.  Construction outside of a
+// `LOG` macro is unsupported.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_MESSAGE_H_
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_MESSAGE_H_
+
+#include <ios>
+#include <memory>
+#include <ostream>
+#include <streambuf>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/errno_saver.h"
+#include "absl/base/log_severity.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/nullguard.h"
+#include "absl/log/log_entry.h"
+#include "absl/log/log_sink.h"
+#include "absl/strings/internal/has_absl_stringify.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+#include "absl/time/time.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace log_internal {
+constexpr int kLogMessageBufferSize = 15000;
+
+class LogMessage {
+ public:
+  struct InfoTag {};
+  struct WarningTag {};
+  struct ErrorTag {};
+
+  // Used for `LOG`.
+  LogMessage(const char* file, int line,
+             absl::LogSeverity severity) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_COLD;
+  // These constructors are slightly smaller/faster to call; the severity is
+  // curried into the function pointer.
+  LogMessage(const char* file, int line,
+             InfoTag) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_COLD ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE;
+  LogMessage(const char* file, int line,
+             WarningTag) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_COLD ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE;
+  LogMessage(const char* file, int line,
+             ErrorTag) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_COLD ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE;
+  LogMessage(const LogMessage&) = delete;
+  LogMessage& operator=(const LogMessage&) = delete;
+  ~LogMessage() ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_COLD;
+
+  // Overrides the location inferred from the callsite.  The string pointed to
+  // by `file` must be valid until the end of the statement.
+  LogMessage& AtLocation(absl::string_view file, int line);
+  // Omits the prefix from this line.  The prefix includes metadata about the
+  // logged data such as source code location and timestamp.
+  LogMessage& NoPrefix();
+  // Sets the verbosity field of the logged message as if it was logged by
+  // `VLOG(verbose_level)`.  Unlike `VLOG`, this method does not affect
+  // evaluation of the statement when the specified `verbose_level` has been
+  // disabled.  The only effect is on `absl::LogSink` implementations which
+  // make use of the `absl::LogSink::verbosity()` value.  The value
+  // `absl::LogEntry::kNoVerbosityLevel` can be specified to mark the message
+  // not verbose.
+  LogMessage& WithVerbosity(int verbose_level);
+  // Uses the specified timestamp instead of one collected in the constructor.
+  LogMessage& WithTimestamp(absl::Time timestamp);
+  // Uses the specified thread ID instead of one collected in the constructor.
+  LogMessage& WithThreadID(absl::LogEntry::tid_t tid);
+  // Copies all metadata (but no data) from the specified `absl::LogEntry`.
+  LogMessage& WithMetadataFrom(const absl::LogEntry& entry);
+  // Appends to the logged message a colon, a space, a textual description of
+  // the current value of `errno` (as by strerror(3)), and the numerical value
+  // of `errno`.
+  LogMessage& WithPerror();
+  // Sends this message to `*sink` in addition to whatever other sinks it would
+  // otherwise have been sent to.  `sink` must not be null.
+  LogMessage& ToSinkAlso(absl::LogSink* sink);
+  // Sends this message to `*sink` and no others.  `sink` must not be null.
+  LogMessage& ToSinkOnly(absl::LogSink* sink);
+
+  // Don't call this method from outside this library.
+  LogMessage& InternalStream() { return *this; }
+
+  // By-value overloads for small, common types let us overlook common failures
+  // to define globals and static data members (i.e. in a .cc file).
+  // clang-format off
+  // The CUDA toolchain cannot handle these <<<'s:
+  LogMessage& operator<<(char v) { return operator<< <char>(v); }
+  LogMessage& operator<<(signed char v) { return operator<< <signed char>(v); }
+  LogMessage& operator<<(unsigned char v) {
+    return operator<< <unsigned char>(v);
+  }
+  LogMessage& operator<<(signed short v) {  // NOLINT
+    return operator<< <signed short>(v);  // NOLINT
+  }
+  LogMessage& operator<<(signed int v) { return operator<< <signed int>(v); }
+  LogMessage& operator<<(signed long v) {  // NOLINT
+    return operator<< <signed long>(v);  // NOLINT
+  }
+  LogMessage& operator<<(signed long long v) {  // NOLINT
+    return operator<< <signed long long>(v);  // NOLINT
+  }
+  LogMessage& operator<<(unsigned short v) {  // NOLINT
+    return operator<< <unsigned short>(v);  // NOLINT
+  }
+  LogMessage& operator<<(unsigned int v) {
+    return operator<< <unsigned int>(v);
+  }
+  LogMessage& operator<<(unsigned long v) {  // NOLINT
+    return operator<< <unsigned long>(v);  // NOLINT
+  }
+  LogMessage& operator<<(unsigned long long v) {  // NOLINT
+    return operator<< <unsigned long long>(v);  // NOLINT
+  }
+  LogMessage& operator<<(void* v) { return operator<< <void*>(v); }
+  LogMessage& operator<<(const void* v) { return operator<< <const void*>(v); }
+  LogMessage& operator<<(float v) { return operator<< <float>(v); }
+  LogMessage& operator<<(double v) { return operator<< <double>(v); }
+  LogMessage& operator<<(bool v) { return operator<< <bool>(v); }
+  // clang-format on
+
+  // These overloads are more efficient since no `ostream` is involved.
+  LogMessage& operator<<(const std::string& v);
+  LogMessage& operator<<(absl::string_view v);
+
+  // Handle stream manipulators e.g. std::endl.
+  LogMessage& operator<<(std::ostream& (*m)(std::ostream& os));
+  LogMessage& operator<<(std::ios_base& (*m)(std::ios_base& os));
+
+  // Literal strings.  This allows us to record C string literals as literals in
+  // the logging.proto.Value.
+  //
+  // Allow this overload to be inlined to prevent generating instantiations of
+  // this template for every value of `SIZE` encountered in each source code
+  // file. That significantly increases linker input sizes. Inlining is cheap
+  // because the argument to this overload is almost always a string literal so
+  // the call to `strlen` can be replaced at compile time. The overload for
+  // `char[]` below should not be inlined. The compiler typically does not have
+  // the string at compile time and cannot replace the call to `strlen` so
+  // inlining it increases the binary size. See the discussion on
+  // cl/107527369.
+  template <int SIZE>
+  LogMessage& operator<<(const char (&buf)[SIZE]);
+
+  // This prevents non-const `char[]` arrays from looking like literals.
+  template <int SIZE>
+  LogMessage& operator<<(char (&buf)[SIZE]) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE;
+
+  // Types that support `AbslStringify()` are serialized that way.
+  template <typename T,
+            typename std::enable_if<
+                strings_internal::HasAbslStringify<T>::value, int>::type = 0>
+  LogMessage& operator<<(const T& v) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE;
+
+  // Types that don't support `AbslStringify()` but do support streaming into a
+  // `std::ostream&` are serialized that way.
+  template <typename T,
+            typename std::enable_if<
+                !strings_internal::HasAbslStringify<T>::value, int>::type = 0>
+  LogMessage& operator<<(const T& v) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE;
+
+  // Note: We explicitly do not support `operator<<` for non-const references
+  // because it breaks logging of non-integer bitfield types (i.e., enums).
+
+ protected:
+  // Call `abort()` or similar to perform `LOG(FATAL)` crash.  It is assumed
+  // that the caller has already generated and written the trace as appropriate.
+  ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NORETURN static void FailWithoutStackTrace();
+
+  // Similar to `FailWithoutStackTrace()`, but without `abort()`.  Terminates
+  // the process with an error exit code.
+  ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NORETURN static void FailQuietly();
+
+  // Dispatches the completed `absl::LogEntry` to applicable `absl::LogSink`s.
+  // This might as well be inlined into `~LogMessage` except that
+  // `~LogMessageFatal` needs to call it early.
+  void Flush();
+
+  // After this is called, failures are done as quiet as possible for this log
+  // message.
+  void SetFailQuietly();
+
+ private:
+  struct LogMessageData;  // Opaque type containing message state
+  friend class AsLiteralImpl;
+  friend class StringifySink;
+
+  // This streambuf writes directly into the structured logging buffer so that
+  // arbitrary types can be encoded as string data (using
+  // `operator<<(std::ostream &, ...)` without any extra allocation or copying.
+  // Space is reserved before the data to store the length field, which is
+  // filled in by `~OstreamView`.
+  class OstreamView final : public std::streambuf {
+   public:
+    explicit OstreamView(LogMessageData& message_data);
+    ~OstreamView() override;
+    OstreamView(const OstreamView&) = delete;
+    OstreamView& operator=(const OstreamView&) = delete;
+    std::ostream& stream();
+
+   private:
+    LogMessageData& data_;
+    absl::Span<char> encoded_remaining_copy_;
+    absl::Span<char> message_start_;
+    absl::Span<char> string_start_;
+  };
+
+  enum class StringType {
+    kLiteral,
+    kNotLiteral,
+  };
+  template <StringType str_type>
+  void CopyToEncodedBuffer(absl::string_view str) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE;
+  template <StringType str_type>
+  void CopyToEncodedBuffer(char ch, size_t num) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE;
+
+  // Returns `true` if the message is fatal or enabled debug-fatal.
+  bool IsFatal() const;
+
+  // Records some tombstone-type data in anticipation of `Die`.
+  void PrepareToDie();
+  void Die();
+
+  void SendToLog();
+
+  // Checks `FLAGS_log_backtrace_at` and appends a backtrace if appropriate.
+  void LogBacktraceIfNeeded();
+
+  // This should be the first data member so that its initializer captures errno
+  // before any other initializers alter it (e.g. with calls to new) and so that
+  // no other destructors run afterward an alter it (e.g. with calls to delete).
+  absl::base_internal::ErrnoSaver errno_saver_;
+
+  // We keep the data in a separate struct so that each instance of `LogMessage`
+  // uses less stack space.
+  std::unique_ptr<LogMessageData> data_;
+};
+
+// Helper class so that `AbslStringify()` can modify the LogMessage.
+class StringifySink final {
+ public:
+  explicit StringifySink(LogMessage& message) : message_(message) {}
+
+  void Append(size_t count, char ch) {
+    message_.CopyToEncodedBuffer<LogMessage::StringType::kNotLiteral>(ch,
+                                                                      count);
+  }
+
+  void Append(absl::string_view v) {
+    message_.CopyToEncodedBuffer<LogMessage::StringType::kNotLiteral>(v);
+  }
+
+  // For types that implement `AbslStringify` using `absl::Format()`.
+  friend void AbslFormatFlush(StringifySink* sink, absl::string_view v) {
+    sink->Append(v);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  LogMessage& message_;
+};
+
+// Note: the following is declared `ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE`
+template <typename T,
+          typename std::enable_if<strings_internal::HasAbslStringify<T>::value,
+                                  int>::type>
+LogMessage& LogMessage::operator<<(const T& v) {
+  StringifySink sink(*this);
+  // Replace with public API.
+  AbslStringify(sink, v);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+// Note: the following is declared `ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE`
+template <typename T,
+          typename std::enable_if<!strings_internal::HasAbslStringify<T>::value,
+                                  int>::type>
+LogMessage& LogMessage::operator<<(const T& v) {
+  OstreamView view(*data_);
+  view.stream() << log_internal::NullGuard<T>().Guard(v);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+template <int SIZE>
+LogMessage& LogMessage::operator<<(const char (&buf)[SIZE]) {
+  CopyToEncodedBuffer<StringType::kLiteral>(buf);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+// Note: the following is declared `ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE`
+template <int SIZE>
+LogMessage& LogMessage::operator<<(char (&buf)[SIZE]) {
+  CopyToEncodedBuffer<StringType::kNotLiteral>(buf);
+  return *this;
+}
+// We instantiate these specializations in the library's TU to save space in
+// other TUs.  Since the template is marked `ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE` we will be
+// emitting a function call either way.
+extern template LogMessage& LogMessage::operator<<(const char& v);
+extern template LogMessage& LogMessage::operator<<(const signed char& v);
+extern template LogMessage& LogMessage::operator<<(const unsigned char& v);
+extern template LogMessage& LogMessage::operator<<(const short& v);  // NOLINT
+extern template LogMessage& LogMessage::operator<<(
+    const unsigned short& v);  // NOLINT
+extern template LogMessage& LogMessage::operator<<(const int& v);
+extern template LogMessage& LogMessage::operator<<(
+    const unsigned int& v);                                         // NOLINT
+extern template LogMessage& LogMessage::operator<<(const long& v);  // NOLINT
+extern template LogMessage& LogMessage::operator<<(
+    const unsigned long& v);  // NOLINT
+extern template LogMessage& LogMessage::operator<<(
+    const long long& v);  // NOLINT
+extern template LogMessage& LogMessage::operator<<(
+    const unsigned long long& v);  // NOLINT
+extern template LogMessage& LogMessage::operator<<(void* const& v);
+extern template LogMessage& LogMessage::operator<<(const void* const& v);
+extern template LogMessage& LogMessage::operator<<(const float& v);
+extern template LogMessage& LogMessage::operator<<(const double& v);
+extern template LogMessage& LogMessage::operator<<(const bool& v);
+
+extern template void LogMessage::CopyToEncodedBuffer<
+    LogMessage::StringType::kLiteral>(absl::string_view str);
+extern template void LogMessage::CopyToEncodedBuffer<
+    LogMessage::StringType::kNotLiteral>(absl::string_view str);
+extern template void
+LogMessage::CopyToEncodedBuffer<LogMessage::StringType::kLiteral>(char ch,
+                                                                  size_t num);
+extern template void LogMessage::CopyToEncodedBuffer<
+    LogMessage::StringType::kNotLiteral>(char ch, size_t num);
+
+// `LogMessageFatal` ensures the process will exit in failure after logging this
+// message.
+class LogMessageFatal final : public LogMessage {
+ public:
+  LogMessageFatal(const char* file, int line) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_COLD;
+  LogMessageFatal(const char* file, int line,
+                  absl::string_view failure_msg) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_COLD;
+  ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NORETURN ~LogMessageFatal();
+};
+
+class LogMessageQuietlyFatal final : public LogMessage {
+ public:
+  LogMessageQuietlyFatal(const char* file, int line) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_COLD;
+  LogMessageQuietlyFatal(const char* file, int line,
+                         absl::string_view failure_msg) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_COLD;
+  ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NORETURN ~LogMessageQuietlyFatal();
+};
+
+}  // namespace log_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+extern "C" ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_WEAK void ABSL_INTERNAL_C_SYMBOL(
+    AbslInternalOnFatalLogMessage)(const absl::LogEntry&);
+
+#endif  // ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_MESSAGE_H_
diff --git a/absl/log/internal/log_sink_set.cc b/absl/log/internal/log_sink_set.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b7cbe364
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/internal/log_sink_set.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,296 @@
+//
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/log/internal/log_sink_set.h"
+
+#ifndef ABSL_HAVE_THREAD_LOCAL
+#include <pthread.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __ANDROID__
+#include <android/log.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
+#include "absl/base/call_once.h"
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
+#include "absl/base/log_severity.h"
+#include "absl/base/thread_annotations.h"
+#include "absl/cleanup/cleanup.h"
+#include "absl/log/globals.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/config.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/globals.h"
+#include "absl/log/log_entry.h"
+#include "absl/log/log_sink.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/mutex.h"
+#include "absl/types/span.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace log_internal {
+namespace {
+
+// Returns a mutable reference to a thread-local variable that should be true if
+// a globally-registered `LogSink`'s `Send()` is currently being invoked on this
+// thread.
+bool& ThreadIsLoggingStatus() {
+#ifdef ABSL_HAVE_THREAD_LOCAL
+  ABSL_CONST_INIT thread_local bool thread_is_logging = false;
+  return thread_is_logging;
+#else
+  ABSL_CONST_INIT static pthread_key_t thread_is_logging_key;
+  static const bool unused = [] {
+    if (pthread_key_create(&thread_is_logging_key, [](void* data) {
+          delete reinterpret_cast<bool*>(data);
+        })) {
+      perror("pthread_key_create failed!");
+      abort();
+    }
+    return true;
+  }();
+  (void)unused;  // Fixes -wunused-variable warning
+  bool* thread_is_logging_ptr =
+      reinterpret_cast<bool*>(pthread_getspecific(thread_is_logging_key));
+
+  if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(!thread_is_logging_ptr)) {
+    thread_is_logging_ptr = new bool{false};
+    if (pthread_setspecific(thread_is_logging_key, thread_is_logging_ptr)) {
+      perror("pthread_setspecific failed");
+      abort();
+    }
+  }
+  return *thread_is_logging_ptr;
+#endif
+}
+
+class StderrLogSink final : public LogSink {
+ public:
+  ~StderrLogSink() override = default;
+
+  void Send(const absl::LogEntry& entry) override {
+    if (entry.log_severity() < absl::StderrThreshold() &&
+        absl::log_internal::IsInitialized()) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    ABSL_CONST_INIT static absl::once_flag warn_if_not_initialized;
+    absl::call_once(warn_if_not_initialized, []() {
+      if (absl::log_internal::IsInitialized()) return;
+      const char w[] =
+          "WARNING: All log messages before absl::InitializeLog() is called"
+          " are written to STDERR\n";
+      absl::log_internal::WriteToStderr(w, absl::LogSeverity::kWarning);
+    });
+
+    if (!entry.stacktrace().empty()) {
+      absl::log_internal::WriteToStderr(entry.stacktrace(),
+                                        entry.log_severity());
+    } else {
+      // TODO(b/226937039): do this outside else condition once we avoid
+      // ReprintFatalMessage
+      absl::log_internal::WriteToStderr(
+          entry.text_message_with_prefix_and_newline(), entry.log_severity());
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+#if defined(__ANDROID__)
+class AndroidLogSink final : public LogSink {
+ public:
+  ~AndroidLogSink() override = default;
+
+  void Send(const absl::LogEntry& entry) override {
+    const int level = AndroidLogLevel(entry);
+    const char* const tag = GetAndroidNativeTag();
+    __android_log_write(level, tag,
+                        entry.text_message_with_prefix_and_newline_c_str());
+    if (entry.log_severity() == absl::LogSeverity::kFatal)
+      __android_log_write(ANDROID_LOG_FATAL, tag, "terminating.\n");
+  }
+
+ private:
+  static int AndroidLogLevel(const absl::LogEntry& entry) {
+    switch (entry.log_severity()) {
+      case absl::LogSeverity::kFatal:
+        return ANDROID_LOG_FATAL;
+      case absl::LogSeverity::kError:
+        return ANDROID_LOG_ERROR;
+      case absl::LogSeverity::kWarning:
+        return ANDROID_LOG_WARN;
+      default:
+        if (entry.verbosity() >= 2) return ANDROID_LOG_VERBOSE;
+        if (entry.verbosity() == 1) return ANDROID_LOG_DEBUG;
+        return ANDROID_LOG_INFO;
+    }
+  }
+};
+#endif  // !defined(__ANDROID__)
+
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+class WindowsDebuggerLogSink final : public LogSink {
+ public:
+  ~WindowsDebuggerLogSink() override = default;
+
+  void Send(const absl::LogEntry& entry) override {
+    if (entry.log_severity() < absl::StderrThreshold() &&
+        absl::log_internal::IsInitialized()) {
+      return;
+    }
+    ::OutputDebugStringA(entry.text_message_with_prefix_and_newline_c_str());
+  }
+};
+#endif  // !defined(_WIN32)
+
+class GlobalLogSinkSet final {
+ public:
+  GlobalLogSinkSet() {
+#if defined(__myriad2__) || defined(__Fuchsia__)
+    // myriad2 and Fuchsia do not log to stderr by default.
+#else
+    static StderrLogSink* stderr_log_sink = new StderrLogSink;
+    AddLogSink(stderr_log_sink);
+#endif
+#ifdef __ANDROID__
+    static AndroidLogSink* android_log_sink = new AndroidLogSink;
+    AddLogSink(android_log_sink);
+#endif
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+    static WindowsDebuggerLogSink* debugger_log_sink =
+        new WindowsDebuggerLogSink;
+    AddLogSink(debugger_log_sink);
+#endif  // !defined(_WIN32)
+  }
+
+  void LogToSinks(const absl::LogEntry& entry,
+                  absl::Span<absl::LogSink*> extra_sinks, bool extra_sinks_only)
+      ABSL_LOCKS_EXCLUDED(guard_) {
+    SendToSinks(entry, extra_sinks);
+
+    if (!extra_sinks_only) {
+      if (ThreadIsLoggingToLogSink()) {
+        absl::log_internal::WriteToStderr(
+            entry.text_message_with_prefix_and_newline(), entry.log_severity());
+      } else {
+        absl::ReaderMutexLock global_sinks_lock(&guard_);
+        ThreadIsLoggingStatus() = true;
+        // Ensure the "thread is logging" status is reverted upon leaving the
+        // scope even in case of exceptions.
+        auto status_cleanup =
+            absl::MakeCleanup([] { ThreadIsLoggingStatus() = false; });
+        SendToSinks(entry, absl::MakeSpan(sinks_));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  void AddLogSink(absl::LogSink* sink) ABSL_LOCKS_EXCLUDED(guard_) {
+    {
+      absl::WriterMutexLock global_sinks_lock(&guard_);
+      auto pos = std::find(sinks_.begin(), sinks_.end(), sink);
+      if (pos == sinks_.end()) {
+        sinks_.push_back(sink);
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+    ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(FATAL, "Duplicate log sinks are not supported");
+  }
+
+  void RemoveLogSink(absl::LogSink* sink) ABSL_LOCKS_EXCLUDED(guard_) {
+    {
+      absl::WriterMutexLock global_sinks_lock(&guard_);
+      auto pos = std::find(sinks_.begin(), sinks_.end(), sink);
+      if (pos != sinks_.end()) {
+        sinks_.erase(pos);
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+    ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(FATAL, "Mismatched log sink being removed");
+  }
+
+  void FlushLogSinks() ABSL_LOCKS_EXCLUDED(guard_) {
+    if (ThreadIsLoggingToLogSink()) {
+      // The thread_local condition demonstrates that we're already holding the
+      // lock in order to iterate over `sinks_` for dispatch.  The thread-safety
+      // annotations don't know this, so we use `ABSL_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS`
+      guard_.AssertReaderHeld();
+      FlushLogSinksLocked();
+    } else {
+      absl::ReaderMutexLock global_sinks_lock(&guard_);
+      // In case if LogSink::Flush overload decides to log
+      ThreadIsLoggingStatus() = true;
+      // Ensure the "thread is logging" status is reverted upon leaving the
+      // scope even in case of exceptions.
+      auto status_cleanup =
+          absl::MakeCleanup([] { ThreadIsLoggingStatus() = false; });
+      FlushLogSinksLocked();
+    }
+  }
+
+ private:
+  void FlushLogSinksLocked() ABSL_SHARED_LOCKS_REQUIRED(guard_) {
+    for (absl::LogSink* sink : sinks_) {
+      sink->Flush();
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Helper routine for LogToSinks.
+  static void SendToSinks(const absl::LogEntry& entry,
+                          absl::Span<absl::LogSink*> sinks) {
+    for (absl::LogSink* sink : sinks) {
+      sink->Send(entry);
+    }
+  }
+
+  using LogSinksSet = std::vector<absl::LogSink*>;
+  absl::Mutex guard_;
+  LogSinksSet sinks_ ABSL_GUARDED_BY(guard_);
+};
+
+// Returns reference to the global LogSinks set.
+GlobalLogSinkSet& GlobalSinks() {
+  static GlobalLogSinkSet* global_sinks = new GlobalLogSinkSet;
+  return *global_sinks;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+bool ThreadIsLoggingToLogSink() { return ThreadIsLoggingStatus(); }
+
+void LogToSinks(const absl::LogEntry& entry,
+                absl::Span<absl::LogSink*> extra_sinks, bool extra_sinks_only) {
+  log_internal::GlobalSinks().LogToSinks(entry, extra_sinks, extra_sinks_only);
+}
+
+void AddLogSink(absl::LogSink* sink) {
+  log_internal::GlobalSinks().AddLogSink(sink);
+}
+
+void RemoveLogSink(absl::LogSink* sink) {
+  log_internal::GlobalSinks().RemoveLogSink(sink);
+}
+
+void FlushLogSinks() { log_internal::GlobalSinks().FlushLogSinks(); }
+
+}  // namespace log_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/log/internal/log_sink_set.h b/absl/log/internal/log_sink_set.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..88ab073b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/internal/log_sink_set.h
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// File: log/internal/log_sink_set.h
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#ifndef ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_SINK_SET_H_
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_SINK_SET_H_
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/log/log_entry.h"
+#include "absl/log/log_sink.h"
+#include "absl/types/span.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace log_internal {
+
+// Returns true if a globally-registered `LogSink`'s `Send()` is currently
+// being invoked on this thread.
+bool ThreadIsLoggingToLogSink();
+
+// This function may log to two sets of sinks:
+//
+// * If `extra_sinks_only` is true, it will dispatch only to `extra_sinks`.
+//   `LogMessage::ToSinkAlso` and `LogMessage::ToSinkOnly` are used to attach
+//    extra sinks to the entry.
+// * Otherwise it will also log to the global sinks set. This set is managed
+//   by `absl::AddLogSink` and `absl::RemoveLogSink`.
+void LogToSinks(const absl::LogEntry& entry,
+                absl::Span<absl::LogSink*> extra_sinks, bool extra_sinks_only);
+
+// Implementation for operations with log sink set.
+void AddLogSink(absl::LogSink* sink);
+void RemoveLogSink(absl::LogSink* sink);
+void FlushLogSinks();
+
+}  // namespace log_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_SINK_SET_H_
diff --git a/absl/log/internal/nullguard.cc b/absl/log/internal/nullguard.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3296c014
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/internal/nullguard.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/log/internal/nullguard.h"
+
+#include <array>
+
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace log_internal {
+
+ABSL_CONST_INIT ABSL_DLL const std::array<char, 7> kCharNull{
+    {'(', 'n', 'u', 'l', 'l', ')', '\0'}};
+ABSL_CONST_INIT ABSL_DLL const std::array<signed char, 7> kSignedCharNull{
+    {'(', 'n', 'u', 'l', 'l', ')', '\0'}};
+ABSL_CONST_INIT ABSL_DLL const std::array<unsigned char, 7> kUnsignedCharNull{
+    {'(', 'n', 'u', 'l', 'l', ')', '\0'}};
+
+}  // namespace log_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/log/internal/nullguard.h b/absl/log/internal/nullguard.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..623943c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/internal/nullguard.h
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// File: log/internal/nullguard.h
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// NullGuard exists such that NullGuard<T>::Guard(v) returns v, unless passed a
+// nullptr_t, or a null char* or const char*, in which case it returns "(null)".
+// This allows streaming NullGuard<T>::Guard(v) to an output stream without
+// hitting undefined behavior for null values.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_NULLGUARD_H_
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_NULLGUARD_H_
+
+#include <array>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace log_internal {
+
+ABSL_CONST_INIT ABSL_DLL extern const std::array<char, 7> kCharNull;
+ABSL_CONST_INIT ABSL_DLL extern const std::array<signed char, 7>
+    kSignedCharNull;
+ABSL_CONST_INIT ABSL_DLL extern const std::array<unsigned char, 7>
+    kUnsignedCharNull;
+
+template <typename T>
+struct NullGuard final {
+  static const T& Guard(const T& v) { return v; }
+};
+template <>
+struct NullGuard<char*> final {
+  static const char* Guard(const char* v) { return v ? v : kCharNull.data(); }
+};
+template <>
+struct NullGuard<const char*> final {
+  static const char* Guard(const char* v) { return v ? v : kCharNull.data(); }
+};
+template <>
+struct NullGuard<signed char*> final {
+  static const signed char* Guard(const signed char* v) {
+    return v ? v : kSignedCharNull.data();
+  }
+};
+template <>
+struct NullGuard<const signed char*> final {
+  static const signed char* Guard(const signed char* v) {
+    return v ? v : kSignedCharNull.data();
+  }
+};
+template <>
+struct NullGuard<unsigned char*> final {
+  static const unsigned char* Guard(const unsigned char* v) {
+    return v ? v : kUnsignedCharNull.data();
+  }
+};
+template <>
+struct NullGuard<const unsigned char*> final {
+  static const unsigned char* Guard(const unsigned char* v) {
+    return v ? v : kUnsignedCharNull.data();
+  }
+};
+template <>
+struct NullGuard<std::nullptr_t> final {
+  static const char* Guard(const std::nullptr_t&) { return kCharNull.data(); }
+};
+
+}  // namespace log_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_NULLGUARD_H_
diff --git a/absl/log/internal/nullstream.h b/absl/log/internal/nullstream.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9266852e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/internal/nullstream.h
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// File: log/internal/nullstream.h
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// Classes `NullStream`, `NullStreamMaybeFatal ` and `NullStreamFatal`
+// implement a subset of the `LogMessage` API and are used instead when logging
+// of messages has been disabled.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_NULLSTREAM_H_
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_NULLSTREAM_H_
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <cstdlib>
+#else
+#include <unistd.h>
+#endif
+#include <ios>
+#include <ostream>
+
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/log_severity.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace log_internal {
+
+// A `NullStream` implements the API of `LogMessage` (a few methods and
+// `operator<<`) but does nothing.  All methods are defined inline so the
+// compiler can eliminate the whole instance and discard anything that's
+// streamed in.
+class NullStream {
+ public:
+  NullStream& AtLocation(absl::string_view, int) { return *this; }
+  template <typename SourceLocationType>
+  NullStream& AtLocation(SourceLocationType) {
+    return *this;
+  }
+  NullStream& NoPrefix() { return *this; }
+  NullStream& WithVerbosity(int) { return *this; }
+  template <typename TimeType>
+  NullStream& WithTimestamp(TimeType) {
+    return *this;
+  }
+  template <typename Tid>
+  NullStream& WithThreadID(Tid) {
+    return *this;
+  }
+  template <typename LogEntryType>
+  NullStream& WithMetadataFrom(const LogEntryType&) {
+    return *this;
+  }
+  NullStream& WithPerror() { return *this; }
+  template <typename LogSinkType>
+  NullStream& ToSinkAlso(LogSinkType*) {
+    return *this;
+  }
+  template <typename LogSinkType>
+  NullStream& ToSinkOnly(LogSinkType*) {
+    return *this;
+  }
+  template <typename LogSinkType>
+  NullStream& OutputToSink(LogSinkType*, bool) {
+    return *this;
+  }
+  NullStream& InternalStream() { return *this; }
+};
+template <typename T>
+inline NullStream& operator<<(NullStream& str, const T&) {
+  return str;
+}
+inline NullStream& operator<<(NullStream& str,
+                              std::ostream& (*)(std::ostream& os)) {
+  return str;
+}
+inline NullStream& operator<<(NullStream& str,
+                              std::ios_base& (*)(std::ios_base& os)) {
+  return str;
+}
+
+// `NullStreamMaybeFatal` implements the process termination semantics of
+// `LogMessage`, which is used for `DFATAL` severity and expression-defined
+// severity e.g. `LOG(LEVEL(HowBadIsIt()))`.  Like `LogMessage`, it terminates
+// the process when destroyed if the passed-in severity equals `FATAL`.
+class NullStreamMaybeFatal final : public NullStream {
+ public:
+  explicit NullStreamMaybeFatal(absl::LogSeverity severity)
+      : fatal_(severity == absl::LogSeverity::kFatal) {}
+  ~NullStreamMaybeFatal() {
+    if (fatal_) {
+      _exit(1);
+    }
+  }
+
+ private:
+  bool fatal_;
+};
+
+// `NullStreamFatal` implements the process termination semantics of
+// `LogMessageFatal`, which means it always terminates the process.  `DFATAL`
+// and expression-defined severity use `NullStreamMaybeFatal` above.
+class NullStreamFatal final : public NullStream {
+ public:
+  NullStreamFatal() = default;
+  // ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NORETURN doesn't seem to work on destructors with msvc, so
+  // disable msvc's warning about the d'tor never returning.
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__clang__)
+#pragma warning(push)
+#pragma warning(disable : 4722)
+#endif
+  ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NORETURN ~NullStreamFatal() { _exit(1); }
+#if defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__clang__)
+#pragma warning(pop)
+#endif
+};
+
+}  // namespace log_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_GLOBALS_H_
diff --git a/absl/log/internal/proto.cc b/absl/log/internal/proto.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..eb699ae8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/internal/proto.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+// Copyright 2020 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/log/internal/proto.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstring>
+
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/types/span.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace log_internal {
+namespace {
+void EncodeRawVarint(uint64_t value, size_t size, absl::Span<char> *buf) {
+  for (size_t s = 0; s < size; s++) {
+    (*buf)[s] = static_cast<char>((value & 0x7f) | (s + 1 == size ? 0 : 0x80));
+    value >>= 7;
+  }
+  buf->remove_prefix(size);
+}
+constexpr uint64_t MakeTagType(uint64_t tag, WireType type) {
+  return tag << 3 | static_cast<uint64_t>(type);
+}
+}  // namespace
+
+bool EncodeVarint(uint64_t tag, uint64_t value, absl::Span<char> *buf) {
+  const uint64_t tag_type = MakeTagType(tag, WireType::kVarint);
+  const size_t tag_type_size = VarintSize(tag_type);
+  const size_t value_size = VarintSize(value);
+  if (tag_type_size + value_size > buf->size()) {
+    buf->remove_suffix(buf->size());
+    return false;
+  }
+  EncodeRawVarint(tag_type, tag_type_size, buf);
+  EncodeRawVarint(value, value_size, buf);
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool Encode64Bit(uint64_t tag, uint64_t value, absl::Span<char> *buf) {
+  const uint64_t tag_type = MakeTagType(tag, WireType::k64Bit);
+  const size_t tag_type_size = VarintSize(tag_type);
+  if (tag_type_size + sizeof(value) > buf->size()) {
+    buf->remove_suffix(buf->size());
+    return false;
+  }
+  EncodeRawVarint(tag_type, tag_type_size, buf);
+  for (size_t s = 0; s < sizeof(value); s++) {
+    (*buf)[s] = static_cast<char>(value & 0xff);
+    value >>= 8;
+  }
+  buf->remove_prefix(sizeof(value));
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool Encode32Bit(uint64_t tag, uint32_t value, absl::Span<char> *buf) {
+  const uint64_t tag_type = MakeTagType(tag, WireType::k32Bit);
+  const size_t tag_type_size = VarintSize(tag_type);
+  if (tag_type_size + sizeof(value) > buf->size()) {
+    buf->remove_suffix(buf->size());
+    return false;
+  }
+  EncodeRawVarint(tag_type, tag_type_size, buf);
+  for (size_t s = 0; s < sizeof(value); s++) {
+    (*buf)[s] = static_cast<char>(value & 0xff);
+    value >>= 8;
+  }
+  buf->remove_prefix(sizeof(value));
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool EncodeBytes(uint64_t tag, absl::Span<const char> value,
+                 absl::Span<char> *buf) {
+  const uint64_t tag_type = MakeTagType(tag, WireType::kLengthDelimited);
+  const size_t tag_type_size = VarintSize(tag_type);
+  uint64_t length = value.size();
+  const size_t length_size = VarintSize(length);
+  if (tag_type_size + length_size + value.size() > buf->size()) {
+    buf->remove_suffix(buf->size());
+    return false;
+  }
+  EncodeRawVarint(tag_type, tag_type_size, buf);
+  EncodeRawVarint(length, length_size, buf);
+  memcpy(buf->data(), value.data(), value.size());
+  buf->remove_prefix(value.size());
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool EncodeBytesTruncate(uint64_t tag, absl::Span<const char> value,
+                         absl::Span<char> *buf) {
+  const uint64_t tag_type = MakeTagType(tag, WireType::kLengthDelimited);
+  const size_t tag_type_size = VarintSize(tag_type);
+  uint64_t length = value.size();
+  const size_t length_size =
+      VarintSize(std::min<uint64_t>(length, buf->size()));
+  if (tag_type_size + length_size <= buf->size() &&
+      tag_type_size + length_size + value.size() > buf->size()) {
+    value.remove_suffix(tag_type_size + length_size + value.size() -
+                        buf->size());
+    length = value.size();
+  }
+  if (tag_type_size + length_size + value.size() > buf->size()) {
+    buf->remove_suffix(buf->size());
+    return false;
+  }
+  EncodeRawVarint(tag_type, tag_type_size, buf);
+  EncodeRawVarint(length, length_size, buf);
+  memcpy(buf->data(), value.data(), value.size());
+  buf->remove_prefix(value.size());
+  return true;
+}
+
+ABSL_MUST_USE_RESULT absl::Span<char> EncodeMessageStart(
+    uint64_t tag, uint64_t max_size, absl::Span<char> *buf) {
+  const uint64_t tag_type = MakeTagType(tag, WireType::kLengthDelimited);
+  const size_t tag_type_size = VarintSize(tag_type);
+  max_size = std::min<uint64_t>(max_size, buf->size());
+  const size_t length_size = VarintSize(max_size);
+  if (tag_type_size + length_size > buf->size()) {
+    buf->remove_suffix(buf->size());
+    return absl::Span<char>();
+  }
+  EncodeRawVarint(tag_type, tag_type_size, buf);
+  const absl::Span<char> ret = buf->subspan(0, length_size);
+  EncodeRawVarint(0, length_size, buf);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+void EncodeMessageLength(absl::Span<char> msg, const absl::Span<char> *buf) {
+  if (!msg.data()) return;
+  assert(buf->data() >= msg.data());
+  if (buf->data() < msg.data()) return;
+  EncodeRawVarint(
+      static_cast<uint64_t>(buf->data() - (msg.data() + msg.size())),
+      msg.size(), &msg);
+}
+
+namespace {
+uint64_t DecodeVarint(absl::Span<const char> *buf) {
+  uint64_t value = 0;
+  size_t s = 0;
+  while (s < buf->size()) {
+    value |= static_cast<uint64_t>(static_cast<unsigned char>((*buf)[s]) & 0x7f)
+             << 7 * s;
+    if (!((*buf)[s++] & 0x80)) break;
+  }
+  buf->remove_prefix(s);
+  return value;
+}
+
+uint64_t Decode64Bit(absl::Span<const char> *buf) {
+  uint64_t value = 0;
+  size_t s = 0;
+  while (s < buf->size()) {
+    value |= static_cast<uint64_t>(static_cast<unsigned char>((*buf)[s]))
+             << 8 * s;
+    if (++s == sizeof(value)) break;
+  }
+  buf->remove_prefix(s);
+  return value;
+}
+
+uint32_t Decode32Bit(absl::Span<const char> *buf) {
+  uint32_t value = 0;
+  size_t s = 0;
+  while (s < buf->size()) {
+    value |= static_cast<uint32_t>(static_cast<unsigned char>((*buf)[s]))
+             << 8 * s;
+    if (++s == sizeof(value)) break;
+  }
+  buf->remove_prefix(s);
+  return value;
+}
+}  // namespace
+
+bool ProtoField::DecodeFrom(absl::Span<const char> *data) {
+  if (data->empty()) return false;
+  const uint64_t tag_type = DecodeVarint(data);
+  tag_ = tag_type >> 3;
+  type_ = static_cast<WireType>(tag_type & 0x07);
+  switch (type_) {
+    case WireType::kVarint:
+      value_ = DecodeVarint(data);
+      break;
+    case WireType::k64Bit:
+      value_ = Decode64Bit(data);
+      break;
+    case WireType::kLengthDelimited: {
+      value_ = DecodeVarint(data);
+      data_ = data->subspan(
+          0, static_cast<size_t>(std::min<uint64_t>(value_, data->size())));
+      data->remove_prefix(data_.size());
+      break;
+    }
+    case WireType::k32Bit:
+      value_ = Decode32Bit(data);
+      break;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+}  // namespace log_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/log/internal/proto.h b/absl/log/internal/proto.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c8d14acc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/internal/proto.h
@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+// Copyright 2020 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// File: internal/proto.h
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// Declares functions for serializing and deserializing data to and from memory
+// buffers in protocol buffer wire format.  This library takes no steps to
+// ensure that the encoded data matches with any message specification.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_PROTO_H_
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_PROTO_H_
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <limits>
+
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
+#include "absl/base/casts.h"
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+#include "absl/types/span.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace log_internal {
+
+// absl::Span<char> represents a view into the available space in a mutable
+// buffer during encoding.  Encoding functions shrink the span as they go so
+// that the same view can be passed to a series of Encode functions.  If the
+// data do not fit, nothing is encoded, the view is set to size zero (so that
+// all subsequent encode calls fail), and false is returned.  Otherwise true is
+// returned.
+
+// In particular, attempting to encode a series of data into an insufficient
+// buffer has consistent and efficient behavior without any caller-side error
+// checking.  Individual values will be encoded in their entirety or not at all
+// (unless one of the `Truncate` functions is used).  Once a value is omitted
+// because it does not fit, no subsequent values will be encoded to preserve
+// ordering; the decoded sequence will be a prefix of the original sequence.
+
+// There are two ways to encode a message-typed field:
+//
+// * Construct its contents in a separate buffer and use `EncodeBytes` to copy
+//   it into the primary buffer with type, tag, and length.
+// * Use `EncodeMessageStart` to write type and tag fields and reserve space for
+//   the length field, then encode the contents directly into the buffer, then
+//   use `EncodeMessageLength` to write the actual length into the reserved
+//   bytes.  This works fine if the actual length takes fewer bytes to encode
+//   than were reserved, although you don't get your extra bytes back.
+//   This approach will always produce a valid encoding, but your protocol may
+//   require that the whole message field by omitted if the buffer is too small
+//   to contain all desired subfields.  In this case, operate on a copy of the
+//   buffer view and assign back only if everything fit, i.e. if the last
+//   `Encode` call returned true.
+
+// Encodes the specified integer as a varint field and returns true if it fits.
+// Used for int32_t, int64_t, uint32_t, uint64_t, bool, and enum field types.
+// Consumes up to kMaxVarintSize * 2 bytes (20).
+bool EncodeVarint(uint64_t tag, uint64_t value, absl::Span<char> *buf);
+inline bool EncodeVarint(uint64_t tag, int64_t value, absl::Span<char> *buf) {
+  return EncodeVarint(tag, static_cast<uint64_t>(value), buf);
+}
+inline bool EncodeVarint(uint64_t tag, uint32_t value, absl::Span<char> *buf) {
+  return EncodeVarint(tag, static_cast<uint64_t>(value), buf);
+}
+inline bool EncodeVarint(uint64_t tag, int32_t value, absl::Span<char> *buf) {
+  return EncodeVarint(tag, static_cast<uint64_t>(value), buf);
+}
+
+// Encodes the specified integer as a varint field using ZigZag encoding and
+// returns true if it fits.
+// Used for sint32 and sint64 field types.
+// Consumes up to kMaxVarintSize * 2 bytes (20).
+inline bool EncodeVarintZigZag(uint64_t tag, int64_t value,
+                               absl::Span<char> *buf) {
+  if (value < 0)
+    return EncodeVarint(tag, 2 * static_cast<uint64_t>(-(value + 1)) + 1, buf);
+  return EncodeVarint(tag, 2 * static_cast<uint64_t>(value), buf);
+}
+
+// Encodes the specified integer as a 64-bit field and returns true if it fits.
+// Used for fixed64 and sfixed64 field types.
+// Consumes up to kMaxVarintSize + 8 bytes (18).
+bool Encode64Bit(uint64_t tag, uint64_t value, absl::Span<char> *buf);
+inline bool Encode64Bit(uint64_t tag, int64_t value, absl::Span<char> *buf) {
+  return Encode64Bit(tag, static_cast<uint64_t>(value), buf);
+}
+inline bool Encode64Bit(uint64_t tag, uint32_t value, absl::Span<char> *buf) {
+  return Encode64Bit(tag, static_cast<uint64_t>(value), buf);
+}
+inline bool Encode64Bit(uint64_t tag, int32_t value, absl::Span<char> *buf) {
+  return Encode64Bit(tag, static_cast<uint64_t>(value), buf);
+}
+
+// Encodes the specified double as a 64-bit field and returns true if it fits.
+// Used for double field type.
+// Consumes up to kMaxVarintSize + 8 bytes (18).
+inline bool EncodeDouble(uint64_t tag, double value, absl::Span<char> *buf) {
+  return Encode64Bit(tag, absl::bit_cast<uint64_t>(value), buf);
+}
+
+// Encodes the specified integer as a 32-bit field and returns true if it fits.
+// Used for fixed32 and sfixed32 field types.
+// Consumes up to kMaxVarintSize + 4 bytes (14).
+bool Encode32Bit(uint64_t tag, uint32_t value, absl::Span<char> *buf);
+inline bool Encode32Bit(uint64_t tag, int32_t value, absl::Span<char> *buf) {
+  return Encode32Bit(tag, static_cast<uint32_t>(value), buf);
+}
+
+// Encodes the specified float as a 32-bit field and returns true if it fits.
+// Used for float field type.
+// Consumes up to kMaxVarintSize + 4 bytes (14).
+inline bool EncodeFloat(uint64_t tag, float value, absl::Span<char> *buf) {
+  return Encode32Bit(tag, absl::bit_cast<uint32_t>(value), buf);
+}
+
+// Encodes the specified bytes as a length-delimited field and returns true if
+// they fit.
+// Used for string, bytes, message, and packed-repeated field type.
+// Consumes up to kMaxVarintSize * 2 + value.size() bytes (20 + value.size()).
+bool EncodeBytes(uint64_t tag, absl::Span<const char> value,
+                 absl::Span<char> *buf);
+
+// Encodes as many of the specified bytes as will fit as a length-delimited
+// field and returns true as long as the field header (`tag_type` and `length`)
+// fits.
+// Used for string, bytes, message, and packed-repeated field type.
+// Consumes up to kMaxVarintSize * 2 + value.size() bytes (20 + value.size()).
+bool EncodeBytesTruncate(uint64_t tag, absl::Span<const char> value,
+                         absl::Span<char> *buf);
+
+// Encodes the specified string as a length-delimited field and returns true if
+// it fits.
+// Used for string, bytes, message, and packed-repeated field type.
+// Consumes up to kMaxVarintSize * 2 + value.size() bytes (20 + value.size()).
+inline bool EncodeString(uint64_t tag, absl::string_view value,
+                         absl::Span<char> *buf) {
+  return EncodeBytes(tag, value, buf);
+}
+
+// Encodes as much of the specified string as will fit as a length-delimited
+// field and returns true as long as the field header (`tag_type` and `length`)
+// fits.
+// Used for string, bytes, message, and packed-repeated field type.
+// Consumes up to kMaxVarintSize * 2 + value.size() bytes (20 + value.size()).
+inline bool EncodeStringTruncate(uint64_t tag, absl::string_view value,
+                                 absl::Span<char> *buf) {
+  return EncodeBytesTruncate(tag, value, buf);
+}
+
+// Encodes the header for a length-delimited field containing up to `max_size`
+// bytes or the number remaining in the buffer, whichever is less.  If the
+// header fits, a non-nullptr `Span` is returned; this must be passed to
+// `EncodeMessageLength` after all contents are encoded to finalize the length
+// field.  If the header does not fit, a nullptr `Span` is returned which is
+// safe to pass to `EncodeMessageLength` but need not be.
+// Used for string, bytes, message, and packed-repeated field type.
+// Consumes up to kMaxVarintSize * 2 bytes (20).
+ABSL_MUST_USE_RESULT absl::Span<char> EncodeMessageStart(uint64_t tag,
+                                                         uint64_t max_size,
+                                                         absl::Span<char> *buf);
+
+// Finalizes the length field in `msg` so that it encompasses all data encoded
+// since the call to `EncodeMessageStart` which returned `msg`.  Does nothing if
+// `msg` is a `nullptr` `Span`.
+void EncodeMessageLength(absl::Span<char> msg, const absl::Span<char> *buf);
+
+enum class WireType : uint64_t {
+  kVarint = 0,
+  k64Bit = 1,
+  kLengthDelimited = 2,
+  k32Bit = 5,
+};
+
+constexpr size_t VarintSize(uint64_t value) {
+  return value < 128 ? 1 : 1 + VarintSize(value >> 7);
+}
+constexpr size_t MinVarintSize() {
+  return VarintSize((std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::min)());
+}
+constexpr size_t MaxVarintSize() {
+  return VarintSize((std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max)());
+}
+
+constexpr uint64_t MaxVarintForSize(size_t size) {
+  return size >= 10 ? (std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max)()
+                    : (static_cast<uint64_t>(1) << size * 7) - 1;
+}
+
+// `BufferSizeFor` returns a number of bytes guaranteed to be sufficient to
+// store encoded fields of the specified WireTypes regardless of tag numbers and
+// data values.  This only makes sense for `WireType::kLengthDelimited` if you
+// add in the length of the contents yourself, e.g. for string and bytes fields
+// by adding the lengths of any encoded strings to the return value or for
+// submessage fields by enumerating the fields you may encode into their
+// contents.
+constexpr size_t BufferSizeFor() { return 0; }
+template <typename... T>
+constexpr size_t BufferSizeFor(WireType type, T... tail) {
+  // tag_type + data + ...
+  return MaxVarintSize() +
+         (type == WireType::kVarint ? MaxVarintSize() :              //
+              type == WireType::k64Bit ? 8 :                         //
+                  type == WireType::k32Bit ? 4 : MaxVarintSize()) +  //
+         BufferSizeFor(tail...);
+}
+
+// absl::Span<const char> represents a view into the un-processed space in a
+// buffer during decoding.  Decoding functions shrink the span as they go so
+// that the same view can be decoded iteratively until all data are processed.
+// In general, if the buffer is exhausted but additional bytes are expected by
+// the decoder, it will return values as if the additional bytes were zeros.
+// Length-delimited fields are an exception - if the encoded length field
+// indicates more data bytes than are available in the buffer, the `bytes_value`
+// and `string_value` accessors will return truncated views.
+
+class ProtoField final {
+ public:
+  // Consumes bytes from `data` and returns true if there were any bytes to
+  // decode.
+  bool DecodeFrom(absl::Span<const char> *data);
+  uint64_t tag() const { return tag_; }
+  WireType type() const { return type_; }
+
+  // These value accessors will return nonsense if the data were not encoded in
+  // the corresponding wiretype from the corresponding C++ (or other language)
+  // type.
+
+  double double_value() const { return absl::bit_cast<double>(value_); }
+  float float_value() const {
+    return absl::bit_cast<float>(static_cast<uint32_t>(value_));
+  }
+  int32_t int32_value() const { return static_cast<int32_t>(value_); }
+  int64_t int64_value() const { return static_cast<int64_t>(value_); }
+  int32_t sint32_value() const {
+    if (value_ % 2) return static_cast<int32_t>(0 - ((value_ - 1) / 2) - 1);
+    return static_cast<int32_t>(value_ / 2);
+  }
+  int64_t sint64_value() const {
+    if (value_ % 2) return 0 - ((value_ - 1) / 2) - 1;
+    return value_ / 2;
+  }
+  uint32_t uint32_value() const { return static_cast<uint32_t>(value_); }
+  uint64_t uint64_value() const { return value_; }
+  bool bool_value() const { return value_ != 0; }
+  // To decode an enum, call int32_value() and cast to the appropriate type.
+  // Note that the official C++ proto compiler treats enum fields with values
+  // that do not correspond to a defined enumerator as unknown fields.
+
+  // To decode fields within a submessage field, call
+  // `DecodeNextField(field.BytesValue())`.
+  absl::Span<const char> bytes_value() const { return data_; }
+  absl::string_view string_value() const {
+    const auto data = bytes_value();
+    return absl::string_view(data.data(), data.size());
+  }
+  // Returns the encoded length of a length-delimited field.  This equals
+  // `bytes_value().size()` except when the latter has been truncated due to
+  // buffer underrun.
+  uint64_t encoded_length() const { return value_; }
+
+ private:
+  uint64_t tag_;
+  WireType type_;
+  // For `kTypeVarint`, `kType64Bit`, and `kType32Bit`, holds the decoded value.
+  // For `kTypeLengthDelimited`, holds the decoded length.
+  uint64_t value_;
+  absl::Span<const char> data_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace log_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_PROTO_H_
diff --git a/absl/log/internal/stderr_log_sink_test.cc b/absl/log/internal/stderr_log_sink_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..763690d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/internal/stderr_log_sink_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+//
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+#include <string>
+
+#include "gmock/gmock.h"
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
+#include "absl/base/log_severity.h"
+#include "absl/log/globals.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/test_helpers.h"
+#include "absl/log/log.h"
+
+namespace {
+using ::testing::AllOf;
+using ::testing::HasSubstr;
+
+auto* test_env ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED = ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(
+    new absl::log_internal::LogTestEnvironment);
+
+MATCHER_P2(HasSubstrTimes, substr, expected_count, "") {
+  int count = 0;
+  std::string::size_type pos = 0;
+  std::string needle(substr);
+  while ((pos = arg.find(needle, pos)) != std::string::npos) {
+    ++count;
+    pos += needle.size();
+  }
+
+  return count == expected_count;
+}
+
+TEST(StderrLogSinkDeathTest, InfoMessagesInStderr) {
+  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(
+      {
+        absl::SetStderrThreshold(absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kInfo);
+        LOG(INFO) << "INFO message";
+        exit(1);
+      },
+      "INFO message");
+}
+
+TEST(StderrLogSinkDeathTest, WarningMessagesInStderr) {
+  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(
+      {
+        absl::SetStderrThreshold(absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kInfo);
+        LOG(WARNING) << "WARNING message";
+        exit(1);
+      },
+      "WARNING message");
+}
+
+TEST(StderrLogSinkDeathTest, ErrorMessagesInStderr) {
+  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(
+      {
+        absl::SetStderrThreshold(absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kInfo);
+        LOG(ERROR) << "ERROR message";
+        exit(1);
+      },
+      "ERROR message");
+}
+
+TEST(StderrLogSinkDeathTest, FatalMessagesInStderr) {
+  char message[] = "FATAL message";
+  char stacktrace[] = "*** Check failure stack trace: ***";
+
+  int expected_count = 1;
+
+  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(
+      {
+        absl::SetStderrThreshold(absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kInfo);
+        LOG(FATAL) << message;
+      },
+      AllOf(HasSubstrTimes(message, expected_count), HasSubstr(stacktrace)));
+}
+
+TEST(StderrLogSinkDeathTest, SecondaryFatalMessagesInStderr) {
+  auto MessageGen = []() -> std::string {
+    LOG(FATAL) << "Internal failure";
+    return "External failure";
+  };
+
+  EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(
+      {
+        absl::SetStderrThreshold(absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kInfo);
+        LOG(FATAL) << MessageGen();
+      },
+      "Internal failure");
+}
+
+}  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/log/internal/strip.h b/absl/log/internal/strip.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..adc86ffd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/internal/strip.h
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// File: log/internal/strip.h
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+
+#ifndef ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_STRIP_H_
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_STRIP_H_
+
+#include "absl/base/log_severity.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/log_message.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/nullstream.h"
+
+// `ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG_*` evaluates to a temporary `LogMessage` object or
+// to a related object with a compatible API but different behavior.  This set
+// of defines comes in three flavors: vanilla, plus two variants that strip some
+// logging in subtly different ways for subtly different reasons (see below).
+#if defined(STRIP_LOG) && STRIP_LOG
+#define ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG_INFO ::absl::log_internal::NullStream()
+#define ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG_WARNING ::absl::log_internal::NullStream()
+#define ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG_ERROR ::absl::log_internal::NullStream()
+#define ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG_FATAL ::absl::log_internal::NullStreamFatal()
+#define ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG_QFATAL ::absl::log_internal::NullStreamFatal()
+#define ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG_DFATAL \
+  ::absl::log_internal::NullStreamMaybeFatal(::absl::kLogDebugFatal)
+#define ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG_LEVEL(severity) \
+  ::absl::log_internal::NullStreamMaybeFatal(log_internal_severity)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK(failure_message) ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG_FATAL
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK(failure_message) \
+  ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG_QFATAL
+#else  // !defined(STRIP_LOG) || !STRIP_LOG
+#define ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG_INFO \
+  ::absl::log_internal::LogMessage(    \
+      __FILE__, __LINE__, ::absl::log_internal::LogMessage::InfoTag{})
+#define ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG_WARNING \
+  ::absl::log_internal::LogMessage(       \
+      __FILE__, __LINE__, ::absl::log_internal::LogMessage::WarningTag{})
+#define ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG_ERROR \
+  ::absl::log_internal::LogMessage(     \
+      __FILE__, __LINE__, ::absl::log_internal::LogMessage::ErrorTag{})
+#define ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG_FATAL \
+  ::absl::log_internal::LogMessageFatal(__FILE__, __LINE__)
+#define ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG_QFATAL \
+  ::absl::log_internal::LogMessageQuietlyFatal(__FILE__, __LINE__)
+#define ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG_DFATAL \
+  ::absl::log_internal::LogMessage(__FILE__, __LINE__, ::absl::kLogDebugFatal)
+#define ABSL_LOGGING_INTERNAL_LOG_LEVEL(severity) \
+  ::absl::log_internal::LogMessage(__FILE__, __LINE__, log_internal_severity)
+// These special cases dispatch to special-case constructors that allow us to
+// avoid an extra function call and shrink non-LTO binaries by a percent or so.
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_CHECK(failure_message) \
+  ::absl::log_internal::LogMessageFatal(__FILE__, __LINE__, failure_message)
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_QCHECK(failure_message)                  \
+  ::absl::log_internal::LogMessageQuietlyFatal(__FILE__, __LINE__, \
+                                               failure_message)
+#endif  // !defined(STRIP_LOG) || !STRIP_LOG
+
+#endif  // ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_STRIP_H_
diff --git a/absl/log/internal/structured.h b/absl/log/internal/structured.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5223dbc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/internal/structured.h
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// File: log/internal/structured.h
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#ifndef ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_STRUCTURED_H_
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_STRUCTURED_H_
+
+#include <ostream>
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/log_message.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace log_internal {
+
+class ABSL_MUST_USE_RESULT AsLiteralImpl final {
+ public:
+  explicit AsLiteralImpl(absl::string_view str) : str_(str) {}
+  AsLiteralImpl(const AsLiteralImpl&) = default;
+  AsLiteralImpl& operator=(const AsLiteralImpl&) = default;
+
+ private:
+  absl::string_view str_;
+
+  friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, AsLiteralImpl as_literal) {
+    return os << as_literal.str_;
+  }
+  void AddToMessage(log_internal::LogMessage& m) {
+    m.CopyToEncodedBuffer<log_internal::LogMessage::StringType::kLiteral>(str_);
+  }
+  friend log_internal::LogMessage& operator<<(log_internal::LogMessage& m,
+                                              AsLiteralImpl as_literal) {
+    as_literal.AddToMessage(m);
+    return m;
+  }
+};
+
+}  // namespace log_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_STRUCTURED_H_
diff --git a/absl/log/internal/test_actions.cc b/absl/log/internal/test_actions.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bdfd6377
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/internal/test_actions.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+//
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/log/internal/test_actions.h"
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <string>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/strings/escaping.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+#include "absl/time/time.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace log_internal {
+
+void WriteToStderrWithFilename::operator()(const absl::LogEntry& entry) const {
+  std::cerr << message << " (file: " << entry.source_filename() << ")\n";
+}
+
+void WriteEntryToStderr::operator()(const absl::LogEntry& entry) const {
+  if (!message.empty()) std::cerr << message << "\n";
+
+  const std::string source_filename = absl::CHexEscape(entry.source_filename());
+  const std::string source_basename = absl::CHexEscape(entry.source_basename());
+  const std::string text_message = absl::CHexEscape(entry.text_message());
+  const std::string encoded_message = absl::CHexEscape(entry.encoded_message());
+  std::string encoded_message_str;
+  std::cerr << "LogEntry{\n"                                               //
+            << "  source_filename: \"" << source_filename << "\"\n"        //
+            << "  source_basename: \"" << source_basename << "\"\n"        //
+            << "  source_line: " << entry.source_line() << "\n"            //
+            << "  prefix: " << (entry.prefix() ? "true\n" : "false\n")     //
+            << "  log_severity: " << entry.log_severity() << "\n"          //
+            << "  timestamp: " << entry.timestamp() << "\n"                //
+            << "  text_message: \"" << text_message << "\"\n"              //
+            << "  verbosity: " << entry.verbosity() << "\n"                //
+            << "  encoded_message (raw): \"" << encoded_message << "\"\n"  //
+            << encoded_message_str                                         //
+            << "}\n";
+}
+
+void WriteEntryToStderr::operator()(absl::LogSeverity severity,
+                                    absl::string_view filename,
+                                    absl::string_view log_message) const {
+  if (!message.empty()) std::cerr << message << "\n";
+  const std::string source_filename = absl::CHexEscape(filename);
+  const std::string text_message = absl::CHexEscape(log_message);
+  std::cerr << "LogEntry{\n"                                         //
+            << "  source_filename: \"" << source_filename << "\"\n"  //
+            << "  log_severity: " << severity << "\n"                //
+            << "  text_message: \"" << text_message << "\"\n"        //
+            << "}\n";
+}
+
+}  // namespace log_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/log/internal/test_actions.h b/absl/log/internal/test_actions.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..649a0505
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/internal/test_actions.h
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// File: log/internal/test_actions.h
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// This file declares Googletest's actions used in the Abseil Logging library
+// unit tests.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_TEST_ACTIONS_H_
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_TEST_ACTIONS_H_
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <ostream>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/log_severity.h"
+#include "absl/log/log_entry.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace log_internal {
+
+// These actions are used by the child process in a death test.
+//
+// Expectations set in the child cannot cause test failure in the parent
+// directly.  Instead, the child can use these actions with
+// `EXPECT_CALL`/`WillOnce` and `ON_CALL`/`WillByDefault` (for unexpected calls)
+// to write messages to stderr that the parent can match against.
+struct WriteToStderr final {
+  explicit WriteToStderr(absl::string_view m) : message(m) {}
+  std::string message;
+
+  template <typename... Args>
+  void operator()(const Args&...) const {
+    std::cerr << message << std::endl;
+  }
+};
+
+struct WriteToStderrWithFilename final {
+  explicit WriteToStderrWithFilename(absl::string_view m) : message(m) {}
+
+  std::string message;
+
+  void operator()(const absl::LogEntry& entry) const;
+};
+
+struct WriteEntryToStderr final {
+  explicit WriteEntryToStderr(absl::string_view m) : message(m) {}
+
+  std::string message = "";
+
+  void operator()(const absl::LogEntry& entry) const;
+  void operator()(absl::LogSeverity, absl::string_view,
+                  absl::string_view) const;
+};
+
+// See the documentation for `DeathTestValidateExpectations` above.
+// `DeathTestExpectedLogging` should be used once in a given death test, and the
+// applicable severity level is the one that should be passed to
+// `DeathTestValidateExpectations`.
+inline WriteEntryToStderr DeathTestExpectedLogging() {
+  return WriteEntryToStderr{"Mock received expected entry:"};
+}
+
+// `DeathTestUnexpectedLogging` should be used zero or more times to mark
+// messages that should not hit the logs as the process dies.
+inline WriteEntryToStderr DeathTestUnexpectedLogging() {
+  return WriteEntryToStderr{"Mock received unexpected entry:"};
+}
+
+}  // namespace log_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_TEST_ACTIONS_H_
diff --git a/absl/log/internal/test_helpers.cc b/absl/log/internal/test_helpers.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bfcc9679
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/internal/test_helpers.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+#include "absl/log/internal/test_helpers.h"
+
+#ifdef __Fuchsia__
+#include <zircon/syscalls.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/log_severity.h"
+#include "absl/log/globals.h"
+#include "absl/log/initialize.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/globals.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace log_internal {
+
+// Returns false if the specified severity level is disabled by
+// `ABSL_MIN_LOG_LEVEL` or `absl::MinLogLevel()`.
+bool LoggingEnabledAt(absl::LogSeverity severity) {
+  return severity >= kAbslMinLogLevel && severity >= absl::MinLogLevel();
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Googletest Death Test Predicates
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
+
+bool DiedOfFatal(int exit_status) {
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+  // Depending on NDEBUG and (configuration?) MSVC's abort either results
+  // in error code 3 (SIGABRT) or error code 0x80000003 (breakpoint
+  // triggered).
+  return ::testing::ExitedWithCode(3)(exit_status & 0x7fffffff);
+#elif defined(__Fuchsia__)
+  // The Fuchsia death test implementation kill()'s the process when it detects
+  // an exception, so it should exit with the corresponding code. See
+  // FuchsiaDeathTest::Wait().
+  return ::testing::ExitedWithCode(ZX_TASK_RETCODE_SYSCALL_KILL)(exit_status);
+#elif defined(__ANDROID__) && defined(__aarch64__)
+  // These are all run under a qemu config that eats died-due-to-signal exit
+  // statuses.
+  return true;
+#else
+  return ::testing::KilledBySignal(SIGABRT)(exit_status);
+#endif
+}
+
+bool DiedOfQFatal(int exit_status) {
+  return ::testing::ExitedWithCode(1)(exit_status);
+}
+
+#endif
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Helper for Log initialization in test
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+void LogTestEnvironment::SetUp() {
+  if (!absl::log_internal::IsInitialized()) {
+    absl::InitializeLog();
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace log_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/log/internal/test_helpers.h b/absl/log/internal/test_helpers.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..714bc7bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/internal/test_helpers.h
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// File: log/internal/test_helpers.h
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// This file declares testing helpers for the logging library.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_TEST_HELPERS_H_
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_TEST_HELPERS_H_
+
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/log_severity.h"
+#include "absl/log/globals.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace log_internal {
+
+// `ABSL_MIN_LOG_LEVEL` can't be used directly since it is not always defined.
+constexpr auto kAbslMinLogLevel =
+#ifdef ABSL_MIN_LOG_LEVEL
+    static_cast<absl::LogSeverityAtLeast>(ABSL_MIN_LOG_LEVEL);
+#else
+    absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kInfo;
+#endif
+
+// Returns false if the specified severity level is disabled by
+// `ABSL_MIN_LOG_LEVEL` or `absl::MinLogLevel()`.
+bool LoggingEnabledAt(absl::LogSeverity severity);
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Googletest Death Test Predicates
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
+
+bool DiedOfFatal(int exit_status);
+bool DiedOfQFatal(int exit_status);
+
+#endif
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Helper for Log initialization in test
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class LogTestEnvironment : public ::testing::Environment {
+ public:
+  ~LogTestEnvironment() override = default;
+
+  void SetUp() override;
+};
+
+}  // namespace log_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_TEST_HELPERS_H_
diff --git a/absl/log/internal/test_matchers.cc b/absl/log/internal/test_matchers.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8c6515c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/internal/test_matchers.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+//
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/log/internal/test_matchers.h"
+
+#include <ostream>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "gmock/gmock.h"
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/test_helpers.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+#include "absl/time/clock.h"
+#include "absl/time/time.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace log_internal {
+namespace {
+using ::testing::_;
+using ::testing::AllOf;
+using ::testing::Ge;
+using ::testing::HasSubstr;
+using ::testing::MakeMatcher;
+using ::testing::Matcher;
+using ::testing::MatcherInterface;
+using ::testing::MatchResultListener;
+using ::testing::Not;
+using ::testing::Property;
+using ::testing::ResultOf;
+using ::testing::Truly;
+
+class AsStringImpl final
+    : public MatcherInterface<absl::string_view> {
+ public:
+  explicit AsStringImpl(
+      const Matcher<const std::string&>& str_matcher)
+      : str_matcher_(str_matcher) {}
+  bool MatchAndExplain(
+      absl::string_view actual,
+      MatchResultListener* listener) const override {
+    return str_matcher_.MatchAndExplain(std::string(actual), listener);
+  }
+  void DescribeTo(std::ostream* os) const override {
+    return str_matcher_.DescribeTo(os);
+  }
+
+  void DescribeNegationTo(std::ostream* os) const override {
+    return str_matcher_.DescribeNegationTo(os);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  const Matcher<const std::string&> str_matcher_;
+};
+
+class MatchesOstreamImpl final
+    : public MatcherInterface<absl::string_view> {
+ public:
+  explicit MatchesOstreamImpl(std::string expected)
+      : expected_(std::move(expected)) {}
+  bool MatchAndExplain(absl::string_view actual,
+                       MatchResultListener*) const override {
+    return actual == expected_;
+  }
+  void DescribeTo(std::ostream* os) const override {
+    *os << "matches the contents of the ostringstream, which are \""
+        << expected_ << "\"";
+  }
+
+  void DescribeNegationTo(std::ostream* os) const override {
+    *os << "does not match the contents of the ostringstream, which are \""
+        << expected_ << "\"";
+  }
+
+ private:
+  const std::string expected_;
+};
+}  // namespace
+
+Matcher<absl::string_view> AsString(
+    const Matcher<const std::string&>& str_matcher) {
+  return MakeMatcher(new AsStringImpl(str_matcher));
+}
+
+Matcher<const absl::LogEntry&> SourceFilename(
+    const Matcher<absl::string_view>& source_filename) {
+  return Property("source_filename", &absl::LogEntry::source_filename,
+                  source_filename);
+}
+
+Matcher<const absl::LogEntry&> SourceBasename(
+    const Matcher<absl::string_view>& source_basename) {
+  return Property("source_basename", &absl::LogEntry::source_basename,
+                  source_basename);
+}
+
+Matcher<const absl::LogEntry&> SourceLine(
+    const Matcher<int>& source_line) {
+  return Property("source_line", &absl::LogEntry::source_line, source_line);
+}
+
+Matcher<const absl::LogEntry&> Prefix(
+    const Matcher<bool>& prefix) {
+  return Property("prefix", &absl::LogEntry::prefix, prefix);
+}
+
+Matcher<const absl::LogEntry&> LogSeverity(
+    const Matcher<absl::LogSeverity>& log_severity) {
+  return Property("log_severity", &absl::LogEntry::log_severity, log_severity);
+}
+
+Matcher<const absl::LogEntry&> Timestamp(
+    const Matcher<absl::Time>& timestamp) {
+  return Property("timestamp", &absl::LogEntry::timestamp, timestamp);
+}
+
+Matcher<const absl::LogEntry&> TimestampInMatchWindow() {
+  return Property("timestamp", &absl::LogEntry::timestamp,
+                  AllOf(Ge(absl::Now()), Truly([](absl::Time arg) {
+                          return arg <= absl::Now();
+                        })));
+}
+
+Matcher<const absl::LogEntry&> ThreadID(
+    const Matcher<absl::LogEntry::tid_t>& tid) {
+  return Property("tid", &absl::LogEntry::tid, tid);
+}
+
+Matcher<const absl::LogEntry&> TextMessageWithPrefixAndNewline(
+    const Matcher<absl::string_view>&
+        text_message_with_prefix_and_newline) {
+  return Property("text_message_with_prefix_and_newline",
+                  &absl::LogEntry::text_message_with_prefix_and_newline,
+                  text_message_with_prefix_and_newline);
+}
+
+Matcher<const absl::LogEntry&> TextMessageWithPrefix(
+    const Matcher<absl::string_view>& text_message_with_prefix) {
+  return Property("text_message_with_prefix",
+                  &absl::LogEntry::text_message_with_prefix,
+                  text_message_with_prefix);
+}
+
+Matcher<const absl::LogEntry&> TextMessage(
+    const Matcher<absl::string_view>& text_message) {
+  return Property("text_message", &absl::LogEntry::text_message, text_message);
+}
+
+Matcher<const absl::LogEntry&> TextPrefix(
+    const Matcher<absl::string_view>& text_prefix) {
+  return ResultOf(
+      [](const absl::LogEntry& entry) {
+        absl::string_view msg = entry.text_message_with_prefix();
+        msg.remove_suffix(entry.text_message().size());
+        return msg;
+      },
+      text_prefix);
+}
+Matcher<const absl::LogEntry&> RawEncodedMessage(
+    const Matcher<absl::string_view>& raw_encoded_message) {
+  return Property("encoded_message", &absl::LogEntry::encoded_message,
+                  raw_encoded_message);
+}
+
+Matcher<const absl::LogEntry&> Verbosity(
+    const Matcher<int>& verbosity) {
+  return Property("verbosity", &absl::LogEntry::verbosity, verbosity);
+}
+
+Matcher<const absl::LogEntry&> Stacktrace(
+    const Matcher<absl::string_view>& stacktrace) {
+  return Property("stacktrace", &absl::LogEntry::stacktrace, stacktrace);
+}
+
+Matcher<absl::string_view> MatchesOstream(
+    const std::ostringstream& stream) {
+  return MakeMatcher(new MatchesOstreamImpl(stream.str()));
+}
+
+// We need to validate what is and isn't logged as the process dies due to
+// `FATAL`, `QFATAL`, `CHECK`, etc., but assertions inside a death test
+// subprocess don't directly affect the pass/fail status of the parent process.
+// Instead, we use the mock actions `DeathTestExpectedLogging` and
+// `DeathTestUnexpectedLogging` to write specific phrases to `stderr` that we
+// can validate in the parent process using this matcher.
+Matcher<const std::string&> DeathTestValidateExpectations() {
+  if (log_internal::LoggingEnabledAt(absl::LogSeverity::kFatal)) {
+    return Matcher<const std::string&>(
+        AllOf(HasSubstr("Mock received expected entry"),
+              Not(HasSubstr("Mock received unexpected entry"))));
+  }
+  // If `FATAL` logging is disabled, neither message should have been written.
+  return Matcher<const std::string&>(
+      AllOf(Not(HasSubstr("Mock received expected entry")),
+            Not(HasSubstr("Mock received unexpected entry"))));
+}
+
+}  // namespace log_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/log/internal/test_matchers.h b/absl/log/internal/test_matchers.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fc653a91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/internal/test_matchers.h
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// File: log/internal/test_matchers.h
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// This file declares Googletest's matchers used in the Abseil Logging library
+// unit tests.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_TEST_MATCHERS_H_
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_TEST_MATCHERS_H_
+
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "gmock/gmock.h"
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/log_severity.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/test_helpers.h"
+#include "absl/log/log_entry.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+#include "absl/time/time.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace log_internal {
+// In some configurations, Googletest's string matchers (e.g.
+// `::testing::EndsWith`) need help to match `absl::string_view`.
+::testing::Matcher<absl::string_view> AsString(
+    const ::testing::Matcher<const std::string&>& str_matcher);
+
+// These matchers correspond to the components of `absl::LogEntry`.
+::testing::Matcher<const absl::LogEntry&> SourceFilename(
+    const ::testing::Matcher<absl::string_view>& source_filename);
+::testing::Matcher<const absl::LogEntry&> SourceBasename(
+    const ::testing::Matcher<absl::string_view>& source_basename);
+// Be careful with this one; multi-line statements using `__LINE__` evaluate
+// differently on different platforms.  In particular, the MSVC implementation
+// of `EXPECT_DEATH` returns the line number of the macro expansion to all lines
+// within the code block that's expected to die.
+::testing::Matcher<const absl::LogEntry&> SourceLine(
+    const ::testing::Matcher<int>& source_line);
+::testing::Matcher<const absl::LogEntry&> Prefix(
+    const ::testing::Matcher<bool>& prefix);
+::testing::Matcher<const absl::LogEntry&> LogSeverity(
+    const ::testing::Matcher<absl::LogSeverity>& log_severity);
+::testing::Matcher<const absl::LogEntry&> Timestamp(
+    const ::testing::Matcher<absl::Time>& timestamp);
+// Matches if the `LogEntry`'s timestamp falls after the instantiation of this
+// matcher and before its execution, as is normal when used with EXPECT_CALL.
+::testing::Matcher<const absl::LogEntry&> TimestampInMatchWindow();
+::testing::Matcher<const absl::LogEntry&> ThreadID(
+    const ::testing::Matcher<absl::LogEntry::tid_t>&);
+::testing::Matcher<const absl::LogEntry&> TextMessageWithPrefixAndNewline(
+    const ::testing::Matcher<absl::string_view>&
+        text_message_with_prefix_and_newline);
+::testing::Matcher<const absl::LogEntry&> TextMessageWithPrefix(
+    const ::testing::Matcher<absl::string_view>& text_message_with_prefix);
+::testing::Matcher<const absl::LogEntry&> TextMessage(
+    const ::testing::Matcher<absl::string_view>& text_message);
+::testing::Matcher<const absl::LogEntry&> TextPrefix(
+    const ::testing::Matcher<absl::string_view>& text_prefix);
+::testing::Matcher<const absl::LogEntry&> Verbosity(
+    const ::testing::Matcher<int>& verbosity);
+::testing::Matcher<const absl::LogEntry&> Stacktrace(
+    const ::testing::Matcher<absl::string_view>& stacktrace);
+// Behaves as `Eq(stream.str())`, but produces better failure messages.
+::testing::Matcher<absl::string_view> MatchesOstream(
+    const std::ostringstream& stream);
+::testing::Matcher<const std::string&> DeathTestValidateExpectations();
+
+::testing::Matcher<const absl::LogEntry&> RawEncodedMessage(
+    const ::testing::Matcher<absl::string_view>& raw_encoded_message);
+#define ENCODED_MESSAGE(message_matcher) ::testing::_
+
+}  // namespace log_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_TEST_MATCHERS_H_
diff --git a/absl/log/internal/voidify.h b/absl/log/internal/voidify.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8f62da20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/internal/voidify.h
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// File: log/internal/voidify.h
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// This class is used to explicitly ignore values in the conditional logging
+// macros. This avoids compiler warnings like "value computed is not used" and
+// "statement has no effect".
+
+#ifndef ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_VOIDIFY_H_
+#define ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_VOIDIFY_H_
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace log_internal {
+
+class Voidify final {
+ public:
+  // This has to be an operator with a precedence lower than << but higher than
+  // ?:
+  template <typename T>
+  void operator&&(const T&) const&& {}
+};
+
+}  // namespace log_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_VOIDIFY_H_
diff --git a/absl/log/log.h b/absl/log/log.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..602b5acf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/log.h
@@ -0,0 +1,320 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// File: log/log.h
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// This header declares a family of LOG macros.
+//
+// Basic invocation looks like this:
+//
+//   LOG(INFO) << "Found " << num_cookies << " cookies";
+//
+// Most `LOG` macros take a severity level argument.  The severity levels are
+// `INFO`, `WARNING`, `ERROR`, and `FATAL`.  They are defined
+// in absl/base/log_severity.h.
+// * The `FATAL` severity level terminates the program with a stack trace after
+//   logging its message.  Error handlers registered with `RunOnFailure`
+//   (process_state.h) are run, but exit handlers registered with `atexit(3)`
+//   are not.
+// * The `QFATAL` pseudo-severity level is equivalent to `FATAL` but triggers
+//   quieter termination messages, e.g. without a full stack trace, and skips
+//   running registered error handlers.
+// Some preprocessor shenanigans are used to ensure that e.g. `LOG(INFO)` has
+// the same meaning even if a local symbol or preprocessor macro named `INFO` is
+// defined.  To specify a severity level using an expression instead of a
+// literal, use `LEVEL(expr)`.
+// Example:
+//
+//   LOG(LEVEL(stale ? absl::LogSeverity::kWarning : absl::LogSeverity::kInfo))
+//       << "Cookies are " << days << " days old";
+
+// `LOG` macros evaluate to an unterminated statement.  The value at the end of
+// the statement supports some chainable methods:
+//
+//   * .AtLocation(absl::string_view file, int line)
+//     .AtLocation(absl::SourceLocation loc)
+//     Overrides the location inferred from the callsite.  The string pointed to
+//     by `file` must be valid until the end of the statement.
+//   * .NoPrefix()
+//     Omits the prefix from this line.  The prefix includes metadata about the
+//     logged data such as source code location and timestamp.
+//   * .WithTimestamp(absl::Time timestamp)
+//     Uses the specified timestamp instead of one collected at the time of
+//     execution.
+//   * .WithThreadID(absl::LogEntry::tid_t tid)
+//     Uses the specified thread ID instead of one collected at the time of
+//     execution.
+//   * .WithMetadataFrom(const absl::LogEntry &entry)
+//     Copies all metadata (but no data) from the specified `absl::LogEntry`.
+//     This can be used to change the severity of a message, but it has some
+//     limitations:
+//     * `ABSL_MIN_LOG_LEVEL` is evaluated against the severity passed into
+//       `LOG` (or the implicit `FATAL` level of `CHECK`).
+//     * `LOG(FATAL)` and `CHECK` terminate the process unconditionally, even if
+//       the severity is changed later.
+//     `.WithMetadataFrom(entry)` should almost always be used in combination
+//     with `LOG(LEVEL(entry.log_severity()))`.
+//   * .WithPerror()
+//     Appends to the logged message a colon, a space, a textual description of
+//     the current value of `errno` (as by `strerror(3)`), and the numerical
+//     value of `errno`.
+//   * .ToSinkAlso(absl::LogSink* sink)
+//     Sends this message to `*sink` in addition to whatever other sinks it
+//     would otherwise have been sent to.  `sink` must not be null.
+//   * .ToSinkOnly(absl::LogSink* sink)
+//     Sends this message to `*sink` and no others.  `sink` must not be null.
+//
+// No interfaces in this header are async-signal-safe; their use in signal
+// handlers is unsupported and may deadlock your program or eat your lunch.
+//
+// Many logging statements are inherently conditional.  For example,
+// `LOG_IF(INFO, !foo)` does nothing if `foo` is true.  Even seemingly
+// unconditional statements like `LOG(INFO)` might be disabled at
+// compile-time to minimize binary size or for security reasons.
+//
+// * Except for the condition in a `CHECK` or `QCHECK` statement, programs must
+//   not rely on evaluation of expressions anywhere in logging statements for
+//   correctness.  For example, this is ok:
+//
+//     CHECK((fp = fopen("config.ini", "r")) != nullptr);
+//
+//   But this is probably not ok:
+//
+//     LOG(INFO) << "Server status: " << StartServerAndReturnStatusString();
+//
+//   The example below is bad too; the `i++` in the `LOG_IF` condition might
+//   not be evaluated, resulting in an infinite loop:
+//
+//     for (int i = 0; i < 1000000;)
+//       LOG_IF(INFO, i++ % 1000 == 0) << "Still working...";
+//
+// * Except where otherwise noted, conditions which cause a statement not to log
+//   also cause expressions not to be evaluated.  Programs may rely on this for
+//   performance reasons, e.g. by streaming the result of an expensive function
+//   call into a `DLOG` or `LOG_EVERY_N` statement.
+// * Care has been taken to ensure that expressions are parsed by the compiler
+//   even if they are never evaluated.  This means that syntax errors will be
+//   caught and variables will be considered used for the purposes of
+//   unused-variable diagnostics.  For example, this statement won't compile
+//   even if `INFO`-level logging has been compiled out:
+//
+//     int number_of_cakes = 40;
+//     LOG(INFO) << "Number of cakes: " << number_of_cake;  // Note the typo!
+//
+//   Similarly, this won't produce unused-variable compiler diagnostics even
+//   if `INFO`-level logging is compiled out:
+//
+//     {
+//       char fox_line1[] = "Hatee-hatee-hatee-ho!";
+//       LOG_IF(ERROR, false) << "The fox says " << fox_line1;
+//       char fox_line2[] = "A-oo-oo-oo-ooo!";
+//       LOG(INFO) << "The fox also says " << fox_line2;
+//     }
+//
+//   This error-checking is not perfect; for example, symbols that have been
+//   declared but not defined may not produce link errors if used in logging
+//   statements that compile away.
+//
+// Expressions streamed into these macros are formatted using `operator<<` just
+// as they would be if streamed into a `std::ostream`, however it should be
+// noted that their actual type is unspecified.
+//
+// To implement a custom formatting operator for a type you own, there are two
+// options: `AbslStringify()` or `std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, ...)`.
+// It is recommended that users make their types loggable through
+// `AbslStringify()` as it is a universal stringification extension that also
+// enables `absl::StrFormat` and `absl::StrCat` support. If both
+// `AbslStringify()` and `std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, ...)` are
+// defined, `AbslStringify()` will be used.
+//
+// To use the `AbslStringify()` API, define a friend function template in your
+// type's namespace with the following signature:
+//
+//   template <typename Sink>
+//   void AbslStringify(Sink& sink, const UserDefinedType& value);
+//
+// `Sink` has the same interface as `absl::FormatSink`, but without
+// `PutPaddedString()`.
+//
+// Example:
+//
+//   struct Point {
+//     template <typename Sink>
+//     friend void AbslStringify(Sink& sink, const Point& p) {
+//       absl::Format(&sink, "(%v, %v)", p.x, p.y);
+//     }
+//
+//     int x;
+//     int y;
+//   };
+//
+// To use `std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, ...)`, define
+// `std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, ...)` in your type's namespace (for
+// ADL) just as you would to stream it to `std::cout`.
+//
+// Currently `AbslStringify()` ignores output manipulators but this is not
+// guaranteed behavior and may be subject to change in the future. If you would
+// like guaranteed behavior regarding output manipulators, please use
+// `std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, ...)` to make custom types loggable
+// instead.
+//
+// Those macros that support streaming honor output manipulators and `fmtflag`
+// changes that output data (e.g. `std::ends`) or control formatting of data
+// (e.g. `std::hex` and `std::fixed`), however flushing such a stream is
+// ignored.  The message produced by a log statement is sent to registered
+// `absl::LogSink` instances at the end of the statement; those sinks are
+// responsible for their own flushing (e.g. to disk) semantics.
+//
+// Flag settings are not carried over from one `LOG` statement to the next; this
+// is a bit different than e.g. `std::cout`:
+//
+//   LOG(INFO) << std::hex << 0xdeadbeef;  // logs "0xdeadbeef"
+//   LOG(INFO) << 0xdeadbeef;              // logs "3735928559"
+
+#ifndef ABSL_LOG_LOG_H_
+#define ABSL_LOG_LOG_H_
+
+#include "absl/log/internal/log_impl.h"
+
+// LOG()
+//
+// `LOG` takes a single argument which is a severity level.  Data streamed in
+// comprise the logged message.
+// Example:
+//
+//   LOG(INFO) << "Found " << num_cookies << " cookies";
+#define LOG(severity) ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_IMPL(_##severity)
+
+// PLOG()
+//
+// `PLOG` behaves like `LOG` except that a description of the current state of
+// `errno` is appended to the streamed message.
+#define PLOG(severity) ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_PLOG_IMPL(_##severity)
+
+// DLOG()
+//
+// `DLOG` behaves like `LOG` in debug mode (i.e. `#ifndef NDEBUG`).  Otherwise
+// it compiles away and does nothing.  Note that `DLOG(FATAL)` does not
+// terminate the program if `NDEBUG` is defined.
+#define DLOG(severity) ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DLOG_IMPL(_##severity)
+
+// `LOG_IF` and friends add a second argument which specifies a condition.  If
+// the condition is false, nothing is logged.
+// Example:
+//
+//   LOG_IF(INFO, num_cookies > 10) << "Got lots of cookies";
+#define LOG_IF(severity, condition) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_IF_IMPL(_##severity, condition)
+#define PLOG_IF(severity, condition) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_PLOG_IF_IMPL(_##severity, condition)
+#define DLOG_IF(severity, condition) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DLOG_IF_IMPL(_##severity, condition)
+
+// LOG_EVERY_N
+//
+// An instance of `LOG_EVERY_N` increments a hidden zero-initialized counter
+// every time execution passes through it and logs the specified message when
+// the counter's value is a multiple of `n`, doing nothing otherwise.  Each
+// instance has its own counter.  The counter's value can be logged by streaming
+// the symbol `COUNTER`.  `LOG_EVERY_N` is thread-safe.
+// Example:
+//
+//   LOG_EVERY_N(WARNING, 1000) << "Got a packet with a bad CRC (" << COUNTER
+//                              << " total)";
+#define LOG_EVERY_N(severity, n) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_EVERY_N_IMPL(_##severity, n)
+
+// LOG_FIRST_N
+//
+// `LOG_FIRST_N` behaves like `LOG_EVERY_N` except that the specified message is
+// logged when the counter's value is less than `n`.  `LOG_FIRST_N` is
+// thread-safe.
+#define LOG_FIRST_N(severity, n) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_FIRST_N_IMPL(_##severity, n)
+
+// LOG_EVERY_POW_2
+//
+// `LOG_EVERY_POW_2` behaves like `LOG_EVERY_N` except that the specified
+// message is logged when the counter's value is a power of 2.
+// `LOG_EVERY_POW_2` is thread-safe.
+#define LOG_EVERY_POW_2(severity) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_EVERY_POW_2_IMPL(_##severity)
+
+// LOG_EVERY_N_SEC
+//
+// An instance of `LOG_EVERY_N_SEC` uses a hidden state variable to log the
+// specified message at most once every `n_seconds`.  A hidden counter of
+// executions (whether a message is logged or not) is also maintained and can be
+// logged by streaming the symbol `COUNTER`.  `LOG_EVERY_N_SEC` is thread-safe.
+// Example:
+//
+//   LOG_EVERY_N_SEC(INFO, 2.5) << "Got " << COUNTER << " cookies so far";
+#define LOG_EVERY_N_SEC(severity, n_seconds) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_EVERY_N_SEC_IMPL(_##severity, n_seconds)
+
+#define PLOG_EVERY_N(severity, n) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_PLOG_EVERY_N_IMPL(_##severity, n)
+#define PLOG_FIRST_N(severity, n) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_PLOG_FIRST_N_IMPL(_##severity, n)
+#define PLOG_EVERY_POW_2(severity) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_PLOG_EVERY_POW_2_IMPL(_##severity)
+#define PLOG_EVERY_N_SEC(severity, n_seconds) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_PLOG_EVERY_N_SEC_IMPL(_##severity, n_seconds)
+
+#define DLOG_EVERY_N(severity, n) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DLOG_EVERY_N_IMPL(_##severity, n)
+#define DLOG_FIRST_N(severity, n) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DLOG_FIRST_N_IMPL(_##severity, n)
+#define DLOG_EVERY_POW_2(severity) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DLOG_EVERY_POW_2_IMPL(_##severity)
+#define DLOG_EVERY_N_SEC(severity, n_seconds) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DLOG_EVERY_N_SEC_IMPL(_##severity, n_seconds)
+
+// `LOG_IF_EVERY_N` and friends behave as the corresponding `LOG_EVERY_N`
+// but neither increment a counter nor log a message if condition is false (as
+// `LOG_IF`).
+// Example:
+//
+//   LOG_IF_EVERY_N(INFO, (size > 1024), 10) << "Got the " << COUNTER
+//                                           << "th big cookie";
+#define LOG_IF_EVERY_N(severity, condition, n) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_IF_EVERY_N_IMPL(_##severity, condition, n)
+#define LOG_IF_FIRST_N(severity, condition, n) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_IF_FIRST_N_IMPL(_##severity, condition, n)
+#define LOG_IF_EVERY_POW_2(severity, condition) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_IF_EVERY_POW_2_IMPL(_##severity, condition)
+#define LOG_IF_EVERY_N_SEC(severity, condition, n_seconds) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_LOG_IF_EVERY_N_SEC_IMPL(_##severity, condition, n_seconds)
+
+#define PLOG_IF_EVERY_N(severity, condition, n) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_PLOG_IF_EVERY_N_IMPL(_##severity, condition, n)
+#define PLOG_IF_FIRST_N(severity, condition, n) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_PLOG_IF_FIRST_N_IMPL(_##severity, condition, n)
+#define PLOG_IF_EVERY_POW_2(severity, condition) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_PLOG_IF_EVERY_POW_2_IMPL(_##severity, condition)
+#define PLOG_IF_EVERY_N_SEC(severity, condition, n_seconds) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_PLOG_IF_EVERY_N_SEC_IMPL(_##severity, condition, n_seconds)
+
+#define DLOG_IF_EVERY_N(severity, condition, n) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DLOG_IF_EVERY_N_IMPL(_##severity, condition, n)
+#define DLOG_IF_FIRST_N(severity, condition, n) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DLOG_IF_FIRST_N_IMPL(_##severity, condition, n)
+#define DLOG_IF_EVERY_POW_2(severity, condition) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DLOG_IF_EVERY_POW_2_IMPL(_##severity, condition)
+#define DLOG_IF_EVERY_N_SEC(severity, condition, n_seconds) \
+  ABSL_LOG_INTERNAL_DLOG_IF_EVERY_N_SEC_IMPL(_##severity, condition, n_seconds)
+
+#endif  // ABSL_LOG_LOG_H_
diff --git a/absl/log/log_basic_test.cc b/absl/log/log_basic_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7fc7111d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/log_basic_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+//
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/log/log.h"
+
+#define ABSL_TEST_LOG LOG
+
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/log/log_basic_test_impl.inc"
diff --git a/absl/log/log_basic_test_impl.inc b/absl/log/log_basic_test_impl.inc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f3400095
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/log_basic_test_impl.inc
@@ -0,0 +1,455 @@
+//
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+// The testcases in this file are expected to pass or be skipped with any value
+// of ABSL_MIN_LOG_LEVEL
+
+#ifndef ABSL_LOG_LOG_BASIC_TEST_IMPL_H_
+#define ABSL_LOG_LOG_BASIC_TEST_IMPL_H_
+
+// Verify that both sets of macros behave identically by parameterizing the
+// entire test file.
+#ifndef ABSL_TEST_LOG
+#error ABSL_TEST_LOG must be defined for these tests to work.
+#endif
+
+#include <cerrno>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "gmock/gmock.h"
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/sysinfo.h"
+#include "absl/base/log_severity.h"
+#include "absl/log/globals.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/test_actions.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/test_helpers.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/test_matchers.h"
+#include "absl/log/log_entry.h"
+#include "absl/log/scoped_mock_log.h"
+
+namespace absl_log_internal {
+#if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
+using ::absl::log_internal::DeathTestExpectedLogging;
+using ::absl::log_internal::DeathTestUnexpectedLogging;
+using ::absl::log_internal::DeathTestValidateExpectations;
+using ::absl::log_internal::DiedOfFatal;
+using ::absl::log_internal::DiedOfQFatal;
+#endif
+using ::absl::log_internal::LoggingEnabledAt;
+using ::absl::log_internal::LogSeverity;
+using ::absl::log_internal::Prefix;
+using ::absl::log_internal::SourceBasename;
+using ::absl::log_internal::SourceFilename;
+using ::absl::log_internal::SourceLine;
+using ::absl::log_internal::Stacktrace;
+using ::absl::log_internal::TextMessage;
+using ::absl::log_internal::ThreadID;
+using ::absl::log_internal::TimestampInMatchWindow;
+using ::absl::log_internal::Verbosity;
+using ::testing::AnyNumber;
+using ::testing::Eq;
+using ::testing::IsEmpty;
+using ::testing::IsTrue;
+
+class BasicLogTest : public testing::TestWithParam<absl::LogSeverityAtLeast> {};
+
+std::string ThresholdName(
+    testing::TestParamInfo<absl::LogSeverityAtLeast> severity) {
+  std::stringstream ostr;
+  ostr << severity.param;
+  return ostr.str().substr(
+      severity.param == absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kInfinity ? 0 : 2);
+}
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(WithParam, BasicLogTest,
+                         testing::Values(absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kInfo,
+                                         absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kWarning,
+                                         absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kError,
+                                         absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kFatal,
+                                         absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kInfinity),
+                         ThresholdName);
+
+TEST_P(BasicLogTest, Info) {
+  absl::log_internal::ScopedMinLogLevel scoped_min_log_level(GetParam());
+
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const int log_line = __LINE__ + 1;
+  auto do_log = [] { ABSL_TEST_LOG(INFO) << "hello world"; };
+
+  if (LoggingEnabledAt(absl::LogSeverity::kInfo)) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(
+        test_sink,
+        Send(AllOf(SourceFilename(Eq(__FILE__)),
+                   SourceBasename(Eq("log_basic_test_impl.inc")),
+                   SourceLine(Eq(log_line)), Prefix(IsTrue()),
+                   LogSeverity(Eq(absl::LogSeverity::kInfo)),
+                   TimestampInMatchWindow(),
+                   ThreadID(Eq(absl::base_internal::GetTID())),
+                   TextMessage(Eq("hello world")),
+                   Verbosity(Eq(absl::LogEntry::kNoVerbosityLevel)),
+                   ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                                      literal: "hello world"
+                                                    })pb")),
+                   Stacktrace(IsEmpty()))));
+  }
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  do_log();
+}
+
+TEST_P(BasicLogTest, Warning) {
+  absl::log_internal::ScopedMinLogLevel scoped_min_log_level(GetParam());
+
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const int log_line = __LINE__ + 1;
+  auto do_log = [] { ABSL_TEST_LOG(WARNING) << "hello world"; };
+
+  if (LoggingEnabledAt(absl::LogSeverity::kWarning)) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(
+        test_sink,
+        Send(AllOf(SourceFilename(Eq(__FILE__)),
+                   SourceBasename(Eq("log_basic_test_impl.inc")),
+                   SourceLine(Eq(log_line)), Prefix(IsTrue()),
+                   LogSeverity(Eq(absl::LogSeverity::kWarning)),
+                   TimestampInMatchWindow(),
+                   ThreadID(Eq(absl::base_internal::GetTID())),
+                   TextMessage(Eq("hello world")),
+                   Verbosity(Eq(absl::LogEntry::kNoVerbosityLevel)),
+                   ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                                      literal: "hello world"
+                                                    })pb")),
+                   Stacktrace(IsEmpty()))));
+  }
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  do_log();
+}
+
+TEST_P(BasicLogTest, Error) {
+  absl::log_internal::ScopedMinLogLevel scoped_min_log_level(GetParam());
+
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const int log_line = __LINE__ + 1;
+  auto do_log = [] { ABSL_TEST_LOG(ERROR) << "hello world"; };
+
+  if (LoggingEnabledAt(absl::LogSeverity::kError)) {
+    EXPECT_CALL(
+        test_sink,
+        Send(AllOf(SourceFilename(Eq(__FILE__)),
+                   SourceBasename(Eq("log_basic_test_impl.inc")),
+                   SourceLine(Eq(log_line)), Prefix(IsTrue()),
+                   LogSeverity(Eq(absl::LogSeverity::kError)),
+                   TimestampInMatchWindow(),
+                   ThreadID(Eq(absl::base_internal::GetTID())),
+                   TextMessage(Eq("hello world")),
+                   Verbosity(Eq(absl::LogEntry::kNoVerbosityLevel)),
+                   ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                                      literal: "hello world"
+                                                    })pb")),
+                   Stacktrace(IsEmpty()))));
+  }
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  do_log();
+}
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
+using BasicLogDeathTest = BasicLogTest;
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(WithParam, BasicLogDeathTest,
+                         testing::Values(absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kInfo,
+                                         absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kFatal,
+                                         absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kInfinity),
+                         ThresholdName);
+
+TEST_P(BasicLogDeathTest, Fatal) {
+  absl::log_internal::ScopedMinLogLevel scoped_min_log_level(GetParam());
+
+  const int log_line = __LINE__ + 1;
+  auto do_log = [] { ABSL_TEST_LOG(FATAL) << "hello world"; };
+
+  EXPECT_EXIT(
+      {
+        absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(
+            absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+        EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Send)
+            .Times(AnyNumber())
+            .WillRepeatedly(DeathTestUnexpectedLogging());
+
+        ::testing::InSequence s;
+
+        // Note the logic in DeathTestValidateExpectations() caters for the case
+        // of logging being disabled at FATAL level.
+
+        if (LoggingEnabledAt(absl::LogSeverity::kFatal)) {
+          // The first call without the stack trace.
+          EXPECT_CALL(
+              test_sink,
+              Send(AllOf(SourceFilename(Eq(__FILE__)),
+                         SourceBasename(Eq("log_basic_test_impl.inc")),
+                         SourceLine(Eq(log_line)), Prefix(IsTrue()),
+                         LogSeverity(Eq(absl::LogSeverity::kFatal)),
+                         TimestampInMatchWindow(),
+                         ThreadID(Eq(absl::base_internal::GetTID())),
+                         TextMessage(Eq("hello world")),
+                         Verbosity(Eq(absl::LogEntry::kNoVerbosityLevel)),
+                         ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(
+                             R"pb(value { literal: "hello world" })pb")),
+                         Stacktrace(IsEmpty()))))
+              .WillOnce(DeathTestExpectedLogging());
+
+          // The second call with the stack trace.
+          EXPECT_CALL(
+              test_sink,
+              Send(AllOf(SourceFilename(Eq(__FILE__)),
+                         SourceBasename(Eq("log_basic_test_impl.inc")),
+                         SourceLine(Eq(log_line)), Prefix(IsTrue()),
+                         LogSeverity(Eq(absl::LogSeverity::kFatal)),
+                         TimestampInMatchWindow(),
+                         ThreadID(Eq(absl::base_internal::GetTID())),
+                         TextMessage(Eq("hello world")),
+                         Verbosity(Eq(absl::LogEntry::kNoVerbosityLevel)),
+                         ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(
+                             R"pb(value { literal: "hello world" })pb")),
+                         Stacktrace(Not(IsEmpty())))))
+              .WillOnce(DeathTestExpectedLogging());
+        }
+
+        test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+        do_log();
+      },
+      DiedOfFatal, DeathTestValidateExpectations());
+}
+
+TEST_P(BasicLogDeathTest, QFatal) {
+  absl::log_internal::ScopedMinLogLevel scoped_min_log_level(GetParam());
+
+  const int log_line = __LINE__ + 1;
+  auto do_log = [] { ABSL_TEST_LOG(QFATAL) << "hello world"; };
+
+  EXPECT_EXIT(
+      {
+        absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(
+            absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+        EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Send)
+            .Times(AnyNumber())
+            .WillRepeatedly(DeathTestUnexpectedLogging());
+
+        if (LoggingEnabledAt(absl::LogSeverity::kFatal)) {
+          EXPECT_CALL(
+              test_sink,
+              Send(AllOf(SourceFilename(Eq(__FILE__)),
+                         SourceBasename(Eq("log_basic_test_impl.inc")),
+                         SourceLine(Eq(log_line)), Prefix(IsTrue()),
+                         LogSeverity(Eq(absl::LogSeverity::kFatal)),
+                         TimestampInMatchWindow(),
+                         ThreadID(Eq(absl::base_internal::GetTID())),
+                         TextMessage(Eq("hello world")),
+                         Verbosity(Eq(absl::LogEntry::kNoVerbosityLevel)),
+                         ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(
+                             R"pb(value { literal: "hello world" })pb")),
+                         Stacktrace(IsEmpty()))))
+              .WillOnce(DeathTestExpectedLogging());
+        }
+
+        test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+        do_log();
+      },
+      DiedOfQFatal, DeathTestValidateExpectations());
+}
+#endif
+
+TEST_P(BasicLogTest, Level) {
+  absl::log_internal::ScopedMinLogLevel scoped_min_log_level(GetParam());
+
+  for (auto severity : {absl::LogSeverity::kInfo, absl::LogSeverity::kWarning,
+                        absl::LogSeverity::kError}) {
+    absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+    const int log_line = __LINE__ + 2;
+    auto do_log = [severity] {
+      ABSL_TEST_LOG(LEVEL(severity)) << "hello world";
+    };
+
+    if (LoggingEnabledAt(severity)) {
+      EXPECT_CALL(
+          test_sink,
+          Send(AllOf(SourceFilename(Eq(__FILE__)),
+                     SourceBasename(Eq("log_basic_test_impl.inc")),
+                     SourceLine(Eq(log_line)), Prefix(IsTrue()),
+                     LogSeverity(Eq(severity)), TimestampInMatchWindow(),
+                     ThreadID(Eq(absl::base_internal::GetTID())),
+                     TextMessage(Eq("hello world")),
+                     Verbosity(Eq(absl::LogEntry::kNoVerbosityLevel)),
+                     ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                                        literal: "hello world"
+                                                      })pb")),
+                     Stacktrace(IsEmpty()))));
+    }
+    test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+    do_log();
+  }
+}
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
+TEST_P(BasicLogDeathTest, Level) {
+  // TODO(b/242568884): re-enable once bug is fixed.
+  // absl::log_internal::ScopedMinLogLevel scoped_min_log_level(GetParam());
+
+  // Ensure that `severity` is not a compile-time constant to prove that
+  // `LOG(LEVEL(severity))` works regardless:
+  auto volatile severity = absl::LogSeverity::kFatal;
+
+  const int log_line = __LINE__ + 1;
+  auto do_log = [severity] { ABSL_TEST_LOG(LEVEL(severity)) << "hello world"; };
+
+  EXPECT_EXIT(
+      {
+        absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(
+            absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+        EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Send)
+            .Times(AnyNumber())
+            .WillRepeatedly(DeathTestUnexpectedLogging());
+
+        ::testing::InSequence s;
+
+        if (LoggingEnabledAt(absl::LogSeverity::kFatal)) {
+          EXPECT_CALL(
+              test_sink,
+              Send(AllOf(SourceFilename(Eq(__FILE__)),
+                         SourceBasename(Eq("log_basic_test_impl.inc")),
+                         SourceLine(Eq(log_line)), Prefix(IsTrue()),
+                         LogSeverity(Eq(absl::LogSeverity::kFatal)),
+                         TimestampInMatchWindow(),
+                         ThreadID(Eq(absl::base_internal::GetTID())),
+                         TextMessage(Eq("hello world")),
+                         Verbosity(Eq(absl::LogEntry::kNoVerbosityLevel)),
+                         ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(
+                             R"pb(value { literal: "hello world" })pb")),
+                         Stacktrace(IsEmpty()))))
+              .WillOnce(DeathTestExpectedLogging());
+
+          EXPECT_CALL(
+              test_sink,
+              Send(AllOf(SourceFilename(Eq(__FILE__)),
+                         SourceBasename(Eq("log_basic_test_impl.inc")),
+                         SourceLine(Eq(log_line)), Prefix(IsTrue()),
+                         LogSeverity(Eq(absl::LogSeverity::kFatal)),
+                         TimestampInMatchWindow(),
+                         ThreadID(Eq(absl::base_internal::GetTID())),
+                         TextMessage(Eq("hello world")),
+                         Verbosity(Eq(absl::LogEntry::kNoVerbosityLevel)),
+                         ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(
+                             R"pb(value { literal: "hello world" })pb")),
+                         Stacktrace(Not(IsEmpty())))))
+              .WillOnce(DeathTestExpectedLogging());
+        }
+
+        test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+        do_log();
+      },
+      DiedOfFatal, DeathTestValidateExpectations());
+}
+#endif
+
+TEST_P(BasicLogTest, LevelClampsNegativeValues) {
+  absl::log_internal::ScopedMinLogLevel scoped_min_log_level(GetParam());
+
+  if (!LoggingEnabledAt(absl::LogSeverity::kInfo)) {
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "This test cases required INFO log to be enabled";
+    return;
+  }
+
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Send(LogSeverity(Eq(absl::LogSeverity::kInfo))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  ABSL_TEST_LOG(LEVEL(-1)) << "hello world";
+}
+
+TEST_P(BasicLogTest, LevelClampsLargeValues) {
+  absl::log_internal::ScopedMinLogLevel scoped_min_log_level(GetParam());
+
+  if (!LoggingEnabledAt(absl::LogSeverity::kError)) {
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "This test cases required ERROR log to be enabled";
+    return;
+  }
+
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Send(LogSeverity(Eq(absl::LogSeverity::kError))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  ABSL_TEST_LOG(LEVEL(static_cast<int>(absl::LogSeverity::kFatal) + 1))
+      << "hello world";
+}
+
+TEST(ErrnoPreservationTest, InSeverityExpression) {
+  errno = 77;
+  int saved_errno;
+  ABSL_TEST_LOG(LEVEL((saved_errno = errno, absl::LogSeverity::kInfo)));
+  EXPECT_THAT(saved_errno, Eq(77));
+}
+
+TEST(ErrnoPreservationTest, InStreamedExpression) {
+  if (!LoggingEnabledAt(absl::LogSeverity::kInfo)) {
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "This test cases required INFO log to be enabled";
+    return;
+  }
+
+  errno = 77;
+  int saved_errno = 0;
+  ABSL_TEST_LOG(INFO) << (saved_errno = errno, "hello world");
+  EXPECT_THAT(saved_errno, Eq(77));
+}
+
+TEST(ErrnoPreservationTest, AfterStatement) {
+  errno = 77;
+  ABSL_TEST_LOG(INFO);
+  const int saved_errno = errno;
+  EXPECT_THAT(saved_errno, Eq(77));
+}
+
+// Tests that using a variable/parameter in a logging statement suppresses
+// unused-variable/parameter warnings.
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+class UnusedVariableWarningCompileTest {
+  // These four don't prove anything unless `ABSL_MIN_LOG_LEVEL` is greater than
+  // `kInfo`.
+  static void LoggedVariable() {
+    const int x = 0;
+    ABSL_TEST_LOG(INFO) << x;
+  }
+  static void LoggedParameter(const int x) { ABSL_TEST_LOG(INFO) << x; }
+  static void SeverityVariable() {
+    const int x = 0;
+    ABSL_TEST_LOG(LEVEL(x)) << "hello world";
+  }
+  static void SeverityParameter(const int x) {
+    ABSL_TEST_LOG(LEVEL(x)) << "hello world";
+  }
+};
+
+}  // namespace absl_log_internal
+
+#endif  // ABSL_LOG_LOG_BASIC_TEST_IMPL_H_
diff --git a/absl/log/log_benchmark.cc b/absl/log/log_benchmark.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..45d9a5d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/log_benchmark.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
+#include "absl/base/log_severity.h"
+#include "absl/flags/flag.h"
+#include "absl/log/check.h"
+#include "absl/log/globals.h"
+#include "absl/log/log.h"
+#include "absl/log/log_entry.h"
+#include "absl/log/log_sink.h"
+#include "absl/log/log_sink_registry.h"
+#include "benchmark/benchmark.h"
+
+namespace {
+
+class NullLogSink : public absl::LogSink {
+ public:
+  NullLogSink() { absl::AddLogSink(this); }
+
+  ~NullLogSink() override { absl::RemoveLogSink(this); }
+
+  void Send(const absl::LogEntry&) override {}
+};
+
+constexpr int x = -1;
+
+void BM_SuccessfulBinaryCheck(benchmark::State& state) {
+  int n = 0;
+  while (state.KeepRunningBatch(8)) {
+    CHECK_GE(n, x);
+    CHECK_GE(n, x);
+    CHECK_GE(n, x);
+    CHECK_GE(n, x);
+    CHECK_GE(n, x);
+    CHECK_GE(n, x);
+    CHECK_GE(n, x);
+    CHECK_GE(n, x);
+    ++n;
+  }
+  benchmark::DoNotOptimize(n);
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_SuccessfulBinaryCheck);
+
+static void BM_SuccessfulUnaryCheck(benchmark::State& state) {
+  int n = 0;
+  while (state.KeepRunningBatch(8)) {
+    CHECK(n >= x);
+    CHECK(n >= x);
+    CHECK(n >= x);
+    CHECK(n >= x);
+    CHECK(n >= x);
+    CHECK(n >= x);
+    CHECK(n >= x);
+    CHECK(n >= x);
+    ++n;
+  }
+  benchmark::DoNotOptimize(n);
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_SuccessfulUnaryCheck);
+
+static void BM_DisabledLogOverhead(benchmark::State& state) {
+  absl::ScopedStderrThreshold disable_stderr_logging(
+      absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kInfinity);
+  absl::log_internal::ScopedMinLogLevel scoped_min_log_level(
+      absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kInfinity);
+  for (auto _ : state) {
+    LOG(INFO);
+  }
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_DisabledLogOverhead);
+
+static void BM_EnabledLogOverhead(benchmark::State& state) {
+  absl::ScopedStderrThreshold stderr_logging(
+      absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kInfinity);
+  absl::log_internal::ScopedMinLogLevel scoped_min_log_level(
+      absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kInfo);
+  ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED NullLogSink null_sink;
+  for (auto _ : state) {
+    LOG(INFO);
+  }
+}
+BENCHMARK(BM_EnabledLogOverhead);
+
+}  // namespace
+
diff --git a/absl/log/log_entry.cc b/absl/log/log_entry.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..19c3b3f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/log_entry.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+//
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/log/log_entry.h"
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+#ifdef ABSL_INTERNAL_NEED_REDUNDANT_CONSTEXPR_DECL
+constexpr int LogEntry::kNoVerbosityLevel;
+constexpr int LogEntry::kNoVerboseLevel;
+#endif
+
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/log/log_entry.h b/absl/log/log_entry.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9e4ae8eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/log_entry.h
@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// File: log/log_entry.h
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// This header declares `class absl::LogEntry`, which represents a log record as
+// passed to `LogSink::Send`. Data returned by pointer or by reference or by
+// `absl::string_view` must be copied if they are needed after the lifetime of
+// the `absl::LogEntry`.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_LOG_LOG_ENTRY_H_
+#define ABSL_LOG_LOG_ENTRY_H_
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/log_severity.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/config.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+#include "absl/time/time.h"
+#include "absl/types/span.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+namespace log_internal {
+// Test only friend.
+class LogEntryTestPeer;
+class LogMessage;
+}  // namespace log_internal
+
+// LogEntry
+//
+// Represents a single entry in a log, i.e., one `LOG` statement or failed
+// `CHECK`.
+//
+// `LogEntry` is thread-compatible.
+class LogEntry final {
+ public:
+  using tid_t = log_internal::Tid;
+
+  // For non-verbose log entries, `verbosity()` returns `kNoVerbosityLevel`.
+  static constexpr int kNoVerbosityLevel = -1;
+  static constexpr int kNoVerboseLevel = -1;  // TO BE removed
+
+  // Pass `LogEntry` by reference, and do not store it as its state does not
+  // outlive the call to `LogSink::Send()`.
+  LogEntry(const LogEntry&) = delete;
+  LogEntry& operator=(const LogEntry&) = delete;
+
+  // Source file and line where the log message occurred.  Taken from `__FILE__`
+  // and `__LINE__` unless overridden by `LOG(...).AtLocation(...)`.
+  //
+  // Take special care not to use the values returned by `source_filename()` and
+  // `source_basename()` after the lifetime of the entry.  This is always
+  // incorrect, but it will often work in practice because they usually point
+  // into a statically allocated character array obtained from `__FILE__`.
+  // Statements like `LOG(INFO).AtLocation(std::string(...), ...)` will expose
+  // the bug.  If you need the data later, you must copy them.
+  absl::string_view source_filename() const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return full_filename_;
+  }
+  absl::string_view source_basename() const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return base_filename_;
+  }
+  int source_line() const { return line_; }
+
+  // LogEntry::prefix()
+  //
+  // True unless the metadata prefix was suppressed once by
+  // `LOG(...).NoPrefix()` or globally by `absl::EnableLogPrefix(false)`.
+  // Implies `text_message_with_prefix() == text_message()`.
+  bool prefix() const { return prefix_; }
+
+  // LogEntry::log_severity()
+  //
+  // Returns this entry's severity.  For `LOG`, taken from the first argument;
+  // for `CHECK`, always `absl::LogSeverity::kFatal`.
+  absl::LogSeverity log_severity() const { return severity_; }
+
+  // LogEntry::verbosity()
+  //
+  // Returns this entry's verbosity, or `kNoVerbosityLevel` for a non-verbose
+  // entry.  Verbosity control is not available outside of Google yet.
+  int verbosity() const { return verbose_level_; }
+
+  // LogEntry::timestamp()
+  //
+  // Returns the time at which this entry was written.  Captured during
+  // evaluation of `LOG`, but can be overridden by
+  // `LOG(...).WithTimestamp(...)`.
+  //
+  // Take care not to rely on timestamps increasing monotonically, or even to
+  // rely on timestamps having any particular relationship with reality (since
+  // they can be overridden).
+  absl::Time timestamp() const { return timestamp_; }
+
+  // LogEntry::tid()
+  //
+  // Returns the ID of the thread that wrote this entry.  Captured during
+  // evaluation of `LOG`, but can be overridden by `LOG(...).WithThreadID(...)`.
+  //
+  // Take care not to *rely* on reported thread IDs as they can be overridden as
+  // specified above.
+  tid_t tid() const { return tid_; }
+
+  // Text-formatted version of the log message.  An underlying buffer holds
+  // these contiguous data:
+  //
+  // * A prefix formed by formatting metadata (timestamp, filename, line number,
+  //   etc.)
+  //   The prefix may be empty - see `LogEntry::prefix()` - and may rarely be
+  //   truncated if the metadata are very long.
+  // * The streamed data
+  //   The data may be empty if nothing was streamed, or may be truncated to fit
+  //   the buffer.
+  // * A newline
+  // * A nul terminator
+  //
+  // The newline and nul terminator will be present even if the prefix and/or
+  // data are truncated.
+  //
+  // These methods give access to the most commonly useful substrings of the
+  // buffer's contents.  Other combinations can be obtained with substring
+  // arithmetic.
+  //
+  // The buffer does not outlive the entry; if you need the data later, you must
+  // copy them.
+  absl::string_view text_message_with_prefix_and_newline() const
+      ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return absl::string_view(
+        text_message_with_prefix_and_newline_and_nul_.data(),
+        text_message_with_prefix_and_newline_and_nul_.size() - 1);
+  }
+  absl::string_view text_message_with_prefix() const
+      ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return absl::string_view(
+        text_message_with_prefix_and_newline_and_nul_.data(),
+        text_message_with_prefix_and_newline_and_nul_.size() - 2);
+  }
+  absl::string_view text_message_with_newline() const
+      ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return absl::string_view(
+        text_message_with_prefix_and_newline_and_nul_.data() + prefix_len_,
+        text_message_with_prefix_and_newline_and_nul_.size() - prefix_len_ - 1);
+  }
+  absl::string_view text_message() const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return absl::string_view(
+        text_message_with_prefix_and_newline_and_nul_.data() + prefix_len_,
+        text_message_with_prefix_and_newline_and_nul_.size() - prefix_len_ - 2);
+  }
+  const char* text_message_with_prefix_and_newline_c_str() const
+      ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return text_message_with_prefix_and_newline_and_nul_.data();
+  }
+
+  // Returns a serialized protobuf holding the operands streamed into this
+  // log message.  The message definition is not yet published.
+  //
+  // The buffer does not outlive the entry; if you need the data later, you must
+  // copy them.
+  absl::string_view encoded_message() const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return encoding_;
+  }
+
+  // LogEntry::stacktrace()
+  //
+  // Optional stacktrace, e.g. for `FATAL` logs and failed `CHECK`s.
+  //
+  // Fatal entries are dispatched to each sink twice: first with all data and
+  // metadata but no stacktrace, and then with the stacktrace.  This is done
+  // because stacktrace collection is sometimes slow and fallible, and it's
+  // critical to log enough information to diagnose the failure even if the
+  // stacktrace collection hangs.
+  //
+  // The buffer does not outlive the entry; if you need the data later, you must
+  // copy them.
+  absl::string_view stacktrace() const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return stacktrace_;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  LogEntry() = default;
+
+  absl::string_view full_filename_;
+  absl::string_view base_filename_;
+  int line_;
+  bool prefix_;
+  absl::LogSeverity severity_;
+  int verbose_level_;  // >=0 for `VLOG`, etc.; otherwise `kNoVerbosityLevel`.
+  absl::Time timestamp_;
+  tid_t tid_;
+  absl::Span<const char> text_message_with_prefix_and_newline_and_nul_;
+  size_t prefix_len_;
+  absl::string_view encoding_;
+  std::string stacktrace_;
+
+  friend class log_internal::LogEntryTestPeer;
+  friend class log_internal::LogMessage;
+};
+
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_LOG_LOG_ENTRY_H_
diff --git a/absl/log/log_entry_test.cc b/absl/log/log_entry_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d9bfa1f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/log_entry_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,468 @@
+//
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/log/log_entry.h"
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#include <cstring>
+#include <limits>
+#include <string>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "gmock/gmock.h"
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/log_severity.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/append_truncated.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/log_format.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/test_helpers.h"
+#include "absl/strings/numbers.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_split.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+#include "absl/time/civil_time.h"
+#include "absl/time/time.h"
+#include "absl/types/span.h"
+
+namespace {
+using ::absl::log_internal::LogEntryTestPeer;
+using ::testing::Eq;
+using ::testing::IsTrue;
+using ::testing::StartsWith;
+using ::testing::StrEq;
+
+auto* test_env ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED = ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(
+    new absl::log_internal::LogTestEnvironment);
+}  // namespace
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace log_internal {
+
+class LogEntryTestPeer {
+ public:
+  LogEntryTestPeer(absl::string_view base_filename, int line, bool prefix,
+                   absl::LogSeverity severity, absl::string_view timestamp,
+                   absl::LogEntry::tid_t tid, PrefixFormat format,
+                   absl::string_view text_message)
+      : format_{format}, buf_(15000, '\0') {
+    entry_.base_filename_ = base_filename;
+    entry_.line_ = line;
+    entry_.prefix_ = prefix;
+    entry_.severity_ = severity;
+    std::string time_err;
+    EXPECT_THAT(
+        absl::ParseTime("%Y-%m-%d%ET%H:%M:%E*S", timestamp,
+                        absl::LocalTimeZone(), &entry_.timestamp_, &time_err),
+        IsTrue())
+        << "Failed to parse time " << timestamp << ": " << time_err;
+    entry_.tid_ = tid;
+    std::pair<absl::string_view, std::string> timestamp_bits =
+        absl::StrSplit(timestamp, absl::ByChar('.'));
+    EXPECT_THAT(absl::ParseCivilTime(timestamp_bits.first, &ci_.cs), IsTrue())
+        << "Failed to parse time " << timestamp_bits.first;
+    timestamp_bits.second.resize(9, '0');
+    int64_t nanos = 0;
+    EXPECT_THAT(absl::SimpleAtoi(timestamp_bits.second, &nanos), IsTrue())
+        << "Failed to parse time " << timestamp_bits.first;
+    ci_.subsecond = absl::Nanoseconds(nanos);
+
+    absl::Span<char> view = absl::MakeSpan(buf_);
+    view.remove_suffix(2);
+    entry_.prefix_len_ =
+        entry_.prefix_
+            ? log_internal::FormatLogPrefix(
+                  entry_.log_severity(), entry_.timestamp(), entry_.tid(),
+                  entry_.source_basename(), entry_.source_line(), format_, view)
+            : 0;
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(entry_.prefix_len_,
+                Eq(static_cast<size_t>(view.data() - buf_.data())));
+    log_internal::AppendTruncated(text_message, view);
+    view = absl::Span<char>(view.data(), view.size() + 2);
+    view[0] = '\n';
+    view[1] = '\0';
+    view.remove_prefix(2);
+    buf_.resize(static_cast<size_t>(view.data() - buf_.data()));
+    entry_.text_message_with_prefix_and_newline_and_nul_ = absl::MakeSpan(buf_);
+  }
+  LogEntryTestPeer(const LogEntryTestPeer&) = delete;
+  LogEntryTestPeer& operator=(const LogEntryTestPeer&) = delete;
+
+  std::string FormatLogMessage() const {
+    return log_internal::FormatLogMessage(
+        entry_.log_severity(), ci_.cs, ci_.subsecond, entry_.tid(),
+        entry_.source_basename(), entry_.source_line(), format_,
+        entry_.text_message());
+  }
+  std::string FormatPrefixIntoSizedBuffer(size_t sz) {
+    std::string str(sz, '\0');
+    absl::Span<char> buf(&str[0], str.size());
+    const size_t prefix_size = log_internal::FormatLogPrefix(
+        entry_.log_severity(), entry_.timestamp(), entry_.tid(),
+        entry_.source_basename(), entry_.source_line(), format_, buf);
+    EXPECT_THAT(prefix_size, Eq(static_cast<size_t>(buf.data() - str.data())));
+    str.resize(prefix_size);
+    return str;
+  }
+  const absl::LogEntry& entry() const { return entry_; }
+
+ private:
+  absl::LogEntry entry_;
+  PrefixFormat format_;
+  absl::TimeZone::CivilInfo ci_;
+  std::vector<char> buf_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace log_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+namespace {
+constexpr bool kUsePrefix = true, kNoPrefix = false;
+
+TEST(LogEntryTest, Baseline) {
+  LogEntryTestPeer entry("foo.cc", 1234, kUsePrefix, absl::LogSeverity::kInfo,
+                         "2020-01-02T03:04:05.6789", 451,
+                         absl::log_internal::PrefixFormat::kNotRaw,
+                         "hello world");
+  EXPECT_THAT(entry.FormatLogMessage(),
+              Eq("I0102 03:04:05.678900     451 foo.cc:1234] hello world"));
+  EXPECT_THAT(entry.FormatPrefixIntoSizedBuffer(1000),
+              Eq("I0102 03:04:05.678900     451 foo.cc:1234] "));
+  for (size_t sz = strlen("I0102 03:04:05.678900     451 foo.cc:1234] ") + 20;
+       sz != std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max(); sz--)
+    EXPECT_THAT("I0102 03:04:05.678900     451 foo.cc:1234] ",
+                StartsWith(entry.FormatPrefixIntoSizedBuffer(sz)));
+
+  EXPECT_THAT(entry.entry().text_message_with_prefix_and_newline(),
+              Eq("I0102 03:04:05.678900     451 foo.cc:1234] hello world\n"));
+  EXPECT_THAT(
+      entry.entry().text_message_with_prefix_and_newline_c_str(),
+      StrEq("I0102 03:04:05.678900     451 foo.cc:1234] hello world\n"));
+  EXPECT_THAT(entry.entry().text_message_with_prefix(),
+              Eq("I0102 03:04:05.678900     451 foo.cc:1234] hello world"));
+  EXPECT_THAT(entry.entry().text_message(), Eq("hello world"));
+}
+
+TEST(LogEntryTest, NoPrefix) {
+  LogEntryTestPeer entry("foo.cc", 1234, kNoPrefix, absl::LogSeverity::kInfo,
+                         "2020-01-02T03:04:05.6789", 451,
+                         absl::log_internal::PrefixFormat::kNotRaw,
+                         "hello world");
+  EXPECT_THAT(entry.FormatLogMessage(),
+              Eq("I0102 03:04:05.678900     451 foo.cc:1234] hello world"));
+  // These methods are not responsible for honoring `prefix()`.
+  EXPECT_THAT(entry.FormatPrefixIntoSizedBuffer(1000),
+              Eq("I0102 03:04:05.678900     451 foo.cc:1234] "));
+  for (size_t sz = strlen("I0102 03:04:05.678900     451 foo.cc:1234] ") + 20;
+       sz != std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max(); sz--)
+    EXPECT_THAT("I0102 03:04:05.678900     451 foo.cc:1234] ",
+                StartsWith(entry.FormatPrefixIntoSizedBuffer(sz)));
+
+  EXPECT_THAT(entry.entry().text_message_with_prefix_and_newline(),
+              Eq("hello world\n"));
+  EXPECT_THAT(entry.entry().text_message_with_prefix_and_newline_c_str(),
+              StrEq("hello world\n"));
+  EXPECT_THAT(entry.entry().text_message_with_prefix(), Eq("hello world"));
+  EXPECT_THAT(entry.entry().text_message(), Eq("hello world"));
+}
+
+TEST(LogEntryTest, EmptyFields) {
+  LogEntryTestPeer entry("", 0, kUsePrefix, absl::LogSeverity::kInfo,
+                         "2020-01-02T03:04:05", 0,
+                         absl::log_internal::PrefixFormat::kNotRaw, "");
+  const std::string format_message = entry.FormatLogMessage();
+  EXPECT_THAT(format_message, Eq("I0102 03:04:05.000000       0 :0] "));
+  EXPECT_THAT(entry.FormatPrefixIntoSizedBuffer(1000), Eq(format_message));
+  for (size_t sz = format_message.size() + 20;
+       sz != std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max(); sz--)
+    EXPECT_THAT(format_message,
+                StartsWith(entry.FormatPrefixIntoSizedBuffer(sz)));
+
+  EXPECT_THAT(entry.entry().text_message_with_prefix_and_newline(),
+              Eq("I0102 03:04:05.000000       0 :0] \n"));
+  EXPECT_THAT(entry.entry().text_message_with_prefix_and_newline_c_str(),
+              StrEq("I0102 03:04:05.000000       0 :0] \n"));
+  EXPECT_THAT(entry.entry().text_message_with_prefix(),
+              Eq("I0102 03:04:05.000000       0 :0] "));
+  EXPECT_THAT(entry.entry().text_message(), Eq(""));
+}
+
+TEST(LogEntryTest, NegativeFields) {
+  // When Abseil's minimum C++ version is C++17, this conditional can be
+  // converted to a constexpr if and the static_cast below removed.
+  if (std::is_signed<absl::LogEntry::tid_t>::value) {
+    LogEntryTestPeer entry(
+        "foo.cc", -1234, kUsePrefix, absl::LogSeverity::kInfo,
+        "2020-01-02T03:04:05.6789", static_cast<absl::LogEntry::tid_t>(-451),
+        absl::log_internal::PrefixFormat::kNotRaw, "hello world");
+    EXPECT_THAT(entry.FormatLogMessage(),
+                Eq("I0102 03:04:05.678900    -451 foo.cc:-1234] hello world"));
+    EXPECT_THAT(entry.FormatPrefixIntoSizedBuffer(1000),
+                Eq("I0102 03:04:05.678900    -451 foo.cc:-1234] "));
+    for (size_t sz =
+             strlen("I0102 03:04:05.678900    -451 foo.cc:-1234] ") + 20;
+         sz != std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max(); sz--)
+      EXPECT_THAT("I0102 03:04:05.678900    -451 foo.cc:-1234] ",
+                  StartsWith(entry.FormatPrefixIntoSizedBuffer(sz)));
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(
+        entry.entry().text_message_with_prefix_and_newline(),
+        Eq("I0102 03:04:05.678900    -451 foo.cc:-1234] hello world\n"));
+    EXPECT_THAT(
+        entry.entry().text_message_with_prefix_and_newline_c_str(),
+        StrEq("I0102 03:04:05.678900    -451 foo.cc:-1234] hello world\n"));
+    EXPECT_THAT(entry.entry().text_message_with_prefix(),
+                Eq("I0102 03:04:05.678900    -451 foo.cc:-1234] hello world"));
+    EXPECT_THAT(entry.entry().text_message(), Eq("hello world"));
+  } else {
+    LogEntryTestPeer entry("foo.cc", -1234, kUsePrefix,
+                           absl::LogSeverity::kInfo, "2020-01-02T03:04:05.6789",
+                           451, absl::log_internal::PrefixFormat::kNotRaw,
+                           "hello world");
+    EXPECT_THAT(entry.FormatLogMessage(),
+                Eq("I0102 03:04:05.678900     451 foo.cc:-1234] hello world"));
+    EXPECT_THAT(entry.FormatPrefixIntoSizedBuffer(1000),
+                Eq("I0102 03:04:05.678900     451 foo.cc:-1234] "));
+    for (size_t sz =
+             strlen("I0102 03:04:05.678900     451 foo.cc:-1234] ") + 20;
+         sz != std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max(); sz--)
+      EXPECT_THAT("I0102 03:04:05.678900     451 foo.cc:-1234] ",
+                  StartsWith(entry.FormatPrefixIntoSizedBuffer(sz)));
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(
+        entry.entry().text_message_with_prefix_and_newline(),
+        Eq("I0102 03:04:05.678900     451 foo.cc:-1234] hello world\n"));
+    EXPECT_THAT(
+        entry.entry().text_message_with_prefix_and_newline_c_str(),
+        StrEq("I0102 03:04:05.678900     451 foo.cc:-1234] hello world\n"));
+    EXPECT_THAT(entry.entry().text_message_with_prefix(),
+                Eq("I0102 03:04:05.678900     451 foo.cc:-1234] hello world"));
+    EXPECT_THAT(entry.entry().text_message(), Eq("hello world"));
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(LogEntryTest, LongFields) {
+  LogEntryTestPeer entry(
+      "I am the very model of a modern Major-General / "
+      "I've information vegetable, animal, and mineral.",
+      2147483647, kUsePrefix, absl::LogSeverity::kInfo,
+      "2020-01-02T03:04:05.678967896789", 2147483647,
+      absl::log_internal::PrefixFormat::kNotRaw,
+      "I know the kings of England, and I quote the fights historical / "
+      "From Marathon to Waterloo, in order categorical.");
+  EXPECT_THAT(entry.FormatLogMessage(),
+              Eq("I0102 03:04:05.678967 2147483647 I am the very model of a "
+                 "modern Major-General / I've information vegetable, animal, "
+                 "and mineral.:2147483647] I know the kings of England, and I "
+                 "quote the fights historical / From Marathon to Waterloo, in "
+                 "order categorical."));
+  EXPECT_THAT(entry.FormatPrefixIntoSizedBuffer(1000),
+              Eq("I0102 03:04:05.678967 2147483647 I am the very model of a "
+                 "modern Major-General / I've information vegetable, animal, "
+                 "and mineral.:2147483647] "));
+  for (size_t sz =
+           strlen("I0102 03:04:05.678967 2147483647 I am the very model of a "
+                  "modern Major-General / I've information vegetable, animal, "
+                  "and mineral.:2147483647] ") +
+           20;
+       sz != std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max(); sz--)
+    EXPECT_THAT(
+        "I0102 03:04:05.678967 2147483647 I am the very model of a "
+        "modern Major-General / I've information vegetable, animal, "
+        "and mineral.:2147483647] ",
+        StartsWith(entry.FormatPrefixIntoSizedBuffer(sz)));
+
+  EXPECT_THAT(entry.entry().text_message_with_prefix_and_newline(),
+              Eq("I0102 03:04:05.678967 2147483647 I am the very model of a "
+                 "modern Major-General / I've information vegetable, animal, "
+                 "and mineral.:2147483647] I know the kings of England, and I "
+                 "quote the fights historical / From Marathon to Waterloo, in "
+                 "order categorical.\n"));
+  EXPECT_THAT(
+      entry.entry().text_message_with_prefix_and_newline_c_str(),
+      StrEq("I0102 03:04:05.678967 2147483647 I am the very model of a "
+            "modern Major-General / I've information vegetable, animal, "
+            "and mineral.:2147483647] I know the kings of England, and I "
+            "quote the fights historical / From Marathon to Waterloo, in "
+            "order categorical.\n"));
+  EXPECT_THAT(entry.entry().text_message_with_prefix(),
+              Eq("I0102 03:04:05.678967 2147483647 I am the very model of a "
+                 "modern Major-General / I've information vegetable, animal, "
+                 "and mineral.:2147483647] I know the kings of England, and I "
+                 "quote the fights historical / From Marathon to Waterloo, in "
+                 "order categorical."));
+  EXPECT_THAT(
+      entry.entry().text_message(),
+      Eq("I know the kings of England, and I quote the fights historical / "
+         "From Marathon to Waterloo, in order categorical."));
+}
+
+TEST(LogEntryTest, LongNegativeFields) {
+  // When Abseil's minimum C++ version is C++17, this conditional can be
+  // converted to a constexpr if and the static_cast below removed.
+  if (std::is_signed<absl::LogEntry::tid_t>::value) {
+    LogEntryTestPeer entry(
+        "I am the very model of a modern Major-General / "
+        "I've information vegetable, animal, and mineral.",
+        -2147483647, kUsePrefix, absl::LogSeverity::kInfo,
+        "2020-01-02T03:04:05.678967896789",
+        static_cast<absl::LogEntry::tid_t>(-2147483647),
+        absl::log_internal::PrefixFormat::kNotRaw,
+        "I know the kings of England, and I quote the fights historical / "
+        "From Marathon to Waterloo, in order categorical.");
+    EXPECT_THAT(
+        entry.FormatLogMessage(),
+        Eq("I0102 03:04:05.678967 -2147483647 I am the very model of a "
+           "modern Major-General / I've information vegetable, animal, "
+           "and mineral.:-2147483647] I know the kings of England, and I "
+           "quote the fights historical / From Marathon to Waterloo, in "
+           "order categorical."));
+    EXPECT_THAT(entry.FormatPrefixIntoSizedBuffer(1000),
+                Eq("I0102 03:04:05.678967 -2147483647 I am the very model of a "
+                   "modern Major-General / I've information vegetable, animal, "
+                   "and mineral.:-2147483647] "));
+    for (size_t sz =
+             strlen(
+                 "I0102 03:04:05.678967 -2147483647 I am the very model of a "
+                 "modern Major-General / I've information vegetable, animal, "
+                 "and mineral.:-2147483647] ") +
+             20;
+         sz != std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max(); sz--)
+      EXPECT_THAT(
+          "I0102 03:04:05.678967 -2147483647 I am the very model of a "
+          "modern Major-General / I've information vegetable, animal, "
+          "and mineral.:-2147483647] ",
+          StartsWith(entry.FormatPrefixIntoSizedBuffer(sz)));
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(
+        entry.entry().text_message_with_prefix_and_newline(),
+        Eq("I0102 03:04:05.678967 -2147483647 I am the very model of a "
+           "modern Major-General / I've information vegetable, animal, "
+           "and mineral.:-2147483647] I know the kings of England, and I "
+           "quote the fights historical / From Marathon to Waterloo, in "
+           "order categorical.\n"));
+    EXPECT_THAT(
+        entry.entry().text_message_with_prefix_and_newline_c_str(),
+        StrEq("I0102 03:04:05.678967 -2147483647 I am the very model of a "
+              "modern Major-General / I've information vegetable, animal, "
+              "and mineral.:-2147483647] I know the kings of England, and I "
+              "quote the fights historical / From Marathon to Waterloo, in "
+              "order categorical.\n"));
+    EXPECT_THAT(
+        entry.entry().text_message_with_prefix(),
+        Eq("I0102 03:04:05.678967 -2147483647 I am the very model of a "
+           "modern Major-General / I've information vegetable, animal, "
+           "and mineral.:-2147483647] I know the kings of England, and I "
+           "quote the fights historical / From Marathon to Waterloo, in "
+           "order categorical."));
+    EXPECT_THAT(
+        entry.entry().text_message(),
+        Eq("I know the kings of England, and I quote the fights historical / "
+           "From Marathon to Waterloo, in order categorical."));
+  } else {
+    LogEntryTestPeer entry(
+        "I am the very model of a modern Major-General / "
+        "I've information vegetable, animal, and mineral.",
+        -2147483647, kUsePrefix, absl::LogSeverity::kInfo,
+        "2020-01-02T03:04:05.678967896789", 2147483647,
+        absl::log_internal::PrefixFormat::kNotRaw,
+        "I know the kings of England, and I quote the fights historical / "
+        "From Marathon to Waterloo, in order categorical.");
+    EXPECT_THAT(
+        entry.FormatLogMessage(),
+        Eq("I0102 03:04:05.678967 2147483647 I am the very model of a "
+           "modern Major-General / I've information vegetable, animal, "
+           "and mineral.:-2147483647] I know the kings of England, and I "
+           "quote the fights historical / From Marathon to Waterloo, in "
+           "order categorical."));
+    EXPECT_THAT(entry.FormatPrefixIntoSizedBuffer(1000),
+                Eq("I0102 03:04:05.678967 2147483647 I am the very model of a "
+                   "modern Major-General / I've information vegetable, animal, "
+                   "and mineral.:-2147483647] "));
+    for (size_t sz =
+             strlen(
+                 "I0102 03:04:05.678967 2147483647 I am the very model of a "
+                 "modern Major-General / I've information vegetable, animal, "
+                 "and mineral.:-2147483647] ") +
+             20;
+         sz != std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max(); sz--)
+      EXPECT_THAT(
+          "I0102 03:04:05.678967 2147483647 I am the very model of a "
+          "modern Major-General / I've information vegetable, animal, "
+          "and mineral.:-2147483647] ",
+          StartsWith(entry.FormatPrefixIntoSizedBuffer(sz)));
+
+    EXPECT_THAT(
+        entry.entry().text_message_with_prefix_and_newline(),
+        Eq("I0102 03:04:05.678967 2147483647 I am the very model of a "
+           "modern Major-General / I've information vegetable, animal, "
+           "and mineral.:-2147483647] I know the kings of England, and I "
+           "quote the fights historical / From Marathon to Waterloo, in "
+           "order categorical.\n"));
+    EXPECT_THAT(
+        entry.entry().text_message_with_prefix_and_newline_c_str(),
+        StrEq("I0102 03:04:05.678967 2147483647 I am the very model of a "
+              "modern Major-General / I've information vegetable, animal, "
+              "and mineral.:-2147483647] I know the kings of England, and I "
+              "quote the fights historical / From Marathon to Waterloo, in "
+              "order categorical.\n"));
+    EXPECT_THAT(
+        entry.entry().text_message_with_prefix(),
+        Eq("I0102 03:04:05.678967 2147483647 I am the very model of a "
+           "modern Major-General / I've information vegetable, animal, "
+           "and mineral.:-2147483647] I know the kings of England, and I "
+           "quote the fights historical / From Marathon to Waterloo, in "
+           "order categorical."));
+    EXPECT_THAT(
+        entry.entry().text_message(),
+        Eq("I know the kings of England, and I quote the fights historical / "
+           "From Marathon to Waterloo, in order categorical."));
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(LogEntryTest, Raw) {
+  LogEntryTestPeer entry("foo.cc", 1234, kUsePrefix, absl::LogSeverity::kInfo,
+                         "2020-01-02T03:04:05.6789", 451,
+                         absl::log_internal::PrefixFormat::kRaw, "hello world");
+  EXPECT_THAT(
+      entry.FormatLogMessage(),
+      Eq("I0102 03:04:05.678900     451 foo.cc:1234] RAW: hello world"));
+  EXPECT_THAT(entry.FormatPrefixIntoSizedBuffer(1000),
+              Eq("I0102 03:04:05.678900     451 foo.cc:1234] RAW: "));
+  for (size_t sz =
+           strlen("I0102 03:04:05.678900     451 foo.cc:1234] RAW: ") + 20;
+       sz != std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max(); sz--)
+    EXPECT_THAT("I0102 03:04:05.678900     451 foo.cc:1234] RAW: ",
+                StartsWith(entry.FormatPrefixIntoSizedBuffer(sz)));
+
+  EXPECT_THAT(
+      entry.entry().text_message_with_prefix_and_newline(),
+      Eq("I0102 03:04:05.678900     451 foo.cc:1234] RAW: hello world\n"));
+  EXPECT_THAT(
+      entry.entry().text_message_with_prefix_and_newline_c_str(),
+      StrEq("I0102 03:04:05.678900     451 foo.cc:1234] RAW: hello world\n"));
+  EXPECT_THAT(
+      entry.entry().text_message_with_prefix(),
+      Eq("I0102 03:04:05.678900     451 foo.cc:1234] RAW: hello world"));
+  EXPECT_THAT(entry.entry().text_message(), Eq("hello world"));
+}
+
+}  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/log/log_format_test.cc b/absl/log/log_format_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dbad5d97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/log_format_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,1872 @@
+//
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include <math.h>
+
+#include <iomanip>
+#include <ios>
+#include <limits>
+#include <ostream>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+#ifdef __ANDROID__
+#include <android/api-level.h>
+#endif
+#include "gmock/gmock.h"
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/log/check.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/test_matchers.h"
+#include "absl/log/log.h"
+#include "absl/log/scoped_mock_log.h"
+#include "absl/strings/match.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_format.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+#include "absl/types/optional.h"
+
+namespace {
+using ::absl::log_internal::AsString;
+using ::absl::log_internal::MatchesOstream;
+using ::absl::log_internal::RawEncodedMessage;
+using ::absl::log_internal::TextMessage;
+using ::absl::log_internal::TextPrefix;
+using ::testing::AllOf;
+using ::testing::AnyOf;
+using ::testing::Each;
+using ::testing::EndsWith;
+using ::testing::Eq;
+using ::testing::Ge;
+using ::testing::IsEmpty;
+using ::testing::Le;
+using ::testing::SizeIs;
+using ::testing::Types;
+
+// Some aspects of formatting streamed data (e.g. pointer handling) are
+// implementation-defined.  Others are buggy in supported implementations.
+// These tests validate that the formatting matches that performed by a
+// `std::ostream` and also that the result is one of a list of expected formats.
+
+std::ostringstream ComparisonStream() {
+  std::ostringstream str;
+  str.setf(std::ios_base::showbase | std::ios_base::boolalpha |
+           std::ios_base::internal);
+  return str;
+}
+
+TEST(LogFormatTest, NoMessage) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const int log_line = __LINE__ + 1;
+  auto do_log = [] { LOG(INFO); };
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+              Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(ComparisonStream())),
+                         TextPrefix(AsString(EndsWith(absl::StrCat(
+                             " log_format_test.cc:", log_line, "] ")))),
+                         TextMessage(IsEmpty()),
+                         ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb()pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  do_log();
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+class CharLogFormatTest : public testing::Test {};
+using CharTypes = Types<char, signed char, unsigned char>;
+TYPED_TEST_SUITE(CharLogFormatTest, CharTypes);
+
+TYPED_TEST(CharLogFormatTest, Printable) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const TypeParam value = 'x';
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                 TextMessage(Eq("x")),
+                 ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value { str: "x" })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << value;
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST(CharLogFormatTest, Unprintable) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  constexpr auto value = static_cast<TypeParam>(0xeeu);
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink, Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                            TextMessage(Eq("\xee")),
+                            ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                                               str: "\xee"
+                                                             })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << value;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+class UnsignedIntLogFormatTest : public testing::Test {};
+using UnsignedIntTypes = Types<unsigned short, unsigned int,        // NOLINT
+                               unsigned long, unsigned long long>;  // NOLINT
+TYPED_TEST_SUITE(UnsignedIntLogFormatTest, UnsignedIntTypes);
+
+TYPED_TEST(UnsignedIntLogFormatTest, Positive) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const TypeParam value = 224;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                 TextMessage(Eq("224")),
+                 ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value { str: "224" })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << value;
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST(UnsignedIntLogFormatTest, BitfieldPositive) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const struct {
+    TypeParam bits : 6;
+  } value{42};
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << value.bits;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                 TextMessage(Eq("42")),
+                 ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value { str: "42" })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << value.bits;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+class SignedIntLogFormatTest : public testing::Test {};
+using SignedIntTypes =
+    Types<signed short, signed int, signed long, signed long long>;  // NOLINT
+TYPED_TEST_SUITE(SignedIntLogFormatTest, SignedIntTypes);
+
+TYPED_TEST(SignedIntLogFormatTest, Positive) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const TypeParam value = 224;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                 TextMessage(Eq("224")),
+                 ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value { str: "224" })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << value;
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST(SignedIntLogFormatTest, Negative) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const TypeParam value = -112;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink, Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                            TextMessage(Eq("-112")),
+                            ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                                               str: "-112"
+                                                             })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << value;
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST(SignedIntLogFormatTest, BitfieldPositive) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const struct {
+    TypeParam bits : 6;
+  } value{21};
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << value.bits;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                 TextMessage(Eq("21")),
+                 ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value { str: "21" })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << value.bits;
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST(SignedIntLogFormatTest, BitfieldNegative) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const struct {
+    TypeParam bits : 6;
+  } value{-21};
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << value.bits;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                 TextMessage(Eq("-21")),
+                 ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value { str: "-21" })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << value.bits;
+}
+
+// Ignore these test cases on GCC due to "is too small to hold all values ..."
+// warning.
+#if !defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
+// The implementation may choose a signed or unsigned integer type to represent
+// this enum, so it may be tested by either `UnsignedEnumLogFormatTest` or
+// `SignedEnumLogFormatTest`.
+enum MyUnsignedEnum {
+  MyUnsignedEnum_ZERO = 0,
+  MyUnsignedEnum_FORTY_TWO = 42,
+  MyUnsignedEnum_TWO_HUNDRED_TWENTY_FOUR = 224,
+};
+enum MyUnsignedIntEnum : unsigned int {
+  MyUnsignedIntEnum_ZERO = 0,
+  MyUnsignedIntEnum_FORTY_TWO = 42,
+  MyUnsignedIntEnum_TWO_HUNDRED_TWENTY_FOUR = 224,
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+class UnsignedEnumLogFormatTest : public testing::Test {};
+using UnsignedEnumTypes = std::conditional<
+    std::is_signed<std::underlying_type<MyUnsignedEnum>::type>::value,
+    Types<MyUnsignedIntEnum>, Types<MyUnsignedEnum, MyUnsignedIntEnum>>::type;
+TYPED_TEST_SUITE(UnsignedEnumLogFormatTest, UnsignedEnumTypes);
+
+TYPED_TEST(UnsignedEnumLogFormatTest, Positive) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const TypeParam value = static_cast<TypeParam>(224);
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                 TextMessage(Eq("224")),
+                 ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value { str: "224" })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << value;
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST(UnsignedEnumLogFormatTest, BitfieldPositive) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const struct {
+    TypeParam bits : 6;
+  } value{static_cast<TypeParam>(42)};
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << value.bits;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                 TextMessage(Eq("42")),
+                 ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value { str: "42" })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << value.bits;
+}
+
+enum MySignedEnum {
+  MySignedEnum_NEGATIVE_ONE_HUNDRED_TWELVE = -112,
+  MySignedEnum_NEGATIVE_TWENTY_ONE = -21,
+  MySignedEnum_ZERO = 0,
+  MySignedEnum_TWENTY_ONE = 21,
+  MySignedEnum_TWO_HUNDRED_TWENTY_FOUR = 224,
+};
+enum MySignedIntEnum : signed int {
+  MySignedIntEnum_NEGATIVE_ONE_HUNDRED_TWELVE = -112,
+  MySignedIntEnum_NEGATIVE_TWENTY_ONE = -21,
+  MySignedIntEnum_ZERO = 0,
+  MySignedIntEnum_TWENTY_ONE = 21,
+  MySignedIntEnum_TWO_HUNDRED_TWENTY_FOUR = 224,
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+class SignedEnumLogFormatTest : public testing::Test {};
+using SignedEnumTypes = std::conditional<
+    std::is_signed<std::underlying_type<MyUnsignedEnum>::type>::value,
+    Types<MyUnsignedEnum, MySignedEnum, MySignedIntEnum>,
+    Types<MySignedEnum, MySignedIntEnum>>::type;
+TYPED_TEST_SUITE(SignedEnumLogFormatTest, SignedEnumTypes);
+
+TYPED_TEST(SignedEnumLogFormatTest, Positive) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const TypeParam value = static_cast<TypeParam>(224);
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                 TextMessage(Eq("224")),
+                 ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value { str: "224" })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << value;
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST(SignedEnumLogFormatTest, Negative) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const TypeParam value = static_cast<TypeParam>(-112);
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink, Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                            TextMessage(Eq("-112")),
+                            ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                                               str: "-112"
+                                                             })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << value;
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST(SignedEnumLogFormatTest, BitfieldPositive) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const struct {
+    TypeParam bits : 6;
+  } value{static_cast<TypeParam>(21)};
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << value.bits;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                 TextMessage(Eq("21")),
+                 ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value { str: "21" })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << value.bits;
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST(SignedEnumLogFormatTest, BitfieldNegative) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const struct {
+    TypeParam bits : 6;
+  } value{static_cast<TypeParam>(-21)};
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << value.bits;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                 TextMessage(Eq("-21")),
+                 ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value { str: "-21" })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << value.bits;
+}
+#endif
+
+TEST(FloatLogFormatTest, Positive) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const float value = 6.02e23f;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+              Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                         TextMessage(Eq("6.02e+23")),
+                         ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                                            str: "6.02e+23"
+                                                          })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << value;
+}
+
+TEST(FloatLogFormatTest, Negative) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const float value = -6.02e23f;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+              Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                         TextMessage(Eq("-6.02e+23")),
+                         ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                                            str: "-6.02e+23"
+                                                          })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << value;
+}
+
+TEST(FloatLogFormatTest, NegativeExponent) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const float value = 6.02e-23f;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+              Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                         TextMessage(Eq("6.02e-23")),
+                         ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                                            str: "6.02e-23"
+                                                          })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << value;
+}
+
+TEST(DoubleLogFormatTest, Positive) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const double value = 6.02e23;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+              Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                         TextMessage(Eq("6.02e+23")),
+                         ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                                            str: "6.02e+23"
+                                                          })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << value;
+}
+
+TEST(DoubleLogFormatTest, Negative) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const double value = -6.02e23;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+              Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                         TextMessage(Eq("-6.02e+23")),
+                         ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                                            str: "-6.02e+23"
+                                                          })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << value;
+}
+
+TEST(DoubleLogFormatTest, NegativeExponent) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const double value = 6.02e-23;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+              Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                         TextMessage(Eq("6.02e-23")),
+                         ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                                            str: "6.02e-23"
+                                                          })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << value;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+class FloatingPointLogFormatTest : public testing::Test {};
+using FloatingPointTypes = Types<float, double>;
+TYPED_TEST_SUITE(FloatingPointLogFormatTest, FloatingPointTypes);
+
+TYPED_TEST(FloatingPointLogFormatTest, Zero) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const TypeParam value = 0.0;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                 TextMessage(Eq("0")),
+                 ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value { str: "0" })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << value;
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST(FloatingPointLogFormatTest, Integer) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const TypeParam value = 1.0;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                 TextMessage(Eq("1")),
+                 ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value { str: "1" })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << value;
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST(FloatingPointLogFormatTest, Infinity) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const TypeParam value = std::numeric_limits<TypeParam>::infinity();
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                 TextMessage(AnyOf(Eq("inf"), Eq("Inf"))),
+                 ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value { str: "inf" })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << value;
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST(FloatingPointLogFormatTest, NegativeInfinity) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const TypeParam value = -std::numeric_limits<TypeParam>::infinity();
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink, Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                            TextMessage(AnyOf(Eq("-inf"), Eq("-Inf"))),
+                            ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                                               str: "-inf"
+                                                             })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << value;
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST(FloatingPointLogFormatTest, NaN) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const TypeParam value = std::numeric_limits<TypeParam>::quiet_NaN();
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                 TextMessage(AnyOf(Eq("nan"), Eq("NaN"))),
+                 ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value { str: "nan" })pb")))));
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << value;
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST(FloatingPointLogFormatTest, NegativeNaN) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const TypeParam value =
+      std::copysign(std::numeric_limits<TypeParam>::quiet_NaN(), -1.0);
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(
+          TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+          TextMessage(AnyOf(Eq("-nan"), Eq("nan"), Eq("NaN"), Eq("-nan(ind)"))),
+          ENCODED_MESSAGE(
+              AnyOf(EqualsProto(R"pb(value { str: "-nan" })pb"),
+                    EqualsProto(R"pb(value { str: "nan" })pb"),
+                    EqualsProto(R"pb(value { str: "-nan(ind)" })pb"))))));
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << value;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+class VoidPtrLogFormatTest : public testing::Test {};
+using VoidPtrTypes = Types<void *, const void *>;
+TYPED_TEST_SUITE(VoidPtrLogFormatTest, VoidPtrTypes);
+
+TYPED_TEST(VoidPtrLogFormatTest, Null) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const TypeParam value = nullptr;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                 TextMessage(AnyOf(Eq("(nil)"), Eq("0"), Eq("0x0"),
+                                   Eq("00000000"), Eq("0000000000000000"))))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << value;
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST(VoidPtrLogFormatTest, NonNull) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const TypeParam value = reinterpret_cast<TypeParam>(0xdeadbeefULL);
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(
+          TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+          TextMessage(
+              AnyOf(Eq("0xdeadbeef"), Eq("DEADBEEF"), Eq("00000000DEADBEEF"))),
+          ENCODED_MESSAGE(AnyOf(
+              EqualsProto(R"pb(value { str: "0xdeadbeef" })pb"),
+              EqualsProto(R"pb(value { str: "00000000DEADBEEF" })pb"))))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << value;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+class VolatilePtrLogFormatTest : public testing::Test {};
+using VolatilePtrTypes =
+    Types<volatile void*, const volatile void*, volatile char*,
+          const volatile char*, volatile signed char*,
+          const volatile signed char*, volatile unsigned char*,
+          const volatile unsigned char*>;
+TYPED_TEST_SUITE(VolatilePtrLogFormatTest, VolatilePtrTypes);
+
+TYPED_TEST(VolatilePtrLogFormatTest, Null) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const TypeParam value = nullptr;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink, Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                            TextMessage(Eq("false")),
+                            ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                                               str: "false"
+                                                             })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << value;
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST(VolatilePtrLogFormatTest, NonNull) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const TypeParam value = reinterpret_cast<TypeParam>(0xdeadbeefLL);
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink, Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                            TextMessage(Eq("true")),
+                            ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                                               str: "true"
+                                                             })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << value;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+class CharPtrLogFormatTest : public testing::Test {};
+using CharPtrTypes = Types<char, const char, signed char, const signed char,
+                           unsigned char, const unsigned char>;
+TYPED_TEST_SUITE(CharPtrLogFormatTest, CharPtrTypes);
+
+TYPED_TEST(CharPtrLogFormatTest, Null) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  // Streaming `([cv] char *)nullptr` into a `std::ostream` is UB, and some C++
+  // standard library implementations choose to crash.  We take measures to log
+  // something useful instead of crashing, even when that differs from the
+  // standard library in use (and thus the behavior of `std::ostream`).
+  TypeParam* const value = nullptr;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(
+          // `MatchesOstream` deliberately omitted since we deliberately differ.
+          TextMessage(Eq("(null)")),
+          ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value { str: "(null)" })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << value;
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST(CharPtrLogFormatTest, NonNull) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  TypeParam data[] = {'v', 'a', 'l', 'u', 'e', '\0'};
+  TypeParam* const value = data;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink, Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                            TextMessage(Eq("value")),
+                            ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                                               str: "value"
+                                                             })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << value;
+}
+
+TEST(BoolLogFormatTest, True) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const bool value = true;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink, Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                            TextMessage(Eq("true")),
+                            ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                                               str: "true"
+                                                             })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << value;
+}
+
+TEST(BoolLogFormatTest, False) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const bool value = false;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink, Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                            TextMessage(Eq("false")),
+                            ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                                               str: "false"
+                                                             })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << value;
+}
+
+TEST(LogFormatTest, StringLiteral) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << "value";
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+              Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                         TextMessage(Eq("value")),
+                         ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                                            literal: "value"
+                                                          })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << "value";
+}
+
+TEST(LogFormatTest, CharArray) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  char value[] = "value";
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink, Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                            TextMessage(Eq("value")),
+                            ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                                               str: "value"
+                                                             })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << value;
+}
+
+class CustomClass {};
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const CustomClass&) {
+  return os << "CustomClass{}";
+}
+
+TEST(LogFormatTest, Custom) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  CustomClass value;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+              Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                         TextMessage(Eq("CustomClass{}")),
+                         ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                                            str: "CustomClass{}"
+                                                          })pb")))));
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << value;
+}
+
+class CustomClassNonCopyable {
+ public:
+  CustomClassNonCopyable() = default;
+  CustomClassNonCopyable(const CustomClassNonCopyable&) = delete;
+  CustomClassNonCopyable& operator=(const CustomClassNonCopyable&) = delete;
+};
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const CustomClassNonCopyable&) {
+  return os << "CustomClassNonCopyable{}";
+}
+
+TEST(LogFormatTest, CustomNonCopyable) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  CustomClassNonCopyable value;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                 TextMessage(Eq("CustomClassNonCopyable{}")),
+                 ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(
+                     R"pb(value { str: "CustomClassNonCopyable{}" })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << value;
+}
+
+struct Point {
+  template <typename Sink>
+  friend void AbslStringify(Sink& sink, const Point& p) {
+    absl::Format(&sink, "(%d, %d)", p.x, p.y);
+  }
+
+  int x = 10;
+  int y = 20;
+};
+
+TEST(LogFormatTest, AbslStringifyExample) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  Point p;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(
+          TextMessage(Eq("(10, 20)")), TextMessage(Eq(absl::StrCat(p))),
+          ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value { str: "(10, 20)" })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << p;
+}
+
+struct PointWithAbslStringifiyAndOstream {
+  template <typename Sink>
+  friend void AbslStringify(Sink& sink,
+                            const PointWithAbslStringifiyAndOstream& p) {
+    absl::Format(&sink, "(%d, %d)", p.x, p.y);
+  }
+
+  int x = 10;
+  int y = 20;
+};
+
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED std::ostream& operator<<(
+    std::ostream& os, const PointWithAbslStringifiyAndOstream&) {
+  return os << "Default to AbslStringify()";
+}
+
+TEST(LogFormatTest, CustomWithAbslStringifyAndOstream) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  PointWithAbslStringifiyAndOstream p;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(
+          TextMessage(Eq("(10, 20)")), TextMessage(Eq(absl::StrCat(p))),
+          ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value { str: "(10, 20)" })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << p;
+}
+
+struct PointStreamsNothing {
+  template <typename Sink>
+  friend void AbslStringify(Sink&, const PointStreamsNothing&) {}
+
+  int x = 10;
+  int y = 20;
+};
+
+TEST(LogFormatTest, AbslStringifyStreamsNothing) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  PointStreamsNothing p;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(TextMessage(Eq("77")), TextMessage(Eq(absl::StrCat(p, 77))),
+                 ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value { str: "77" })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << p << 77;
+}
+
+struct PointMultipleAppend {
+  template <typename Sink>
+  friend void AbslStringify(Sink& sink, const PointMultipleAppend& p) {
+    sink.Append("(");
+    sink.Append(absl::StrCat(p.x, ", ", p.y, ")"));
+  }
+
+  int x = 10;
+  int y = 20;
+};
+
+TEST(LogFormatTest, AbslStringifyMultipleAppend) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  PointMultipleAppend p;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(
+          TextMessage(Eq("(10, 20)")), TextMessage(Eq(absl::StrCat(p))),
+          ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value { str: "(" }
+                                           value { str: "10, 20)" })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << p;
+}
+
+TEST(ManipulatorLogFormatTest, BoolAlphaTrue) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const bool value = true;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << std::noboolalpha << value << " "  //
+                    << std::boolalpha << value << " "    //
+                    << std::noboolalpha << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+              Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                         TextMessage(Eq("1 true 1")),
+                         ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(
+                             R"pb(value { str: "1" }
+                                  value { literal: " " }
+                                  value { str: "true" }
+                                  value { literal: " " }
+                                  value { str: "1" })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << std::noboolalpha << value << " "  //
+            << std::boolalpha << value << " "    //
+            << std::noboolalpha << value;
+}
+
+TEST(ManipulatorLogFormatTest, BoolAlphaFalse) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const bool value = false;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << std::noboolalpha << value << " "  //
+                    << std::boolalpha << value << " "    //
+                    << std::noboolalpha << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+              Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                         TextMessage(Eq("0 false 0")),
+                         ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(
+                             R"pb(value { str: "0" }
+                                  value { literal: " " }
+                                  value { str: "false" }
+                                  value { literal: " " }
+                                  value { str: "0" })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << std::noboolalpha << value << " "  //
+            << std::boolalpha << value << " "    //
+            << std::noboolalpha << value;
+}
+
+TEST(ManipulatorLogFormatTest, ShowPoint) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const double value = 77.0;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << std::noshowpoint << value << " "  //
+                    << std::showpoint << value << " "    //
+                    << std::noshowpoint << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                 TextMessage(Eq("77 77.0000 77")),
+                 ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value { str: "77" }
+                                                  value { literal: " " }
+                                                  value { str: "77.0000" }
+                                                  value { literal: " " }
+                                                  value { str: "77" })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << std::noshowpoint << value << " "  //
+            << std::showpoint << value << " "    //
+            << std::noshowpoint << value;
+}
+
+TEST(ManipulatorLogFormatTest, ShowPos) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const int value = 77;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << std::noshowpos << value << " "  //
+                    << std::showpos << value << " "    //
+                    << std::noshowpos << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                 TextMessage(Eq("77 +77 77")),
+                 ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value { str: "77" }
+                                                  value { literal: " " }
+                                                  value { str: "+77" }
+                                                  value { literal: " " }
+                                                  value { str: "77" })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << std::noshowpos << value << " "  //
+            << std::showpos << value << " "    //
+            << std::noshowpos << value;
+}
+
+TEST(ManipulatorLogFormatTest, UppercaseFloat) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const double value = 7.7e7;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << std::nouppercase << value << " "  //
+                    << std::uppercase << value << " "    //
+                    << std::nouppercase << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+              Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                         TextMessage(Eq("7.7e+07 7.7E+07 7.7e+07")),
+                         ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(
+                             R"pb(value { str: "7.7e+07" }
+                                  value { literal: " " }
+                                  value { str: "7.7E+07" }
+                                  value { literal: " " }
+                                  value { str: "7.7e+07" })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << std::nouppercase << value << " "  //
+            << std::uppercase << value << " "    //
+            << std::nouppercase << value;
+}
+
+TEST(ManipulatorLogFormatTest, Hex) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const int value = 0x77;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << std::hex << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink, Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                            TextMessage(Eq("0x77")),
+                            ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                                               str: "0x77"
+                                                             })pb")))));
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << std::hex << value;
+}
+
+TEST(ManipulatorLogFormatTest, Oct) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const int value = 077;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << std::oct << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                 TextMessage(Eq("077")),
+                 ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value { str: "077" })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << std::oct << value;
+}
+
+TEST(ManipulatorLogFormatTest, Dec) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const int value = 77;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << std::hex << std::dec << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                 TextMessage(Eq("77")),
+                 ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value { str: "77" })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << std::hex << std::dec << value;
+}
+
+TEST(ManipulatorLogFormatTest, ShowbaseHex) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const int value = 0x77;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << std::hex                         //
+                    << std::noshowbase << value << " "  //
+                    << std::showbase << value << " "    //
+                    << std::noshowbase << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                 TextMessage(Eq("77 0x77 77")),
+                 ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value { str: "77" }
+                                                  value { literal: " " }
+                                                  value { str: "0x77" }
+                                                  value { literal: " " }
+                                                  value { str: "77" })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << std::hex                         //
+            << std::noshowbase << value << " "  //
+            << std::showbase << value << " "    //
+            << std::noshowbase << value;
+}
+
+TEST(ManipulatorLogFormatTest, ShowbaseOct) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const int value = 077;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << std::oct                         //
+                    << std::noshowbase << value << " "  //
+                    << std::showbase << value << " "    //
+                    << std::noshowbase << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                 TextMessage(Eq("77 077 77")),
+                 ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value { str: "77" }
+                                                  value { literal: " " }
+                                                  value { str: "077" }
+                                                  value { literal: " " }
+                                                  value { str: "77" })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << std::oct                         //
+            << std::noshowbase << value << " "  //
+            << std::showbase << value << " "    //
+            << std::noshowbase << value;
+}
+
+TEST(ManipulatorLogFormatTest, UppercaseHex) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const int value = 0xbeef;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream                        //
+      << std::hex                          //
+      << std::nouppercase << value << " "  //
+      << std::uppercase << value << " "    //
+      << std::nouppercase << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+              Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                         TextMessage(Eq("0xbeef 0XBEEF 0xbeef")),
+                         ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(
+                             R"pb(value { str: "0xbeef" }
+                                  value { literal: " " }
+                                  value { str: "0XBEEF" }
+                                  value { literal: " " }
+                                  value { str: "0xbeef" })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << std::hex                          //
+            << std::nouppercase << value << " "  //
+            << std::uppercase << value << " "    //
+            << std::nouppercase << value;
+}
+
+TEST(ManipulatorLogFormatTest, FixedFloat) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const double value = 7.7e7;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << std::fixed << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                 TextMessage(Eq("77000000.000000")),
+                 ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                                    str: "77000000.000000"
+                                                  })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << std::fixed << value;
+}
+
+TEST(ManipulatorLogFormatTest, ScientificFloat) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const double value = 7.7e7;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << std::scientific << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+              Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                         TextMessage(Eq("7.700000e+07")),
+                         ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                                            str: "7.700000e+07"
+                                                          })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << std::scientific << value;
+}
+
+#if defined(__BIONIC__) && (!defined(__ANDROID_API__) || __ANDROID_API__ < 22)
+// Bionic doesn't support `%a` until API 22, so this prints 'a' even if the
+// C++ standard library implements it correctly (by forwarding to printf).
+#elif defined(__GLIBCXX__) && __cplusplus < 201402L
+// libstdc++ shipped C++11 support without `std::hexfloat`.
+#else
+TEST(ManipulatorLogFormatTest, FixedAndScientificFloat) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const double value = 7.7e7;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << std::setiosflags(std::ios_base::scientific |
+                                        std::ios_base::fixed)
+                    << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                 TextMessage(AnyOf(Eq("0x1.25bb50p+26"), Eq("0x1.25bb5p+26"),
+                                   Eq("0x1.25bb500000000p+26"))),
+                 ENCODED_MESSAGE(
+                     AnyOf(EqualsProto(R"pb(value { str: "0x1.25bb5p+26" })pb"),
+                           EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                              str: "0x1.25bb500000000p+26"
+                                            })pb"))))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+
+  // This combination should mean the same thing as `std::hexfloat`.
+  LOG(INFO) << std::setiosflags(std::ios_base::scientific |
+                                std::ios_base::fixed)
+            << value;
+}
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__BIONIC__) && (!defined(__ANDROID_API__) || __ANDROID_API__ < 22)
+// Bionic doesn't support `%a` until API 22, so this prints 'a' even if the C++
+// standard library supports `std::hexfloat` (by forwarding to printf).
+#elif defined(__GLIBCXX__) && __cplusplus < 201402L
+// libstdc++ shipped C++11 support without `std::hexfloat`.
+#else
+TEST(ManipulatorLogFormatTest, HexfloatFloat) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const double value = 7.7e7;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << std::hexfloat << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                 TextMessage(AnyOf(Eq("0x1.25bb50p+26"), Eq("0x1.25bb5p+26"),
+                                   Eq("0x1.25bb500000000p+26"))),
+                 ENCODED_MESSAGE(
+                     AnyOf(EqualsProto(R"pb(value { str: "0x1.25bb5p+26" })pb"),
+                           EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                              str: "0x1.25bb500000000p+26"
+                                            })pb"))))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << std::hexfloat << value;
+}
+#endif
+
+TEST(ManipulatorLogFormatTest, DefaultFloatFloat) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const double value = 7.7e7;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << std::hexfloat << std::defaultfloat << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+              Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                         TextMessage(Eq("7.7e+07")),
+                         ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                                            str: "7.7e+07"
+                                                          })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << std::hexfloat << std::defaultfloat << value;
+}
+
+TEST(ManipulatorLogFormatTest, Ends) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << std::ends;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                 TextMessage(Eq(absl::string_view("\0", 1))),
+                 ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value { str: "\0" })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << std::ends;
+}
+
+TEST(ManipulatorLogFormatTest, Endl) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << std::endl;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(
+          TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+          TextMessage(Eq("\n")),
+          ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value { str: "\n" })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << std::endl;
+}
+
+TEST(ManipulatorLogFormatTest, SetIosFlags) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const int value = 0x77;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << std::resetiosflags(std::ios_base::basefield)
+                    << std::setiosflags(std::ios_base::hex) << value << " "  //
+                    << std::resetiosflags(std::ios_base::basefield)
+                    << std::setiosflags(std::ios_base::dec) << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(
+          TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+          TextMessage(Eq("0x77 119")),
+          // `std::setiosflags` and `std::resetiosflags` aren't manipulators.
+          // We're unable to distinguish their return type(s) from arbitrary
+          // user-defined types and thus don't suppress the empty str value.
+          ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value { str: "0x77" }
+                                           value { literal: " " }
+                                           value { str: "119" }
+          )pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << std::resetiosflags(std::ios_base::basefield)
+            << std::setiosflags(std::ios_base::hex) << value << " "  //
+            << std::resetiosflags(std::ios_base::basefield)
+            << std::setiosflags(std::ios_base::dec) << value;
+}
+
+TEST(ManipulatorLogFormatTest, SetBase) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const int value = 0x77;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << std::setbase(16) << value << " "  //
+                    << std::setbase(0) << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                 TextMessage(Eq("0x77 119")),
+                 // `std::setbase` isn't a manipulator.  We're unable to
+                 // distinguish its return type from arbitrary user-defined
+                 // types and thus don't suppress the empty str value.
+                 ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(
+                     R"pb(value { str: "0x77" }
+                          value { literal: " " }
+                          value { str: "119" })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << std::setbase(16) << value << " "  //
+            << std::setbase(0) << value;
+}
+
+TEST(ManipulatorLogFormatTest, SetPrecision) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const double value = 6.022140857e23;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << std::setprecision(4) << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(
+          TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+          TextMessage(Eq("6.022e+23")),
+          // `std::setprecision` isn't a manipulator.  We're unable to
+          // distinguish its return type from arbitrary user-defined
+          // types and thus don't suppress the empty str value.
+          ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value { str: "6.022e+23" })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << std::setprecision(4) << value;
+}
+
+TEST(ManipulatorLogFormatTest, SetPrecisionOverflow) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const double value = 6.022140857e23;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << std::setprecision(200) << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                 TextMessage(Eq("602214085700000015187968")),
+                 ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(
+                     R"pb(value { str: "602214085700000015187968" })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << std::setprecision(200) << value;
+}
+
+TEST(ManipulatorLogFormatTest, SetW) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const int value = 77;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << std::setw(8) << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(
+          TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+          TextMessage(Eq("      77")),
+          // `std::setw` isn't a manipulator.  We're unable to
+          // distinguish its return type from arbitrary user-defined
+          // types and thus don't suppress the empty str value.
+          ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value { str: "      77" })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << std::setw(8) << value;
+}
+
+TEST(ManipulatorLogFormatTest, Left) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const int value = -77;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << std::left << std::setw(8) << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+              Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                         TextMessage(Eq("-77     ")),
+                         ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                                            str: "-77     "
+                                                          })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << std::left << std::setw(8) << value;
+}
+
+TEST(ManipulatorLogFormatTest, Right) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const int value = -77;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << std::right << std::setw(8) << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+              Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                         TextMessage(Eq("     -77")),
+                         ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                                            str: "     -77"
+                                                          })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << std::right << std::setw(8) << value;
+}
+
+TEST(ManipulatorLogFormatTest, Internal) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const int value = -77;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << std::internal << std::setw(8) << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+              Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                         TextMessage(Eq("-     77")),
+                         ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                                            str: "-     77"
+                                                          })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << std::internal << std::setw(8) << value;
+}
+
+TEST(ManipulatorLogFormatTest, SetFill) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  const int value = 77;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << std::setfill('0') << std::setw(8) << value;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+              Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                         TextMessage(Eq("00000077")),
+                         // `std::setfill` isn't a manipulator.  We're
+                         // unable to distinguish its return
+                         // type from arbitrary user-defined types and
+                         // thus don't suppress the empty str value.
+                         ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                                            str: "00000077"
+                                                          })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << std::setfill('0') << std::setw(8) << value;
+}
+
+class FromCustomClass {};
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const FromCustomClass&) {
+  return os << "FromCustomClass{}" << std::hex;
+}
+
+TEST(ManipulatorLogFormatTest, FromCustom) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  FromCustomClass value;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << value << " " << 0x77;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+              Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                         TextMessage(Eq("FromCustomClass{} 0x77")),
+                         ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(
+                             R"pb(value { str: "FromCustomClass{}" }
+                                  value { literal: " " }
+                                  value { str: "0x77" })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << value << " " << 0x77;
+}
+
+class StreamsNothing {};
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const StreamsNothing&) { return os; }
+
+TEST(ManipulatorLogFormatTest, CustomClassStreamsNothing) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  StreamsNothing value;
+  auto comparison_stream = ComparisonStream();
+  comparison_stream << value << 77;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(comparison_stream)),
+                 TextMessage(Eq("77")),
+                 ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value { str: "77" })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << value << 77;
+}
+
+struct PointPercentV {
+  template <typename Sink>
+  friend void AbslStringify(Sink& sink, const PointPercentV& p) {
+    absl::Format(&sink, "(%v, %v)", p.x, p.y);
+  }
+
+  int x = 10;
+  int y = 20;
+};
+
+TEST(ManipulatorLogFormatTest, IOManipsDoNotAffectAbslStringify) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  PointPercentV p;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(
+          TextMessage(Eq("(10, 20)")), TextMessage(Eq(absl::StrCat(p))),
+          ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value { str: "(10, 20)" })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << std::hex << p;
+}
+
+TEST(StructuredLoggingOverflowTest, TruncatesStrings) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  // This message is too long and should be truncated to some unspecified size
+  // no greater than the buffer size but not too much less either.  It should be
+  // truncated rather than discarded.
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(
+          TextMessage(AllOf(
+              SizeIs(AllOf(Ge(absl::log_internal::kLogMessageBufferSize - 256),
+                           Le(absl::log_internal::kLogMessageBufferSize))),
+              Each(Eq('x')))),
+          ENCODED_MESSAGE(HasOneStrThat(AllOf(
+              SizeIs(AllOf(Ge(absl::log_internal::kLogMessageBufferSize - 256),
+                           Le(absl::log_internal::kLogMessageBufferSize))),
+              Each(Eq('x'))))))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << std::string(2 * absl::log_internal::kLogMessageBufferSize, 'x');
+}
+
+struct StringLike {
+  absl::string_view data;
+};
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, StringLike str) {
+  return os << str.data;
+}
+
+TEST(StructuredLoggingOverflowTest, TruncatesInsertionOperators) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  // This message is too long and should be truncated to some unspecified size
+  // no greater than the buffer size but not too much less either.  It should be
+  // truncated rather than discarded.
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(
+          TextMessage(AllOf(
+              SizeIs(AllOf(Ge(absl::log_internal::kLogMessageBufferSize - 256),
+                           Le(absl::log_internal::kLogMessageBufferSize))),
+              Each(Eq('x')))),
+          ENCODED_MESSAGE(HasOneStrThat(AllOf(
+              SizeIs(AllOf(Ge(absl::log_internal::kLogMessageBufferSize - 256),
+                           Le(absl::log_internal::kLogMessageBufferSize))),
+              Each(Eq('x'))))))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << StringLike{
+      std::string(2 * absl::log_internal::kLogMessageBufferSize, 'x')};
+}
+
+// Returns the size of the largest string that will fit in a `LOG` message
+// buffer with no prefix.
+size_t MaxLogFieldLengthNoPrefix() {
+  class StringLengthExtractorSink : public absl::LogSink {
+   public:
+    void Send(const absl::LogEntry& entry) override {
+      CHECK(!size_.has_value());
+      CHECK_EQ(entry.text_message().find_first_not_of('x'),
+               absl::string_view::npos);
+      size_.emplace(entry.text_message().size());
+    }
+    size_t size() const {
+      CHECK(size_.has_value());
+      return *size_;
+    }
+
+   private:
+    absl::optional<size_t> size_;
+  } extractor_sink;
+  LOG(INFO).NoPrefix().ToSinkOnly(&extractor_sink)
+      << std::string(2 * absl::log_internal::kLogMessageBufferSize, 'x');
+  return extractor_sink.size();
+}
+
+TEST(StructuredLoggingOverflowTest, TruncatesStringsCleanly) {
+  const size_t longest_fit = MaxLogFieldLengthNoPrefix();
+  // To log a second value field, we need four bytes: two tag/type bytes and two
+  // sizes.  To put any data in the field we need a fifth byte.
+  {
+    absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+    EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+                Send(AllOf(ENCODED_MESSAGE(HasOneStrThat(
+                               AllOf(SizeIs(longest_fit), Each(Eq('x'))))),
+                           RawEncodedMessage(AsString(EndsWith("x"))))));
+    test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+    // x fits exactly, no part of y fits.
+    LOG(INFO).NoPrefix() << std::string(longest_fit, 'x') << "y";
+  }
+  {
+    absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+    EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+                Send(AllOf(ENCODED_MESSAGE(HasOneStrThat(
+                               AllOf(SizeIs(longest_fit - 1), Each(Eq('x'))))),
+                           RawEncodedMessage(AsString(EndsWith("x"))))));
+    test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+    // x fits, one byte from y's header fits but shouldn't be visible.
+    LOG(INFO).NoPrefix() << std::string(longest_fit - 1, 'x') << "y";
+  }
+  {
+    absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+    EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+                Send(AllOf(ENCODED_MESSAGE(HasOneStrThat(
+                               AllOf(SizeIs(longest_fit - 2), Each(Eq('x'))))),
+                           RawEncodedMessage(AsString(EndsWith("x"))))));
+    test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+    // x fits, two bytes from y's header fit but shouldn't be visible.
+    LOG(INFO).NoPrefix() << std::string(longest_fit - 2, 'x') << "y";
+  }
+  {
+    absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+    EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+                Send(AllOf(ENCODED_MESSAGE(HasOneStrThat(
+                               AllOf(SizeIs(longest_fit - 3), Each(Eq('x'))))),
+                           RawEncodedMessage(AsString(EndsWith("x"))))));
+    test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+    // x fits, three bytes from y's header fit but shouldn't be visible.
+    LOG(INFO).NoPrefix() << std::string(longest_fit - 3, 'x') << "y";
+  }
+  {
+    absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+    EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+                Send(AllOf(ENCODED_MESSAGE(HasOneStrAndOneLiteralThat(
+                               AllOf(SizeIs(longest_fit - 4), Each(Eq('x'))),
+                               IsEmpty())),
+                           RawEncodedMessage(Not(AsString(EndsWith("x")))))));
+    test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+    // x fits, all four bytes from y's header fit but no data bytes do, so we
+    // encode an empty string.
+    LOG(INFO).NoPrefix() << std::string(longest_fit - 4, 'x') << "y";
+  }
+  {
+    absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+    EXPECT_CALL(
+        test_sink,
+        Send(AllOf(ENCODED_MESSAGE(HasOneStrAndOneLiteralThat(
+                       AllOf(SizeIs(longest_fit - 5), Each(Eq('x'))), Eq("y"))),
+                   RawEncodedMessage(AsString(EndsWith("y"))))));
+    test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+    // x fits, y fits exactly.
+    LOG(INFO).NoPrefix() << std::string(longest_fit - 5, 'x') << "y";
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(StructuredLoggingOverflowTest, TruncatesInsertionOperatorsCleanly) {
+  const size_t longest_fit = MaxLogFieldLengthNoPrefix();
+  // To log a second value field, we need four bytes: two tag/type bytes and two
+  // sizes.  To put any data in the field we need a fifth byte.
+  {
+    absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+    EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+                Send(AllOf(ENCODED_MESSAGE(HasOneStrThat(
+                               AllOf(SizeIs(longest_fit), Each(Eq('x'))))),
+                           RawEncodedMessage(AsString(EndsWith("x"))))));
+    test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+    // x fits exactly, no part of y fits.
+    LOG(INFO).NoPrefix() << std::string(longest_fit, 'x') << StringLike{"y"};
+  }
+  {
+    absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+    EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+                Send(AllOf(ENCODED_MESSAGE(HasOneStrThat(
+                               AllOf(SizeIs(longest_fit - 1), Each(Eq('x'))))),
+                           RawEncodedMessage(AsString(EndsWith("x"))))));
+    test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+    // x fits, one byte from y's header fits but shouldn't be visible.
+    LOG(INFO).NoPrefix() << std::string(longest_fit - 1, 'x')
+                         << StringLike{"y"};
+  }
+  {
+    absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+    EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+                Send(AllOf(ENCODED_MESSAGE(HasOneStrThat(
+                               AllOf(SizeIs(longest_fit - 2), Each(Eq('x'))))),
+                           RawEncodedMessage(AsString(EndsWith("x"))))));
+    test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+    // x fits, two bytes from y's header fit but shouldn't be visible.
+    LOG(INFO).NoPrefix() << std::string(longest_fit - 2, 'x')
+                         << StringLike{"y"};
+  }
+  {
+    absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+    EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+                Send(AllOf(ENCODED_MESSAGE(HasOneStrThat(
+                               AllOf(SizeIs(longest_fit - 3), Each(Eq('x'))))),
+                           RawEncodedMessage(AsString(EndsWith("x"))))));
+    test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+    // x fits, three bytes from y's header fit but shouldn't be visible.
+    LOG(INFO).NoPrefix() << std::string(longest_fit - 3, 'x')
+                         << StringLike{"y"};
+  }
+  {
+    absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+    EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+                Send(AllOf(ENCODED_MESSAGE(HasOneStrThat(
+                               AllOf(SizeIs(longest_fit - 4), Each(Eq('x'))))),
+                           RawEncodedMessage(AsString(EndsWith("x"))))));
+    test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+    // x fits, all four bytes from y's header fit but no data bytes do.  We
+    // don't encode an empty string here because every I/O manipulator hits this
+    // codepath and those shouldn't leave empty strings behind.
+    LOG(INFO).NoPrefix() << std::string(longest_fit - 4, 'x')
+                         << StringLike{"y"};
+  }
+  {
+    absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+    EXPECT_CALL(
+        test_sink,
+        Send(AllOf(ENCODED_MESSAGE(HasTwoStrsThat(
+                       AllOf(SizeIs(longest_fit - 5), Each(Eq('x'))), Eq("y"))),
+                   RawEncodedMessage(AsString(EndsWith("y"))))));
+    test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+    // x fits, y fits exactly.
+    LOG(INFO).NoPrefix() << std::string(longest_fit - 5, 'x')
+                         << StringLike{"y"};
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/log/log_macro_hygiene_test.cc b/absl/log/log_macro_hygiene_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dad9389e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/log_macro_hygiene_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+//
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "gmock/gmock.h"
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
+#include "absl/base/log_severity.h"
+#include "absl/log/log.h"
+#include "absl/log/scoped_mock_log.h"
+
+namespace {
+using ::testing::_;
+using ::testing::Eq;
+
+namespace not_absl {
+
+class Dummy {
+ public:
+  Dummy() {}
+
+ private:
+  Dummy(const Dummy&) = delete;
+  Dummy& operator=(const Dummy&) = delete;
+};
+
+// This line tests that local definitions of INFO, WARNING, ERROR, and
+// etc don't shadow the global ones used by the logging macros.  If
+// they do, the LOG() calls in the tests won't compile, catching the
+// bug.
+const Dummy INFO, WARNING, ERROR, FATAL, NUM_SEVERITIES;
+
+// These makes sure that the uses of same-named types in the
+// implementation of the logging macros are fully qualified.
+class string {};
+class vector {};
+class LogMessage {};
+class LogMessageFatal {};
+class LogMessageQuietlyFatal {};
+class LogMessageVoidify {};
+class LogSink {};
+class NullStream {};
+class NullStreamFatal {};
+
+}  // namespace not_absl
+
+using namespace not_absl;  // NOLINT
+
+// Tests for LOG(LEVEL(()).
+
+TEST(LogHygieneTest, WorksForQualifiedSeverity) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  ::testing::InSequence seq;
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Log(absl::LogSeverity::kInfo, _, "To INFO"));
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Log(absl::LogSeverity::kWarning, _, "To WARNING"));
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Log(absl::LogSeverity::kError, _, "To ERROR"));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  // Note that LOG(LEVEL()) expects the severity as a run-time
+  // expression (as opposed to a compile-time constant).  Hence we
+  // test that :: is allowed before INFO, etc.
+  LOG(LEVEL(absl::LogSeverity::kInfo)) << "To INFO";
+  LOG(LEVEL(absl::LogSeverity::kWarning)) << "To WARNING";
+  LOG(LEVEL(absl::LogSeverity::kError)) << "To ERROR";
+}
+
+TEST(LogHygieneTest, WorksWithAlternativeINFOSymbol) {
+  const double INFO ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED = 7.77;
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Log(absl::LogSeverity::kInfo, _, "Hello world"));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << "Hello world";
+}
+
+TEST(LogHygieneTest, WorksWithAlternativeWARNINGSymbol) {
+  const double WARNING ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED = 7.77;
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Log(absl::LogSeverity::kWarning, _, "Hello world"));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(WARNING) << "Hello world";
+}
+
+TEST(LogHygieneTest, WorksWithAlternativeERRORSymbol) {
+  const double ERROR ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED = 7.77;
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Log(absl::LogSeverity::kError, _, "Hello world"));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(ERROR) << "Hello world";
+}
+
+TEST(LogHygieneTest, WorksWithAlternativeLEVELSymbol) {
+  const double LEVEL ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED = 7.77;
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Log(absl::LogSeverity::kError, _, "Hello world"));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(LEVEL(absl::LogSeverity::kError)) << "Hello world";
+}
+
+#define INFO Bogus
+#ifdef NDEBUG
+constexpr bool IsOptimized = false;
+#else
+constexpr bool IsOptimized = true;
+#endif
+
+TEST(LogHygieneTest, WorksWithINFODefined) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Log(absl::LogSeverity::kInfo, _, "Hello world"))
+      .Times(2 + (IsOptimized ? 2 : 0));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << "Hello world";
+  LOG_IF(INFO, true) << "Hello world";
+
+  DLOG(INFO) << "Hello world";
+  DLOG_IF(INFO, true) << "Hello world";
+}
+
+#undef INFO
+
+#define _INFO Bogus
+TEST(LogHygieneTest, WorksWithUnderscoreINFODefined) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Log(absl::LogSeverity::kInfo, _, "Hello world"))
+      .Times(2 + (IsOptimized ? 2 : 0));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << "Hello world";
+  LOG_IF(INFO, true) << "Hello world";
+
+  DLOG(INFO) << "Hello world";
+  DLOG_IF(INFO, true) << "Hello world";
+}
+#undef _INFO
+
+TEST(LogHygieneTest, ExpressionEvaluationInLEVELSeverity) {
+  auto i = static_cast<int>(absl::LogSeverity::kInfo);
+  LOG(LEVEL(++i)) << "hello world";  // NOLINT
+  EXPECT_THAT(i, Eq(static_cast<int>(absl::LogSeverity::kInfo) + 1));
+}
+
+TEST(LogHygieneTest, ExpressionEvaluationInStreamedMessage) {
+  int i = 0;
+  LOG(INFO) << ++i;
+  EXPECT_THAT(i, 1);
+  LOG_IF(INFO, false) << ++i;
+  EXPECT_THAT(i, 1);
+}
+
+// Tests that macros are usable in unbraced switch statements.
+// -----------------------------------------------------------
+
+class UnbracedSwitchCompileTest {
+  static void Log() {
+    switch (0) {
+      case 0:
+        LOG(INFO);
+        break;
+      default:
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+}  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/log/log_modifier_methods_test.cc b/absl/log/log_modifier_methods_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..42e13b1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/log_modifier_methods_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+//
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include <errno.h>
+
+#include "gmock/gmock.h"
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/test_actions.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/test_helpers.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/test_matchers.h"
+#include "absl/log/log.h"
+#include "absl/log/log_sink.h"
+#include "absl/log/scoped_mock_log.h"
+#include "absl/strings/match.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+#include "absl/time/time.h"
+
+namespace {
+#if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
+using ::absl::log_internal::DeathTestExpectedLogging;
+using ::absl::log_internal::DeathTestUnexpectedLogging;
+using ::absl::log_internal::DeathTestValidateExpectations;
+using ::absl::log_internal::DiedOfQFatal;
+#endif
+using ::absl::log_internal::LogSeverity;
+using ::absl::log_internal::Prefix;
+using ::absl::log_internal::SourceBasename;
+using ::absl::log_internal::SourceFilename;
+using ::absl::log_internal::SourceLine;
+using ::absl::log_internal::Stacktrace;
+using ::absl::log_internal::TextMessage;
+using ::absl::log_internal::TextMessageWithPrefix;
+using ::absl::log_internal::TextMessageWithPrefixAndNewline;
+using ::absl::log_internal::TextPrefix;
+using ::absl::log_internal::ThreadID;
+using ::absl::log_internal::Timestamp;
+using ::absl::log_internal::Verbosity;
+
+using ::testing::AllOf;
+using ::testing::AnyNumber;
+using ::testing::AnyOf;
+using ::testing::Eq;
+using ::testing::IsEmpty;
+using ::testing::IsFalse;
+using ::testing::Truly;
+
+TEST(TailCallsModifiesTest, AtLocationFileLine) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(
+          // The metadata should change:
+          SourceFilename(Eq("/my/very/very/very_long_source_file.cc")),
+          SourceBasename(Eq("very_long_source_file.cc")), SourceLine(Eq(777)),
+          // The logged line should change too, even though the prefix must
+          // grow to fit the new metadata.
+          TextMessageWithPrefix(Truly([](absl::string_view msg) {
+            return absl::EndsWith(msg,
+                                  " very_long_source_file.cc:777] hello world");
+          })))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO).AtLocation("/my/very/very/very_long_source_file.cc", 777)
+      << "hello world";
+}
+
+TEST(TailCallsModifiesTest, NoPrefix) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Send(AllOf(Prefix(IsFalse()), TextPrefix(IsEmpty()),
+                                    TextMessageWithPrefix(Eq("hello world")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO).NoPrefix() << "hello world";
+}
+
+TEST(TailCallsModifiesTest, NoPrefixNoMessageNoShirtNoShoesNoService) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+              Send(AllOf(Prefix(IsFalse()), TextPrefix(IsEmpty()),
+                         TextMessageWithPrefix(IsEmpty()),
+                         TextMessageWithPrefixAndNewline(Eq("\n")))));
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO).NoPrefix();
+}
+
+TEST(TailCallsModifiesTest, WithVerbosity) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Send(Verbosity(Eq(2))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO).WithVerbosity(2) << "hello world";
+}
+
+TEST(TailCallsModifiesTest, WithVerbosityNoVerbosity) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+              Send(Verbosity(Eq(absl::LogEntry::kNoVerbosityLevel))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO).WithVerbosity(2).WithVerbosity(absl::LogEntry::kNoVerbosityLevel)
+      << "hello world";
+}
+
+TEST(TailCallsModifiesTest, WithTimestamp) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Send(Timestamp(Eq(absl::UnixEpoch()))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO).WithTimestamp(absl::UnixEpoch()) << "hello world";
+}
+
+TEST(TailCallsModifiesTest, WithThreadID) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+              Send(AllOf(ThreadID(Eq(absl::LogEntry::tid_t{1234})))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO).WithThreadID(1234) << "hello world";
+}
+
+TEST(TailCallsModifiesTest, WithMetadataFrom) {
+  class ForwardingLogSink : public absl::LogSink {
+   public:
+    void Send(const absl::LogEntry &entry) override {
+      LOG(LEVEL(entry.log_severity())).WithMetadataFrom(entry)
+          << "forwarded: " << entry.text_message();
+    }
+  } forwarding_sink;
+
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(SourceFilename(Eq("fake/file")), SourceBasename(Eq("file")),
+                 SourceLine(Eq(123)), Prefix(IsFalse()),
+                 LogSeverity(Eq(absl::LogSeverity::kWarning)),
+                 Timestamp(Eq(absl::UnixEpoch())),
+                 ThreadID(Eq(absl::LogEntry::tid_t{456})),
+                 TextMessage(Eq("forwarded: hello world")), Verbosity(Eq(7)),
+                 ENCODED_MESSAGE(
+                     EqualsProto(R"pb(value { literal: "forwarded: " }
+                                      value { str: "hello world" })pb")))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(WARNING)
+          .AtLocation("fake/file", 123)
+          .NoPrefix()
+          .WithTimestamp(absl::UnixEpoch())
+          .WithThreadID(456)
+          .WithVerbosity(7)
+          .ToSinkOnly(&forwarding_sink)
+      << "hello world";
+}
+
+TEST(TailCallsModifiesTest, WithPerror) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(TextMessage(AnyOf(Eq("hello world: Bad file number [9]"),
+                                   Eq("hello world: Bad file descriptor [9]"),
+                                   Eq("hello world: Bad file descriptor [8]"))),
+                 ENCODED_MESSAGE(
+                     AnyOf(EqualsProto(R"pb(value { literal: "hello world" }
+                                            value { literal: ": " }
+                                            value { str: "Bad file number" }
+                                            value { literal: " [" }
+                                            value { str: "9" }
+                                            value { literal: "]" })pb"),
+                           EqualsProto(R"pb(value { literal: "hello world" }
+                                            value { literal: ": " }
+                                            value { str: "Bad file descriptor" }
+                                            value { literal: " [" }
+                                            value { str: "9" }
+                                            value { literal: "]" })pb"),
+                           EqualsProto(R"pb(value { literal: "hello world" }
+                                            value { literal: ": " }
+                                            value { str: "Bad file descriptor" }
+                                            value { literal: " [" }
+                                            value { str: "8" }
+                                            value { literal: "]" })pb"))))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  errno = EBADF;
+  LOG(INFO).WithPerror() << "hello world";
+}
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
+TEST(ModifierMethodDeathTest, ToSinkOnlyQFatal) {
+  EXPECT_EXIT(
+      {
+        absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(
+            absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+        auto do_log = [&test_sink] {
+          LOG(QFATAL).ToSinkOnly(&test_sink.UseAsLocalSink()) << "hello world";
+        };
+
+        EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Send)
+            .Times(AnyNumber())
+            .WillRepeatedly(DeathTestUnexpectedLogging());
+
+        EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Send(AllOf(TextMessage(Eq("hello world")),
+                                          Stacktrace(IsEmpty()))))
+            .WillOnce(DeathTestExpectedLogging());
+
+        test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+        do_log();
+      },
+      DiedOfQFatal, DeathTestValidateExpectations());
+}
+#endif
+
+}  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/log/log_sink.cc b/absl/log/log_sink.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..01d7ca82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/log_sink.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/log/log_sink.h"
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+void LogSink::KeyFunction() const {}
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/log/log_sink.h b/absl/log/log_sink.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9bfa6f86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/log_sink.h
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// File: log/log_sink.h
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// This header declares the interface class `absl::LogSink`.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_LOG_LOG_SINK_H_
+#define ABSL_LOG_LOG_SINK_H_
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/log/log_entry.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+// absl::LogSink
+//
+// `absl::LogSink` is an interface which can be extended to intercept and
+// process particular messages (with `LOG.ToSinkOnly()` or
+// `LOG.ToSinkAlso()`) or all messages (if registered with
+// `absl::AddLogSink`).  Implementations must be thread-safe, and should take
+// care not to take any locks that might be held by the `LOG` caller.
+class LogSink {
+ public:
+  virtual ~LogSink() = default;
+
+  // LogSink::Send()
+  //
+  // `Send` is called synchronously during the log statement.
+  //
+  // It is safe to use `LOG` within an implementation of `Send`.  `ToSinkOnly`
+  // and `ToSinkAlso` are safe in general but can be used to create an infinite
+  // loop if you try.
+  virtual void Send(const absl::LogEntry& entry) = 0;
+
+  // LogSink::Flush()
+  //
+  // Sinks that buffer messages should override this method to flush the buffer
+  // and return.
+  virtual void Flush() {}
+
+ private:
+  // https://lld.llvm.org/missingkeyfunction.html#missing-key-function
+  virtual void KeyFunction() const final;  // NOLINT(readability/inheritance)
+};
+
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_LOG_LOG_SINK_H_
diff --git a/absl/log/log_sink_registry.h b/absl/log/log_sink_registry.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bf76ccee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/log_sink_registry.h
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// File: log/log_sink_registry.h
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// This header declares APIs to operate on global set of registered log sinks.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_LOG_LOG_SINK_REGISTRY_H_
+#define ABSL_LOG_LOG_SINK_REGISTRY_H_
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/log_sink_set.h"
+#include "absl/log/log_sink.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+// AddLogSink(), RemoveLogSink()
+//
+// Adds or removes a `absl::LogSink` as a consumer of logging data.
+//
+// These functions are thread-safe.
+//
+// It is an error to attempt to add a sink that's already registered or to
+// attempt to remove one that isn't.
+//
+// To avoid unbounded recursion, dispatch to registered `absl::LogSink`s is
+// disabled per-thread while running the `Send()` method of registered
+// `absl::LogSink`s.  Affected messages are dispatched to a special internal
+// sink instead which writes them to `stderr`.
+//
+// Do not call these inside `absl::LogSink::Send`.
+inline void AddLogSink(absl::LogSink* sink) { log_internal::AddLogSink(sink); }
+inline void RemoveLogSink(absl::LogSink* sink) {
+  log_internal::RemoveLogSink(sink);
+}
+
+// FlushLogSinks()
+//
+// Calls `absl::LogSink::Flush` on all registered sinks.
+//
+// Do not call this inside `absl::LogSink::Send`.
+inline void FlushLogSinks() { log_internal::FlushLogSinks(); }
+
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_LOG_LOG_SINK_REGISTRY_H_
diff --git a/absl/log/log_sink_test.cc b/absl/log/log_sink_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fa743060
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/log_sink_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,418 @@
+//
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/log/log_sink.h"
+
+#include "gmock/gmock.h"
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/test_actions.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/test_helpers.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/test_matchers.h"
+#include "absl/log/log.h"
+#include "absl/log/log_sink_registry.h"
+#include "absl/log/scoped_mock_log.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+
+namespace {
+
+using ::absl::log_internal::DeathTestExpectedLogging;
+using ::absl::log_internal::DeathTestUnexpectedLogging;
+using ::absl::log_internal::DeathTestValidateExpectations;
+using ::absl::log_internal::DiedOfFatal;
+using ::testing::_;
+using ::testing::AnyNumber;
+using ::testing::HasSubstr;
+using ::testing::InSequence;
+
+auto* test_env ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED = ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(
+    new absl::log_internal::LogTestEnvironment);
+
+// Tests for global log sink registration.
+// ---------------------------------------
+
+TEST(LogSinkRegistryTest, AddLogSink) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  InSequence s;
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Log(_, _, "hello world")).Times(0);
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Log(absl::LogSeverity::kInfo, __FILE__, "Test : 42"));
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+              Log(absl::LogSeverity::kWarning, __FILE__, "Danger ahead"));
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+              Log(absl::LogSeverity::kError, __FILE__, "This is an error"));
+
+  LOG(INFO) << "hello world";
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+
+  LOG(INFO) << "Test : " << 42;
+  LOG(WARNING) << "Danger" << ' ' << "ahead";
+  LOG(ERROR) << "This is an error";
+
+  test_sink.StopCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << "Goodby world";
+}
+
+TEST(LogSinkRegistryTest, MultipleLogSinks) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink1(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink2(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  ::testing::InSequence seq;
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink1, Log(absl::LogSeverity::kInfo, _, "First")).Times(1);
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink2, Log(absl::LogSeverity::kInfo, _, "First")).Times(0);
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink1, Log(absl::LogSeverity::kInfo, _, "Second")).Times(1);
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink2, Log(absl::LogSeverity::kInfo, _, "Second")).Times(1);
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink1, Log(absl::LogSeverity::kInfo, _, "Third")).Times(0);
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink2, Log(absl::LogSeverity::kInfo, _, "Third")).Times(1);
+
+  LOG(INFO) << "Before first";
+
+  test_sink1.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << "First";
+
+  test_sink2.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << "Second";
+
+  test_sink1.StopCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << "Third";
+
+  test_sink2.StopCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << "Fourth";
+}
+
+TEST(LogSinkRegistrationDeathTest, DuplicateSinkRegistration) {
+  ASSERT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(
+      {
+        absl::ScopedMockLog sink;
+        sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+        absl::AddLogSink(&sink.UseAsLocalSink());
+      },
+      HasSubstr("Duplicate log sinks"));
+}
+
+TEST(LogSinkRegistrationDeathTest, MismatchSinkRemoval) {
+  ASSERT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(
+      {
+        absl::ScopedMockLog sink;
+        absl::RemoveLogSink(&sink.UseAsLocalSink());
+      },
+      HasSubstr("Mismatched log sink"));
+}
+
+// Tests for log sink semantic.
+// ---------------------------------------
+
+TEST(LogSinkTest, FlushSinks) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Flush()).Times(2);
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+
+  absl::FlushLogSinks();
+  absl::FlushLogSinks();
+}
+
+TEST(LogSinkDeathTest, DeathInSend) {
+  class FatalSendSink : public absl::LogSink {
+   public:
+    void Send(const absl::LogEntry&) override { LOG(FATAL) << "goodbye world"; }
+  };
+
+  FatalSendSink sink;
+  EXPECT_EXIT({ LOG(INFO).ToSinkAlso(&sink) << "hello world"; }, DiedOfFatal,
+              _);
+}
+
+// Tests for explicit log sink redirection.
+// ---------------------------------------
+
+TEST(LogSinkTest, ToSinkAlso) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+  absl::ScopedMockLog another_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Log(_, _, "hello world"));
+  EXPECT_CALL(another_sink, Log(_, _, "hello world"));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO).ToSinkAlso(&another_sink.UseAsLocalSink()) << "hello world";
+}
+
+TEST(LogSinkTest, ToSinkOnly) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog another_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+  EXPECT_CALL(another_sink, Log(_, _, "hello world"));
+  LOG(INFO).ToSinkOnly(&another_sink.UseAsLocalSink()) << "hello world";
+}
+
+TEST(LogSinkTest, ToManySinks) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog sink1(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+  absl::ScopedMockLog sink2(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+  absl::ScopedMockLog sink3(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+  absl::ScopedMockLog sink4(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+  absl::ScopedMockLog sink5(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(sink3, Log(_, _, "hello world"));
+  EXPECT_CALL(sink4, Log(_, _, "hello world"));
+  EXPECT_CALL(sink5, Log(_, _, "hello world"));
+
+  LOG(INFO)
+          .ToSinkAlso(&sink1.UseAsLocalSink())
+          .ToSinkAlso(&sink2.UseAsLocalSink())
+          .ToSinkOnly(&sink3.UseAsLocalSink())
+          .ToSinkAlso(&sink4.UseAsLocalSink())
+          .ToSinkAlso(&sink5.UseAsLocalSink())
+      << "hello world";
+}
+
+class ReentrancyTest : public ::testing::Test {
+ protected:
+  ReentrancyTest() = default;
+  enum class LogMode : int { kNormal, kToSinkAlso, kToSinkOnly };
+
+  class ReentrantSendLogSink : public absl::LogSink {
+   public:
+    explicit ReentrantSendLogSink(absl::LogSeverity severity,
+                                  absl::LogSink* sink, LogMode mode)
+        : severity_(severity), sink_(sink), mode_(mode) {}
+    explicit ReentrantSendLogSink(absl::LogSeverity severity)
+        : ReentrantSendLogSink(severity, nullptr, LogMode::kNormal) {}
+
+    void Send(const absl::LogEntry&) override {
+      switch (mode_) {
+        case LogMode::kNormal:
+          LOG(LEVEL(severity_)) << "The log is coming from *inside the sink*.";
+          break;
+        case LogMode::kToSinkAlso:
+          LOG(LEVEL(severity_)).ToSinkAlso(sink_)
+              << "The log is coming from *inside the sink*.";
+          break;
+        case LogMode::kToSinkOnly:
+          LOG(LEVEL(severity_)).ToSinkOnly(sink_)
+              << "The log is coming from *inside the sink*.";
+          break;
+        default:
+          LOG(FATAL) << "Invalid mode " << static_cast<int>(mode_);
+      }
+    }
+
+   private:
+    absl::LogSeverity severity_;
+    absl::LogSink* sink_;
+    LogMode mode_;
+  };
+
+  static absl::string_view LogAndReturn(absl::LogSeverity severity,
+                                        absl::string_view to_log,
+                                        absl::string_view to_return) {
+    LOG(LEVEL(severity)) << to_log;
+    return to_return;
+  }
+};
+
+TEST_F(ReentrancyTest, LogFunctionThatLogs) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  InSequence seq;
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Log(absl::LogSeverity::kInfo, _, "hello"));
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Log(absl::LogSeverity::kInfo, _, "world"));
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Log(absl::LogSeverity::kWarning, _, "danger"));
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Log(absl::LogSeverity::kInfo, _, "here"));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << LogAndReturn(absl::LogSeverity::kInfo, "hello", "world");
+  LOG(INFO) << LogAndReturn(absl::LogSeverity::kWarning, "danger", "here");
+}
+
+TEST_F(ReentrancyTest, RegisteredLogSinkThatLogsInSend) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+  ReentrantSendLogSink renentrant_sink(absl::LogSeverity::kInfo);
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Log(_, _, "hello world"));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  absl::AddLogSink(&renentrant_sink);
+  LOG(INFO) << "hello world";
+  absl::RemoveLogSink(&renentrant_sink);
+}
+
+TEST_F(ReentrancyTest, AlsoLogSinkThatLogsInSend) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+  ReentrantSendLogSink reentrant_sink(absl::LogSeverity::kInfo);
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Log(_, _, "hello world"));
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+              Log(_, _, "The log is coming from *inside the sink*."));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO).ToSinkAlso(&reentrant_sink) << "hello world";
+}
+
+TEST_F(ReentrancyTest, RegisteredAlsoLogSinkThatLogsInSend) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+  ReentrantSendLogSink reentrant_sink(absl::LogSeverity::kInfo);
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Log(_, _, "hello world"));
+  // We only call into the test_log sink once with this message, since the
+  // second time log statement is run we are in "ThreadIsLogging" mode and all
+  // the log statements are redirected into stderr.
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+              Log(_, _, "The log is coming from *inside the sink*."));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  absl::AddLogSink(&reentrant_sink);
+  LOG(INFO).ToSinkAlso(&reentrant_sink) << "hello world";
+  absl::RemoveLogSink(&reentrant_sink);
+}
+
+TEST_F(ReentrancyTest, OnlyLogSinkThatLogsInSend) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+  ReentrantSendLogSink reentrant_sink(absl::LogSeverity::kInfo);
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+              Log(_, _, "The log is coming from *inside the sink*."));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO).ToSinkOnly(&reentrant_sink) << "hello world";
+}
+
+TEST_F(ReentrancyTest, RegisteredOnlyLogSinkThatLogsInSend) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+  ReentrantSendLogSink reentrant_sink(absl::LogSeverity::kInfo);
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+              Log(_, _, "The log is coming from *inside the sink*."));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  absl::AddLogSink(&reentrant_sink);
+  LOG(INFO).ToSinkOnly(&reentrant_sink) << "hello world";
+  absl::RemoveLogSink(&reentrant_sink);
+}
+
+using ReentrancyDeathTest = ReentrancyTest;
+
+TEST_F(ReentrancyDeathTest, LogFunctionThatLogsFatal) {
+  EXPECT_EXIT(
+      {
+        absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink;
+
+        EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Log)
+            .Times(AnyNumber())
+            .WillRepeatedly(DeathTestUnexpectedLogging());
+        EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Log(_, _, "hello"))
+            .WillOnce(DeathTestExpectedLogging());
+
+        test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+        LOG(INFO) << LogAndReturn(absl::LogSeverity::kFatal, "hello", "world");
+      },
+      DiedOfFatal, DeathTestValidateExpectations());
+}
+
+TEST_F(ReentrancyDeathTest, RegisteredLogSinkThatLogsFatalInSend) {
+  EXPECT_EXIT(
+      {
+        absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink;
+        ReentrantSendLogSink reentrant_sink(absl::LogSeverity::kFatal);
+        EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Log)
+            .Times(AnyNumber())
+            .WillRepeatedly(DeathTestUnexpectedLogging());
+        EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Log(_, _, "hello world"))
+            .WillOnce(DeathTestExpectedLogging());
+
+        test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+        absl::AddLogSink(&reentrant_sink);
+        LOG(INFO) << "hello world";
+        // No need to call RemoveLogSink - process is dead at this point.
+      },
+      DiedOfFatal, DeathTestValidateExpectations());
+}
+
+TEST_F(ReentrancyDeathTest, AlsoLogSinkThatLogsFatalInSend) {
+  EXPECT_EXIT(
+      {
+        absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink;
+        ReentrantSendLogSink reentrant_sink(absl::LogSeverity::kFatal);
+
+        EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Log)
+            .Times(AnyNumber())
+            .WillRepeatedly(DeathTestUnexpectedLogging());
+        EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Log(_, _, "hello world"))
+            .WillOnce(DeathTestExpectedLogging());
+        EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+                    Log(_, _, "The log is coming from *inside the sink*."))
+            .WillOnce(DeathTestExpectedLogging());
+
+        test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+        LOG(INFO).ToSinkAlso(&reentrant_sink) << "hello world";
+      },
+      DiedOfFatal, DeathTestValidateExpectations());
+}
+
+TEST_F(ReentrancyDeathTest, RegisteredAlsoLogSinkThatLogsFatalInSend) {
+  EXPECT_EXIT(
+      {
+        absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink;
+        ReentrantSendLogSink reentrant_sink(absl::LogSeverity::kFatal);
+        EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Log)
+            .Times(AnyNumber())
+            .WillRepeatedly(DeathTestUnexpectedLogging());
+        EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Log(_, _, "hello world"))
+            .WillOnce(DeathTestExpectedLogging());
+        EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+                    Log(_, _, "The log is coming from *inside the sink*."))
+            .WillOnce(DeathTestExpectedLogging());
+
+        test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+        absl::AddLogSink(&reentrant_sink);
+        LOG(INFO).ToSinkAlso(&reentrant_sink) << "hello world";
+        // No need to call RemoveLogSink - process is dead at this point.
+      },
+      DiedOfFatal, DeathTestValidateExpectations());
+}
+
+TEST_F(ReentrancyDeathTest, OnlyLogSinkThatLogsFatalInSend) {
+  EXPECT_EXIT(
+      {
+        absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink;
+        ReentrantSendLogSink reentrant_sink(absl::LogSeverity::kFatal);
+        EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Log)
+            .Times(AnyNumber())
+            .WillRepeatedly(DeathTestUnexpectedLogging());
+        EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+                    Log(_, _, "The log is coming from *inside the sink*."))
+            .WillOnce(DeathTestExpectedLogging());
+
+        test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+        LOG(INFO).ToSinkOnly(&reentrant_sink) << "hello world";
+      },
+      DiedOfFatal, DeathTestValidateExpectations());
+}
+
+TEST_F(ReentrancyDeathTest, RegisteredOnlyLogSinkThatLogsFatalInSend) {
+  EXPECT_EXIT(
+      {
+        absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink;
+        ReentrantSendLogSink reentrant_sink(absl::LogSeverity::kFatal);
+        EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Log)
+            .Times(AnyNumber())
+            .WillRepeatedly(DeathTestUnexpectedLogging());
+        EXPECT_CALL(test_sink,
+                    Log(_, _, "The log is coming from *inside the sink*."))
+            .WillOnce(DeathTestExpectedLogging());
+
+        test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+        absl::AddLogSink(&reentrant_sink);
+        LOG(INFO).ToSinkOnly(&reentrant_sink) << "hello world";
+        // No need to call RemoveLogSink - process is dead at this point.
+      },
+      DiedOfFatal, DeathTestValidateExpectations());
+}
+
+}  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/log/log_streamer.h b/absl/log/log_streamer.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2d41a07f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/log_streamer.h
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// File: log/log_streamer.h
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// This header declares the class `LogStreamer` and convenience functions to
+// construct LogStreamer objects with different associated log severity levels.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_LOG_LOG_STREAMER_H_
+#define ABSL_LOG_LOG_STREAMER_H_
+
+#include <ios>
+#include <memory>
+#include <ostream>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/log_severity.h"
+#include "absl/log/absl_log.h"
+#include "absl/strings/internal/ostringstream.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+#include "absl/types/optional.h"
+#include "absl/utility/utility.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+// LogStreamer
+//
+// Although you can stream into `LOG(INFO)`, you can't pass it into a function
+// that takes a `std::ostream` parameter. `LogStreamer::stream()` provides a
+// `std::ostream` that buffers everything that's streamed in.  The buffer's
+// contents are logged as if by `LOG` when the `LogStreamer` is destroyed.
+// If nothing is streamed in, an empty message is logged.  If the specified
+// severity is `absl::LogSeverity::kFatal`, the program will be terminated when
+// the `LogStreamer` is destroyed regardless of whether any data were streamed
+// in.
+//
+// Factory functions corresponding to the `absl::LogSeverity` enumerators
+// are provided for convenience; if the desired severity is variable, invoke the
+// constructor directly.
+//
+// LogStreamer is movable, but not copyable.
+//
+// Examples:
+//
+//   ShaveYakAndWriteToStream(
+//       yak, absl::LogInfoStreamer(__FILE__, __LINE__).stream());
+//
+//   {
+//     // This logs a single line containing data streamed by all three function
+//     // calls.
+//     absl::LogStreamer streamer(absl::LogSeverity::kInfo, __FILE__, __LINE__);
+//     ShaveYakAndWriteToStream(yak1, streamer.stream());
+//     streamer.stream() << " ";
+//     ShaveYakAndWriteToStream(yak2, streamer.stream());
+//     streamer.stream() << " ";
+//     ShaveYakAndWriteToStreamPointer(yak3, &streamer.stream());
+//   }
+class LogStreamer final {
+ public:
+  // LogStreamer::LogStreamer()
+  //
+  // Creates a LogStreamer with a given `severity` that will log a message
+  // attributed to the given `file` and `line`.
+  explicit LogStreamer(absl::LogSeverity severity, absl::string_view file,
+                       int line)
+      : severity_(severity),
+        line_(line),
+        file_(file),
+        stream_(absl::in_place, &buf_) {
+    // To match `LOG`'s defaults:
+    stream_->setf(std::ios_base::showbase | std::ios_base::boolalpha);
+  }
+
+  // A moved-from `absl::LogStreamer` does not `LOG` when destroyed,
+  // and a program that streams into one has undefined behavior.
+  LogStreamer(LogStreamer&& that) noexcept
+      : severity_(that.severity_),
+        line_(that.line_),
+        file_(std::move(that.file_)),
+        buf_(std::move(that.buf_)),
+        stream_(std::move(that.stream_)) {
+    if (stream_.has_value()) stream_->str(&buf_);
+    that.stream_.reset();
+  }
+  LogStreamer& operator=(LogStreamer&& that) {
+    ABSL_LOG_IF(LEVEL(severity_), stream_).AtLocation(file_, line_) << buf_;
+    severity_ = that.severity_;
+    file_ = std::move(that.file_);
+    line_ = that.line_;
+    buf_ = std::move(that.buf_);
+    stream_ = std::move(that.stream_);
+    if (stream_.has_value()) stream_->str(&buf_);
+    that.stream_.reset();
+    return *this;
+  }
+
+  // LogStreamer::~LogStreamer()
+  //
+  // Logs this LogStreamer's buffered content as if by LOG.
+  ~LogStreamer() {
+    ABSL_LOG_IF(LEVEL(severity_), stream_.has_value()).AtLocation(file_, line_)
+        << buf_;
+  }
+
+  // LogStreamer::stream()
+  //
+  // Returns the `std::ostream` to use to write into this LogStreamer' internal
+  // buffer.
+  std::ostream& stream() { return *stream_; }
+
+ private:
+  absl::LogSeverity severity_;
+  int line_;
+  std::string file_;
+  std::string buf_;
+  // A disengaged `stream_` indicates a moved-from `LogStreamer` that should not
+  // `LOG` upon destruction.
+  absl::optional<absl::strings_internal::OStringStream> stream_;
+};
+
+// LogInfoStreamer()
+//
+// Returns a LogStreamer that writes at level LogSeverity::kInfo.
+inline LogStreamer LogInfoStreamer(absl::string_view file, int line) {
+  return absl::LogStreamer(absl::LogSeverity::kInfo, file, line);
+}
+
+// LogWarningStreamer()
+//
+// Returns a LogStreamer that writes at level LogSeverity::kWarning.
+inline LogStreamer LogWarningStreamer(absl::string_view file, int line) {
+  return absl::LogStreamer(absl::LogSeverity::kWarning, file, line);
+}
+
+// LogErrorStreamer()
+//
+// Returns a LogStreamer that writes at level LogSeverity::kError.
+inline LogStreamer LogErrorStreamer(absl::string_view file, int line) {
+  return absl::LogStreamer(absl::LogSeverity::kError, file, line);
+}
+
+// LogFatalStreamer()
+//
+// Returns a LogStreamer that writes at level LogSeverity::kFatal.
+//
+// The program will be terminated when this `LogStreamer` is destroyed,
+// regardless of whether any data were streamed in.
+inline LogStreamer LogFatalStreamer(absl::string_view file, int line) {
+  return absl::LogStreamer(absl::LogSeverity::kFatal, file, line);
+}
+
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_LOG_LOG_STREAMER_H_
diff --git a/absl/log/log_streamer_test.cc b/absl/log/log_streamer_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..328d70d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/log_streamer_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,365 @@
+//
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/log/log_streamer.h"
+
+#include <ios>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "gmock/gmock.h"
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/sysinfo.h"
+#include "absl/base/log_severity.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/test_actions.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/test_helpers.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/test_matchers.h"
+#include "absl/log/log.h"
+#include "absl/log/scoped_mock_log.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+
+namespace {
+using ::absl::log_internal::DeathTestExpectedLogging;
+using ::absl::log_internal::DeathTestUnexpectedLogging;
+using ::absl::log_internal::DeathTestValidateExpectations;
+#if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
+using ::absl::log_internal::DiedOfFatal;
+#endif
+using ::absl::log_internal::LogSeverity;
+using ::absl::log_internal::Prefix;
+using ::absl::log_internal::SourceFilename;
+using ::absl::log_internal::SourceLine;
+using ::absl::log_internal::Stacktrace;
+using ::absl::log_internal::TextMessage;
+using ::absl::log_internal::ThreadID;
+using ::absl::log_internal::TimestampInMatchWindow;
+using ::testing::AnyNumber;
+using ::testing::Eq;
+using ::testing::HasSubstr;
+using ::testing::IsEmpty;
+using ::testing::IsTrue;
+
+auto* test_env ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED = ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(
+    new absl::log_internal::LogTestEnvironment);
+
+void WriteToStream(absl::string_view data, std::ostream* os) {
+  *os << "WriteToStream: " << data;
+}
+void WriteToStreamRef(absl::string_view data, std::ostream& os) {
+  os << "WriteToStreamRef: " << data;
+}
+
+TEST(LogStreamerTest, LogInfoStreamer) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(SourceFilename(Eq("path/file.cc")), SourceLine(Eq(1234)),
+                 Prefix(IsTrue()), LogSeverity(Eq(absl::LogSeverity::kInfo)),
+                 TimestampInMatchWindow(),
+                 ThreadID(Eq(absl::base_internal::GetTID())),
+                 TextMessage(Eq("WriteToStream: foo")),
+                 ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                                    str: "WriteToStream: foo"
+                                                  })pb")),
+                 Stacktrace(IsEmpty()))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  WriteToStream("foo", &absl::LogInfoStreamer("path/file.cc", 1234).stream());
+}
+
+TEST(LogStreamerTest, LogWarningStreamer) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(SourceFilename(Eq("path/file.cc")), SourceLine(Eq(1234)),
+                 Prefix(IsTrue()), LogSeverity(Eq(absl::LogSeverity::kWarning)),
+                 TimestampInMatchWindow(),
+                 ThreadID(Eq(absl::base_internal::GetTID())),
+                 TextMessage(Eq("WriteToStream: foo")),
+                 ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                                    str: "WriteToStream: foo"
+                                                  })pb")),
+                 Stacktrace(IsEmpty()))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  WriteToStream("foo",
+                &absl::LogWarningStreamer("path/file.cc", 1234).stream());
+}
+
+TEST(LogStreamerTest, LogErrorStreamer) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(SourceFilename(Eq("path/file.cc")), SourceLine(Eq(1234)),
+                 Prefix(IsTrue()), LogSeverity(Eq(absl::LogSeverity::kError)),
+                 TimestampInMatchWindow(),
+                 ThreadID(Eq(absl::base_internal::GetTID())),
+                 TextMessage(Eq("WriteToStream: foo")),
+                 ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                                    str: "WriteToStream: foo"
+                                                  })pb")),
+                 Stacktrace(IsEmpty()))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  WriteToStream("foo", &absl::LogErrorStreamer("path/file.cc", 1234).stream());
+}
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
+TEST(LogStreamerDeathTest, LogFatalStreamer) {
+  EXPECT_EXIT(
+      {
+        absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink;
+
+        EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Send)
+            .Times(AnyNumber())
+            .WillRepeatedly(DeathTestUnexpectedLogging());
+
+        EXPECT_CALL(
+            test_sink,
+            Send(AllOf(
+                SourceFilename(Eq("path/file.cc")), SourceLine(Eq(1234)),
+                Prefix(IsTrue()), LogSeverity(Eq(absl::LogSeverity::kFatal)),
+                TimestampInMatchWindow(),
+                ThreadID(Eq(absl::base_internal::GetTID())),
+                TextMessage(Eq("WriteToStream: foo")),
+                ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                                   str: "WriteToStream: foo"
+                                                 })pb")))))
+            .WillOnce(DeathTestExpectedLogging());
+
+        test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+        WriteToStream("foo",
+                      &absl::LogFatalStreamer("path/file.cc", 1234).stream());
+      },
+      DiedOfFatal, DeathTestValidateExpectations());
+}
+#endif
+
+TEST(LogStreamerTest, LogStreamer) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(SourceFilename(Eq("path/file.cc")), SourceLine(Eq(1234)),
+                 Prefix(IsTrue()), LogSeverity(Eq(absl::LogSeverity::kError)),
+                 TimestampInMatchWindow(),
+                 ThreadID(Eq(absl::base_internal::GetTID())),
+                 TextMessage(Eq("WriteToStream: foo")),
+                 ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                                    str: "WriteToStream: foo"
+                                                  })pb")),
+                 Stacktrace(IsEmpty()))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  WriteToStream(
+      "foo", &absl::LogStreamer(absl::LogSeverity::kError, "path/file.cc", 1234)
+                  .stream());
+}
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
+TEST(LogStreamerDeathTest, LogStreamer) {
+  EXPECT_EXIT(
+      {
+        absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink;
+
+        EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Send)
+            .Times(AnyNumber())
+            .WillRepeatedly(DeathTestUnexpectedLogging());
+
+        EXPECT_CALL(
+            test_sink,
+            Send(AllOf(
+                SourceFilename(Eq("path/file.cc")), SourceLine(Eq(1234)),
+                Prefix(IsTrue()), LogSeverity(Eq(absl::LogSeverity::kFatal)),
+                TimestampInMatchWindow(),
+                ThreadID(Eq(absl::base_internal::GetTID())),
+                TextMessage(Eq("WriteToStream: foo")),
+                ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                                   str: "WriteToStream: foo"
+                                                 })pb")))))
+            .WillOnce(DeathTestExpectedLogging());
+
+        test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+        WriteToStream("foo", &absl::LogStreamer(absl::LogSeverity::kFatal,
+                                                "path/file.cc", 1234)
+                                  .stream());
+      },
+      DiedOfFatal, DeathTestValidateExpectations());
+}
+#endif
+
+TEST(LogStreamerTest, PassedByReference) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(SourceFilename(Eq("path/file.cc")), SourceLine(Eq(1234)),
+                 TextMessage(Eq("WriteToStreamRef: foo")),
+                 ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                                    str: "WriteToStreamRef: foo"
+                                                  })pb")),
+                 Stacktrace(IsEmpty()))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  WriteToStreamRef("foo", absl::LogInfoStreamer("path/file.cc", 1234).stream());
+}
+
+TEST(LogStreamerTest, StoredAsLocal) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  auto streamer = absl::LogInfoStreamer("path/file.cc", 1234);
+  WriteToStream("foo", &streamer.stream());
+  streamer.stream() << " ";
+  WriteToStreamRef("bar", streamer.stream());
+
+  // The call should happen when `streamer` goes out of scope; if it
+  // happened before this `EXPECT_CALL` the call would be unexpected and the
+  // test would fail.
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(SourceFilename(Eq("path/file.cc")), SourceLine(Eq(1234)),
+                 TextMessage(Eq("WriteToStream: foo WriteToStreamRef: bar")),
+                 ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(
+                     R"pb(value {
+                            str: "WriteToStream: foo WriteToStreamRef: bar"
+                          })pb")),
+                 Stacktrace(IsEmpty()))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+}
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
+TEST(LogStreamerDeathTest, StoredAsLocal) {
+  EXPECT_EXIT(
+      {
+        // This is fatal when it goes out of scope, but not until then:
+        auto streamer = absl::LogFatalStreamer("path/file.cc", 1234);
+        std::cerr << "I'm still alive" << std::endl;
+        WriteToStream("foo", &streamer.stream());
+      },
+      DiedOfFatal, HasSubstr("I'm still alive"));
+}
+#endif
+
+TEST(LogStreamerTest, LogsEmptyLine) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Send(AllOf(SourceFilename(Eq("path/file.cc")),
+                                    SourceLine(Eq(1234)), TextMessage(Eq("")),
+                                    ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                                                       str: ""
+                                                                     })pb")),
+                                    Stacktrace(IsEmpty()))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  absl::LogInfoStreamer("path/file.cc", 1234);
+}
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
+TEST(LogStreamerDeathTest, LogsEmptyLine) {
+  EXPECT_EXIT(
+      {
+        absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink;
+
+        EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Log)
+            .Times(AnyNumber())
+            .WillRepeatedly(DeathTestUnexpectedLogging());
+
+        EXPECT_CALL(
+            test_sink,
+            Send(AllOf(
+                SourceFilename(Eq("path/file.cc")), TextMessage(Eq("")),
+                ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value { str: "" })pb")))))
+            .WillOnce(DeathTestExpectedLogging());
+
+        test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+        // This is fatal even though it's never used:
+        auto streamer = absl::LogFatalStreamer("path/file.cc", 1234);
+      },
+      DiedOfFatal, DeathTestValidateExpectations());
+}
+#endif
+
+TEST(LogStreamerTest, MoveConstruction) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(SourceFilename(Eq("path/file.cc")), SourceLine(Eq(1234)),
+                 LogSeverity(Eq(absl::LogSeverity::kInfo)),
+                 TextMessage(Eq("hello 0x10 world 0x10")),
+                 ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                                    str: "hello 0x10 world 0x10"
+                                                  })pb")),
+                 Stacktrace(IsEmpty()))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  auto streamer1 = absl::LogInfoStreamer("path/file.cc", 1234);
+  streamer1.stream() << "hello " << std::hex << 16;
+  absl::LogStreamer streamer2(std::move(streamer1));
+  streamer2.stream() << " world " << 16;
+}
+
+TEST(LogStreamerTest, MoveAssignment) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  testing::InSequence seq;
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(SourceFilename(Eq("path/file2.cc")), SourceLine(Eq(5678)),
+                 LogSeverity(Eq(absl::LogSeverity::kWarning)),
+                 TextMessage(Eq("something else")),
+                 ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                                    str: "something else"
+                                                  })pb")),
+                 Stacktrace(IsEmpty()))));
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      test_sink,
+      Send(AllOf(SourceFilename(Eq("path/file.cc")), SourceLine(Eq(1234)),
+                 LogSeverity(Eq(absl::LogSeverity::kInfo)),
+                 TextMessage(Eq("hello 0x10 world 0x10")),
+                 ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(R"pb(value {
+                                                    str: "hello 0x10 world 0x10"
+                                                  })pb")),
+                 Stacktrace(IsEmpty()))));
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  auto streamer1 = absl::LogInfoStreamer("path/file.cc", 1234);
+  streamer1.stream() << "hello " << std::hex << 16;
+  auto streamer2 = absl::LogWarningStreamer("path/file2.cc", 5678);
+  streamer2.stream() << "something else";
+  streamer2 = std::move(streamer1);
+  streamer2.stream() << " world " << 16;
+}
+
+TEST(LogStreamerTest, CorrectDefaultFlags) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog test_sink(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  // The `boolalpha` and `showbase` flags should be set by default, to match
+  // `LOG`.
+  EXPECT_CALL(test_sink, Send(AllOf(TextMessage(Eq("false0xdeadbeef")))))
+      .Times(2);
+
+  test_sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  absl::LogInfoStreamer("path/file.cc", 1234).stream()
+      << false << std::hex << 0xdeadbeef;
+  LOG(INFO) << false << std::hex << 0xdeadbeef;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/log/scoped_mock_log.cc b/absl/log/scoped_mock_log.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..39a0a52a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/scoped_mock_log.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+//
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/log/scoped_mock_log.h"
+
+#include <atomic>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "gmock/gmock.h"
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
+#include "absl/log/log_entry.h"
+#include "absl/log/log_sink.h"
+#include "absl/log/log_sink_registry.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+ScopedMockLog::ScopedMockLog(MockLogDefault default_exp)
+    : sink_(this), is_capturing_logs_(false), is_triggered_(false) {
+  if (default_exp == MockLogDefault::kIgnoreUnexpected) {
+    // Ignore all calls to Log we did not set expectations for.
+    EXPECT_CALL(*this, Log).Times(::testing::AnyNumber());
+  } else {
+    // Disallow all calls to Log we did not set expectations for.
+    EXPECT_CALL(*this, Log).Times(0);
+  }
+  // By default Send mock forwards to Log mock.
+  EXPECT_CALL(*this, Send)
+      .Times(::testing::AnyNumber())
+      .WillRepeatedly([this](const absl::LogEntry& entry) {
+        is_triggered_.store(true, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+        Log(entry.log_severity(), std::string(entry.source_filename()),
+            std::string(entry.text_message()));
+      });
+
+  // By default We ignore all Flush calls.
+  EXPECT_CALL(*this, Flush).Times(::testing::AnyNumber());
+}
+
+ScopedMockLog::~ScopedMockLog() {
+  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(is_triggered_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed),
+                 "Did you forget to call StartCapturingLogs()?");
+
+  if (is_capturing_logs_) StopCapturingLogs();
+}
+
+void ScopedMockLog::StartCapturingLogs() {
+  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(!is_capturing_logs_,
+                 "StartCapturingLogs() can be called only when the "
+                 "absl::ScopedMockLog object is not capturing logs.");
+
+  is_capturing_logs_ = true;
+  is_triggered_.store(true, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  absl::AddLogSink(&sink_);
+}
+
+void ScopedMockLog::StopCapturingLogs() {
+  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(is_capturing_logs_,
+                 "StopCapturingLogs() can be called only when the "
+                 "absl::ScopedMockLog object is capturing logs.");
+
+  is_capturing_logs_ = false;
+  absl::RemoveLogSink(&sink_);
+}
+
+absl::LogSink& ScopedMockLog::UseAsLocalSink() {
+  is_triggered_.store(true, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  return sink_;
+}
+
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/log/scoped_mock_log.h b/absl/log/scoped_mock_log.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..399e604d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/scoped_mock_log.h
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// File: log/scoped_mock_log.h
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// This header declares `class absl::ScopedMockLog`, for use in testing.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_LOG_SCOPED_MOCK_LOG_H_
+#define ABSL_LOG_SCOPED_MOCK_LOG_H_
+
+#include <atomic>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "gmock/gmock.h"
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/log_severity.h"
+#include "absl/log/log_entry.h"
+#include "absl/log/log_sink.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+// MockLogDefault
+//
+// Controls how ScopedMockLog responds to unexpected calls by default.
+enum class MockLogDefault { kIgnoreUnexpected, kDisallowUnexpected };
+
+// ScopedMockLog
+//
+// ScopedMockLog is a LogSink that intercepts LOG() messages issued during its
+// lifespan.
+//
+// Using this together with GoogleTest, it's easy to test how a piece of code
+// calls LOG(). The typical usage, noting the distinction between
+// "uninteresting" and "unexpected", looks like this:
+//
+//   using ::testing::_;
+//   using ::testing::AnyNumber;
+//   using ::testing::EndsWith;
+//   using ::testing::kDoNotCaptureLogsYet;
+//   using ::testing::Lt;
+//
+//   TEST(FooTest, LogsCorrectly) {
+//     // Simple robust setup, ignores unexpected logs.
+//     absl::ScopedMockLog log;
+//
+//     // We expect the WARNING "Something bad!" exactly twice.
+//     EXPECT_CALL(log, Log(absl::LogSeverity::kWarning, _, "Something bad!"))
+//         .Times(2);
+//
+//     // But we want no messages from foo.cc.
+//     EXPECT_CALL(log, Log(_, EndsWith("/foo.cc"), _)).Times(0);
+//
+//     log.StartCapturingLogs();  // Call this after done setting expectations.
+//     Foo();  // Exercises the code under test.
+//   }
+//
+//   TEST(BarTest, LogsExactlyCorrectly) {
+//     // Strict checking, fails for unexpected logs.
+//     absl::ScopedMockLog log(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+//
+//     // ... but ignore low severity messages
+//     EXPECT_CALL(log, Log(Lt(absl::LogSeverity::kWarning), _, _))
+//         .Times(AnyNumber());
+//
+//     // We expect the ERROR "Something bad!" exactly once.
+//     EXPECT_CALL(log, Log(absl::LogSeverity::kError, EndsWith("/foo.cc"),
+//                 "Something bad!"))
+//         .Times(1);
+//
+//     log.StartCapturingLogs();  // Call this after done setting expectations.
+//     Bar();  // Exercises the code under test.
+//    }
+//
+// Note that in a multi-threaded environment, all LOG() messages from a single
+// thread will be handled in sequence, but that cannot be guaranteed for
+// messages from different threads. In fact, if the same or multiple
+// expectations are matched on two threads concurrently, their actions will be
+// executed concurrently as well and may interleave.
+class ScopedMockLog final {
+ public:
+  // ScopedMockLog::ScopedMockLog()
+  //
+  // Sets up the log and adds default expectations.
+  explicit ScopedMockLog(
+      MockLogDefault default_exp = MockLogDefault::kIgnoreUnexpected);
+  ScopedMockLog(const ScopedMockLog&) = delete;
+  ScopedMockLog& operator=(const ScopedMockLog&) = delete;
+
+  // ScopedMockLog::~ScopedMockLog()
+  //
+  // Stops intercepting logs and destroys this ScopedMockLog.
+  ~ScopedMockLog();
+
+  // ScopedMockLog::StartCapturingLogs()
+  //
+  // Starts log capturing if the object isn't already doing so. Otherwise
+  // crashes.
+  //
+  // Usually this method is called in the same thread that created this
+  // ScopedMockLog. It is the user's responsibility to not call this method if
+  // another thread may be calling it or StopCapturingLogs() at the same time.
+  // It is undefined behavior to add expectations while capturing logs is
+  // enabled.
+  void StartCapturingLogs();
+
+  // ScopedMockLog::StopCapturingLogs()
+  //
+  // Stops log capturing if the object is capturing logs. Otherwise crashes.
+  //
+  // Usually this method is called in the same thread that created this object.
+  // It is the user's responsibility to not call this method if another thread
+  // may be calling it or StartCapturingLogs() at the same time.
+  //
+  // It is UB to add expectations, while capturing logs is enabled.
+  void StopCapturingLogs();
+
+  // ScopedMockLog::UseAsLocalSink()
+  //
+  // Each `ScopedMockLog` is implemented with an `absl::LogSink`; this method
+  // returns a reference to that sink (e.g. for use with
+  // `LOG(...).ToSinkOnly()`) and marks the `ScopedMockLog` as having been used
+  // even if `StartCapturingLogs` is never called.
+  absl::LogSink& UseAsLocalSink();
+
+  // Implements the mock method:
+  //
+  //   void Log(LogSeverity severity, absl::string_view file_path,
+  //            absl::string_view message);
+  //
+  // The second argument to Log() is the full path of the source file in
+  // which the LOG() was issued.
+  //
+  // This is a shorthand form, which should be used by most users. Use the
+  // `Send` mock only if you want to add expectations for other log message
+  // attributes.
+  MOCK_METHOD(void, Log,
+              (absl::LogSeverity severity, const std::string& file_path,
+               const std::string& message));
+
+  // Implements the mock method:
+  //
+  //   void Send(const absl::LogEntry& entry);
+  //
+  // This is the most generic form of mock that can be specified. Use this mock
+  // only if you want to add expectations for log message attributes different
+  // from the log message text, log message path and log message severity.
+  //
+  // If no expectations are specified for this mock, the default action is to
+  // forward the call to the `Log` mock.
+  MOCK_METHOD(void, Send, (const absl::LogEntry&));
+
+  // Implements the mock method:
+  //
+  //   void Flush();
+  //
+  // Use this mock only if you want to add expectations for log flush calls.
+  MOCK_METHOD(void, Flush, ());
+
+ private:
+  class ForwardingSink final : public absl::LogSink {
+   public:
+    explicit ForwardingSink(ScopedMockLog* sml) : sml_(sml) {}
+    ForwardingSink(const ForwardingSink&) = delete;
+    ForwardingSink& operator=(const ForwardingSink&) = delete;
+    void Send(const absl::LogEntry& entry) override { sml_->Send(entry); }
+    void Flush() override { sml_->Flush(); }
+
+   private:
+    ScopedMockLog* sml_;
+  };
+
+  ForwardingSink sink_;
+  bool is_capturing_logs_;
+  // Until C++20, the default constructor leaves the underlying value wrapped in
+  // std::atomic uninitialized, so all constructors should be sure to initialize
+  // is_triggered_.
+  std::atomic<bool> is_triggered_;
+};
+
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_LOG_SCOPED_MOCK_LOG_H_
diff --git a/absl/log/scoped_mock_log_test.cc b/absl/log/scoped_mock_log_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..42736939
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/scoped_mock_log_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,295 @@
+//
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/log/scoped_mock_log.h"
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <thread>  // NOLINT(build/c++11)
+
+#include "gmock/gmock.h"
+#include "gtest/gtest-spi.h"
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
+#include "absl/base/log_severity.h"
+#include "absl/log/globals.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/test_helpers.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/test_matchers.h"
+#include "absl/log/log.h"
+#include "absl/memory/memory.h"
+#include "absl/strings/match.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/barrier.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/notification.h"
+
+namespace {
+
+using ::testing::_;
+using ::testing::AnyNumber;
+using ::testing::Eq;
+using ::testing::HasSubstr;
+using ::testing::InSequence;
+using ::testing::Lt;
+using ::testing::Truly;
+using absl::log_internal::SourceBasename;
+using absl::log_internal::SourceFilename;
+using absl::log_internal::SourceLine;
+using absl::log_internal::TextMessageWithPrefix;
+using absl::log_internal::ThreadID;
+
+auto* test_env ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED = ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(
+    new absl::log_internal::LogTestEnvironment);
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
+TEST(ScopedMockLogDeathTest,
+     StartCapturingLogsCannotBeCalledWhenAlreadyCapturing) {
+  EXPECT_DEATH(
+      {
+        absl::ScopedMockLog log;
+        log.StartCapturingLogs();
+        log.StartCapturingLogs();
+      },
+      "StartCapturingLogs");
+}
+
+TEST(ScopedMockLogDeathTest, StopCapturingLogsCannotBeCalledWhenNotCapturing) {
+  EXPECT_DEATH(
+      {
+        absl::ScopedMockLog log;
+        log.StopCapturingLogs();
+      },
+      "StopCapturingLogs");
+}
+
+TEST(ScopedMockLogDeathTest, FailsCheckIfStartCapturingLogsIsNeverCalled) {
+  EXPECT_DEATH({ absl::ScopedMockLog log; },
+               "Did you forget to call StartCapturingLogs");
+}
+#endif
+
+// Tests that ScopedMockLog intercepts LOG()s when it's alive.
+TEST(ScopedMockLogTest, LogMockCatchAndMatchStrictExpectations) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog log;
+
+  // The following expectations must match in the order they appear.
+  InSequence s;
+  EXPECT_CALL(log,
+              Log(absl::LogSeverity::kWarning, HasSubstr(__FILE__), "Danger."));
+  EXPECT_CALL(log, Log(absl::LogSeverity::kInfo, _, "Working...")).Times(2);
+  EXPECT_CALL(log, Log(absl::LogSeverity::kError, _, "Bad!!"));
+
+  log.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(WARNING) << "Danger.";
+  LOG(INFO) << "Working...";
+  LOG(INFO) << "Working...";
+  LOG(ERROR) << "Bad!!";
+}
+
+TEST(ScopedMockLogTest, LogMockCatchAndMatchSendExpectations) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog log;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(
+      log,
+      Send(AllOf(SourceFilename(Eq("/my/very/very/very_long_source_file.cc")),
+                 SourceBasename(Eq("very_long_source_file.cc")),
+                 SourceLine(Eq(777)), ThreadID(Eq(absl::LogEntry::tid_t{1234})),
+                 TextMessageWithPrefix(Truly([](absl::string_view msg) {
+                   return absl::EndsWith(
+                       msg, " very_long_source_file.cc:777] Info message");
+                 })))));
+
+  log.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO)
+          .AtLocation("/my/very/very/very_long_source_file.cc", 777)
+          .WithThreadID(1234)
+      << "Info message";
+}
+
+TEST(ScopedMockLogTest, ScopedMockLogCanBeNice) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog log;
+
+  InSequence s;
+  EXPECT_CALL(log,
+              Log(absl::LogSeverity::kWarning, HasSubstr(__FILE__), "Danger."));
+  EXPECT_CALL(log, Log(absl::LogSeverity::kInfo, _, "Working...")).Times(2);
+  EXPECT_CALL(log, Log(absl::LogSeverity::kError, _, "Bad!!"));
+
+  log.StartCapturingLogs();
+
+  // Any number of these are OK.
+  LOG(INFO) << "Info message.";
+  // Any number of these are OK.
+  LOG(WARNING).AtLocation("SomeOtherFile.cc", 100) << "Danger ";
+
+  LOG(WARNING) << "Danger.";
+
+  // Any number of these are OK.
+  LOG(INFO) << "Info message.";
+  // Any number of these are OK.
+  LOG(WARNING).AtLocation("SomeOtherFile.cc", 100) << "Danger ";
+
+  LOG(INFO) << "Working...";
+
+  // Any number of these are OK.
+  LOG(INFO) << "Info message.";
+  // Any number of these are OK.
+  LOG(WARNING).AtLocation("SomeOtherFile.cc", 100) << "Danger ";
+
+  LOG(INFO) << "Working...";
+
+  // Any number of these are OK.
+  LOG(INFO) << "Info message.";
+  // Any number of these are OK.
+  LOG(WARNING).AtLocation("SomeOtherFile.cc", 100) << "Danger ";
+
+  LOG(ERROR) << "Bad!!";
+
+  // Any number of these are OK.
+  LOG(INFO) << "Info message.";
+  // Any number of these are OK.
+  LOG(WARNING).AtLocation("SomeOtherFile.cc", 100) << "Danger ";
+}
+
+// Tests that ScopedMockLog generates a test failure if a message is logged
+// that is not expected (here, that means ERROR or FATAL).
+TEST(ScopedMockLogTest, RejectsUnexpectedLogs) {
+  EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(
+      {
+        absl::ScopedMockLog log(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+        // Any INFO and WARNING messages are permitted.
+        EXPECT_CALL(log, Log(Lt(absl::LogSeverity::kError), _, _))
+            .Times(AnyNumber());
+        log.StartCapturingLogs();
+        LOG(INFO) << "Ignored";
+        LOG(WARNING) << "Ignored";
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Should not be ignored";
+      },
+      "Should not be ignored");
+}
+
+TEST(ScopedMockLogTest, CapturesLogsAfterStartCapturingLogs) {
+  absl::SetStderrThreshold(absl::LogSeverityAtLeast::kInfinity);
+  absl::ScopedMockLog log;
+
+  // The ScopedMockLog object shouldn't see these LOGs, as it hasn't
+  // started capturing LOGs yet.
+  LOG(INFO) << "Ignored info";
+  LOG(WARNING) << "Ignored warning";
+  LOG(ERROR) << "Ignored error";
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(log, Log(absl::LogSeverity::kInfo, _, "Expected info"));
+  log.StartCapturingLogs();
+
+  // Only this LOG will be seen by the ScopedMockLog.
+  LOG(INFO) << "Expected info";
+}
+
+TEST(ScopedMockLogTest, DoesNotCaptureLogsAfterStopCapturingLogs) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog log;
+  EXPECT_CALL(log, Log(absl::LogSeverity::kInfo, _, "Expected info"));
+
+  log.StartCapturingLogs();
+
+  // This LOG should be seen by the ScopedMockLog.
+  LOG(INFO) << "Expected info";
+
+  log.StopCapturingLogs();
+
+  // The ScopedMockLog object shouldn't see these LOGs, as it has
+  // stopped capturing LOGs.
+  LOG(INFO) << "Ignored info";
+  LOG(WARNING) << "Ignored warning";
+  LOG(ERROR) << "Ignored error";
+}
+
+// Tests that all messages are intercepted regardless of issuing thread. The
+// purpose of this test is NOT to exercise thread-safety.
+TEST(ScopedMockLogTest, LogFromMultipleThreads) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog log;
+
+  // We don't establish an order to expectations here, since the threads may
+  // execute their log statements in different order.
+  EXPECT_CALL(log, Log(absl::LogSeverity::kInfo, __FILE__, "Thread 1"));
+  EXPECT_CALL(log, Log(absl::LogSeverity::kInfo, __FILE__, "Thread 2"));
+
+  log.StartCapturingLogs();
+
+  absl::Barrier barrier(2);
+  std::thread thread1([&barrier]() {
+    barrier.Block();
+    LOG(INFO) << "Thread 1";
+  });
+  std::thread thread2([&barrier]() {
+    barrier.Block();
+    LOG(INFO) << "Thread 2";
+  });
+
+  thread1.join();
+  thread2.join();
+}
+
+// Tests that no sequence will be imposed on two LOG message expectations from
+// different threads. This test would actually deadlock if replaced to two LOG
+// statements from the same thread.
+TEST(ScopedMockLogTest, NoSequenceWithMultipleThreads) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog log;
+
+  absl::Barrier barrier(2);
+  EXPECT_CALL(log, Log(absl::LogSeverity::kInfo, _, _))
+      .Times(2)
+      .WillRepeatedly([&barrier]() { barrier.Block(); });
+
+  log.StartCapturingLogs();
+
+  std::thread thread1([]() { LOG(INFO) << "Thread 1"; });
+  std::thread thread2([]() { LOG(INFO) << "Thread 2"; });
+
+  thread1.join();
+  thread2.join();
+}
+
+TEST(ScopedMockLogTsanTest,
+     ScopedMockLogCanBeDeletedWhenAnotherThreadIsLogging) {
+  auto log = absl::make_unique<absl::ScopedMockLog>();
+  EXPECT_CALL(*log, Log(absl::LogSeverity::kInfo, __FILE__, "Thread log"))
+      .Times(AnyNumber());
+
+  log->StartCapturingLogs();
+
+  absl::Notification logging_started;
+
+  std::thread thread([&logging_started]() {
+    for (int i = 0; i < 100; ++i) {
+      if (i == 50) logging_started.Notify();
+      LOG(INFO) << "Thread log";
+    }
+  });
+
+  logging_started.WaitForNotification();
+  log.reset();
+  thread.join();
+}
+
+TEST(ScopedMockLogTest, AsLocalSink) {
+  absl::ScopedMockLog log(absl::MockLogDefault::kDisallowUnexpected);
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(log, Log(_, _, "two"));
+  EXPECT_CALL(log, Log(_, _, "three"));
+
+  LOG(INFO) << "one";
+  LOG(INFO).ToSinkOnly(&log.UseAsLocalSink()) << "two";
+  LOG(INFO).ToSinkAlso(&log.UseAsLocalSink()) << "three";
+}
+
+}  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/log/stripping_test.cc b/absl/log/stripping_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aff91495
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/stripping_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,374 @@
+//
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+// Tests for stripping of literal strings.
+// ---------------------------------------
+//
+// When a `LOG` statement can be trivially proved at compile time to never fire,
+// e.g. due to `ABSL_MIN_LOG_LEVEL`, `NDEBUG`, or some explicit condition, data
+// streamed in can be dropped from the compiled program completely if they are
+// not used elsewhere.  This most commonly affects string literals, which users
+// often want to strip to reduce binary size and/or redact information about
+// their program's internals (e.g. in a release build).
+//
+// These tests log strings and then validate whether they appear in the compiled
+// binary.  This is done by opening the file corresponding to the running test
+// and running a simple string search on its contents.  The strings to be logged
+// and searched for must be unique, and we must take care not to emit them into
+// the binary in any other place, e.g. when searching for them.  The latter is
+// accomplished by computing them using base64; the source string appears in the
+// binary but the target string is computed at runtime.
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#if defined(__MACH__)
+#include <mach-o/dyld.h>
+#elif defined(_WIN32)
+#include <Windows.h>
+#include <tchar.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <functional>
+#include <memory>
+#include <ostream>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "gmock/gmock.h"
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/strerror.h"
+#include "absl/base/log_severity.h"
+#include "absl/flags/internal/program_name.h"
+#include "absl/log/check.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/test_helpers.h"
+#include "absl/log/log.h"
+#include "absl/strings/escaping.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_format.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+
+// Set a flag that controls whether we actually execute fatal statements, but
+// prevent the compiler from optimizing it out.
+static volatile bool kReallyDie = false;
+
+namespace {
+using ::testing::_;
+using ::testing::Eq;
+using ::testing::NotNull;
+
+using absl::log_internal::kAbslMinLogLevel;
+
+std::string Base64UnescapeOrDie(absl::string_view data) {
+  std::string decoded;
+  CHECK(absl::Base64Unescape(data, &decoded));
+  return decoded;
+}
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// A Googletest matcher which searches the running binary for a given string
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// This matcher is used to validate that literal strings streamed into
+// `LOG` statements that ought to be compiled out (e.g. `LOG_IF(INFO, false)`)
+// do not appear in the binary.
+//
+// Note that passing the string to be sought directly to `FileHasSubstr()` all
+// but forces its inclusion in the binary regardless of the logging library's
+// behavior. For example:
+//
+//   LOG_IF(INFO, false) << "you're the man now dog";
+//   // This will always pass:
+//   // EXPECT_THAT(fp, FileHasSubstr("you're the man now dog"));
+//   // So use this instead:
+//   EXPECT_THAT(fp, FileHasSubstr(
+//       Base64UnescapeOrDie("eW91J3JlIHRoZSBtYW4gbm93IGRvZw==")));
+
+class FileHasSubstrMatcher final : public ::testing::MatcherInterface<FILE*> {
+ public:
+  explicit FileHasSubstrMatcher(absl::string_view needle) : needle_(needle) {}
+
+  bool MatchAndExplain(
+      FILE* fp, ::testing::MatchResultListener* listener) const override {
+    std::string buf(
+        std::max<std::string::size_type>(needle_.size() * 2, 163840000), '\0');
+    size_t buf_start_offset = 0;  // The file offset of the byte at `buf[0]`.
+    size_t buf_data_size = 0;     // The number of bytes of `buf` which contain
+                                  // data.
+
+    ::fseek(fp, 0, SEEK_SET);
+    while (true) {
+      // Fill the buffer to capacity or EOF:
+      while (buf_data_size < buf.size()) {
+        const size_t ret = fread(&buf[buf_data_size], sizeof(char),
+                                 buf.size() - buf_data_size, fp);
+        if (ret == 0) break;
+        buf_data_size += ret;
+      }
+      if (ferror(fp)) {
+        *listener << "error reading file";
+        return false;
+      }
+      const absl::string_view haystack(&buf[0], buf_data_size);
+      const auto off = haystack.find(needle_);
+      if (off != haystack.npos) {
+        *listener << "string found at offset " << buf_start_offset + off;
+        return true;
+      }
+      if (feof(fp)) {
+        *listener << "string not found";
+        return false;
+      }
+      // Copy the end of `buf` to the beginning so we catch matches that span
+      // buffer boundaries.  `buf` and `buf_data_size` are always large enough
+      // that these ranges don't overlap.
+      memcpy(&buf[0], &buf[buf_data_size - needle_.size()], needle_.size());
+      buf_start_offset += buf_data_size - needle_.size();
+      buf_data_size = needle_.size();
+    }
+  }
+  void DescribeTo(std::ostream* os) const override {
+    *os << "contains the string \"" << needle_ << "\" (base64(\""
+        << Base64UnescapeOrDie(needle_) << "\"))";
+  }
+
+  void DescribeNegationTo(std::ostream* os) const override {
+    *os << "does not ";
+    DescribeTo(os);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  std::string needle_;
+};
+
+class StrippingTest : public ::testing::Test {
+ protected:
+  void SetUp() override {
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+    // Non-optimized builds don't necessarily eliminate dead code at all, so we
+    // don't attempt to validate stripping against such builds.
+    GTEST_SKIP() << "StrippingTests skipped since this build is not optimized";
+#elif defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
+    // These tests require a way to examine the running binary and look for
+    // strings; there's no portable way to do that.
+    GTEST_SKIP()
+        << "StrippingTests skipped since this platform is not optimized";
+#endif
+  }
+
+  // Opens this program's executable file.  Returns `nullptr` and writes to
+  // `stderr` on failure.
+  std::unique_ptr<FILE, std::function<void(FILE*)>> OpenTestExecutable() {
+#if defined(__linux__)
+    std::unique_ptr<FILE, std::function<void(FILE*)>> fp(
+        fopen("/proc/self/exe", "rb"), [](FILE* fp) { fclose(fp); });
+    if (!fp) {
+      const std::string err = absl::base_internal::StrError(errno);
+      absl::FPrintF(stderr, "Failed to open /proc/self/exe: %s\n", err);
+    }
+    return fp;
+#elif defined(__Fuchsia__)
+    // TODO(b/242579714): We need to restore the test coverage on this platform.
+    std::unique_ptr<FILE, std::function<void(FILE*)>> fp(
+        fopen(absl::StrCat("/pkg/bin/",
+                           absl::flags_internal::ShortProgramInvocationName())
+                  .c_str(),
+              "rb"),
+        [](FILE* fp) { fclose(fp); });
+    if (!fp) {
+      const std::string err = absl::base_internal::StrError(errno);
+      absl::FPrintF(stderr, "Failed to open /pkg/bin/<binary name>: %s\n", err);
+    }
+    return fp;
+#elif defined(__MACH__)
+    uint32_t size = 0;
+    int ret = _NSGetExecutablePath(nullptr, &size);
+    if (ret != -1) {
+      absl::FPrintF(stderr,
+                    "Failed to get executable path: "
+                    "_NSGetExecutablePath(nullptr) returned %d\n",
+                    ret);
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+    std::string path(size, '\0');
+    ret = _NSGetExecutablePath(&path[0], &size);
+    if (ret != 0) {
+      absl::FPrintF(
+          stderr,
+          "Failed to get executable path: _NSGetExecutablePath(buffer) "
+          "returned %d\n",
+          ret);
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+    std::unique_ptr<FILE, std::function<void(FILE*)>> fp(
+        fopen(path.c_str(), "rb"), [](FILE* fp) { fclose(fp); });
+    if (!fp) {
+      const std::string err = absl::base_internal::StrError(errno);
+      absl::FPrintF(stderr, "Failed to open executable at %s: %s\n", path, err);
+    }
+    return fp;
+#elif defined(_WIN32)
+    std::basic_string<TCHAR> path(4096, _T('\0'));
+    while (true) {
+      const uint32_t ret = ::GetModuleFileName(nullptr, &path[0],
+                                               static_cast<DWORD>(path.size()));
+      if (ret == 0) {
+        absl::FPrintF(
+            stderr,
+            "Failed to get executable path: GetModuleFileName(buffer) "
+            "returned 0\n");
+        return nullptr;
+      }
+      if (ret < path.size()) break;
+      path.resize(path.size() * 2, _T('\0'));
+    }
+    std::unique_ptr<FILE, std::function<void(FILE*)>> fp(
+        _tfopen(path.c_str(), _T("rb")), [](FILE* fp) { fclose(fp); });
+    if (!fp) absl::FPrintF(stderr, "Failed to open executable\n");
+    return fp;
+#else
+    absl::FPrintF(stderr,
+                  "OpenTestExecutable() unimplemented on this platform\n");
+    return nullptr;
+#endif
+  }
+
+  ::testing::Matcher<FILE*> FileHasSubstr(absl::string_view needle) {
+    return MakeMatcher(new FileHasSubstrMatcher(needle));
+  }
+};
+
+// This tests whether out methodology for testing stripping works on this
+// platform by looking for one string that definitely ought to be there and one
+// that definitely ought not to.  If this fails, none of the `StrippingTest`s
+// are going to produce meaningful results.
+TEST_F(StrippingTest, Control) {
+  constexpr char kEncodedPositiveControl[] =
+      "U3RyaXBwaW5nVGVzdC5Qb3NpdGl2ZUNvbnRyb2w=";
+  const std::string encoded_negative_control =
+      absl::Base64Escape("StrippingTest.NegativeControl");
+
+  // Verify this mainly so we can encode other strings and know definitely they
+  // won't encode to `kEncodedPositiveControl`.
+  EXPECT_THAT(Base64UnescapeOrDie("U3RyaXBwaW5nVGVzdC5Qb3NpdGl2ZUNvbnRyb2w="),
+              Eq("StrippingTest.PositiveControl"));
+
+  auto exe = OpenTestExecutable();
+  ASSERT_THAT(exe, NotNull());
+  EXPECT_THAT(exe.get(), FileHasSubstr(kEncodedPositiveControl));
+  EXPECT_THAT(exe.get(), Not(FileHasSubstr(encoded_negative_control)));
+}
+
+TEST_F(StrippingTest, Literal) {
+  // We need to load a copy of the needle string into memory (so we can search
+  // for it) without leaving it lying around in plaintext in the executable file
+  // as would happen if we used a literal.  We might (or might not) leave it
+  // lying around later; that's what the tests are for!
+  const std::string needle = absl::Base64Escape("StrippingTest.Literal");
+  LOG(INFO) << "U3RyaXBwaW5nVGVzdC5MaXRlcmFs";
+  auto exe = OpenTestExecutable();
+  ASSERT_THAT(exe, NotNull());
+  if (absl::LogSeverity::kInfo >= kAbslMinLogLevel) {
+    EXPECT_THAT(exe.get(), FileHasSubstr(needle));
+  } else {
+    EXPECT_THAT(exe.get(), Not(FileHasSubstr(needle)));
+  }
+}
+
+TEST_F(StrippingTest, LiteralInExpression) {
+  // We need to load a copy of the needle string into memory (so we can search
+  // for it) without leaving it lying around in plaintext in the executable file
+  // as would happen if we used a literal.  We might (or might not) leave it
+  // lying around later; that's what the tests are for!
+  const std::string needle =
+      absl::Base64Escape("StrippingTest.LiteralInExpression");
+  LOG(INFO) << absl::StrCat("secret: ",
+                            "U3RyaXBwaW5nVGVzdC5MaXRlcmFsSW5FeHByZXNzaW9u");
+  std::unique_ptr<FILE, std::function<void(FILE*)>> exe = OpenTestExecutable();
+  ASSERT_THAT(exe, NotNull());
+  if (absl::LogSeverity::kInfo >= kAbslMinLogLevel) {
+    EXPECT_THAT(exe.get(), FileHasSubstr(needle));
+  } else {
+    EXPECT_THAT(exe.get(), Not(FileHasSubstr(needle)));
+  }
+}
+
+TEST_F(StrippingTest, Fatal) {
+  // We need to load a copy of the needle string into memory (so we can search
+  // for it) without leaving it lying around in plaintext in the executable file
+  // as would happen if we used a literal.  We might (or might not) leave it
+  // lying around later; that's what the tests are for!
+  const std::string needle = absl::Base64Escape("StrippingTest.Fatal");
+  // We don't care if the LOG statement is actually executed, we're just
+  // checking that it's stripped.
+  if (kReallyDie) LOG(FATAL) << "U3RyaXBwaW5nVGVzdC5GYXRhbA==";
+
+  std::unique_ptr<FILE, std::function<void(FILE*)>> exe = OpenTestExecutable();
+  ASSERT_THAT(exe, NotNull());
+  if (absl::LogSeverity::kFatal >= kAbslMinLogLevel) {
+    EXPECT_THAT(exe.get(), FileHasSubstr(needle));
+  } else {
+    EXPECT_THAT(exe.get(), Not(FileHasSubstr(needle)));
+  }
+}
+
+TEST_F(StrippingTest, Level) {
+  const std::string needle = absl::Base64Escape("StrippingTest.Level");
+  volatile auto severity = absl::LogSeverity::kWarning;
+  // Ensure that `severity` is not a compile-time constant to prove that
+  // stripping works regardless:
+  LOG(LEVEL(severity)) << "U3RyaXBwaW5nVGVzdC5MZXZlbA==";
+  std::unique_ptr<FILE, std::function<void(FILE*)>> exe = OpenTestExecutable();
+  ASSERT_THAT(exe, NotNull());
+  if (absl::LogSeverity::kFatal >= kAbslMinLogLevel) {
+    // This can't be stripped at compile-time because it might evaluate to a
+    // level that shouldn't be stripped.
+    EXPECT_THAT(exe.get(), FileHasSubstr(needle));
+  } else {
+#if (defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__clang__)) || defined(__APPLE__)
+    // Dead code elimination misses this case.
+#else
+    // All levels should be stripped, so it doesn't matter what the severity
+    // winds up being.
+    EXPECT_THAT(exe.get(), Not(FileHasSubstr(needle)));
+#endif
+  }
+}
+
+TEST_F(StrippingTest, Check) {
+  // Here we also need a variable name with enough entropy that it's unlikely to
+  // appear in the binary by chance.  `volatile` keeps the tautological
+  // comparison (and the rest of the `CHECK`) from being optimized away.
+  const std::string var_needle = absl::Base64Escape("StrippingTestCheckVar");
+  const std::string msg_needle = absl::Base64Escape("StrippingTest.Check");
+  volatile int U3RyaXBwaW5nVGVzdENoZWNrVmFy = 0xCAFE;
+  // We don't care if the CHECK is actually executed, just that stripping works.
+  // Hiding it behind `kReallyDie` works around some overly aggressive
+  // optimizations in older versions of MSVC.
+  if (kReallyDie) {
+    CHECK(U3RyaXBwaW5nVGVzdENoZWNrVmFy != U3RyaXBwaW5nVGVzdENoZWNrVmFy)
+        << "U3RyaXBwaW5nVGVzdC5DaGVjaw==";
+  }
+
+  std::unique_ptr<FILE, std::function<void(FILE*)>> exe = OpenTestExecutable();
+  ASSERT_THAT(exe, NotNull());
+  if (absl::LogSeverity::kFatal >= kAbslMinLogLevel) {
+    EXPECT_THAT(exe.get(), FileHasSubstr(var_needle));
+    EXPECT_THAT(exe.get(), FileHasSubstr(msg_needle));
+  } else {
+    EXPECT_THAT(exe.get(), Not(FileHasSubstr(var_needle)));
+    EXPECT_THAT(exe.get(), Not(FileHasSubstr(msg_needle)));
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/log/structured.h b/absl/log/structured.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9ad69fbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/structured.h
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// File: log/structured.h
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// This header declares APIs supporting structured logging, allowing log
+// statements to be more easily parsed, especially by automated processes.
+//
+// When structured logging is in use, data streamed into a `LOG` statement are
+// encoded as `Value` fields in a `logging.proto.Event` protocol buffer message.
+// The individual data are exposed programmatically to `LogSink`s and to the
+// user via some log reading tools which are able to query the structured data
+// more usefully than would be possible if each message was a single opaque
+// string.  These helpers allow user code to add additional structure to the
+// data they stream.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_LOG_STRUCTURED_H_
+#define ABSL_LOG_STRUCTURED_H_
+
+#include <ostream>
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/structured.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+// LogAsLiteral()
+//
+// Annotates its argument as a string literal so that structured logging
+// captures it as a `literal` field instead of a `str` field (the default).
+// This does not affect the text representation, only the structure.
+//
+// Streaming `LogAsLiteral(s)` into a `std::ostream` behaves just like streaming
+// `s` directly.
+//
+// Using `LogAsLiteral()` is occasionally appropriate and useful when proxying
+// data logged from another system or another language.  For example:
+//
+//   void Logger::LogString(absl::string_view str, absl::LogSeverity severity,
+//                          const char *file, int line) {
+//     LOG(LEVEL(severity)).AtLocation(file, line) << str;
+//   }
+//   void Logger::LogStringLiteral(absl::string_view str,
+//                                 absl::LogSeverity severity, const char *file,
+//                                 int line) {
+//     LOG(LEVEL(severity)).AtLocation(file, line) << absl::LogAsLiteral(str);
+//   }
+inline log_internal::AsLiteralImpl LogAsLiteral(absl::string_view s) {
+  return log_internal::AsLiteralImpl(s);
+}
+
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_LOG_STRUCTURED_H_
diff --git a/absl/log/structured_test.cc b/absl/log/structured_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..490a35d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/log/structured_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+//
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/log/structured.h"
+
+#include <ios>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "gmock/gmock.h"
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/test_helpers.h"
+#include "absl/log/internal/test_matchers.h"
+#include "absl/log/log.h"
+#include "absl/log/scoped_mock_log.h"
+
+namespace {
+using ::absl::log_internal::MatchesOstream;
+using ::absl::log_internal::TextMessage;
+using ::testing::Eq;
+
+auto *test_env ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_UNUSED = ::testing::AddGlobalTestEnvironment(
+    new absl::log_internal::LogTestEnvironment);
+
+// Abseil Logging library uses these by default, so we set them on the
+// `std::ostream` we compare against too.
+std::ios &LoggingDefaults(std::ios &str) {
+  str.setf(std::ios_base::showbase | std::ios_base::boolalpha |
+           std::ios_base::internal);
+  return str;
+}
+
+TEST(StreamingFormatTest, LogAsLiteral) {
+  std::ostringstream stream;
+  const std::string not_a_literal("hello world");
+  stream << LoggingDefaults << absl::LogAsLiteral(not_a_literal);
+
+  absl::ScopedMockLog sink;
+
+  EXPECT_CALL(sink,
+              Send(AllOf(TextMessage(MatchesOstream(stream)),
+                         TextMessage(Eq("hello world")),
+                         ENCODED_MESSAGE(EqualsProto(
+                             R"pb(value { literal: "hello world" })pb")))));
+
+  sink.StartCapturingLogs();
+  LOG(INFO) << absl::LogAsLiteral(not_a_literal);
+}
+
+}  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/memory/BUILD.bazel b/absl/memory/BUILD.bazel
index 389aedf3..a93f54a6 100644
--- a/absl/memory/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/absl/memory/BUILD.bazel
@@ -50,18 +50,3 @@ cc_test(
         "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
     ],
 )
-
-cc_test(
-    name = "memory_exception_safety_test",
-    srcs = [
-        "memory_exception_safety_test.cc",
-    ],
-    copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
-    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
-    deps = [
-        ":memory",
-        "//absl/base:config",
-        "//absl/base:exception_safety_testing",
-        "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
-    ],
-)
diff --git a/absl/memory/CMakeLists.txt b/absl/memory/CMakeLists.txt
index 9d50e1dc..c5ed4b42 100644
--- a/absl/memory/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/absl/memory/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -39,17 +39,3 @@ absl_cc_test(
     absl::core_headers
     GTest::gmock_main
 )
-
-absl_cc_test(
-  NAME
-    memory_exception_safety_test
-  SRCS
-    "memory_exception_safety_test.cc"
-  COPTS
-    ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
-  DEPS
-    absl::memory
-    absl::config
-    absl::exception_safety_testing
-    GTest::gmock_main
-)
diff --git a/absl/memory/memory.h b/absl/memory/memory.h
index d6332606..3508135c 100644
--- a/absl/memory/memory.h
+++ b/absl/memory/memory.h
@@ -75,32 +75,6 @@ std::unique_ptr<T> WrapUnique(T* ptr) {
   return std::unique_ptr<T>(ptr);
 }
 
-namespace memory_internal {
-
-// Traits to select proper overload and return type for `absl::make_unique<>`.
-template <typename T>
-struct MakeUniqueResult {
-  using scalar = std::unique_ptr<T>;
-};
-template <typename T>
-struct MakeUniqueResult<T[]> {
-  using array = std::unique_ptr<T[]>;
-};
-template <typename T, size_t N>
-struct MakeUniqueResult<T[N]> {
-  using invalid = void;
-};
-
-}  // namespace memory_internal
-
-// gcc 4.8 has __cplusplus at 201301 but the libstdc++ shipped with it doesn't
-// define make_unique.  Other supported compilers either just define __cplusplus
-// as 201103 but have make_unique (msvc), or have make_unique whenever
-// __cplusplus > 201103 (clang).
-#if (__cplusplus > 201103L || defined(_MSC_VER)) && \
-    !(defined(__GLIBCXX__) && !defined(__cpp_lib_make_unique))
-using std::make_unique;
-#else
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Function Template: make_unique<T>()
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -109,82 +83,18 @@ using std::make_unique;
 // during the construction process. `absl::make_unique<>` also avoids redundant
 // type declarations, by avoiding the need to explicitly use the `new` operator.
 //
-// This implementation of `absl::make_unique<>` is designed for C++11 code and
-// will be replaced in C++14 by the equivalent `std::make_unique<>` abstraction.
-// `absl::make_unique<>` is designed to be 100% compatible with
-// `std::make_unique<>` so that the eventual migration will involve a simple
-// rename operation.
+// https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/memory/unique_ptr/make_unique
 //
 // For more background on why `std::unique_ptr<T>(new T(a,b))` is problematic,
 // see Herb Sutter's explanation on
 // (Exception-Safe Function Calls)[https://herbsutter.com/gotw/_102/].
 // (In general, reviewers should treat `new T(a,b)` with scrutiny.)
 //
-// Example usage:
-//
-//    auto p = make_unique<X>(args...);  // 'p'  is a std::unique_ptr<X>
-//    auto pa = make_unique<X[]>(5);     // 'pa' is a std::unique_ptr<X[]>
-//
-// Three overloads of `absl::make_unique` are required:
-//
-//   - For non-array T:
-//
-//       Allocates a T with `new T(std::forward<Args> args...)`,
-//       forwarding all `args` to T's constructor.
-//       Returns a `std::unique_ptr<T>` owning that object.
-//
-//   - For an array of unknown bounds T[]:
-//
-//       `absl::make_unique<>` will allocate an array T of type U[] with
-//       `new U[n]()` and return a `std::unique_ptr<U[]>` owning that array.
-//
-//       Note that 'U[n]()' is different from 'U[n]', and elements will be
-//       value-initialized. Note as well that `std::unique_ptr` will perform its
-//       own destruction of the array elements upon leaving scope, even though
-//       the array [] does not have a default destructor.
-//
-//       NOTE: an array of unknown bounds T[] may still be (and often will be)
-//       initialized to have a size, and will still use this overload. E.g:
-//
-//         auto my_array = absl::make_unique<int[]>(10);
-//
-//   - For an array of known bounds T[N]:
-//
-//       `absl::make_unique<>` is deleted (like with `std::make_unique<>`) as
-//       this overload is not useful.
-//
-//       NOTE: an array of known bounds T[N] is not considered a useful
-//       construction, and may cause undefined behavior in templates. E.g:
-//
-//         auto my_array = absl::make_unique<int[10]>();
-//
-//       In those cases, of course, you can still use the overload above and
-//       simply initialize it to its desired size:
-//
-//         auto my_array = absl::make_unique<int[]>(10);
-
-// `absl::make_unique` overload for non-array types.
-template <typename T, typename... Args>
-typename memory_internal::MakeUniqueResult<T>::scalar make_unique(
-    Args&&... args) {
-  return std::unique_ptr<T>(new T(std::forward<Args>(args)...));
-}
-
-// `absl::make_unique` overload for an array T[] of unknown bounds.
-// The array allocation needs to use the `new T[size]` form and cannot take
-// element constructor arguments. The `std::unique_ptr` will manage destructing
-// these array elements.
-template <typename T>
-typename memory_internal::MakeUniqueResult<T>::array make_unique(size_t n) {
-  return std::unique_ptr<T>(new typename absl::remove_extent_t<T>[n]());
-}
-
-// `absl::make_unique` overload for an array T[N] of known bounds.
-// This construction will be rejected.
-template <typename T, typename... Args>
-typename memory_internal::MakeUniqueResult<T>::invalid make_unique(
-    Args&&... /* args */) = delete;
-#endif
+// Historical note: Abseil once provided a C++11 compatible implementation of
+// the C++14's `std::make_unique`. Now that C++11 support has been sunsetted,
+// `absl::make_unique` simply uses the STL-provided implementation. New code
+// should use `std::make_unique`.
+using std::make_unique;
 
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Function Template: RawPtr()
@@ -248,6 +158,26 @@ std::weak_ptr<T> WeakenPtr(const std::shared_ptr<T>& ptr) {
   return std::weak_ptr<T>(ptr);
 }
 
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Class Template: pointer_traits
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// Historical note: Abseil once provided an implementation of
+// `std::pointer_traits` for platforms that had not yet provided it. Those
+// platforms are no longer supported. New code should simply use
+// `std::pointer_traits`.
+using std::pointer_traits;
+
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Class Template: allocator_traits
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+// Historical note: Abseil once provided an implementation of
+// `std::allocator_traits` for platforms that had not yet provided it. Those
+// platforms are no longer supported. New code should simply use
+// `std::allocator_traits`.
+using std::allocator_traits;
+
 namespace memory_internal {
 
 // ExtractOr<E, O, D>::type evaluates to E<O> if possible. Otherwise, D.
@@ -265,357 +195,6 @@ struct ExtractOr<Extract, Obj, Default, void_t<Extract<Obj>>> {
 template <template <typename> class Extract, typename Obj, typename Default>
 using ExtractOrT = typename ExtractOr<Extract, Obj, Default, void>::type;
 
-// Extractors for the features of allocators.
-template <typename T>
-using GetPointer = typename T::pointer;
-
-template <typename T>
-using GetConstPointer = typename T::const_pointer;
-
-template <typename T>
-using GetVoidPointer = typename T::void_pointer;
-
-template <typename T>
-using GetConstVoidPointer = typename T::const_void_pointer;
-
-template <typename T>
-using GetDifferenceType = typename T::difference_type;
-
-template <typename T>
-using GetSizeType = typename T::size_type;
-
-template <typename T>
-using GetPropagateOnContainerCopyAssignment =
-    typename T::propagate_on_container_copy_assignment;
-
-template <typename T>
-using GetPropagateOnContainerMoveAssignment =
-    typename T::propagate_on_container_move_assignment;
-
-template <typename T>
-using GetPropagateOnContainerSwap = typename T::propagate_on_container_swap;
-
-template <typename T>
-using GetIsAlwaysEqual = typename T::is_always_equal;
-
-template <typename T>
-struct GetFirstArg;
-
-template <template <typename...> class Class, typename T, typename... Args>
-struct GetFirstArg<Class<T, Args...>> {
-  using type = T;
-};
-
-template <typename Ptr, typename = void>
-struct ElementType {
-  using type = typename GetFirstArg<Ptr>::type;
-};
-
-template <typename T>
-struct ElementType<T, void_t<typename T::element_type>> {
-  using type = typename T::element_type;
-};
-
-template <typename T, typename U>
-struct RebindFirstArg;
-
-template <template <typename...> class Class, typename T, typename... Args,
-          typename U>
-struct RebindFirstArg<Class<T, Args...>, U> {
-  using type = Class<U, Args...>;
-};
-
-template <typename T, typename U, typename = void>
-struct RebindPtr {
-  using type = typename RebindFirstArg<T, U>::type;
-};
-
-template <typename T, typename U>
-struct RebindPtr<T, U, void_t<typename T::template rebind<U>>> {
-  using type = typename T::template rebind<U>;
-};
-
-template <typename T, typename U>
-constexpr bool HasRebindAlloc(...) {
-  return false;
-}
-
-template <typename T, typename U>
-constexpr bool HasRebindAlloc(typename T::template rebind<U>::other*) {
-  return true;
-}
-
-template <typename T, typename U, bool = HasRebindAlloc<T, U>(nullptr)>
-struct RebindAlloc {
-  using type = typename RebindFirstArg<T, U>::type;
-};
-
-template <typename T, typename U>
-struct RebindAlloc<T, U, true> {
-  using type = typename T::template rebind<U>::other;
-};
-
-}  // namespace memory_internal
-
-// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// Class Template: pointer_traits
-// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-//
-// An implementation of C++11's std::pointer_traits.
-//
-// Provided for portability on toolchains that have a working C++11 compiler,
-// but the standard library is lacking in C++11 support. For example, some
-// version of the Android NDK.
-//
-
-template <typename Ptr>
-struct pointer_traits {
-  using pointer = Ptr;
-
-  // element_type:
-  // Ptr::element_type if present. Otherwise T if Ptr is a template
-  // instantiation Template<T, Args...>
-  using element_type = typename memory_internal::ElementType<Ptr>::type;
-
-  // difference_type:
-  // Ptr::difference_type if present, otherwise std::ptrdiff_t
-  using difference_type =
-      memory_internal::ExtractOrT<memory_internal::GetDifferenceType, Ptr,
-                                  std::ptrdiff_t>;
-
-  // rebind:
-  // Ptr::rebind<U> if exists, otherwise Template<U, Args...> if Ptr is a
-  // template instantiation Template<T, Args...>
-  template <typename U>
-  using rebind = typename memory_internal::RebindPtr<Ptr, U>::type;
-
-  // pointer_to:
-  // Calls Ptr::pointer_to(r)
-  static pointer pointer_to(element_type& r) {  // NOLINT(runtime/references)
-    return Ptr::pointer_to(r);
-  }
-};
-
-// Specialization for T*.
-template <typename T>
-struct pointer_traits<T*> {
-  using pointer = T*;
-  using element_type = T;
-  using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
-
-  template <typename U>
-  using rebind = U*;
-
-  // pointer_to:
-  // Calls std::addressof(r)
-  static pointer pointer_to(
-      element_type& r) noexcept {  // NOLINT(runtime/references)
-    return std::addressof(r);
-  }
-};
-
-// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-// Class Template: allocator_traits
-// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-//
-// A C++11 compatible implementation of C++17's std::allocator_traits.
-//
-#if __cplusplus >= 201703L || (defined(_MSVC_LANG) && _MSVC_LANG >= 201703L)
-using std::allocator_traits;
-#else  // __cplusplus >= 201703L
-template <typename Alloc>
-struct allocator_traits {
-  using allocator_type = Alloc;
-
-  // value_type:
-  // Alloc::value_type
-  using value_type = typename Alloc::value_type;
-
-  // pointer:
-  // Alloc::pointer if present, otherwise value_type*
-  using pointer = memory_internal::ExtractOrT<memory_internal::GetPointer,
-                                              Alloc, value_type*>;
-
-  // const_pointer:
-  // Alloc::const_pointer if present, otherwise
-  // absl::pointer_traits<pointer>::rebind<const value_type>
-  using const_pointer =
-      memory_internal::ExtractOrT<memory_internal::GetConstPointer, Alloc,
-                                  typename absl::pointer_traits<pointer>::
-                                      template rebind<const value_type>>;
-
-  // void_pointer:
-  // Alloc::void_pointer if present, otherwise
-  // absl::pointer_traits<pointer>::rebind<void>
-  using void_pointer = memory_internal::ExtractOrT<
-      memory_internal::GetVoidPointer, Alloc,
-      typename absl::pointer_traits<pointer>::template rebind<void>>;
-
-  // const_void_pointer:
-  // Alloc::const_void_pointer if present, otherwise
-  // absl::pointer_traits<pointer>::rebind<const void>
-  using const_void_pointer = memory_internal::ExtractOrT<
-      memory_internal::GetConstVoidPointer, Alloc,
-      typename absl::pointer_traits<pointer>::template rebind<const void>>;
-
-  // difference_type:
-  // Alloc::difference_type if present, otherwise
-  // absl::pointer_traits<pointer>::difference_type
-  using difference_type = memory_internal::ExtractOrT<
-      memory_internal::GetDifferenceType, Alloc,
-      typename absl::pointer_traits<pointer>::difference_type>;
-
-  // size_type:
-  // Alloc::size_type if present, otherwise
-  // std::make_unsigned<difference_type>::type
-  using size_type = memory_internal::ExtractOrT<
-      memory_internal::GetSizeType, Alloc,
-      typename std::make_unsigned<difference_type>::type>;
-
-  // propagate_on_container_copy_assignment:
-  // Alloc::propagate_on_container_copy_assignment if present, otherwise
-  // std::false_type
-  using propagate_on_container_copy_assignment = memory_internal::ExtractOrT<
-      memory_internal::GetPropagateOnContainerCopyAssignment, Alloc,
-      std::false_type>;
-
-  // propagate_on_container_move_assignment:
-  // Alloc::propagate_on_container_move_assignment if present, otherwise
-  // std::false_type
-  using propagate_on_container_move_assignment = memory_internal::ExtractOrT<
-      memory_internal::GetPropagateOnContainerMoveAssignment, Alloc,
-      std::false_type>;
-
-  // propagate_on_container_swap:
-  // Alloc::propagate_on_container_swap if present, otherwise std::false_type
-  using propagate_on_container_swap =
-      memory_internal::ExtractOrT<memory_internal::GetPropagateOnContainerSwap,
-                                  Alloc, std::false_type>;
-
-  // is_always_equal:
-  // Alloc::is_always_equal if present, otherwise std::is_empty<Alloc>::type
-  using is_always_equal =
-      memory_internal::ExtractOrT<memory_internal::GetIsAlwaysEqual, Alloc,
-                                  typename std::is_empty<Alloc>::type>;
-
-  // rebind_alloc:
-  // Alloc::rebind<T>::other if present, otherwise Alloc<T, Args> if this Alloc
-  // is Alloc<U, Args>
-  template <typename T>
-  using rebind_alloc = typename memory_internal::RebindAlloc<Alloc, T>::type;
-
-  // rebind_traits:
-  // absl::allocator_traits<rebind_alloc<T>>
-  template <typename T>
-  using rebind_traits = absl::allocator_traits<rebind_alloc<T>>;
-
-  // allocate(Alloc& a, size_type n):
-  // Calls a.allocate(n)
-  static pointer allocate(Alloc& a,  // NOLINT(runtime/references)
-                          size_type n) {
-    return a.allocate(n);
-  }
-
-  // allocate(Alloc& a, size_type n, const_void_pointer hint):
-  // Calls a.allocate(n, hint) if possible.
-  // If not possible, calls a.allocate(n)
-  static pointer allocate(Alloc& a, size_type n,  // NOLINT(runtime/references)
-                          const_void_pointer hint) {
-    return allocate_impl(0, a, n, hint);
-  }
-
-  // deallocate(Alloc& a, pointer p, size_type n):
-  // Calls a.deallocate(p, n)
-  static void deallocate(Alloc& a, pointer p,  // NOLINT(runtime/references)
-                         size_type n) {
-    a.deallocate(p, n);
-  }
-
-  // construct(Alloc& a, T* p, Args&&... args):
-  // Calls a.construct(p, std::forward<Args>(args)...) if possible.
-  // If not possible, calls
-  //   ::new (static_cast<void*>(p)) T(std::forward<Args>(args)...)
-  template <typename T, typename... Args>
-  static void construct(Alloc& a, T* p,  // NOLINT(runtime/references)
-                        Args&&... args) {
-    construct_impl(0, a, p, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
-  }
-
-  // destroy(Alloc& a, T* p):
-  // Calls a.destroy(p) if possible. If not possible, calls p->~T().
-  template <typename T>
-  static void destroy(Alloc& a, T* p) {  // NOLINT(runtime/references)
-    destroy_impl(0, a, p);
-  }
-
-  // max_size(const Alloc& a):
-  // Returns a.max_size() if possible. If not possible, returns
-  //   std::numeric_limits<size_type>::max() / sizeof(value_type)
-  static size_type max_size(const Alloc& a) { return max_size_impl(0, a); }
-
-  // select_on_container_copy_construction(const Alloc& a):
-  // Returns a.select_on_container_copy_construction() if possible.
-  // If not possible, returns a.
-  static Alloc select_on_container_copy_construction(const Alloc& a) {
-    return select_on_container_copy_construction_impl(0, a);
-  }
-
- private:
-  template <typename A>
-  static auto allocate_impl(int, A& a,  // NOLINT(runtime/references)
-                            size_type n, const_void_pointer hint)
-      -> decltype(a.allocate(n, hint)) {
-    return a.allocate(n, hint);
-  }
-  static pointer allocate_impl(char, Alloc& a,  // NOLINT(runtime/references)
-                               size_type n, const_void_pointer) {
-    return a.allocate(n);
-  }
-
-  template <typename A, typename... Args>
-  static auto construct_impl(int, A& a,  // NOLINT(runtime/references)
-                             Args&&... args)
-      -> decltype(a.construct(std::forward<Args>(args)...)) {
-    a.construct(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
-  }
-
-  template <typename T, typename... Args>
-  static void construct_impl(char, Alloc&, T* p, Args&&... args) {
-    ::new (static_cast<void*>(p)) T(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
-  }
-
-  template <typename A, typename T>
-  static auto destroy_impl(int, A& a,  // NOLINT(runtime/references)
-                           T* p) -> decltype(a.destroy(p)) {
-    a.destroy(p);
-  }
-  template <typename T>
-  static void destroy_impl(char, Alloc&, T* p) {
-    p->~T();
-  }
-
-  template <typename A>
-  static auto max_size_impl(int, const A& a) -> decltype(a.max_size()) {
-    return a.max_size();
-  }
-  static size_type max_size_impl(char, const Alloc&) {
-    return (std::numeric_limits<size_type>::max)() / sizeof(value_type);
-  }
-
-  template <typename A>
-  static auto select_on_container_copy_construction_impl(int, const A& a)
-      -> decltype(a.select_on_container_copy_construction()) {
-    return a.select_on_container_copy_construction();
-  }
-  static Alloc select_on_container_copy_construction_impl(char,
-                                                          const Alloc& a) {
-    return a;
-  }
-};
-#endif  // __cplusplus >= 201703L
-
-namespace memory_internal {
-
 // This template alias transforms Alloc::is_nothrow into a metafunction with
 // Alloc as a parameter so it can be used with ExtractOrT<>.
 template <typename Alloc>
diff --git a/absl/memory/memory_exception_safety_test.cc b/absl/memory/memory_exception_safety_test.cc
deleted file mode 100644
index 1df72614..00000000
--- a/absl/memory/memory_exception_safety_test.cc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2018 The Abseil Authors.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-#include "absl/memory/memory.h"
-
-#include "absl/base/config.h"
-
-#ifdef ABSL_HAVE_EXCEPTIONS
-
-#include "gtest/gtest.h"
-#include "absl/base/internal/exception_safety_testing.h"
-
-namespace absl {
-ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-namespace {
-
-constexpr int kLength = 50;
-using Thrower = testing::ThrowingValue<testing::TypeSpec::kEverythingThrows>;
-
-TEST(MakeUnique, CheckForLeaks) {
-  constexpr int kValue = 321;
-  auto tester = testing::MakeExceptionSafetyTester()
-                    .WithInitialValue(Thrower(kValue))
-                    // Ensures make_unique does not modify the input. The real
-                    // test, though, is ConstructorTracker checking for leaks.
-                    .WithContracts(testing::strong_guarantee);
-
-  EXPECT_TRUE(tester.Test([](Thrower* thrower) {
-    static_cast<void>(absl::make_unique<Thrower>(*thrower));
-  }));
-
-  EXPECT_TRUE(tester.Test([](Thrower* thrower) {
-    static_cast<void>(absl::make_unique<Thrower>(std::move(*thrower)));
-  }));
-
-  // Test T[n] overload
-  EXPECT_TRUE(tester.Test([&](Thrower*) {
-    static_cast<void>(absl::make_unique<Thrower[]>(kLength));
-  }));
-}
-
-}  // namespace
-ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
-}  // namespace absl
-
-#endif  // ABSL_HAVE_EXCEPTIONS
diff --git a/absl/memory/memory_test.cc b/absl/memory/memory_test.cc
index 5d5719b3..fafd3a41 100644
--- a/absl/memory/memory_test.cc
+++ b/absl/memory/memory_test.cc
@@ -63,12 +63,6 @@ TEST(WrapUniqueTest, WrapUnique) {
   }
   EXPECT_EQ(0, DestructorVerifier::instance_count());
 }
-TEST(MakeUniqueTest, Basic) {
-  std::unique_ptr<std::string> p = absl::make_unique<std::string>();
-  EXPECT_EQ("", *p);
-  p = absl::make_unique<std::string>("hi");
-  EXPECT_EQ("hi", *p);
-}
 
 // InitializationVerifier fills in a pattern when allocated so we can
 // distinguish between its default and value initialized states (without
@@ -93,65 +87,6 @@ struct InitializationVerifier {
   int b;
 };
 
-TEST(Initialization, MakeUnique) {
-  auto p = absl::make_unique<InitializationVerifier>();
-
-  EXPECT_EQ(0, p->a);
-  EXPECT_EQ(0, p->b);
-}
-
-TEST(Initialization, MakeUniqueArray) {
-  auto p = absl::make_unique<InitializationVerifier[]>(2);
-
-  EXPECT_EQ(0, p[0].a);
-  EXPECT_EQ(0, p[0].b);
-  EXPECT_EQ(0, p[1].a);
-  EXPECT_EQ(0, p[1].b);
-}
-
-struct MoveOnly {
-  MoveOnly() = default;
-  explicit MoveOnly(int i1) : ip1{new int{i1}} {}
-  MoveOnly(int i1, int i2) : ip1{new int{i1}}, ip2{new int{i2}} {}
-  std::unique_ptr<int> ip1;
-  std::unique_ptr<int> ip2;
-};
-
-struct AcceptMoveOnly {
-  explicit AcceptMoveOnly(MoveOnly m) : m_(std::move(m)) {}
-  MoveOnly m_;
-};
-
-TEST(MakeUniqueTest, MoveOnlyTypeAndValue) {
-  using ExpectedType = std::unique_ptr<MoveOnly>;
-  {
-    auto p = absl::make_unique<MoveOnly>();
-    static_assert(std::is_same<decltype(p), ExpectedType>::value,
-                  "unexpected return type");
-    EXPECT_TRUE(!p->ip1);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(!p->ip2);
-  }
-  {
-    auto p = absl::make_unique<MoveOnly>(1);
-    static_assert(std::is_same<decltype(p), ExpectedType>::value,
-                  "unexpected return type");
-    EXPECT_TRUE(p->ip1 && *p->ip1 == 1);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(!p->ip2);
-  }
-  {
-    auto p = absl::make_unique<MoveOnly>(1, 2);
-    static_assert(std::is_same<decltype(p), ExpectedType>::value,
-                  "unexpected return type");
-    EXPECT_TRUE(p->ip1 && *p->ip1 == 1);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(p->ip2 && *p->ip2 == 2);
-  }
-}
-
-TEST(MakeUniqueTest, AcceptMoveOnly) {
-  auto p = absl::make_unique<AcceptMoveOnly>(MoveOnly());
-  p = std::unique_ptr<AcceptMoveOnly>(new AcceptMoveOnly(MoveOnly()));
-}
-
 struct ArrayWatch {
   void* operator new[](size_t n) {
     allocs().push_back(n);
@@ -164,38 +99,6 @@ struct ArrayWatch {
   }
 };
 
-TEST(Make_UniqueTest, Array) {
-  // Ensure state is clean before we start so that these tests
-  // are order-agnostic.
-  ArrayWatch::allocs().clear();
-
-  auto p = absl::make_unique<ArrayWatch[]>(5);
-  static_assert(std::is_same<decltype(p), std::unique_ptr<ArrayWatch[]>>::value,
-                "unexpected return type");
-  EXPECT_THAT(ArrayWatch::allocs(), ElementsAre(5 * sizeof(ArrayWatch)));
-}
-
-TEST(Make_UniqueTest, NotAmbiguousWithStdMakeUnique) {
-  // Ensure that absl::make_unique is not ambiguous with std::make_unique.
-  // In C++14 mode, the below call to make_unique has both types as candidates.
-  struct TakesStdType {
-    explicit TakesStdType(const std::vector<int>& vec) {}
-  };
-  using absl::make_unique;
-  (void)make_unique<TakesStdType>(std::vector<int>());
-}
-
-#if 0
-// These tests shouldn't compile.
-TEST(MakeUniqueTestNC, AcceptMoveOnlyLvalue) {
-  auto m = MoveOnly();
-  auto p = absl::make_unique<AcceptMoveOnly>(m);
-}
-TEST(MakeUniqueTestNC, KnownBoundArray) {
-  auto p = absl::make_unique<ArrayWatch[5]>();
-}
-#endif
-
 TEST(RawPtrTest, RawPointer) {
   int i = 5;
   EXPECT_EQ(&i, absl::RawPtr(&i));
@@ -287,338 +190,6 @@ TEST(RawPtrTest, NotAPointer) {
 }
 */
 
-template <typename T>
-struct SmartPointer {
-  using difference_type = char;
-};
-
-struct PointerWith {
-  using element_type = int32_t;
-  using difference_type = int16_t;
-  template <typename U>
-  using rebind = SmartPointer<U>;
-
-  static PointerWith pointer_to(
-      element_type& r) {  // NOLINT(runtime/references)
-    return PointerWith{&r};
-  }
-
-  element_type* ptr;
-};
-
-template <typename... Args>
-struct PointerWithout {};
-
-TEST(PointerTraits, Types) {
-  using TraitsWith = absl::pointer_traits<PointerWith>;
-  EXPECT_TRUE((std::is_same<TraitsWith::pointer, PointerWith>::value));
-  EXPECT_TRUE((std::is_same<TraitsWith::element_type, int32_t>::value));
-  EXPECT_TRUE((std::is_same<TraitsWith::difference_type, int16_t>::value));
-  EXPECT_TRUE((
-      std::is_same<TraitsWith::rebind<int64_t>, SmartPointer<int64_t>>::value));
-
-  using TraitsWithout = absl::pointer_traits<PointerWithout<double, int>>;
-  EXPECT_TRUE((std::is_same<TraitsWithout::pointer,
-                            PointerWithout<double, int>>::value));
-  EXPECT_TRUE((std::is_same<TraitsWithout::element_type, double>::value));
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      (std::is_same<TraitsWithout ::difference_type, std::ptrdiff_t>::value));
-  EXPECT_TRUE((std::is_same<TraitsWithout::rebind<int64_t>,
-                            PointerWithout<int64_t, int>>::value));
-
-  using TraitsRawPtr = absl::pointer_traits<char*>;
-  EXPECT_TRUE((std::is_same<TraitsRawPtr::pointer, char*>::value));
-  EXPECT_TRUE((std::is_same<TraitsRawPtr::element_type, char>::value));
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      (std::is_same<TraitsRawPtr::difference_type, std::ptrdiff_t>::value));
-  EXPECT_TRUE((std::is_same<TraitsRawPtr::rebind<int64_t>, int64_t*>::value));
-}
-
-TEST(PointerTraits, Functions) {
-  int i;
-  EXPECT_EQ(&i, absl::pointer_traits<PointerWith>::pointer_to(i).ptr);
-  EXPECT_EQ(&i, absl::pointer_traits<int*>::pointer_to(i));
-}
-
-TEST(AllocatorTraits, Typedefs) {
-  struct A {
-    struct value_type {};
-  };
-  EXPECT_TRUE((
-      std::is_same<A,
-                   typename absl::allocator_traits<A>::allocator_type>::value));
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      (std::is_same<A::value_type,
-                    typename absl::allocator_traits<A>::value_type>::value));
-
-  struct X {};
-  struct HasPointer {
-    using value_type = X;
-    using pointer = SmartPointer<X>;
-  };
-  EXPECT_TRUE((std::is_same<SmartPointer<X>, typename absl::allocator_traits<
-                                                 HasPointer>::pointer>::value));
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      (std::is_same<A::value_type*,
-                    typename absl::allocator_traits<A>::pointer>::value));
-
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      (std::is_same<
-          SmartPointer<const X>,
-          typename absl::allocator_traits<HasPointer>::const_pointer>::value));
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      (std::is_same<const A::value_type*,
-                    typename absl::allocator_traits<A>::const_pointer>::value));
-
-  struct HasVoidPointer {
-    using value_type = X;
-    struct void_pointer {};
-  };
-
-  EXPECT_TRUE((std::is_same<HasVoidPointer::void_pointer,
-                            typename absl::allocator_traits<
-                                HasVoidPointer>::void_pointer>::value));
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      (std::is_same<SmartPointer<void>, typename absl::allocator_traits<
-                                            HasPointer>::void_pointer>::value));
-
-  struct HasConstVoidPointer {
-    using value_type = X;
-    struct const_void_pointer {};
-  };
-
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      (std::is_same<HasConstVoidPointer::const_void_pointer,
-                    typename absl::allocator_traits<
-                        HasConstVoidPointer>::const_void_pointer>::value));
-  EXPECT_TRUE((std::is_same<SmartPointer<const void>,
-                            typename absl::allocator_traits<
-                                HasPointer>::const_void_pointer>::value));
-
-  struct HasDifferenceType {
-    using value_type = X;
-    using difference_type = int;
-  };
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      (std::is_same<int, typename absl::allocator_traits<
-                             HasDifferenceType>::difference_type>::value));
-  EXPECT_TRUE((std::is_same<char, typename absl::allocator_traits<
-                                      HasPointer>::difference_type>::value));
-
-  struct HasSizeType {
-    using value_type = X;
-    using size_type = unsigned int;
-  };
-  EXPECT_TRUE((std::is_same<unsigned int, typename absl::allocator_traits<
-                                              HasSizeType>::size_type>::value));
-  EXPECT_TRUE((std::is_same<unsigned char, typename absl::allocator_traits<
-                                               HasPointer>::size_type>::value));
-
-  struct HasPropagateOnCopy {
-    using value_type = X;
-    struct propagate_on_container_copy_assignment {};
-  };
-
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      (std::is_same<HasPropagateOnCopy::propagate_on_container_copy_assignment,
-                    typename absl::allocator_traits<HasPropagateOnCopy>::
-                        propagate_on_container_copy_assignment>::value));
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      (std::is_same<std::false_type,
-                    typename absl::allocator_traits<
-                        A>::propagate_on_container_copy_assignment>::value));
-
-  struct HasPropagateOnMove {
-    using value_type = X;
-    struct propagate_on_container_move_assignment {};
-  };
-
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      (std::is_same<HasPropagateOnMove::propagate_on_container_move_assignment,
-                    typename absl::allocator_traits<HasPropagateOnMove>::
-                        propagate_on_container_move_assignment>::value));
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      (std::is_same<std::false_type,
-                    typename absl::allocator_traits<
-                        A>::propagate_on_container_move_assignment>::value));
-
-  struct HasPropagateOnSwap {
-    using value_type = X;
-    struct propagate_on_container_swap {};
-  };
-
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      (std::is_same<HasPropagateOnSwap::propagate_on_container_swap,
-                    typename absl::allocator_traits<HasPropagateOnSwap>::
-                        propagate_on_container_swap>::value));
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      (std::is_same<std::false_type, typename absl::allocator_traits<A>::
-                                         propagate_on_container_swap>::value));
-
-  struct HasIsAlwaysEqual {
-    using value_type = X;
-    struct is_always_equal {};
-  };
-
-  EXPECT_TRUE((std::is_same<HasIsAlwaysEqual::is_always_equal,
-                            typename absl::allocator_traits<
-                                HasIsAlwaysEqual>::is_always_equal>::value));
-  EXPECT_TRUE((std::is_same<std::true_type, typename absl::allocator_traits<
-                                                A>::is_always_equal>::value));
-  struct NonEmpty {
-    using value_type = X;
-    int i;
-  };
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      (std::is_same<std::false_type,
-                    absl::allocator_traits<NonEmpty>::is_always_equal>::value));
-}
-
-template <typename T>
-struct AllocWithPrivateInheritance : private std::allocator<T> {
-  using value_type = T;
-};
-
-TEST(AllocatorTraits, RebindWithPrivateInheritance) {
-  // Regression test for some versions of gcc that do not like the sfinae we
-  // used in combination with private inheritance.
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      (std::is_same<AllocWithPrivateInheritance<int>,
-                    absl::allocator_traits<AllocWithPrivateInheritance<char>>::
-                        rebind_alloc<int>>::value));
-}
-
-template <typename T>
-struct Rebound {};
-
-struct AllocWithRebind {
-  using value_type = int;
-  template <typename T>
-  struct rebind {
-    using other = Rebound<T>;
-  };
-};
-
-template <typename T, typename U>
-struct AllocWithoutRebind {
-  using value_type = int;
-};
-
-TEST(AllocatorTraits, Rebind) {
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      (std::is_same<Rebound<int>,
-                    typename absl::allocator_traits<
-                        AllocWithRebind>::template rebind_alloc<int>>::value));
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      (std::is_same<absl::allocator_traits<Rebound<int>>,
-                    typename absl::allocator_traits<
-                        AllocWithRebind>::template rebind_traits<int>>::value));
-
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      (std::is_same<AllocWithoutRebind<double, char>,
-                    typename absl::allocator_traits<AllocWithoutRebind<
-                        int, char>>::template rebind_alloc<double>>::value));
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      (std::is_same<absl::allocator_traits<AllocWithoutRebind<double, char>>,
-                    typename absl::allocator_traits<AllocWithoutRebind<
-                        int, char>>::template rebind_traits<double>>::value));
-}
-
-struct TestValue {
-  TestValue() {}
-  explicit TestValue(int* trace) : trace(trace) { ++*trace; }
-  ~TestValue() {
-    if (trace) --*trace;
-  }
-  int* trace = nullptr;
-};
-
-struct MinimalMockAllocator {
-  MinimalMockAllocator() : value(0) {}
-  explicit MinimalMockAllocator(int value) : value(value) {}
-  MinimalMockAllocator(const MinimalMockAllocator& other)
-      : value(other.value) {}
-  using value_type = TestValue;
-  MOCK_METHOD(value_type*, allocate, (size_t));
-  MOCK_METHOD(void, deallocate, (value_type*, size_t));
-
-  int value;
-};
-
-TEST(AllocatorTraits, FunctionsMinimal) {
-  int trace = 0;
-  int hint;
-  alignas(TestValue) char buffer[sizeof(TestValue)];
-  auto* x = reinterpret_cast<TestValue*>(buffer);
-  MinimalMockAllocator mock;
-  using Traits = absl::allocator_traits<MinimalMockAllocator>;
-  EXPECT_CALL(mock, allocate(7)).WillRepeatedly(Return(x));
-  EXPECT_CALL(mock, deallocate(x, 7));
-
-  EXPECT_EQ(x, Traits::allocate(mock, 7));
-  static_cast<void>(Traits::allocate(mock, 7, static_cast<const void*>(&hint)));
-  EXPECT_EQ(x, Traits::allocate(mock, 7, static_cast<const void*>(&hint)));
-  Traits::deallocate(mock, x, 7);
-
-  EXPECT_EQ(0, trace);
-  Traits::construct(mock, x, &trace);
-  EXPECT_EQ(1, trace);
-  Traits::destroy(mock, x);
-  EXPECT_EQ(0, trace);
-
-  EXPECT_EQ(std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max() / sizeof(TestValue),
-            Traits::max_size(mock));
-
-  EXPECT_EQ(0, mock.value);
-  EXPECT_EQ(0, Traits::select_on_container_copy_construction(mock).value);
-}
-
-struct FullMockAllocator {
-  FullMockAllocator() : value(0) {}
-  explicit FullMockAllocator(int value) : value(value) {}
-  FullMockAllocator(const FullMockAllocator& other) : value(other.value) {}
-  using value_type = TestValue;
-  MOCK_METHOD(value_type*, allocate, (size_t));
-  MOCK_METHOD(value_type*, allocate, (size_t, const void*));
-  MOCK_METHOD(void, construct, (value_type*, int*));
-  MOCK_METHOD(void, destroy, (value_type*));
-  MOCK_METHOD(size_t, max_size, (),
-              (const));
-  MOCK_METHOD(FullMockAllocator, select_on_container_copy_construction, (),
-              (const));
-
-  int value;
-};
-
-TEST(AllocatorTraits, FunctionsFull) {
-  int trace = 0;
-  int hint;
-  TestValue x(&trace), y;
-  FullMockAllocator mock;
-  using Traits = absl::allocator_traits<FullMockAllocator>;
-  EXPECT_CALL(mock, allocate(7)).WillRepeatedly(Return(&x));
-  EXPECT_CALL(mock, allocate(13, &hint)).WillRepeatedly(Return(&y));
-  EXPECT_CALL(mock, construct(&x, &trace));
-  EXPECT_CALL(mock, destroy(&x));
-  EXPECT_CALL(mock, max_size()).WillRepeatedly(Return(17));
-  EXPECT_CALL(mock, select_on_container_copy_construction())
-      .WillRepeatedly(Return(FullMockAllocator(23)));
-
-  EXPECT_EQ(&x, Traits::allocate(mock, 7));
-  EXPECT_EQ(&y, Traits::allocate(mock, 13, static_cast<const void*>(&hint)));
-
-  EXPECT_EQ(1, trace);
-  Traits::construct(mock, &x, &trace);
-  EXPECT_EQ(1, trace);
-  Traits::destroy(mock, &x);
-  EXPECT_EQ(1, trace);
-
-  EXPECT_EQ(17, Traits::max_size(mock));
-
-  EXPECT_EQ(0, mock.value);
-  EXPECT_EQ(23, Traits::select_on_container_copy_construction(mock).value);
-}
-
 TEST(AllocatorNoThrowTest, DefaultAllocator) {
 #if defined(ABSL_ALLOCATOR_NOTHROW) && ABSL_ALLOCATOR_NOTHROW
   EXPECT_TRUE(absl::default_allocator_is_nothrow::value);
diff --git a/absl/meta/BUILD.bazel b/absl/meta/BUILD.bazel
index fb379251..13051d83 100644
--- a/absl/meta/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/absl/meta/BUILD.bazel
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ cc_library(
     linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
     deps = [
         "//absl/base:config",
+        "//absl/base:core_headers",
     ],
 )
 
@@ -42,6 +43,9 @@ cc_test(
     linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
     deps = [
         ":type_traits",
+        "//absl/base:config",
+        "//absl/base:core_headers",
+        "//absl/time",
         "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
     ],
 )
diff --git a/absl/meta/CMakeLists.txt b/absl/meta/CMakeLists.txt
index 9de4bd37..d509114c 100644
--- a/absl/meta/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/absl/meta/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ absl_cc_library(
     ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
   DEPS
     absl::config
+    absl::core_headers
   PUBLIC
 )
 
@@ -34,6 +35,9 @@ absl_cc_test(
   COPTS
     ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
   DEPS
+    absl::config
+    absl::time
+    absl::core_headers
     absl::type_traits
     GTest::gmock_main
 )
diff --git a/absl/meta/type_traits.h b/absl/meta/type_traits.h
index d886cb30..cf71164b 100644
--- a/absl/meta/type_traits.h
+++ b/absl/meta/type_traits.h
@@ -39,14 +39,9 @@
 #include <functional>
 #include <type_traits>
 
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
 #include "absl/base/config.h"
 
-// MSVC constructibility traits do not detect destructor properties and so our
-// implementations should not use them as a source-of-truth.
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__clang__) && !defined(__GNUC__)
-#define ABSL_META_INTERNAL_STD_CONSTRUCTION_TRAITS_DONT_CHECK_DESTRUCTION 1
-#endif
-
 // Defines the default alignment. `__STDCPP_DEFAULT_NEW_ALIGNMENT__` is a C++17
 // feature.
 #if defined(__STDCPP_DEFAULT_NEW_ALIGNMENT__)
@@ -58,74 +53,13 @@
 namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 
-// Defined and documented later on in this file.
-template <typename T>
-struct is_trivially_destructible;
-
-// Defined and documented later on in this file.
-template <typename T>
-struct is_trivially_move_assignable;
-
 namespace type_traits_internal {
 
-// Silence MSVC warnings about the destructor being defined as deleted.
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__GNUC__)
-#pragma warning(push)
-#pragma warning(disable : 4624)
-#endif  // defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__GNUC__)
-
-template <class T>
-union SingleMemberUnion {
-  T t;
-};
-
-// Restore the state of the destructor warning that was silenced above.
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__GNUC__)
-#pragma warning(pop)
-#endif  // defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__GNUC__)
-
-template <class T>
-struct IsTriviallyMoveConstructibleObject
-    : std::integral_constant<
-          bool, std::is_move_constructible<
-                    type_traits_internal::SingleMemberUnion<T>>::value &&
-                    absl::is_trivially_destructible<T>::value> {};
-
-template <class T>
-struct IsTriviallyCopyConstructibleObject
-    : std::integral_constant<
-          bool, std::is_copy_constructible<
-                    type_traits_internal::SingleMemberUnion<T>>::value &&
-                    absl::is_trivially_destructible<T>::value> {};
-
-template <class T>
-struct IsTriviallyMoveAssignableReference : std::false_type {};
-
-template <class T>
-struct IsTriviallyMoveAssignableReference<T&>
-    : absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<T>::type {};
-
-template <class T>
-struct IsTriviallyMoveAssignableReference<T&&>
-    : absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<T>::type {};
-
 template <typename... Ts>
 struct VoidTImpl {
   using type = void;
 };
 
-// This trick to retrieve a default alignment is necessary for our
-// implementation of aligned_storage_t to be consistent with any implementation
-// of std::aligned_storage.
-template <size_t Len, typename T = std::aligned_storage<Len>>
-struct default_alignment_of_aligned_storage;
-
-template <size_t Len, size_t Align>
-struct default_alignment_of_aligned_storage<Len,
-                                            std::aligned_storage<Len, Align>> {
-  static constexpr size_t value = Align;
-};
-
 ////////////////////////////////
 // Library Fundamentals V2 TS //
 ////////////////////////////////
@@ -169,39 +103,8 @@ template <class To, template <class...> class Op, class... Args>
 struct is_detected_convertible
     : is_detected_convertible_impl<void, To, Op, Args...>::type {};
 
-template <typename T>
-using IsCopyAssignableImpl =
-    decltype(std::declval<T&>() = std::declval<const T&>());
-
-template <typename T>
-using IsMoveAssignableImpl = decltype(std::declval<T&>() = std::declval<T&&>());
-
 }  // namespace type_traits_internal
 
-// MSVC 19.20 has a regression that causes our workarounds to fail, but their
-// std forms now appear to be compliant.
-#if defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__clang__) && (_MSC_VER >= 1920)
-
-template <typename T>
-using is_copy_assignable = std::is_copy_assignable<T>;
-
-template <typename T>
-using is_move_assignable = std::is_move_assignable<T>;
-
-#else
-
-template <typename T>
-struct is_copy_assignable : type_traits_internal::is_detected<
-                                type_traits_internal::IsCopyAssignableImpl, T> {
-};
-
-template <typename T>
-struct is_move_assignable : type_traits_internal::is_detected<
-                                type_traits_internal::IsMoveAssignableImpl, T> {
-};
-
-#endif
-
 // void_t()
 //
 // Ignores the type of any its arguments and returns `void`. In general, this
@@ -282,230 +185,29 @@ struct is_function
           bool, !(std::is_reference<T>::value ||
                   std::is_const<typename std::add_const<T>::type>::value)> {};
 
+// is_copy_assignable()
+// is_move_assignable()
 // is_trivially_destructible()
-//
-// Determines whether the passed type `T` is trivially destructible.
-//
-// This metafunction is designed to be a drop-in replacement for the C++11
-// `std::is_trivially_destructible()` metafunction for platforms that have
-// incomplete C++11 support (such as libstdc++ 4.x). On any platforms that do
-// fully support C++11, we check whether this yields the same result as the std
-// implementation.
-//
-// NOTE: the extensions (__has_trivial_xxx) are implemented in gcc (version >=
-// 4.3) and clang. Since we are supporting libstdc++ > 4.7, they should always
-// be present. These  extensions are documented at
-// https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Type-Traits.html#Type-Traits.
-template <typename T>
-struct is_trivially_destructible
-    : std::integral_constant<bool, __has_trivial_destructor(T) &&
-                                   std::is_destructible<T>::value> {
-#ifdef ABSL_HAVE_STD_IS_TRIVIALLY_DESTRUCTIBLE
- private:
-  static constexpr bool compliant = std::is_trivially_destructible<T>::value ==
-                                    is_trivially_destructible::value;
-  static_assert(compliant || std::is_trivially_destructible<T>::value,
-                "Not compliant with std::is_trivially_destructible; "
-                "Standard: false, Implementation: true");
-  static_assert(compliant || !std::is_trivially_destructible<T>::value,
-                "Not compliant with std::is_trivially_destructible; "
-                "Standard: true, Implementation: false");
-#endif  // ABSL_HAVE_STD_IS_TRIVIALLY_DESTRUCTIBLE
-};
-
 // is_trivially_default_constructible()
-//
-// Determines whether the passed type `T` is trivially default constructible.
-//
-// This metafunction is designed to be a drop-in replacement for the C++11
-// `std::is_trivially_default_constructible()` metafunction for platforms that
-// have incomplete C++11 support (such as libstdc++ 4.x). On any platforms that
-// do fully support C++11, we check whether this yields the same result as the
-// std implementation.
-//
-// NOTE: according to the C++ standard, Section: 20.15.4.3 [meta.unary.prop]
-// "The predicate condition for a template specialization is_constructible<T,
-// Args...> shall be satisfied if and only if the following variable
-// definition would be well-formed for some invented variable t:
-//
-// T t(declval<Args>()...);
-//
-// is_trivially_constructible<T, Args...> additionally requires that the
-// variable definition does not call any operation that is not trivial.
-// For the purposes of this check, the call to std::declval is considered
-// trivial."
-//
-// Notes from https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/types/is_constructible:
-// In many implementations, is_nothrow_constructible also checks if the
-// destructor throws because it is effectively noexcept(T(arg)). Same
-// applies to is_trivially_constructible, which, in these implementations, also
-// requires that the destructor is trivial.
-// GCC bug 51452: https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=51452
-// LWG issue 2116: http://cplusplus.github.io/LWG/lwg-active.html#2116.
-//
-// "T obj();" need to be well-formed and not call any nontrivial operation.
-// Nontrivially destructible types will cause the expression to be nontrivial.
-template <typename T>
-struct is_trivially_default_constructible
-    : std::integral_constant<bool, __has_trivial_constructor(T) &&
-                                   std::is_default_constructible<T>::value &&
-                                   is_trivially_destructible<T>::value> {
-#if defined(ABSL_HAVE_STD_IS_TRIVIALLY_CONSTRUCTIBLE) && \
-    !defined(                                            \
-        ABSL_META_INTERNAL_STD_CONSTRUCTION_TRAITS_DONT_CHECK_DESTRUCTION)
- private:
-  static constexpr bool compliant =
-      std::is_trivially_default_constructible<T>::value ==
-      is_trivially_default_constructible::value;
-  static_assert(compliant || std::is_trivially_default_constructible<T>::value,
-                "Not compliant with std::is_trivially_default_constructible; "
-                "Standard: false, Implementation: true");
-  static_assert(compliant || !std::is_trivially_default_constructible<T>::value,
-                "Not compliant with std::is_trivially_default_constructible; "
-                "Standard: true, Implementation: false");
-#endif  // ABSL_HAVE_STD_IS_TRIVIALLY_CONSTRUCTIBLE
-};
-
 // is_trivially_move_constructible()
-//
-// Determines whether the passed type `T` is trivially move constructible.
-//
-// This metafunction is designed to be a drop-in replacement for the C++11
-// `std::is_trivially_move_constructible()` metafunction for platforms that have
-// incomplete C++11 support (such as libstdc++ 4.x). On any platforms that do
-// fully support C++11, we check whether this yields the same result as the std
-// implementation.
-//
-// NOTE: `T obj(declval<T>());` needs to be well-formed and not call any
-// nontrivial operation.  Nontrivially destructible types will cause the
-// expression to be nontrivial.
-template <typename T>
-struct is_trivially_move_constructible
-    : std::conditional<
-          std::is_object<T>::value && !std::is_array<T>::value,
-          type_traits_internal::IsTriviallyMoveConstructibleObject<T>,
-          std::is_reference<T>>::type::type {
-#if defined(ABSL_HAVE_STD_IS_TRIVIALLY_CONSTRUCTIBLE) && \
-    !defined(                                            \
-        ABSL_META_INTERNAL_STD_CONSTRUCTION_TRAITS_DONT_CHECK_DESTRUCTION)
- private:
-  static constexpr bool compliant =
-      std::is_trivially_move_constructible<T>::value ==
-      is_trivially_move_constructible::value;
-  static_assert(compliant || std::is_trivially_move_constructible<T>::value,
-                "Not compliant with std::is_trivially_move_constructible; "
-                "Standard: false, Implementation: true");
-  static_assert(compliant || !std::is_trivially_move_constructible<T>::value,
-                "Not compliant with std::is_trivially_move_constructible; "
-                "Standard: true, Implementation: false");
-#endif  // ABSL_HAVE_STD_IS_TRIVIALLY_CONSTRUCTIBLE
-};
-
 // is_trivially_copy_constructible()
-//
-// Determines whether the passed type `T` is trivially copy constructible.
-//
-// This metafunction is designed to be a drop-in replacement for the C++11
-// `std::is_trivially_copy_constructible()` metafunction for platforms that have
-// incomplete C++11 support (such as libstdc++ 4.x). On any platforms that do
-// fully support C++11, we check whether this yields the same result as the std
-// implementation.
-//
-// NOTE: `T obj(declval<const T&>());` needs to be well-formed and not call any
-// nontrivial operation.  Nontrivially destructible types will cause the
-// expression to be nontrivial.
-template <typename T>
-struct is_trivially_copy_constructible
-    : std::conditional<
-          std::is_object<T>::value && !std::is_array<T>::value,
-          type_traits_internal::IsTriviallyCopyConstructibleObject<T>,
-          std::is_lvalue_reference<T>>::type::type {
-#if defined(ABSL_HAVE_STD_IS_TRIVIALLY_CONSTRUCTIBLE) && \
-    !defined(                                            \
-        ABSL_META_INTERNAL_STD_CONSTRUCTION_TRAITS_DONT_CHECK_DESTRUCTION)
- private:
-  static constexpr bool compliant =
-      std::is_trivially_copy_constructible<T>::value ==
-      is_trivially_copy_constructible::value;
-  static_assert(compliant || std::is_trivially_copy_constructible<T>::value,
-                "Not compliant with std::is_trivially_copy_constructible; "
-                "Standard: false, Implementation: true");
-  static_assert(compliant || !std::is_trivially_copy_constructible<T>::value,
-                "Not compliant with std::is_trivially_copy_constructible; "
-                "Standard: true, Implementation: false");
-#endif  // ABSL_HAVE_STD_IS_TRIVIALLY_CONSTRUCTIBLE
-};
-
 // is_trivially_move_assignable()
-//
-// Determines whether the passed type `T` is trivially move assignable.
-//
-// This metafunction is designed to be a drop-in replacement for the C++11
-// `std::is_trivially_move_assignable()` metafunction for platforms that have
-// incomplete C++11 support (such as libstdc++ 4.x). On any platforms that do
-// fully support C++11, we check whether this yields the same result as the std
-// implementation.
-//
-// NOTE: `is_assignable<T, U>::value` is `true` if the expression
-// `declval<T>() = declval<U>()` is well-formed when treated as an unevaluated
-// operand. `is_trivially_assignable<T, U>` requires the assignment to call no
-// operation that is not trivial. `is_trivially_copy_assignable<T>` is simply
-// `is_trivially_assignable<T&, T>`.
-template <typename T>
-struct is_trivially_move_assignable
-    : std::conditional<
-          std::is_object<T>::value && !std::is_array<T>::value &&
-              std::is_move_assignable<T>::value,
-          std::is_move_assignable<type_traits_internal::SingleMemberUnion<T>>,
-          type_traits_internal::IsTriviallyMoveAssignableReference<T>>::type::
-          type {
-#ifdef ABSL_HAVE_STD_IS_TRIVIALLY_ASSIGNABLE
- private:
-  static constexpr bool compliant =
-      std::is_trivially_move_assignable<T>::value ==
-      is_trivially_move_assignable::value;
-  static_assert(compliant || std::is_trivially_move_assignable<T>::value,
-                "Not compliant with std::is_trivially_move_assignable; "
-                "Standard: false, Implementation: true");
-  static_assert(compliant || !std::is_trivially_move_assignable<T>::value,
-                "Not compliant with std::is_trivially_move_assignable; "
-                "Standard: true, Implementation: false");
-#endif  // ABSL_HAVE_STD_IS_TRIVIALLY_ASSIGNABLE
-};
-
 // is_trivially_copy_assignable()
 //
-// Determines whether the passed type `T` is trivially copy assignable.
-//
-// This metafunction is designed to be a drop-in replacement for the C++11
-// `std::is_trivially_copy_assignable()` metafunction for platforms that have
-// incomplete C++11 support (such as libstdc++ 4.x). On any platforms that do
-// fully support C++11, we check whether this yields the same result as the std
-// implementation.
-//
-// NOTE: `is_assignable<T, U>::value` is `true` if the expression
-// `declval<T>() = declval<U>()` is well-formed when treated as an unevaluated
-// operand. `is_trivially_assignable<T, U>` requires the assignment to call no
-// operation that is not trivial. `is_trivially_copy_assignable<T>` is simply
-// `is_trivially_assignable<T&, const T&>`.
-template <typename T>
-struct is_trivially_copy_assignable
-    : std::integral_constant<
-          bool, __has_trivial_assign(typename std::remove_reference<T>::type) &&
-                    absl::is_copy_assignable<T>::value> {
-#ifdef ABSL_HAVE_STD_IS_TRIVIALLY_ASSIGNABLE
- private:
-  static constexpr bool compliant =
-      std::is_trivially_copy_assignable<T>::value ==
-      is_trivially_copy_assignable::value;
-  static_assert(compliant || std::is_trivially_copy_assignable<T>::value,
-                "Not compliant with std::is_trivially_copy_assignable; "
-                "Standard: false, Implementation: true");
-  static_assert(compliant || !std::is_trivially_copy_assignable<T>::value,
-                "Not compliant with std::is_trivially_copy_assignable; "
-                "Standard: true, Implementation: false");
-#endif  // ABSL_HAVE_STD_IS_TRIVIALLY_ASSIGNABLE
-};
+// Historical note: Abseil once provided implementations of these type traits
+// for platforms that lacked full support. New code should prefer to use the
+// std variants.
+//
+// See the documentation for the STL <type_traits> header for more information:
+// https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/header/type_traits
+using std::is_copy_assignable;
+using std::is_move_assignable;
+using std::is_trivially_copy_assignable;
+using std::is_trivially_copy_constructible;
+using std::is_trivially_default_constructible;
+using std::is_trivially_destructible;
+using std::is_trivially_move_assignable;
+using std::is_trivially_move_constructible;
 
 #if defined(__cpp_lib_remove_cvref) && __cpp_lib_remove_cvref >= 201711L
 template <typename T>
@@ -528,49 +230,6 @@ template <typename T>
 using remove_cvref_t = typename remove_cvref<T>::type;
 #endif
 
-namespace type_traits_internal {
-// is_trivially_copyable()
-//
-// Determines whether the passed type `T` is trivially copyable.
-//
-// This metafunction is designed to be a drop-in replacement for the C++11
-// `std::is_trivially_copyable()` metafunction for platforms that have
-// incomplete C++11 support (such as libstdc++ 4.x). We use the C++17 definition
-// of TriviallyCopyable.
-//
-// NOTE: `is_trivially_copyable<T>::value` is `true` if all of T's copy/move
-// constructors/assignment operators are trivial or deleted, T has at least
-// one non-deleted copy/move constructor/assignment operator, and T is trivially
-// destructible. Arrays of trivially copyable types are trivially copyable.
-//
-// We expose this metafunction only for internal use within absl.
-template <typename T>
-class is_trivially_copyable_impl {
-  using ExtentsRemoved = typename std::remove_all_extents<T>::type;
-  static constexpr bool kIsCopyOrMoveConstructible =
-      std::is_copy_constructible<ExtentsRemoved>::value ||
-      std::is_move_constructible<ExtentsRemoved>::value;
-  static constexpr bool kIsCopyOrMoveAssignable =
-      absl::is_copy_assignable<ExtentsRemoved>::value ||
-      absl::is_move_assignable<ExtentsRemoved>::value;
-
- public:
-  static constexpr bool kValue =
-      (__has_trivial_copy(ExtentsRemoved) || !kIsCopyOrMoveConstructible) &&
-      (__has_trivial_assign(ExtentsRemoved) || !kIsCopyOrMoveAssignable) &&
-      (kIsCopyOrMoveConstructible || kIsCopyOrMoveAssignable) &&
-      is_trivially_destructible<ExtentsRemoved>::value &&
-      // We need to check for this explicitly because otherwise we'll say
-      // references are trivial copyable when compiled by MSVC.
-      !std::is_reference<ExtentsRemoved>::value;
-};
-
-template <typename T>
-struct is_trivially_copyable
-    : std::integral_constant<
-          bool, type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable_impl<T>::kValue> {};
-}  // namespace type_traits_internal
-
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // C++14 "_t" trait aliases
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -620,9 +279,26 @@ using remove_extent_t = typename std::remove_extent<T>::type;
 template <typename T>
 using remove_all_extents_t = typename std::remove_all_extents<T>::type;
 
+ABSL_INTERNAL_DISABLE_DEPRECATED_DECLARATION_WARNING
+namespace type_traits_internal {
+// This trick to retrieve a default alignment is necessary for our
+// implementation of aligned_storage_t to be consistent with any
+// implementation of std::aligned_storage.
+template <size_t Len, typename T = std::aligned_storage<Len>>
+struct default_alignment_of_aligned_storage;
+
+template <size_t Len, size_t Align>
+struct default_alignment_of_aligned_storage<
+    Len, std::aligned_storage<Len, Align>> {
+  static constexpr size_t value = Align;
+};
+}  // namespace type_traits_internal
+
+// TODO(b/260219225): std::aligned_storage(_t) is deprecated in C++23.
 template <size_t Len, size_t Align = type_traits_internal::
                           default_alignment_of_aligned_storage<Len>::value>
 using aligned_storage_t = typename std::aligned_storage<Len, Align>::type;
+ABSL_INTERNAL_RESTORE_DEPRECATED_DECLARATION_WARNING
 
 template <typename T>
 using decay_t = typename std::decay<T>::type;
@@ -791,6 +467,97 @@ using swap_internal::Swap;
 using swap_internal::StdSwapIsUnconstrained;
 
 }  // namespace type_traits_internal
+
+// absl::is_trivially_relocatable<T>
+//
+// Detects whether a type is known to be "trivially relocatable" -- meaning it
+// can be relocated without invoking the constructor/destructor, using a form of
+// move elision.
+//
+// This trait is conservative, for backwards compatibility. If it's true then
+// the type is definitely trivially relocatable, but if it's false then the type
+// may or may not be.
+//
+// Example:
+//
+// if constexpr (absl::is_trivially_relocatable<T>::value) {
+//   memcpy(new_location, old_location, sizeof(T));
+// } else {
+//   new(new_location) T(std::move(*old_location));
+//   old_location->~T();
+// }
+//
+// Upstream documentation:
+//
+// https://clang.llvm.org/docs/LanguageExtensions.html#:~:text=__is_trivially_relocatable
+
+// If the compiler offers a builtin that tells us the answer, we can use that.
+// This covers all of the cases in the fallback below, plus types that opt in
+// using e.g. [[clang::trivial_abi]].
+//
+// Clang on Windows has the builtin, but it falsely claims types with a
+// user-provided destructor are trivial (http://b/275003464). So we opt out
+// there.
+//
+// TODO(b/275003464): remove the opt-out once the bug is fixed.
+//
+// According to https://github.com/abseil/abseil-cpp/issues/1479, this does not
+// work with NVCC either.
+#if ABSL_HAVE_BUILTIN(__is_trivially_relocatable) &&                 \
+    !(defined(__clang__) && (defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64))) && \
+    !defined(__NVCC__)
+template <class T>
+struct is_trivially_relocatable
+    : std::integral_constant<bool, __is_trivially_relocatable(T)> {};
+#else
+// Otherwise we use a fallback that detects only those types we can feasibly
+// detect. Any time that has trivial move-construction and destruction
+// operations is by definition trivially relocatable.
+template <class T>
+struct is_trivially_relocatable
+    : absl::conjunction<absl::is_trivially_move_constructible<T>,
+                        absl::is_trivially_destructible<T>> {};
+#endif
+
+// absl::is_constant_evaluated()
+//
+// Detects whether the function call occurs within a constant-evaluated context.
+// Returns true if the evaluation of the call occurs within the evaluation of an
+// expression or conversion that is manifestly constant-evaluated; otherwise
+// returns false.
+//
+// This function is implemented in terms of `std::is_constant_evaluated` for
+// c++20 and up. For older c++ versions, the function is implemented in terms
+// of `__builtin_is_constant_evaluated` if available, otherwise the function
+// will fail to compile.
+//
+// Applications can inspect `ABSL_HAVE_CONSTANT_EVALUATED` at compile time
+// to check if this function is supported.
+//
+// Example:
+//
+// constexpr MyClass::MyClass(int param) {
+// #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_CONSTANT_EVALUATED
+//   if (!absl::is_constant_evaluated()) {
+//     ABSL_LOG(INFO) << "MyClass(" << param << ")";
+//   }
+// #endif  // ABSL_HAVE_CONSTANT_EVALUATED
+// }
+//
+// Upstream documentation:
+//
+// http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/types/is_constant_evaluated
+// http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Other-Builtins.html#:~:text=__builtin_is_constant_evaluated
+//
+#if defined(ABSL_HAVE_CONSTANT_EVALUATED)
+constexpr bool is_constant_evaluated() noexcept {
+#ifdef __cpp_lib_is_constant_evaluated
+  return std::is_constant_evaluated();
+#elif ABSL_HAVE_BUILTIN(__builtin_is_constant_evaluated)
+  return __builtin_is_constant_evaluated();
+#endif
+}
+#endif  // ABSL_HAVE_CONSTANT_EVALUATED
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
 }  // namespace absl
 
diff --git a/absl/meta/type_traits_test.cc b/absl/meta/type_traits_test.cc
index 0ef5b665..7412f33d 100644
--- a/absl/meta/type_traits_test.cc
+++ b/absl/meta/type_traits_test.cc
@@ -21,6 +21,10 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/time/clock.h"
+#include "absl/time/time.h"
 
 namespace {
 
@@ -336,6 +340,7 @@ struct MovableNonCopyable {
 
 struct NonCopyableOrMovable {
   NonCopyableOrMovable() = default;
+  virtual ~NonCopyableOrMovable() = default;
   NonCopyableOrMovable(const NonCopyableOrMovable&) = delete;
   NonCopyableOrMovable(NonCopyableOrMovable&&) = delete;
   NonCopyableOrMovable& operator=(const NonCopyableOrMovable&) = delete;
@@ -347,29 +352,6 @@ class Base {
   virtual ~Base() {}
 };
 
-// Old versions of libc++, around Clang 3.5 to 3.6, consider deleted destructors
-// as also being trivial. With the resolution of CWG 1928 and CWG 1734, this
-// is no longer considered true and has thus been amended.
-// Compiler Explorer: https://godbolt.org/g/zT59ZL
-// CWG issue 1734: http://open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG21/docs/cwg_defects.html#1734
-// CWG issue 1928: http://open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG21/docs/cwg_closed.html#1928
-#if !defined(_LIBCPP_VERSION) || _LIBCPP_VERSION >= 3700
-#define ABSL_TRIVIALLY_DESTRUCTIBLE_CONSIDER_DELETED_DESTRUCTOR_NOT_TRIVIAL 1
-#endif
-
-// As of the moment, GCC versions >5.1 have a problem compiling for
-// std::is_trivially_default_constructible<NontrivialDestructor[10]>, where
-// NontrivialDestructor is a struct with a custom nontrivial destructor. Note
-// that this problem only occurs for arrays of a known size, so something like
-// std::is_trivially_default_constructible<NontrivialDestructor[]> does not
-// have any problems.
-// Compiler Explorer: https://godbolt.org/g/dXRbdK
-// GCC bug 83689: https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=83689
-#if defined(__clang__) || defined(_MSC_VER) || \
-    (defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ < 5)
-#define ABSL_GCC_BUG_TRIVIALLY_CONSTRUCTIBLE_ON_ARRAY_OF_NONTRIVIAL 1
-#endif
-
 TEST(TypeTraitsTest, TestIsFunction) {
   struct Callable {
     void operator()() {}
@@ -386,562 +368,6 @@ TEST(TypeTraitsTest, TestIsFunction) {
   EXPECT_FALSE(absl::is_function<Callable>::value);
 }
 
-TEST(TypeTraitsTest, TestTrivialDestructor) {
-  // Verify that arithmetic types and pointers have trivial destructors.
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_destructible<bool>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_destructible<char>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_destructible<unsigned char>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_destructible<signed char>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_destructible<wchar_t>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_destructible<int>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_destructible<unsigned int>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_destructible<int16_t>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_destructible<uint16_t>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_destructible<int64_t>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_destructible<uint64_t>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_destructible<float>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_destructible<double>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_destructible<long double>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_destructible<std::string*>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_destructible<Trivial*>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_destructible<const std::string*>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_destructible<const Trivial*>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_destructible<std::string**>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_destructible<Trivial**>::value);
-
-  // classes with destructors
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_destructible<Trivial>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_destructible<TrivialDestructor>::value);
-
-  // Verify that types with a nontrivial or deleted destructor
-  // are marked as such.
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::is_trivially_destructible<NontrivialDestructor>::value);
-#ifdef ABSL_TRIVIALLY_DESTRUCTIBLE_CONSIDER_DELETED_DESTRUCTOR_NOT_TRIVIAL
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::is_trivially_destructible<DeletedDestructor>::value);
-#endif
-
-  // simple_pair of such types is trivial
-  EXPECT_TRUE((absl::is_trivially_destructible<simple_pair<int, int>>::value));
-  EXPECT_TRUE((absl::is_trivially_destructible<
-               simple_pair<Trivial, TrivialDestructor>>::value));
-
-  // Verify that types without trivial destructors are correctly marked as such.
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::is_trivially_destructible<std::string>::value);
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::is_trivially_destructible<std::vector<int>>::value);
-
-  // Verify that simple_pairs of types without trivial destructors
-  // are not marked as trivial.
-  EXPECT_FALSE((absl::is_trivially_destructible<
-                simple_pair<int, std::string>>::value));
-  EXPECT_FALSE((absl::is_trivially_destructible<
-                simple_pair<std::string, int>>::value));
-
-  // array of such types is trivial
-  using int10 = int[10];
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_destructible<int10>::value);
-  using Trivial10 = Trivial[10];
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_destructible<Trivial10>::value);
-  using TrivialDestructor10 = TrivialDestructor[10];
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_destructible<TrivialDestructor10>::value);
-
-  // Conversely, the opposite also holds.
-  using NontrivialDestructor10 = NontrivialDestructor[10];
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::is_trivially_destructible<NontrivialDestructor10>::value);
-}
-
-TEST(TypeTraitsTest, TestTrivialDefaultCtor) {
-  // arithmetic types and pointers have trivial default constructors.
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_default_constructible<bool>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_default_constructible<char>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_default_constructible<unsigned char>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_default_constructible<signed char>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_default_constructible<wchar_t>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_default_constructible<int>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_default_constructible<unsigned int>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_default_constructible<int16_t>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_default_constructible<uint16_t>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_default_constructible<int64_t>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_default_constructible<uint64_t>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_default_constructible<float>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_default_constructible<double>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_default_constructible<long double>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_default_constructible<std::string*>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_default_constructible<Trivial*>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      absl::is_trivially_default_constructible<const std::string*>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_default_constructible<const Trivial*>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_default_constructible<std::string**>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_default_constructible<Trivial**>::value);
-
-  // types with compiler generated default ctors
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_default_constructible<Trivial>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      absl::is_trivially_default_constructible<TrivialDefaultCtor>::value);
-
-  // Verify that types without them are not.
-  EXPECT_FALSE(
-      absl::is_trivially_default_constructible<NontrivialDefaultCtor>::value);
-  EXPECT_FALSE(
-      absl::is_trivially_default_constructible<DeletedDefaultCtor>::value);
-
-  // types with nontrivial destructor are nontrivial
-  EXPECT_FALSE(
-      absl::is_trivially_default_constructible<NontrivialDestructor>::value);
-
-  // types with vtables
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::is_trivially_default_constructible<Base>::value);
-
-  // Verify that simple_pair has trivial constructors where applicable.
-  EXPECT_TRUE((absl::is_trivially_default_constructible<
-               simple_pair<int, char*>>::value));
-  EXPECT_TRUE((absl::is_trivially_default_constructible<
-               simple_pair<int, Trivial>>::value));
-  EXPECT_TRUE((absl::is_trivially_default_constructible<
-               simple_pair<int, TrivialDefaultCtor>>::value));
-
-  // Verify that types without trivial constructors are
-  // correctly marked as such.
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::is_trivially_default_constructible<std::string>::value);
-  EXPECT_FALSE(
-      absl::is_trivially_default_constructible<std::vector<int>>::value);
-
-  // Verify that simple_pairs of types without trivial constructors
-  // are not marked as trivial.
-  EXPECT_FALSE((absl::is_trivially_default_constructible<
-                simple_pair<int, std::string>>::value));
-  EXPECT_FALSE((absl::is_trivially_default_constructible<
-                simple_pair<std::string, int>>::value));
-
-  // Verify that arrays of such types are trivially default constructible
-  using int10 = int[10];
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_default_constructible<int10>::value);
-  using Trivial10 = Trivial[10];
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_default_constructible<Trivial10>::value);
-  using TrivialDefaultCtor10 = TrivialDefaultCtor[10];
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      absl::is_trivially_default_constructible<TrivialDefaultCtor10>::value);
-
-  // Conversely, the opposite also holds.
-#ifdef ABSL_GCC_BUG_TRIVIALLY_CONSTRUCTIBLE_ON_ARRAY_OF_NONTRIVIAL
-  using NontrivialDefaultCtor10 = NontrivialDefaultCtor[10];
-  EXPECT_FALSE(
-      absl::is_trivially_default_constructible<NontrivialDefaultCtor10>::value);
-#endif
-}
-
-// GCC prior to 7.4 had a bug in its trivially-constructible traits
-// (https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=80654).
-// This test makes sure that we do not depend on the trait in these cases when
-// implementing absl triviality traits.
-
-template <class T>
-struct BadConstructors {
-  BadConstructors() { static_assert(T::value, ""); }
-
-  BadConstructors(BadConstructors&&) { static_assert(T::value, ""); }
-
-  BadConstructors(const BadConstructors&) { static_assert(T::value, ""); }
-};
-
-TEST(TypeTraitsTest, TestTrivialityBadConstructors) {
-  using BadType = BadConstructors<int>;
-
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::is_trivially_default_constructible<BadType>::value);
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::is_trivially_move_constructible<BadType>::value);
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<BadType>::value);
-}
-
-TEST(TypeTraitsTest, TestTrivialMoveCtor) {
-  // Verify that arithmetic types and pointers have trivial move
-  // constructors.
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_constructible<bool>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_constructible<char>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_constructible<unsigned char>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_constructible<signed char>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_constructible<wchar_t>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_constructible<int>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_constructible<unsigned int>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_constructible<int16_t>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_constructible<uint16_t>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_constructible<int64_t>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_constructible<uint64_t>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_constructible<float>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_constructible<double>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_constructible<long double>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_constructible<std::string*>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_constructible<Trivial*>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_constructible<const std::string*>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_constructible<const Trivial*>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_constructible<std::string**>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_constructible<Trivial**>::value);
-
-  // Reference types
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_constructible<int&>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_constructible<int&&>::value);
-
-  // types with compiler generated move ctors
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_constructible<Trivial>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_constructible<TrivialMoveCtor>::value);
-
-  // Verify that types without them (i.e. nontrivial or deleted) are not.
-  EXPECT_FALSE(
-      absl::is_trivially_move_constructible<NontrivialCopyCtor>::value);
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::is_trivially_move_constructible<DeletedCopyCtor>::value);
-  EXPECT_FALSE(
-      absl::is_trivially_move_constructible<NonCopyableOrMovable>::value);
-
-  // type with nontrivial destructor are nontrivial move construbtible
-  EXPECT_FALSE(
-      absl::is_trivially_move_constructible<NontrivialDestructor>::value);
-
-  // types with vtables
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::is_trivially_move_constructible<Base>::value);
-
-  // Verify that simple_pair of such types is trivially move constructible
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      (absl::is_trivially_move_constructible<simple_pair<int, char*>>::value));
-  EXPECT_TRUE((
-      absl::is_trivially_move_constructible<simple_pair<int, Trivial>>::value));
-  EXPECT_TRUE((absl::is_trivially_move_constructible<
-               simple_pair<int, TrivialMoveCtor>>::value));
-
-  // Verify that types without trivial move constructors are
-  // correctly marked as such.
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::is_trivially_move_constructible<std::string>::value);
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::is_trivially_move_constructible<std::vector<int>>::value);
-
-  // Verify that simple_pairs of types without trivial move constructors
-  // are not marked as trivial.
-  EXPECT_FALSE((absl::is_trivially_move_constructible<
-                simple_pair<int, std::string>>::value));
-  EXPECT_FALSE((absl::is_trivially_move_constructible<
-                simple_pair<std::string, int>>::value));
-
-  // Verify that arrays are not
-  using int10 = int[10];
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::is_trivially_move_constructible<int10>::value);
-}
-
-TEST(TypeTraitsTest, TestTrivialCopyCtor) {
-  // Verify that arithmetic types and pointers have trivial copy
-  // constructors.
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<bool>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<char>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<unsigned char>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<signed char>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<wchar_t>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<int>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<unsigned int>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<int16_t>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<uint16_t>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<int64_t>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<uint64_t>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<float>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<double>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<long double>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<std::string*>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<Trivial*>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<const std::string*>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<const Trivial*>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<std::string**>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<Trivial**>::value);
-
-  // Reference types
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<int&>::value);
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<int&&>::value);
-
-  // types with compiler generated copy ctors
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<Trivial>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<TrivialCopyCtor>::value);
-
-  // Verify that types without them (i.e. nontrivial or deleted) are not.
-  EXPECT_FALSE(
-      absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<NontrivialCopyCtor>::value);
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<DeletedCopyCtor>::value);
-  EXPECT_FALSE(
-      absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<MovableNonCopyable>::value);
-  EXPECT_FALSE(
-      absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<NonCopyableOrMovable>::value);
-
-  // type with nontrivial destructor are nontrivial copy construbtible
-  EXPECT_FALSE(
-      absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<NontrivialDestructor>::value);
-
-  // types with vtables
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<Base>::value);
-
-  // Verify that simple_pair of such types is trivially copy constructible
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      (absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<simple_pair<int, char*>>::value));
-  EXPECT_TRUE((
-      absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<simple_pair<int, Trivial>>::value));
-  EXPECT_TRUE((absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<
-               simple_pair<int, TrivialCopyCtor>>::value));
-
-  // Verify that types without trivial copy constructors are
-  // correctly marked as such.
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<std::string>::value);
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<std::vector<int>>::value);
-
-  // Verify that simple_pairs of types without trivial copy constructors
-  // are not marked as trivial.
-  EXPECT_FALSE((absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<
-                simple_pair<int, std::string>>::value));
-  EXPECT_FALSE((absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<
-                simple_pair<std::string, int>>::value));
-
-  // Verify that arrays are not
-  using int10 = int[10];
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::is_trivially_copy_constructible<int10>::value);
-}
-
-TEST(TypeTraitsTest, TestTrivialMoveAssign) {
-  // Verify that arithmetic types and pointers have trivial move
-  // assignment operators.
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<bool>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<char>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<unsigned char>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<signed char>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<wchar_t>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<int>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<unsigned int>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<int16_t>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<uint16_t>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<int64_t>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<uint64_t>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<float>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<double>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<long double>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<std::string*>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<Trivial*>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<const std::string*>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<const Trivial*>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<std::string**>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<Trivial**>::value);
-
-  // const qualified types are not assignable
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<const int>::value);
-
-  // types with compiler generated move assignment
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<Trivial>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<TrivialMoveAssign>::value);
-
-  // Verify that types without them (i.e. nontrivial or deleted) are not.
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<NontrivialCopyAssign>::value);
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<DeletedCopyAssign>::value);
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<NonCopyableOrMovable>::value);
-
-  // types with vtables
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<Base>::value);
-
-  // Verify that simple_pair is trivially assignable
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      (absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<simple_pair<int, char*>>::value));
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      (absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<simple_pair<int, Trivial>>::value));
-  EXPECT_TRUE((absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<
-               simple_pair<int, TrivialMoveAssign>>::value));
-
-  // Verify that types not trivially move assignable are
-  // correctly marked as such.
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<std::string>::value);
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<std::vector<int>>::value);
-
-  // Verify that simple_pairs of types not trivially move assignable
-  // are not marked as trivial.
-  EXPECT_FALSE((absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<
-                simple_pair<int, std::string>>::value));
-  EXPECT_FALSE((absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<
-                simple_pair<std::string, int>>::value));
-
-  // Verify that arrays are not trivially move assignable
-  using int10 = int[10];
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<int10>::value);
-
-  // Verify that references are handled correctly
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<Trivial&&>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_move_assignable<Trivial&>::value);
-}
-
-TEST(TypeTraitsTest, TestTrivialCopyAssign) {
-  // Verify that arithmetic types and pointers have trivial copy
-  // assignment operators.
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<bool>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<char>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<unsigned char>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<signed char>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<wchar_t>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<int>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<unsigned int>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<int16_t>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<uint16_t>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<int64_t>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<uint64_t>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<float>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<double>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<long double>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<std::string*>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<Trivial*>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<const std::string*>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<const Trivial*>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<std::string**>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<Trivial**>::value);
-
-  // const qualified types are not assignable
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<const int>::value);
-
-  // types with compiler generated copy assignment
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<Trivial>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<TrivialCopyAssign>::value);
-
-  // Verify that types without them (i.e. nontrivial or deleted) are not.
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<NontrivialCopyAssign>::value);
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<DeletedCopyAssign>::value);
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<MovableNonCopyable>::value);
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<NonCopyableOrMovable>::value);
-
-  // types with vtables
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<Base>::value);
-
-  // Verify that simple_pair is trivially assignable
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      (absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<simple_pair<int, char*>>::value));
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      (absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<simple_pair<int, Trivial>>::value));
-  EXPECT_TRUE((absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<
-               simple_pair<int, TrivialCopyAssign>>::value));
-
-  // Verify that types not trivially copy assignable are
-  // correctly marked as such.
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<std::string>::value);
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<std::vector<int>>::value);
-
-  // Verify that simple_pairs of types not trivially copy assignable
-  // are not marked as trivial.
-  EXPECT_FALSE((absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<
-                simple_pair<int, std::string>>::value));
-  EXPECT_FALSE((absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<
-                simple_pair<std::string, int>>::value));
-
-  // Verify that arrays are not trivially copy assignable
-  using int10 = int[10];
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<int10>::value);
-
-  // Verify that references are handled correctly
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<Trivial&&>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::is_trivially_copy_assignable<Trivial&>::value);
-}
-
-TEST(TypeTraitsTest, TestTriviallyCopyable) {
-  // Verify that arithmetic types and pointers are trivially copyable.
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<bool>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<char>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<unsigned char>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<signed char>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<wchar_t>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<int>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<unsigned int>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<int16_t>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<uint16_t>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<int64_t>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<uint64_t>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<float>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<double>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<long double>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<std::string*>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<Trivial*>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<
-              const std::string*>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<const Trivial*>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<std::string**>::value);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<Trivial**>::value);
-
-  // const qualified types are not assignable but are constructible
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<const int>::value);
-
-  // Trivial copy constructor/assignment and destructor.
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<Trivial>::value);
-  // Trivial copy assignment, but non-trivial copy constructor/destructor.
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<
-               TrivialCopyAssign>::value);
-  // Trivial copy constructor, but non-trivial assignment.
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<
-               TrivialCopyCtor>::value);
-
-  // Types with a non-trivial copy constructor/assignment
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<
-               NontrivialCopyCtor>::value);
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<
-               NontrivialCopyAssign>::value);
-
-  // Types without copy constructor/assignment, but with move
-  // MSVC disagrees with other compilers about this:
-  // EXPECT_TRUE(absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<
-  //             MovableNonCopyable>::value);
-
-  // Types without copy/move constructor/assignment
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<
-               NonCopyableOrMovable>::value);
-
-  // No copy assign, but has trivial copy constructor.
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<
-              DeletedCopyAssign>::value);
-
-  // types with vtables
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<Base>::value);
-
-  // Verify that simple_pair is trivially copyable if members are
-  EXPECT_TRUE((absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<
-               simple_pair<int, char*>>::value));
-  EXPECT_TRUE((absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<
-               simple_pair<int, Trivial>>::value));
-
-  // Verify that types not trivially copyable are
-  // correctly marked as such.
-  EXPECT_FALSE(
-      absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<std::string>::value);
-  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<
-               std::vector<int>>::value);
-
-  // Verify that simple_pairs of types not trivially copyable
-  // are not marked as trivial.
-  EXPECT_FALSE((absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<
-                simple_pair<int, std::string>>::value));
-  EXPECT_FALSE((absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<
-                simple_pair<std::string, int>>::value));
-  EXPECT_FALSE((absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<
-                simple_pair<int, TrivialCopyAssign>>::value));
-
-  // Verify that arrays of trivially copyable types are trivially copyable
-  using int10 = int[10];
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<int10>::value);
-  using int10x10 = int[10][10];
-  EXPECT_TRUE(
-      absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<int10x10>::value);
-
-  // Verify that references are handled correctly
-  EXPECT_FALSE(
-      absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<Trivial&&>::value);
-  EXPECT_FALSE(
-      absl::type_traits_internal::is_trivially_copyable<Trivial&>::value);
-}
-
 TEST(TypeTraitsTest, TestRemoveCVRef) {
   EXPECT_TRUE(
       (std::is_same<typename absl::remove_cvref<int>::type, int>::value));
@@ -1236,82 +662,6 @@ TEST(TypeTraitsTest, TestResultOf) {
   EXPECT_EQ(TypeEnum::D, GetTypeExt(Wrap<TypeD>()));
 }
 
-template <typename T>
-bool TestCopyAssign() {
-  return absl::is_copy_assignable<T>::value ==
-         std::is_copy_assignable<T>::value;
-}
-
-TEST(TypeTraitsTest, IsCopyAssignable) {
-  EXPECT_TRUE(TestCopyAssign<int>());
-  EXPECT_TRUE(TestCopyAssign<int&>());
-  EXPECT_TRUE(TestCopyAssign<int&&>());
-
-  struct S {};
-  EXPECT_TRUE(TestCopyAssign<S>());
-  EXPECT_TRUE(TestCopyAssign<S&>());
-  EXPECT_TRUE(TestCopyAssign<S&&>());
-
-  class C {
-   public:
-    explicit C(C* c) : c_(c) {}
-    ~C() { delete c_; }
-
-   private:
-    C* c_;
-  };
-  EXPECT_TRUE(TestCopyAssign<C>());
-  EXPECT_TRUE(TestCopyAssign<C&>());
-  EXPECT_TRUE(TestCopyAssign<C&&>());
-
-  // Reason for ifndef: add_lvalue_reference<T> in libc++ breaks for these cases
-#ifndef _LIBCPP_VERSION
-  EXPECT_TRUE(TestCopyAssign<int()>());
-  EXPECT_TRUE(TestCopyAssign<int(int) const>());
-  EXPECT_TRUE(TestCopyAssign<int(...) volatile&>());
-  EXPECT_TRUE(TestCopyAssign<int(int, ...) const volatile&&>());
-#endif  // _LIBCPP_VERSION
-}
-
-template <typename T>
-bool TestMoveAssign() {
-  return absl::is_move_assignable<T>::value ==
-         std::is_move_assignable<T>::value;
-}
-
-TEST(TypeTraitsTest, IsMoveAssignable) {
-  EXPECT_TRUE(TestMoveAssign<int>());
-  EXPECT_TRUE(TestMoveAssign<int&>());
-  EXPECT_TRUE(TestMoveAssign<int&&>());
-
-  struct S {};
-  EXPECT_TRUE(TestMoveAssign<S>());
-  EXPECT_TRUE(TestMoveAssign<S&>());
-  EXPECT_TRUE(TestMoveAssign<S&&>());
-
-  class C {
-   public:
-    explicit C(C* c) : c_(c) {}
-    ~C() { delete c_; }
-    void operator=(const C&) = delete;
-    void operator=(C&&) = delete;
-
-   private:
-    C* c_;
-  };
-  EXPECT_TRUE(TestMoveAssign<C>());
-  EXPECT_TRUE(TestMoveAssign<C&>());
-  EXPECT_TRUE(TestMoveAssign<C&&>());
-
-  // Reason for ifndef: add_lvalue_reference<T> in libc++ breaks for these cases
-#ifndef _LIBCPP_VERSION
-  EXPECT_TRUE(TestMoveAssign<int()>());
-  EXPECT_TRUE(TestMoveAssign<int(int) const>());
-  EXPECT_TRUE(TestMoveAssign<int(...) volatile&>());
-  EXPECT_TRUE(TestMoveAssign<int(int, ...) const volatile&&>());
-#endif  // _LIBCPP_VERSION
-}
-
 namespace adl_namespace {
 
 struct DeletedSwap {
@@ -1393,4 +743,99 @@ TEST(TypeTraitsTest, IsNothrowSwappable) {
   EXPECT_TRUE(IsNothrowSwappable<adl_namespace::SpecialNoexceptSwap>::value);
 }
 
+TEST(TriviallyRelocatable, PrimitiveTypes) {
+  static_assert(absl::is_trivially_relocatable<int>::value, "");
+  static_assert(absl::is_trivially_relocatable<char>::value, "");
+  static_assert(absl::is_trivially_relocatable<void*>::value, "");
+}
+
+// User-defined types can be trivially relocatable as long as they don't have a
+// user-provided move constructor or destructor.
+TEST(TriviallyRelocatable, UserDefinedTriviallyReconstructible) {
+  struct S {
+    int x;
+    int y;
+  };
+
+  static_assert(absl::is_trivially_relocatable<S>::value, "");
+}
+
+// A user-provided move constructor disqualifies a type from being trivially
+// relocatable.
+TEST(TriviallyRelocatable, UserProvidedMoveConstructor) {
+  struct S {
+    S(S&&) {}  // NOLINT(modernize-use-equals-default)
+  };
+
+  static_assert(!absl::is_trivially_relocatable<S>::value, "");
+}
+
+// A user-provided copy constructor disqualifies a type from being trivially
+// relocatable.
+TEST(TriviallyRelocatable, UserProvidedCopyConstructor) {
+  struct S {
+    S(const S&) {}  // NOLINT(modernize-use-equals-default)
+  };
+
+  static_assert(!absl::is_trivially_relocatable<S>::value, "");
+}
+
+// A user-provided destructor disqualifies a type from being trivially
+// relocatable.
+TEST(TriviallyRelocatable, UserProvidedDestructor) {
+  struct S {
+    ~S() {}  // NOLINT(modernize-use-equals-default)
+  };
+
+  static_assert(!absl::is_trivially_relocatable<S>::value, "");
+}
+
+// TODO(b/275003464): remove the opt-out for Clang on Windows once
+// __is_trivially_relocatable is used there again.
+#if defined(ABSL_HAVE_ATTRIBUTE_TRIVIAL_ABI) &&      \
+    ABSL_HAVE_BUILTIN(__is_trivially_relocatable) && \
+    !(defined(__clang__) && (defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64)))
+// A type marked with the "trivial ABI" attribute is trivially relocatable even
+// if it has user-provided move/copy constructors and a user-provided
+// destructor.
+TEST(TrivallyRelocatable, TrivialAbi) {
+  struct ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_TRIVIAL_ABI S {
+    S(S&&) {}       // NOLINT(modernize-use-equals-default)
+    S(const S&) {}  // NOLINT(modernize-use-equals-default)
+    ~S() {}         // NOLINT(modernize-use-equals-default)
+  };
+
+  static_assert(absl::is_trivially_relocatable<S>::value, "");
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifdef ABSL_HAVE_CONSTANT_EVALUATED
+
+constexpr int64_t NegateIfConstantEvaluated(int64_t i) {
+  if (absl::is_constant_evaluated()) {
+    return -i;
+  } else {
+    return i;
+  }
+}
+
+#endif  // ABSL_HAVE_CONSTANT_EVALUATED
+
+TEST(TrivallyRelocatable, is_constant_evaluated) {
+#ifdef ABSL_HAVE_CONSTANT_EVALUATED
+  constexpr int64_t constant = NegateIfConstantEvaluated(42);
+  EXPECT_EQ(constant, -42);
+
+  int64_t now = absl::ToUnixSeconds(absl::Now());
+  int64_t not_constant = NegateIfConstantEvaluated(now);
+  EXPECT_EQ(not_constant, now);
+
+  static int64_t const_init = NegateIfConstantEvaluated(42);
+  EXPECT_EQ(const_init, -42);
+#else
+  GTEST_SKIP() << "absl::is_constant_evaluated is not defined";
+#endif  // ABSL_HAVE_CONSTANT_EVALUATED
+}
+
+
 }  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/numeric/BUILD.bazel b/absl/numeric/BUILD.bazel
index eaa27dfd..c5aaf72b 100644
--- a/absl/numeric/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/absl/numeric/BUILD.bazel
@@ -95,9 +95,9 @@ cc_test(
     deps = [
         ":int128",
         "//absl/base",
-        "//absl/base:core_headers",
         "//absl/hash:hash_testing",
         "//absl/meta:type_traits",
+        "//absl/strings",
         "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
     ],
 )
diff --git a/absl/numeric/CMakeLists.txt b/absl/numeric/CMakeLists.txt
index 26df5cf7..7181b91a 100644
--- a/absl/numeric/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/absl/numeric/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -70,9 +70,9 @@ absl_cc_test(
   DEPS
     absl::int128
     absl::base
-    absl::core_headers
     absl::hash_testing
     absl::type_traits
+    absl::strings
     GTest::gmock_main
 )
 
diff --git a/absl/numeric/bits.h b/absl/numeric/bits.h
index 628cdf50..5ed36f52 100644
--- a/absl/numeric/bits.h
+++ b/absl/numeric/bits.h
@@ -38,19 +38,19 @@
 #include <limits>
 #include <type_traits>
 
-#if (defined(__cpp_lib_int_pow2) && __cpp_lib_int_pow2 >= 202002L) || \
-    (defined(__cpp_lib_bitops) && __cpp_lib_bitops >= 201907L)
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+
+#if ABSL_INTERNAL_CPLUSPLUS_LANG >= 202002L
 #include <bit>
 #endif
 
 #include "absl/base/attributes.h"
-#include "absl/base/config.h"
 #include "absl/numeric/internal/bits.h"
 
 namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-
 #if !(defined(__cpp_lib_bitops) && __cpp_lib_bitops >= 201907L)
+
 // rotating
 template <class T>
 ABSL_MUST_USE_RESULT constexpr
@@ -131,10 +131,9 @@ has_single_bit(T x) noexcept {
 // fractional part discarded.
 template <class T>
 ABSL_INTERNAL_CONSTEXPR_CLZ inline
-    typename std::enable_if<std::is_unsigned<T>::value, T>::type
+    typename std::enable_if<std::is_unsigned<T>::value, int>::type
     bit_width(T x) noexcept {
-  return std::numeric_limits<T>::digits -
-         static_cast<unsigned int>(countl_zero(x));
+  return std::numeric_limits<T>::digits - countl_zero(x);
 }
 
 // Returns: If x == 0, 0; otherwise the maximal value y such that
diff --git a/absl/numeric/bits_benchmark.cc b/absl/numeric/bits_benchmark.cc
index b9759583..2c89afdb 100644
--- a/absl/numeric/bits_benchmark.cc
+++ b/absl/numeric/bits_benchmark.cc
@@ -24,50 +24,50 @@ namespace absl {
 namespace {
 
 template <typename T>
-static void BM_bitwidth(benchmark::State& state) {
-  const int count = state.range(0);
+static void BM_bit_width(benchmark::State& state) {
+  const auto count = static_cast<size_t>(state.range(0));
 
   absl::BitGen rng;
   std::vector<T> values;
   values.reserve(count);
-  for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
     values.push_back(absl::Uniform<T>(rng, 0, std::numeric_limits<T>::max()));
   }
 
-  while (state.KeepRunningBatch(count)) {
-    for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
-      benchmark::DoNotOptimize(values[i]);
+  while (state.KeepRunningBatch(static_cast<int64_t>(count))) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+      benchmark::DoNotOptimize(absl::bit_width(values[i]));
     }
   }
 }
-BENCHMARK_TEMPLATE(BM_bitwidth, uint8_t)->Range(1, 1 << 20);
-BENCHMARK_TEMPLATE(BM_bitwidth, uint16_t)->Range(1, 1 << 20);
-BENCHMARK_TEMPLATE(BM_bitwidth, uint32_t)->Range(1, 1 << 20);
-BENCHMARK_TEMPLATE(BM_bitwidth, uint64_t)->Range(1, 1 << 20);
+BENCHMARK_TEMPLATE(BM_bit_width, uint8_t)->Range(1, 1 << 20);
+BENCHMARK_TEMPLATE(BM_bit_width, uint16_t)->Range(1, 1 << 20);
+BENCHMARK_TEMPLATE(BM_bit_width, uint32_t)->Range(1, 1 << 20);
+BENCHMARK_TEMPLATE(BM_bit_width, uint64_t)->Range(1, 1 << 20);
 
 template <typename T>
-static void BM_bitwidth_nonzero(benchmark::State& state) {
-  const int count = state.range(0);
+static void BM_bit_width_nonzero(benchmark::State& state) {
+  const auto count = static_cast<size_t>(state.range(0));
 
   absl::BitGen rng;
   std::vector<T> values;
   values.reserve(count);
-  for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
     values.push_back(absl::Uniform<T>(rng, 1, std::numeric_limits<T>::max()));
   }
 
-  while (state.KeepRunningBatch(count)) {
-    for (int i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+  while (state.KeepRunningBatch(static_cast<int64_t>(count))) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
       const T value = values[i];
       ABSL_ASSUME(value > 0);
-      benchmark::DoNotOptimize(value);
+      benchmark::DoNotOptimize(absl::bit_width(value));
     }
   }
 }
-BENCHMARK_TEMPLATE(BM_bitwidth_nonzero, uint8_t)->Range(1, 1 << 20);
-BENCHMARK_TEMPLATE(BM_bitwidth_nonzero, uint16_t)->Range(1, 1 << 20);
-BENCHMARK_TEMPLATE(BM_bitwidth_nonzero, uint32_t)->Range(1, 1 << 20);
-BENCHMARK_TEMPLATE(BM_bitwidth_nonzero, uint64_t)->Range(1, 1 << 20);
+BENCHMARK_TEMPLATE(BM_bit_width_nonzero, uint8_t)->Range(1, 1 << 20);
+BENCHMARK_TEMPLATE(BM_bit_width_nonzero, uint16_t)->Range(1, 1 << 20);
+BENCHMARK_TEMPLATE(BM_bit_width_nonzero, uint32_t)->Range(1, 1 << 20);
+BENCHMARK_TEMPLATE(BM_bit_width_nonzero, uint64_t)->Range(1, 1 << 20);
 
 }  // namespace
 }  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/numeric/bits_test.cc b/absl/numeric/bits_test.cc
index 7c942aae..14955eb3 100644
--- a/absl/numeric/bits_test.cc
+++ b/absl/numeric/bits_test.cc
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #include "absl/numeric/bits.h"
 
 #include <limits>
+#include <type_traits>
 
 #include "gmock/gmock.h"
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
@@ -24,6 +25,73 @@ namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 namespace {
 
+template <typename IntT>
+class IntegerTypesTest : public ::testing::Test {};
+
+using OneByteIntegerTypes = ::testing::Types<
+    unsigned char,
+    uint8_t
+    >;
+
+TYPED_TEST_SUITE(IntegerTypesTest, OneByteIntegerTypes);
+
+TYPED_TEST(IntegerTypesTest, HandlesTypes) {
+  using UIntType = TypeParam;
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(rotl(UIntType{0x12}, 0), uint8_t{0x12});
+  EXPECT_EQ(rotr(UIntType{0x12}, -4), uint8_t{0x21});
+  static_assert(rotl(UIntType{0x12}, 0) == uint8_t{0x12}, "");
+
+  static_assert(rotr(UIntType{0x12}, 0) == uint8_t{0x12}, "");
+  EXPECT_EQ(rotr(UIntType{0x12}, 0), uint8_t{0x12});
+
+#if ABSL_INTERNAL_HAS_CONSTEXPR_CLZ
+  static_assert(countl_zero(UIntType{}) == 8, "");
+  static_assert(countl_zero(static_cast<UIntType>(-1)) == 0, "");
+
+  static_assert(countl_one(UIntType{}) == 0, "");
+  static_assert(countl_one(static_cast<UIntType>(-1)) == 8, "");
+
+  static_assert(countr_zero(UIntType{}) == 8, "");
+  static_assert(countr_zero(static_cast<UIntType>(-1)) == 0, "");
+
+  static_assert(countr_one(UIntType{}) == 0, "");
+  static_assert(countr_one(static_cast<UIntType>(-1)) == 8, "");
+
+  static_assert(popcount(UIntType{}) == 0, "");
+  static_assert(popcount(UIntType{1}) == 1, "");
+  static_assert(popcount(static_cast<UIntType>(-1)) == 8, "");
+
+  static_assert(bit_width(UIntType{}) == 0, "");
+  static_assert(bit_width(UIntType{1}) == 1, "");
+  static_assert(bit_width(UIntType{3}) == 2, "");
+  static_assert(bit_width(static_cast<UIntType>(-1)) == 8, "");
+#endif
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(countl_zero(UIntType{}), 8);
+  EXPECT_EQ(countl_zero(static_cast<UIntType>(-1)), 0);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(countl_one(UIntType{}), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(countl_one(static_cast<UIntType>(-1)), 8);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(countr_zero(UIntType{}), 8);
+  EXPECT_EQ(countr_zero(static_cast<UIntType>(-1)), 0);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(countr_one(UIntType{}), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(countr_one(static_cast<UIntType>(-1)), 8);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(popcount(UIntType{}), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(popcount(UIntType{1}), 1);
+
+  EXPECT_FALSE(has_single_bit(UIntType{}));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(has_single_bit(static_cast<UIntType>(-1)));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(bit_width(UIntType{}), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(bit_width(UIntType{1}), 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(bit_width(UIntType{3}), 2);
+  EXPECT_EQ(bit_width(static_cast<UIntType>(-1)), 8);
+}
+
 TEST(Rotate, Left) {
   static_assert(rotl(uint8_t{0x12}, 0) == uint8_t{0x12}, "");
   static_assert(rotl(uint16_t{0x1234}, 0) == uint16_t{0x1234}, "");
diff --git a/absl/numeric/int128.cc b/absl/numeric/int128.cc
index 8cdcbf05..daa32b51 100644
--- a/absl/numeric/int128.cc
+++ b/absl/numeric/int128.cc
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ uint128 MakeUint128FromFloat(T v) {
   return MakeUint128(0, static_cast<uint64_t>(v));
 }
 
-#if defined(__clang__) && !defined(__SSE3__)
+#if defined(__clang__) && (__clang_major__ < 9) && !defined(__SSE3__)
 // Workaround for clang bug: https://bugs.llvm.org/show_bug.cgi?id=38289
 // Casting from long double to uint64_t is miscompiled and drops bits.
 // It is more work, so only use when we need the workaround.
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ uint128 MakeUint128FromFloat(long double v) {
   return (static_cast<uint128>(w0) << 100) | (static_cast<uint128>(w1) << 50) |
          static_cast<uint128>(w2);
 }
-#endif  // __clang__ && !__SSE3__
+#endif  // __clang__ && (__clang_major__ < 9) && !__SSE3__
 }  // namespace
 
 uint128::uint128(float v) : uint128(MakeUint128FromFloat(v)) {}
@@ -202,6 +202,10 @@ std::string Uint128ToFormattedString(uint128 v, std::ios_base::fmtflags flags) {
 
 }  // namespace
 
+std::string uint128::ToString() const {
+  return Uint128ToFormattedString(*this, std::ios_base::dec);
+}
+
 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, uint128 v) {
   std::ios_base::fmtflags flags = os.flags();
   std::string rep = Uint128ToFormattedString(v, flags);
@@ -209,15 +213,16 @@ std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, uint128 v) {
   // Add the requisite padding.
   std::streamsize width = os.width(0);
   if (static_cast<size_t>(width) > rep.size()) {
+    const size_t count = static_cast<size_t>(width) - rep.size();
     std::ios::fmtflags adjustfield = flags & std::ios::adjustfield;
     if (adjustfield == std::ios::left) {
-      rep.append(width - rep.size(), os.fill());
+      rep.append(count, os.fill());
     } else if (adjustfield == std::ios::internal &&
                (flags & std::ios::showbase) &&
                (flags & std::ios::basefield) == std::ios::hex && v != 0) {
-      rep.insert(2, width - rep.size(), os.fill());
+      rep.insert(size_t{2}, count, os.fill());
     } else {
-      rep.insert(0, width - rep.size(), os.fill());
+      rep.insert(size_t{0}, count, os.fill());
     }
   }
 
@@ -284,6 +289,14 @@ int128 operator%(int128 lhs, int128 rhs) {
 }
 #endif  // ABSL_HAVE_INTRINSIC_INT128
 
+std::string int128::ToString() const {
+  std::string rep;
+  if (Int128High64(*this) < 0) rep = "-";
+  rep.append(Uint128ToFormattedString(UnsignedAbsoluteValue(*this),
+                                      std::ios_base::dec));
+  return rep;
+}
+
 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, int128 v) {
   std::ios_base::fmtflags flags = os.flags();
   std::string rep;
@@ -306,22 +319,23 @@ std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, int128 v) {
   // Add the requisite padding.
   std::streamsize width = os.width(0);
   if (static_cast<size_t>(width) > rep.size()) {
+    const size_t count = static_cast<size_t>(width) - rep.size();
     switch (flags & std::ios::adjustfield) {
       case std::ios::left:
-        rep.append(width - rep.size(), os.fill());
+        rep.append(count, os.fill());
         break;
       case std::ios::internal:
         if (print_as_decimal && (rep[0] == '+' || rep[0] == '-')) {
-          rep.insert(1, width - rep.size(), os.fill());
+          rep.insert(size_t{1}, count, os.fill());
         } else if ((flags & std::ios::basefield) == std::ios::hex &&
                    (flags & std::ios::showbase) && v != 0) {
-          rep.insert(2, width - rep.size(), os.fill());
+          rep.insert(size_t{2}, count, os.fill());
         } else {
-          rep.insert(0, width - rep.size(), os.fill());
+          rep.insert(size_t{0}, count, os.fill());
         }
         break;
       default:  // std::ios::right
-        rep.insert(0, width - rep.size(), os.fill());
+        rep.insert(size_t{0}, count, os.fill());
         break;
     }
   }
diff --git a/absl/numeric/int128.h b/absl/numeric/int128.h
index 7a899eec..7530a793 100644
--- a/absl/numeric/int128.h
+++ b/absl/numeric/int128.h
@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 #include <cstring>
 #include <iosfwd>
 #include <limits>
+#include <string>
 #include <utility>
 
 #include "absl/base/config.h"
@@ -119,8 +120,8 @@ class
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_INTRINSIC_INT128
   constexpr uint128(__int128 v);           // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
   constexpr uint128(unsigned __int128 v);  // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
-#endif  // ABSL_HAVE_INTRINSIC_INT128
-  constexpr uint128(int128 v);  // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
+#endif                                     // ABSL_HAVE_INTRINSIC_INT128
+  constexpr uint128(int128 v);             // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
   explicit uint128(float v);
   explicit uint128(double v);
   explicit uint128(long double v);
@@ -217,9 +218,17 @@ class
     return H::combine(std::move(h), Uint128High64(v), Uint128Low64(v));
   }
 
+  // Support for absl::StrCat() etc.
+  template <typename Sink>
+  friend void AbslStringify(Sink& sink, uint128 v) {
+    sink.Append(v.ToString());
+  }
+
  private:
   constexpr uint128(uint64_t high, uint64_t low);
 
+  std::string ToString() const;
+
   // TODO(strel) Update implementation to use __int128 once all users of
   // uint128 are fixed to not depend on alignof(uint128) == 8. Also add
   // alignas(16) to class definition to keep alignment consistent across
@@ -286,9 +295,9 @@ class numeric_limits<absl::uint128> {
 #endif  // ABSL_HAVE_INTRINSIC_INT128
   static constexpr bool tinyness_before = false;
 
-  static constexpr absl::uint128 (min)() { return 0; }
+  static constexpr absl::uint128(min)() { return 0; }
   static constexpr absl::uint128 lowest() { return 0; }
-  static constexpr absl::uint128 (max)() { return absl::Uint128Max(); }
+  static constexpr absl::uint128(max)() { return absl::Uint128Max(); }
   static constexpr absl::uint128 epsilon() { return 0; }
   static constexpr absl::uint128 round_error() { return 0; }
   static constexpr absl::uint128 infinity() { return 0; }
@@ -454,9 +463,17 @@ class int128 {
     return H::combine(std::move(h), Int128High64(v), Int128Low64(v));
   }
 
+  // Support for absl::StrCat() etc.
+  template <typename Sink>
+  friend void AbslStringify(Sink& sink, int128 v) {
+    sink.Append(v.ToString());
+  }
+
  private:
   constexpr int128(int64_t high, uint64_t low);
 
+  std::string ToString() const;
+
 #if defined(ABSL_HAVE_INTRINSIC_INT128)
   __int128 v_;
 #else  // ABSL_HAVE_INTRINSIC_INT128
@@ -521,9 +538,9 @@ class numeric_limits<absl::int128> {
 #endif  // ABSL_HAVE_INTRINSIC_INT128
   static constexpr bool tinyness_before = false;
 
-  static constexpr absl::int128 (min)() { return absl::Int128Min(); }
+  static constexpr absl::int128(min)() { return absl::Int128Min(); }
   static constexpr absl::int128 lowest() { return absl::Int128Min(); }
-  static constexpr absl::int128 (max)() { return absl::Int128Max(); }
+  static constexpr absl::int128(max)() { return absl::Int128Max(); }
   static constexpr absl::int128 epsilon() { return 0; }
   static constexpr absl::int128 round_error() { return 0; }
   static constexpr absl::int128 infinity() { return 0; }
@@ -561,9 +578,7 @@ inline uint128& uint128::operator=(unsigned long v) {
 }
 
 // NOLINTNEXTLINE(runtime/int)
-inline uint128& uint128::operator=(long long v) {
-  return *this = uint128(v);
-}
+inline uint128& uint128::operator=(long long v) { return *this = uint128(v); }
 
 // NOLINTNEXTLINE(runtime/int)
 inline uint128& uint128::operator=(unsigned long long v) {
@@ -571,18 +586,14 @@ inline uint128& uint128::operator=(unsigned long long v) {
 }
 
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_INTRINSIC_INT128
-inline uint128& uint128::operator=(__int128 v) {
-  return *this = uint128(v);
-}
+inline uint128& uint128::operator=(__int128 v) { return *this = uint128(v); }
 
 inline uint128& uint128::operator=(unsigned __int128 v) {
   return *this = uint128(v);
 }
 #endif  // ABSL_HAVE_INTRINSIC_INT128
 
-inline uint128& uint128::operator=(int128 v) {
-  return *this = uint128(v);
-}
+inline uint128& uint128::operator=(int128 v) { return *this = uint128(v); }
 
 // Arithmetic operators.
 
@@ -637,8 +648,7 @@ constexpr uint64_t Uint128High64(uint128 v) { return v.hi_; }
 
 #if defined(ABSL_IS_LITTLE_ENDIAN)
 
-constexpr uint128::uint128(uint64_t high, uint64_t low)
-    : lo_{low}, hi_{high} {}
+constexpr uint128::uint128(uint64_t high, uint64_t low) : lo_{low}, hi_{high} {}
 
 constexpr uint128::uint128(int v)
     : lo_{static_cast<uint64_t>(v)},
@@ -670,8 +680,7 @@ constexpr uint128::uint128(int128 v)
 
 #elif defined(ABSL_IS_BIG_ENDIAN)
 
-constexpr uint128::uint128(uint64_t high, uint64_t low)
-    : hi_{high}, lo_{low} {}
+constexpr uint128::uint128(uint64_t high, uint64_t low) : hi_{high}, lo_{low} {}
 
 constexpr uint128::uint128(int v)
     : hi_{v < 0 ? (std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max)() : 0},
@@ -817,13 +826,9 @@ constexpr bool operator>=(uint128 lhs, uint128 rhs) { return !(lhs < rhs); }
 
 // Unary operators.
 
-constexpr inline uint128 operator+(uint128 val) {
-  return val;
-}
+constexpr inline uint128 operator+(uint128 val) { return val; }
 
-constexpr inline int128 operator+(int128 val) {
-  return val;
-}
+constexpr inline int128 operator+(int128 val) { return val; }
 
 constexpr uint128 operator-(uint128 val) {
 #if defined(ABSL_HAVE_INTRINSIC_INT128)
@@ -906,7 +911,7 @@ constexpr uint128 operator<<(uint128 lhs, int amount) {
 #else
   // uint64_t shifts of >= 64 are undefined, so we will need some
   // special-casing.
-  return amount >= 64 ? MakeUint128(Uint128Low64(lhs) << (amount - 64), 0)
+  return amount >= 64  ? MakeUint128(Uint128Low64(lhs) << (amount - 64), 0)
          : amount == 0 ? lhs
                        : MakeUint128((Uint128High64(lhs) << amount) |
                                          (Uint128Low64(lhs) >> (64 - amount)),
@@ -920,7 +925,7 @@ constexpr uint128 operator>>(uint128 lhs, int amount) {
 #else
   // uint64_t shifts of >= 64 are undefined, so we will need some
   // special-casing.
-  return amount >= 64 ? MakeUint128(0, Uint128High64(lhs) >> (amount - 64))
+  return amount >= 64  ? MakeUint128(0, Uint128High64(lhs) >> (amount - 64))
          : amount == 0 ? lhs
                        : MakeUint128(Uint128High64(lhs) >> amount,
                                      (Uint128Low64(lhs) >> amount) |
@@ -1042,27 +1047,19 @@ constexpr int128 MakeInt128(int64_t high, uint64_t low) {
 }
 
 // Assignment from integer types.
-inline int128& int128::operator=(int v) {
-  return *this = int128(v);
-}
+inline int128& int128::operator=(int v) { return *this = int128(v); }
 
-inline int128& int128::operator=(unsigned int v) {
-  return *this = int128(v);
-}
+inline int128& int128::operator=(unsigned int v) { return *this = int128(v); }
 
 inline int128& int128::operator=(long v) {  // NOLINT(runtime/int)
   return *this = int128(v);
 }
 
 // NOLINTNEXTLINE(runtime/int)
-inline int128& int128::operator=(unsigned long v) {
-  return *this = int128(v);
-}
+inline int128& int128::operator=(unsigned long v) { return *this = int128(v); }
 
 // NOLINTNEXTLINE(runtime/int)
-inline int128& int128::operator=(long long v) {
-  return *this = int128(v);
-}
+inline int128& int128::operator=(long long v) { return *this = int128(v); }
 
 // NOLINTNEXTLINE(runtime/int)
 inline int128& int128::operator=(unsigned long long v) {
diff --git a/absl/numeric/int128_have_intrinsic.inc b/absl/numeric/int128_have_intrinsic.inc
index 3945fa29..6f1ac644 100644
--- a/absl/numeric/int128_have_intrinsic.inc
+++ b/absl/numeric/int128_have_intrinsic.inc
@@ -162,9 +162,6 @@ inline int128::operator long double() const {
 }
 
 #else  // Clang on PowerPC
-// Forward declaration for conversion operators to floating point types.
-constexpr int128 operator-(int128 v);
-constexpr bool operator!=(int128 lhs, int128 rhs);
 
 inline int128::operator float() const {
   // We must convert the absolute value and then negate as needed, because
diff --git a/absl/numeric/int128_no_intrinsic.inc b/absl/numeric/int128_no_intrinsic.inc
index 8834804c..6f5d8377 100644
--- a/absl/numeric/int128_no_intrinsic.inc
+++ b/absl/numeric/int128_no_intrinsic.inc
@@ -23,8 +23,7 @@ constexpr int64_t Int128High64(int128 v) { return v.hi_; }
 
 #if defined(ABSL_IS_LITTLE_ENDIAN)
 
-constexpr int128::int128(int64_t high, uint64_t low) :
-    lo_(low), hi_(high) {}
+constexpr int128::int128(int64_t high, uint64_t low) : lo_(low), hi_(high) {}
 
 constexpr int128::int128(int v)
     : lo_{static_cast<uint64_t>(v)}, hi_{v < 0 ? ~int64_t{0} : 0} {}
@@ -44,8 +43,7 @@ constexpr int128::int128(uint128 v)
 
 #elif defined(ABSL_IS_BIG_ENDIAN)
 
-constexpr int128::int128(int64_t high, uint64_t low) :
-    hi_{high}, lo_{low} {}
+constexpr int128::int128(int64_t high, uint64_t low) : hi_{high}, lo_{low} {}
 
 constexpr int128::int128(int v)
     : hi_{v < 0 ? ~int64_t{0} : 0}, lo_{static_cast<uint64_t>(v)} {}
@@ -279,33 +277,52 @@ constexpr int128 operator^(int128 lhs, int128 rhs) {
 }
 
 constexpr int128 operator<<(int128 lhs, int amount) {
-  // int64_t shifts of >= 64 are undefined, so we need some special-casing.
-  return amount >= 64
-             ? MakeInt128(
-                   static_cast<int64_t>(Int128Low64(lhs) << (amount - 64)), 0)
-         : amount == 0
-             ? lhs
-             : MakeInt128(
-                   (Int128High64(lhs) << amount) |
-                       static_cast<int64_t>(Int128Low64(lhs) >> (64 - amount)),
-                   Int128Low64(lhs) << amount);
+  // int64_t shifts of >= 63 are undefined, so we need some special-casing.
+  assert(amount >= 0 && amount < 127);
+  if (amount <= 0) {
+    return lhs;
+  } else if (amount < 63) {
+    return MakeInt128(
+        (Int128High64(lhs) << amount) |
+            static_cast<int64_t>(Int128Low64(lhs) >> (64 - amount)),
+        Int128Low64(lhs) << amount);
+  } else if (amount == 63) {
+    return MakeInt128(((Int128High64(lhs) << 32) << 31) |
+                          static_cast<int64_t>(Int128Low64(lhs) >> 1),
+                      (Int128Low64(lhs) << 32) << 31);
+  } else if (amount == 127) {
+    return MakeInt128(static_cast<int64_t>(Int128Low64(lhs) << 63), 0);
+  } else if (amount > 127) {
+    return MakeInt128(0, 0);
+  } else {
+    // amount >= 64 && amount < 127
+    return MakeInt128(static_cast<int64_t>(Int128Low64(lhs) << (amount - 64)),
+                      0);
+  }
 }
 
 constexpr int128 operator>>(int128 lhs, int amount) {
-  // int64_t shifts of >= 64 are undefined, so we need some special-casing.
-  // The (Int128High64(lhs) >> 32) >> 32 "trick" causes the the most significant
-  // int64 to be inititialized with all zeros or all ones correctly. It takes
-  // into account whether the number is negative or positive, and whether the
-  // current architecture does arithmetic or logical right shifts for negative
-  // numbers.
-  return amount >= 64
-             ? MakeInt128(
-                   (Int128High64(lhs) >> 32) >> 32,
-                   static_cast<uint64_t>(Int128High64(lhs) >> (amount - 64)))
-         : amount == 0
-             ? lhs
-             : MakeInt128(Int128High64(lhs) >> amount,
-                          (Int128Low64(lhs) >> amount) |
-                              (static_cast<uint64_t>(Int128High64(lhs))
-                               << (64 - amount)));
+  // int64_t shifts of >= 63 are undefined, so we need some special-casing.
+  assert(amount >= 0 && amount < 127);
+  if (amount <= 0) {
+    return lhs;
+  } else if (amount < 63) {
+    return MakeInt128(
+        Int128High64(lhs) >> amount,
+        Int128Low64(lhs) >> amount | static_cast<uint64_t>(Int128High64(lhs))
+                                         << (64 - amount));
+  } else if (amount == 63) {
+    return MakeInt128((Int128High64(lhs) >> 32) >> 31,
+                      static_cast<uint64_t>(Int128High64(lhs) << 1) |
+                          (Int128Low64(lhs) >> 32) >> 31);
+
+  } else if (amount >= 127) {
+    return MakeInt128((Int128High64(lhs) >> 32) >> 31,
+                      static_cast<uint64_t>((Int128High64(lhs) >> 32) >> 31));
+  } else {
+    // amount >= 64 && amount < 127
+    return MakeInt128(
+        (Int128High64(lhs) >> 32) >> 31,
+        static_cast<uint64_t>(Int128High64(lhs) >> (amount - 64)));
+  }
 }
diff --git a/absl/numeric/int128_stream_test.cc b/absl/numeric/int128_stream_test.cc
index 479ad66c..bd937847 100644
--- a/absl/numeric/int128_stream_test.cc
+++ b/absl/numeric/int128_stream_test.cc
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include <string>
 
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
 
 namespace {
 
@@ -76,16 +77,6 @@ std::string StreamFormatToString(std::ios_base::fmtflags flags,
   return msg.str();
 }
 
-void CheckUint128Case(const Uint128TestCase& test_case) {
-  std::ostringstream os;
-  os.flags(test_case.flags);
-  os.width(test_case.width);
-  os.fill(kFill);
-  os << test_case.value;
-  SCOPED_TRACE(StreamFormatToString(test_case.flags, test_case.width));
-  EXPECT_EQ(test_case.expected, os.str());
-}
-
 constexpr std::ios::fmtflags kDec = std::ios::dec;
 constexpr std::ios::fmtflags kOct = std::ios::oct;
 constexpr std::ios::fmtflags kHex = std::ios::hex;
@@ -96,6 +87,19 @@ constexpr std::ios::fmtflags kUpper = std::ios::uppercase;
 constexpr std::ios::fmtflags kBase = std::ios::showbase;
 constexpr std::ios::fmtflags kPos = std::ios::showpos;
 
+void CheckUint128Case(const Uint128TestCase& test_case) {
+  if (test_case.flags == kDec && test_case.width == 0) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrCat(test_case.value), test_case.expected);
+  }
+  std::ostringstream os;
+  os.flags(test_case.flags);
+  os.width(test_case.width);
+  os.fill(kFill);
+  os << test_case.value;
+  SCOPED_TRACE(StreamFormatToString(test_case.flags, test_case.width));
+  EXPECT_EQ(os.str(), test_case.expected);
+}
+
 TEST(Uint128, OStreamValueTest) {
   CheckUint128Case({1, kDec, /*width = */ 0, "1"});
   CheckUint128Case({1, kOct, /*width = */ 0, "1"});
@@ -155,13 +159,16 @@ struct Int128TestCase {
 };
 
 void CheckInt128Case(const Int128TestCase& test_case) {
+  if (test_case.flags == kDec && test_case.width == 0) {
+    EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrCat(test_case.value), test_case.expected);
+  }
   std::ostringstream os;
   os.flags(test_case.flags);
   os.width(test_case.width);
   os.fill(kFill);
   os << test_case.value;
   SCOPED_TRACE(StreamFormatToString(test_case.flags, test_case.width));
-  EXPECT_EQ(test_case.expected, os.str());
+  EXPECT_EQ(os.str(), test_case.expected);
 }
 
 TEST(Int128, OStreamValueTest) {
@@ -194,35 +201,33 @@ TEST(Int128, OStreamValueTest) {
       {absl::MakeInt128(1, 0), kHex, /*width = */ 0, "10000000000000000"});
   CheckInt128Case({absl::MakeInt128(std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max(),
                                     std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max()),
-                   std::ios::dec, /*width = */ 0,
+                   kDec, /*width = */ 0,
                    "170141183460469231731687303715884105727"});
   CheckInt128Case({absl::MakeInt128(std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max(),
                                     std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max()),
-                   std::ios::oct, /*width = */ 0,
+                   kOct, /*width = */ 0,
                    "1777777777777777777777777777777777777777777"});
   CheckInt128Case({absl::MakeInt128(std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max(),
                                     std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max()),
-                   std::ios::hex, /*width = */ 0,
-                   "7fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff"});
+                   kHex, /*width = */ 0, "7fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff"});
   CheckInt128Case({absl::MakeInt128(std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min(), 0),
-                   std::ios::dec, /*width = */ 0,
+                   kDec, /*width = */ 0,
                    "-170141183460469231731687303715884105728"});
   CheckInt128Case({absl::MakeInt128(std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min(), 0),
-                   std::ios::oct, /*width = */ 0,
+                   kOct, /*width = */ 0,
                    "2000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"});
   CheckInt128Case({absl::MakeInt128(std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min(), 0),
-                   std::ios::hex, /*width = */ 0,
-                   "80000000000000000000000000000000"});
-  CheckInt128Case({-1, std::ios::dec, /*width = */ 0, "-1"});
-  CheckInt128Case({-1, std::ios::oct, /*width = */ 0,
+                   kHex, /*width = */ 0, "80000000000000000000000000000000"});
+  CheckInt128Case({-1, kDec, /*width = */ 0, "-1"});
+  CheckInt128Case({-1, kOct, /*width = */ 0,
                    "3777777777777777777777777777777777777777777"});
   CheckInt128Case(
-      {-1, std::ios::hex, /*width = */ 0, "ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff"});
-  CheckInt128Case({-12345, std::ios::dec, /*width = */ 0, "-12345"});
-  CheckInt128Case({-12345, std::ios::oct, /*width = */ 0,
+      {-1, kHex, /*width = */ 0, "ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff"});
+  CheckInt128Case({-12345, kDec, /*width = */ 0, "-12345"});
+  CheckInt128Case({-12345, kOct, /*width = */ 0,
                    "3777777777777777777777777777777777777747707"});
-  CheckInt128Case({-12345, std::ios::hex, /*width = */ 0,
-                   "ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffcfc7"});
+  CheckInt128Case(
+      {-12345, kHex, /*width = */ 0, "ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffcfc7"});
 }
 
 std::vector<Int128TestCase> GetInt128FormatCases();
diff --git a/absl/numeric/int128_test.cc b/absl/numeric/int128_test.cc
index dd9425d7..01e3eb5c 100644
--- a/absl/numeric/int128_test.cc
+++ b/absl/numeric/int128_test.cc
@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@
 #pragma warning(disable:4146)
 #endif
 
+#define MAKE_INT128(HI, LO) absl::MakeInt128(static_cast<int64_t>(HI), LO)
+
 namespace {
 
 template <typename T>
@@ -283,8 +285,9 @@ TEST(Uint128, ConversionTests) {
   EXPECT_EQ(from_precise_double, from_precise_ints);
   EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(static_cast<double>(from_precise_ints), precise_double);
 
-  double approx_double = 0xffffeeeeddddcccc * std::pow(2.0, 64.0) +
-                         0xbbbbaaaa99998888;
+  double approx_double =
+      static_cast<double>(0xffffeeeeddddcccc) * std::pow(2.0, 64.0) +
+      static_cast<double>(0xbbbbaaaa99998888);
   absl::uint128 from_approx_double(approx_double);
   EXPECT_DOUBLE_EQ(static_cast<double>(from_approx_double), approx_double);
 
@@ -1245,6 +1248,27 @@ TEST(Int128, BitwiseShiftTest) {
                 absl::MakeInt128(uint64_t{1} << j, 0) >>= (j - i));
     }
   }
+
+  // Manually calculated cases with shift count for positive (val1) and negative
+  // (val2) values
+  absl::int128 val1 = MAKE_INT128(0x123456789abcdef0, 0x123456789abcdef0);
+  absl::int128 val2 = MAKE_INT128(0xfedcba0987654321, 0xfedcba0987654321);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(val1 << 63, MAKE_INT128(0x91a2b3c4d5e6f78, 0x0));
+  EXPECT_EQ(val1 << 64, MAKE_INT128(0x123456789abcdef0, 0x0));
+  EXPECT_EQ(val2 << 63, MAKE_INT128(0xff6e5d04c3b2a190, 0x8000000000000000));
+  EXPECT_EQ(val2 << 64, MAKE_INT128(0xfedcba0987654321, 0x0));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(val1 << 126, MAKE_INT128(0x0, 0x0));
+  EXPECT_EQ(val2 << 126, MAKE_INT128(0x4000000000000000, 0x0));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(val1 >> 63, MAKE_INT128(0x0, 0x2468acf13579bde0));
+  EXPECT_EQ(val1 >> 64, MAKE_INT128(0x0, 0x123456789abcdef0));
+  EXPECT_EQ(val2 >> 63, MAKE_INT128(0xffffffffffffffff, 0xfdb974130eca8643));
+  EXPECT_EQ(val2 >> 64, MAKE_INT128(0xffffffffffffffff, 0xfedcba0987654321));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(val1 >> 126, MAKE_INT128(0x0, 0x0));
+  EXPECT_EQ(val2 >> 126, MAKE_INT128(0xffffffffffffffff, 0xffffffffffffffff));
 }
 
 TEST(Int128, NumericLimitsTest) {
diff --git a/absl/profiling/internal/exponential_biased_test.cc b/absl/profiling/internal/exponential_biased_test.cc
index 6a6c317e..ebfbcad4 100644
--- a/absl/profiling/internal/exponential_biased_test.cc
+++ b/absl/profiling/internal/exponential_biased_test.cc
@@ -94,13 +94,14 @@ double AndersonDarlingPValue(int n, double z) {
 }
 
 double AndersonDarlingStatistic(const std::vector<double>& random_sample) {
-  int n = random_sample.size();
+  size_t n = random_sample.size();
   double ad_sum = 0;
-  for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
     ad_sum += (2 * i + 1) *
               std::log(random_sample[i] * (1 - random_sample[n - 1 - i]));
   }
-  double ad_statistic = -n - 1 / static_cast<double>(n) * ad_sum;
+  const auto n_as_double = static_cast<double>(n);
+  double ad_statistic = -n_as_double - 1 / n_as_double * ad_sum;
   return ad_statistic;
 }
 
@@ -111,14 +112,15 @@ double AndersonDarlingStatistic(const std::vector<double>& random_sample) {
 // Marsaglia and Marsaglia for details.
 double AndersonDarlingTest(const std::vector<double>& random_sample) {
   double ad_statistic = AndersonDarlingStatistic(random_sample);
-  double p = AndersonDarlingPValue(random_sample.size(), ad_statistic);
+  double p = AndersonDarlingPValue(static_cast<int>(random_sample.size()),
+                                   ad_statistic);
   return p;
 }
 
 TEST(ExponentialBiasedTest, CoinTossDemoWithGetSkipCount) {
   ExponentialBiased eb;
   for (int runs = 0; runs < 10; ++runs) {
-    for (int flips = eb.GetSkipCount(1); flips > 0; --flips) {
+    for (int64_t flips = eb.GetSkipCount(1); flips > 0; --flips) {
       printf("head...");
     }
     printf("tail\n");
@@ -132,7 +134,7 @@ TEST(ExponentialBiasedTest, CoinTossDemoWithGetSkipCount) {
 
 TEST(ExponentialBiasedTest, SampleDemoWithStride) {
   ExponentialBiased eb;
-  int stride = eb.GetStride(10);
+  int64_t stride = eb.GetStride(10);
   int samples = 0;
   for (int i = 0; i < 10000000; ++i) {
     if (--stride == 0) {
@@ -147,7 +149,7 @@ TEST(ExponentialBiasedTest, SampleDemoWithStride) {
 // Testing that NextRandom generates uniform random numbers. Applies the
 // Anderson-Darling test for uniformity
 TEST(ExponentialBiasedTest, TestNextRandom) {
-  for (auto n : std::vector<int>({
+  for (auto n : std::vector<size_t>({
            10,  // Check short-range correlation
            100, 1000,
            10000  // Make sure there's no systemic error
@@ -161,7 +163,7 @@ TEST(ExponentialBiasedTest, TestNextRandom) {
     }
     std::vector<uint64_t> int_random_sample(n);
     // Collect samples
-    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
       int_random_sample[i] = x;
       x = ExponentialBiased::NextRandom(x);
     }
@@ -169,7 +171,7 @@ TEST(ExponentialBiasedTest, TestNextRandom) {
     std::sort(int_random_sample.begin(), int_random_sample.end());
     std::vector<double> random_sample(n);
     // Convert them to uniform randoms (in the range [0,1])
-    for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
       random_sample[i] =
           static_cast<double>(int_random_sample[i]) / max_prng_value;
     }
diff --git a/absl/profiling/internal/sample_recorder.h b/absl/profiling/internal/sample_recorder.h
index 5f65983b..371f6c47 100644
--- a/absl/profiling/internal/sample_recorder.h
+++ b/absl/profiling/internal/sample_recorder.h
@@ -77,8 +77,8 @@ class SampleRecorder {
   // samples that have been dropped.
   int64_t Iterate(const std::function<void(const T& stack)>& f);
 
-  int32_t GetMaxSamples() const;
-  void SetMaxSamples(int32_t max);
+  size_t GetMaxSamples() const;
+  void SetMaxSamples(size_t max);
 
  private:
   void PushNew(T* sample);
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ class SampleRecorder {
 
   std::atomic<size_t> dropped_samples_;
   std::atomic<size_t> size_estimate_;
-  std::atomic<int32_t> max_samples_{1 << 20};
+  std::atomic<size_t> max_samples_{1 << 20};
 
   // Intrusive lock free linked lists for tracking samples.
   //
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@ T* SampleRecorder<T>::PopDead(Targs... args) {
 template <typename T>
 template <typename... Targs>
 T* SampleRecorder<T>::Register(Targs&&... args) {
-  int64_t size = size_estimate_.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  size_t size = size_estimate_.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
   if (size > max_samples_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
     size_estimate_.fetch_sub(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
     dropped_samples_.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
@@ -199,6 +199,14 @@ T* SampleRecorder<T>::Register(Targs&&... args) {
     sample = new T();
     {
       absl::MutexLock sample_lock(&sample->init_mu);
+      // If flag initialization happens to occur (perhaps in another thread)
+      // while in this block, it will lock `graveyard_` which is usually always
+      // locked before any sample. This will appear as a lock inversion.
+      // However, this code is run exactly once per sample, and this sample
+      // cannot be accessed until after it is returned from this method.  This
+      // means that this lock state can never be recreated, so we can safely
+      // inform the deadlock detector to ignore it.
+      sample->init_mu.ForgetDeadlockInfo();
       sample->PrepareForSampling(std::forward<Targs>(args)...);
     }
     PushNew(sample);
@@ -229,12 +237,12 @@ int64_t SampleRecorder<T>::Iterate(
 }
 
 template <typename T>
-void SampleRecorder<T>::SetMaxSamples(int32_t max) {
+void SampleRecorder<T>::SetMaxSamples(size_t max) {
   max_samples_.store(max, std::memory_order_release);
 }
 
 template <typename T>
-int32_t SampleRecorder<T>::GetMaxSamples() const {
+size_t SampleRecorder<T>::GetMaxSamples() const {
   return max_samples_.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
 }
 
diff --git a/absl/random/BUILD.bazel b/absl/random/BUILD.bazel
index 08ecd197..19130ff7 100644
--- a/absl/random/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/absl/random/BUILD.bazel
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ cc_test(
     deps = [
         ":distributions",
         ":random",
-        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
+        "//absl/log",
         "//absl/numeric:representation",
         "//absl/random/internal:distribution_test_util",
         "//absl/random/internal:pcg_engine",
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ cc_test(
     deps = [
         ":distributions",
         ":random",
-        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
+        "//absl/log",
         "//absl/random/internal:distribution_test_util",
         "//absl/random/internal:pcg_engine",
         "//absl/random/internal:sequence_urbg",
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ cc_test(
     deps = [
         ":distributions",
         ":random",
-        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
+        "//absl/log",
         "//absl/random/internal:distribution_test_util",
         "//absl/random/internal:pcg_engine",
         "//absl/random/internal:sequence_urbg",
@@ -292,8 +292,8 @@ cc_test(
         ":distributions",
         ":random",
         "//absl/base:core_headers",
-        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
         "//absl/container:flat_hash_map",
+        "//absl/log",
         "//absl/random/internal:distribution_test_util",
         "//absl/random/internal:pcg_engine",
         "//absl/random/internal:sequence_urbg",
@@ -306,6 +306,7 @@ cc_test(
 cc_test(
     name = "exponential_distribution_test",
     size = "small",
+    timeout = "moderate",
     srcs = ["exponential_distribution_test.cc"],
     copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
     linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
@@ -313,7 +314,7 @@ cc_test(
         ":distributions",
         ":random",
         "//absl/base:core_headers",
-        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
+        "//absl/log",
         "//absl/numeric:representation",
         "//absl/random/internal:distribution_test_util",
         "//absl/random/internal:pcg_engine",
@@ -337,7 +338,7 @@ cc_test(
         ":distributions",
         ":random",
         "//absl/base:core_headers",
-        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
+        "//absl/log",
         "//absl/numeric:representation",
         "//absl/random/internal:distribution_test_util",
         "//absl/random/internal:sequence_urbg",
@@ -359,7 +360,7 @@ cc_test(
     deps = [
         ":distributions",
         ":random",
-        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
+        "//absl/log",
         "//absl/random/internal:distribution_test_util",
         "//absl/random/internal:pcg_engine",
         "//absl/random/internal:sequence_urbg",
@@ -384,7 +385,7 @@ cc_test(
     deps = [
         ":distributions",
         ":random",
-        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
+        "//absl/log",
         "//absl/numeric:representation",
         "//absl/random/internal:distribution_test_util",
         "//absl/random/internal:pcg_engine",
@@ -405,7 +406,7 @@ cc_test(
     deps = [
         ":distributions",
         ":random",
-        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
+        "//absl/log",
         "//absl/random/internal:distribution_test_util",
         "//absl/random/internal:pcg_engine",
         "//absl/random/internal:sequence_urbg",
@@ -493,18 +494,6 @@ cc_test(
     ],
 )
 
-BENCHMARK_TAGS = [
-    "benchmark",
-    "no_test_android_arm",
-    "no_test_android_arm64",
-    "no_test_android_x86",
-    "no_test_darwin_x86_64",
-    "no_test_ios_x86_64",
-    "no_test_loonix",
-    "no_test_msvc_x64",
-    "no_test_wasm",
-]
-
 # Benchmarks for various methods / test utilities
 cc_binary(
     name = "benchmarks",
@@ -514,7 +503,7 @@ cc_binary(
     ],
     copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
     linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
-    tags = BENCHMARK_TAGS,
+    tags = ["benchmark"],
     deps = [
         ":distributions",
         ":random",
diff --git a/absl/random/CMakeLists.txt b/absl/random/CMakeLists.txt
index d04c7081..bd363d88 100644
--- a/absl/random/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/absl/random/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -260,13 +260,13 @@ absl_cc_test(
   LINKOPTS
     ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
   DEPS
+    absl::log
     absl::numeric_representation
     absl::random_distributions
     absl::random_random
     absl::random_internal_distribution_test_util
     absl::random_internal_sequence_urbg
     absl::random_internal_pcg_engine
-    absl::raw_logging_internal
     absl::strings
     absl::str_format
     GTest::gmock
@@ -299,6 +299,7 @@ absl_cc_test(
     ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
   LINKOPTS
     ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
     absl::random_distributions
     absl::random_random
     absl::raw_logging_internal
@@ -315,12 +316,13 @@ absl_cc_test(
     ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
   LINKOPTS
     ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::log
     absl::random_distributions
     absl::random_internal_distribution_test_util
     absl::random_internal_pcg_engine
     absl::random_internal_sequence_urbg
     absl::random_random
-    absl::raw_logging_internal
     absl::strings
     absl::str_format
     GTest::gmock
@@ -337,12 +339,12 @@ absl_cc_test(
   LINKOPTS
     ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
   DEPS
+    absl::log
     absl::random_distributions
     absl::random_internal_distribution_test_util
     absl::random_internal_pcg_engine
     absl::random_internal_sequence_urbg
     absl::random_random
-    absl::raw_logging_internal
     absl::strings
     GTest::gmock
     GTest::gtest_main
@@ -362,10 +364,10 @@ absl_cc_test(
     absl::random_random
     absl::core_headers
     absl::flat_hash_map
+    absl::log
     absl::random_internal_distribution_test_util
     absl::random_internal_pcg_engine
     absl::random_internal_sequence_urbg
-    absl::raw_logging_internal
     absl::strings
     absl::str_format
     GTest::gmock
@@ -383,13 +385,13 @@ absl_cc_test(
     ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
   DEPS
     absl::core_headers
+    absl::log
     absl::numeric_representation
     absl::random_distributions
     absl::random_internal_distribution_test_util
     absl::random_internal_pcg_engine
     absl::random_internal_sequence_urbg
     absl::random_random
-    absl::raw_logging_internal
     absl::strings
     absl::str_format
     GTest::gmock
@@ -407,12 +409,12 @@ absl_cc_test(
     ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
   DEPS
     absl::core_headers
+    absl::log
     absl::numeric_representation
     absl::random_distributions
     absl::random_internal_distribution_test_util
     absl::random_internal_sequence_urbg
     absl::random_random
-    absl::raw_logging_internal
     absl::strings
     absl::str_format
     GTest::gmock
@@ -429,12 +431,12 @@ absl_cc_test(
   LINKOPTS
     ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
   DEPS
+    absl::log
     absl::random_distributions
     absl::random_internal_distribution_test_util
     absl::random_internal_pcg_engine
     absl::random_internal_sequence_urbg
     absl::random_random
-    absl::raw_logging_internal
     absl::strings
     GTest::gmock
     GTest::gtest_main
@@ -450,6 +452,7 @@ absl_cc_test(
   LINKOPTS
     ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
   DEPS
+    absl::log
     absl::numeric_representation
     absl::random_distributions
     absl::random_internal_distribution_test_util
@@ -471,12 +474,12 @@ absl_cc_test(
   LINKOPTS
     ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
   DEPS
+    absl::log
     absl::random_distributions
     absl::random_internal_distribution_test_util
     absl::random_internal_pcg_engine
     absl::random_internal_sequence_urbg
     absl::random_random
-    absl::raw_logging_internal
     absl::strings
     GTest::gmock
     GTest::gtest_main
@@ -569,7 +572,7 @@ absl_cc_library(
     ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
   LINKOPTS
     ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
-    $<$<BOOL:${MINGW}>:"bcrypt">
+    $<$<BOOL:${MINGW}>:-lbcrypt>
   DEPS
     absl::core_headers
     absl::optional
@@ -1090,9 +1093,9 @@ absl_cc_test(
   LINKOPTS
     ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
   DEPS
+    absl::log
     absl::random_internal_explicit_seed_seq
     absl::random_internal_randen_engine
-    absl::raw_logging_internal
     absl::strings
     absl::time
     GTest::gmock
@@ -1142,10 +1145,10 @@ absl_cc_test(
   LINKOPTS
     ${ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS}
   DEPS
+    absl::log
     absl::random_internal_platform
     absl::random_internal_randen_hwaes
     absl::random_internal_randen_hwaes_impl
-    absl::raw_logging_internal
     absl::str_format
     GTest::gmock
     GTest::gtest
diff --git a/absl/random/benchmarks.cc b/absl/random/benchmarks.cc
index 87bbb981..0900e818 100644
--- a/absl/random/benchmarks.cc
+++ b/absl/random/benchmarks.cc
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ class PrecompiledSeedSeq {
  public:
   using result_type = uint32_t;
 
-  PrecompiledSeedSeq() {}
+  PrecompiledSeedSeq() = default;
 
   template <typename Iterator>
   PrecompiledSeedSeq(Iterator begin, Iterator end) {}
diff --git a/absl/random/beta_distribution_test.cc b/absl/random/beta_distribution_test.cc
index c16fbb4f..c93b2a33 100644
--- a/absl/random/beta_distribution_test.cc
+++ b/absl/random/beta_distribution_test.cc
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
 
 #include "gmock/gmock.h"
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
-#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
+#include "absl/log/log.h"
 #include "absl/numeric/internal/representation.h"
 #include "absl/random/internal/chi_square.h"
 #include "absl/random/internal/distribution_test_util.h"
@@ -107,8 +107,8 @@ TYPED_TEST(BetaDistributionInterfaceTest, SerializeTest) {
   };
   for (TypeParam alpha : kValues) {
     for (TypeParam beta : kValues) {
-      ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(
-          INFO, absl::StrFormat("Smoke test for Beta(%a, %a)", alpha, beta));
+      LOG(INFO) << absl::StreamFormat("Smoke test for Beta(%a, %a)", alpha,
+                                      beta);
 
       param_type param(alpha, beta);
       absl::beta_distribution<TypeParam> before(alpha, beta);
@@ -327,15 +327,13 @@ bool BetaDistributionTest::SingleZTestOnMeanAndVariance(double p,
       absl::random_internal::Near("z", z_mean, 0.0, max_err) &&
       absl::random_internal::Near("z_variance", z_variance, 0.0, max_err);
   if (!pass) {
-    ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(
-        INFO,
-        absl::StrFormat(
-            "Beta(%f, %f), "
-            "mean: sample %f, expect %f, which is %f stddevs away, "
-            "variance: sample %f, expect %f, which is %f stddevs away.",
-            alpha_, beta_, m.mean, Mean(),
-            std::abs(m.mean - Mean()) / mean_stddev, m.variance, Variance(),
-            std::abs(m.variance - Variance()) / variance_stddev));
+    LOG(INFO) << "Beta(" << alpha_ << ", " << beta_ << "), mean: sample "
+              << m.mean << ", expect " << Mean() << ", which is "
+              << std::abs(m.mean - Mean()) / mean_stddev
+              << " stddevs away, variance: sample " << m.variance << ", expect "
+              << Variance() << ", which is "
+              << std::abs(m.variance - Variance()) / variance_stddev
+              << " stddevs away.";
   }
   return pass;
 }
@@ -396,18 +394,15 @@ bool BetaDistributionTest::SingleChiSquaredTest(double p, size_t samples,
   const bool pass =
       (absl::random_internal::ChiSquarePValue(chi_square, dof) >= p);
   if (!pass) {
-    for (int i = 0; i < cutoffs.size(); i++) {
-      ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(
-          INFO, absl::StrFormat("cutoff[%d] = %f, actual count %d, expected %d",
-                                i, cutoffs[i], counts[i],
-                                static_cast<int>(expected[i])));
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < cutoffs.size(); i++) {
+      LOG(INFO) << "cutoff[" << i << "] = " << cutoffs[i] << ", actual count "
+                << counts[i] << ", expected " << static_cast<int>(expected[i]);
     }
 
-    ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(
-        INFO, absl::StrFormat(
-                  "Beta(%f, %f) %s %f, p = %f", alpha_, beta_,
-                  absl::random_internal::kChiSquared, chi_square,
-                  absl::random_internal::ChiSquarePValue(chi_square, dof)));
+    LOG(INFO) << "Beta(" << alpha_ << ", " << beta_ << ") "
+              << absl::random_internal::kChiSquared << " " << chi_square
+              << ", p = "
+              << absl::random_internal::ChiSquarePValue(chi_square, dof);
   }
   return pass;
 }
diff --git a/absl/random/discrete_distribution_test.cc b/absl/random/discrete_distribution_test.cc
index 415b14cc..32405ea9 100644
--- a/absl/random/discrete_distribution_test.cc
+++ b/absl/random/discrete_distribution_test.cc
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 
 #include "gmock/gmock.h"
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
-#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
+#include "absl/log/log.h"
 #include "absl/random/internal/chi_square.h"
 #include "absl/random/internal/distribution_test_util.h"
 #include "absl/random/internal/pcg_engine.h"
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ TEST(DiscreteDistributionTest, ChiSquaredTest50) {
   using absl::random_internal::kChiSquared;
 
   constexpr size_t kTrials = 10000;
-  constexpr int kBuckets = 50;  // inclusive, so actally +1
+  constexpr int kBuckets = 50;  // inclusive, so actually +1
 
   // 1-in-100000 threshold, but remember, there are about 8 tests
   // in this file. And the test could fail for other reasons.
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ TEST(DiscreteDistributionTest, ChiSquaredTest50) {
     absl::StrAppend(&msg, kChiSquared, " p-value ", p_value, "\n");
     absl::StrAppend(&msg, "High ", kChiSquared, " value: ", chi_square, " > ",
                     kThreshold);
-    ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "%s", msg.c_str());
+    LOG(INFO) << msg;
     FAIL() << msg;
   }
 }
diff --git a/absl/random/exponential_distribution_test.cc b/absl/random/exponential_distribution_test.cc
index 3c44d9ec..fb9a0d16 100644
--- a/absl/random/exponential_distribution_test.cc
+++ b/absl/random/exponential_distribution_test.cc
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@
 
 #include "gmock/gmock.h"
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
-#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
 #include "absl/base/macros.h"
+#include "absl/log/log.h"
 #include "absl/numeric/internal/representation.h"
 #include "absl/random/internal/chi_square.h"
 #include "absl/random/internal/distribution_test_util.h"
@@ -115,9 +115,8 @@ TYPED_TEST(ExponentialDistributionTypedTest, SerializeTest) {
       if (sample < sample_min) sample_min = sample;
     }
     if (!std::is_same<TypeParam, long double>::value) {
-      ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(INFO,
-                        absl::StrFormat("Range {%f}: %f, %f, lambda=%f", lambda,
-                                        sample_min, sample_max, lambda));
+      LOG(INFO) << "Range {" << lambda << "}: " << sample_min << ", "
+                << sample_max << ", lambda=" << lambda;
     }
 
     std::stringstream ss;
@@ -219,17 +218,16 @@ bool ExponentialDistributionTests::SingleZTest(const double p,
   const bool pass = absl::random_internal::Near("z", z, 0.0, max_err);
 
   if (!pass) {
-    ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(
-        INFO, absl::StrFormat("p=%f max_err=%f\n"
-                              " lambda=%f\n"
-                              " mean=%f vs. %f\n"
-                              " stddev=%f vs. %f\n"
-                              " skewness=%f vs. %f\n"
-                              " kurtosis=%f vs. %f\n"
-                              " z=%f vs. 0",
-                              p, max_err, lambda(), m.mean, mean(),
-                              std::sqrt(m.variance), stddev(), m.skewness,
-                              skew(), m.kurtosis, kurtosis(), z));
+    // clang-format off
+    LOG(INFO)
+        << "p=" << p << " max_err=" << max_err << "\n"
+           " lambda=" << lambda() << "\n"
+           " mean=" << m.mean << " vs. " << mean() << "\n"
+           " stddev=" << std::sqrt(m.variance) << " vs. " << stddev() << "\n"
+           " skewness=" << m.skewness << " vs. " << skew() << "\n"
+           " kurtosis=" << m.kurtosis << " vs. " << kurtosis() << "\n"
+           " z=" << z << " vs. 0";
+    // clang-format on
   }
   return pass;
 }
@@ -274,16 +272,16 @@ double ExponentialDistributionTests::SingleChiSquaredTest() {
   double p = absl::random_internal::ChiSquarePValue(chi_square, dof);
 
   if (chi_square > threshold) {
-    for (int i = 0; i < cutoffs.size(); i++) {
-      ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(
-          INFO, absl::StrFormat("%d : (%f) = %d", i, cutoffs[i], counts[i]));
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < cutoffs.size(); i++) {
+      LOG(INFO) << i << " : (" << cutoffs[i] << ") = " << counts[i];
     }
 
-    ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(INFO,
-                      absl::StrCat("lambda ", lambda(), "\n",     //
-                                   " expected ", expected, "\n",  //
-                                   kChiSquared, " ", chi_square, " (", p, ")\n",
-                                   kChiSquared, " @ 0.98 = ", threshold));
+    // clang-format off
+    LOG(INFO) << "lambda " << lambda() << "\n"
+                 " expected " << expected << "\n"
+              << kChiSquared << " " << chi_square << " (" << p << ")\n"
+              << kChiSquared << " @ 0.98 = " << threshold;
+    // clang-format on
   }
   return p;
 }
diff --git a/absl/random/gaussian_distribution_test.cc b/absl/random/gaussian_distribution_test.cc
index 4584ac92..bad3476f 100644
--- a/absl/random/gaussian_distribution_test.cc
+++ b/absl/random/gaussian_distribution_test.cc
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@
 
 #include "gmock/gmock.h"
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
-#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
 #include "absl/base/macros.h"
+#include "absl/log/log.h"
 #include "absl/numeric/internal/representation.h"
 #include "absl/random/internal/chi_square.h"
 #include "absl/random/internal/distribution_test_util.h"
@@ -116,9 +116,8 @@ TYPED_TEST(GaussianDistributionInterfaceTest, SerializeTest) {
           EXPECT_LE(sample, before.max()) << before;
         }
         if (!std::is_same<TypeParam, long double>::value) {
-          ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(
-              INFO, absl::StrFormat("Range{%f, %f}: %f, %f", mean, stddev,
-                                    sample_min, sample_max));
+          LOG(INFO) << "Range{" << mean << ", " << stddev << "}: " << sample_min
+                    << ", " << sample_max;
         }
 
         std::stringstream ss;
@@ -240,17 +239,16 @@ bool GaussianDistributionTests::SingleZTest(const double p,
       (std::pow(m.skewness, 2.0) + std::pow(m.kurtosis - 3.0, 2.0) / 4.0);
 
   if (!pass || jb > 9.21) {
-    ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(
-        INFO, absl::StrFormat("p=%f max_err=%f\n"
-                              " mean=%f vs. %f\n"
-                              " stddev=%f vs. %f\n"
-                              " skewness=%f vs. %f\n"
-                              " kurtosis=%f vs. %f\n"
-                              " z=%f vs. 0\n"
-                              " jb=%f vs. 9.21",
-                              p, max_err, m.mean, mean(), std::sqrt(m.variance),
-                              stddev(), m.skewness, skew(), m.kurtosis,
-                              kurtosis(), z, jb));
+    // clang-format off
+    LOG(INFO)
+        << "p=" << p << " max_err=" << max_err << "\n"
+           " mean=" << m.mean << " vs. " << mean() << "\n"
+           " stddev=" << std::sqrt(m.variance) << " vs. " << stddev() << "\n"
+           " skewness=" << m.skewness << " vs. " << skew() << "\n"
+           " kurtosis=" << m.kurtosis << " vs. " << kurtosis() << "\n"
+           " z=" << z << " vs. 0\n"
+           " jb=" << jb << " vs. 9.21";
+    // clang-format on
   }
   return pass;
 }
@@ -297,16 +295,16 @@ double GaussianDistributionTests::SingleChiSquaredTest() {
 
   // Log if the chi_square value is above the threshold.
   if (chi_square > threshold) {
-    for (int i = 0; i < cutoffs.size(); i++) {
-      ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(
-          INFO, absl::StrFormat("%d : (%f) = %d", i, cutoffs[i], counts[i]));
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < cutoffs.size(); i++) {
+      LOG(INFO) << i << " : (" << cutoffs[i] << ") = " << counts[i];
     }
 
-    ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(
-        INFO, absl::StrCat("mean=", mean(), " stddev=", stddev(), "\n",   //
-                           " expected ", expected, "\n",                  //
-                           kChiSquared, " ", chi_square, " (", p, ")\n",  //
-                           kChiSquared, " @ 0.98 = ", threshold));
+    // clang-format off
+    LOG(INFO) << "mean=" << mean() << " stddev=" << stddev() << "\n"
+                 " expected " << expected << "\n"
+              << kChiSquared << " " << chi_square << " (" << p << ")\n"
+              << kChiSquared << " @ 0.98 = " << threshold;
+    // clang-format on
   }
   return p;
 }
diff --git a/absl/random/generators_test.cc b/absl/random/generators_test.cc
index 14fd24e9..20091309 100644
--- a/absl/random/generators_test.cc
+++ b/absl/random/generators_test.cc
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ void TestUniform(URBG* gen) {
   // (a, b) semantics, inferred types.
   absl::Uniform(absl::IntervalOpenOpen, *gen, 0, 1.0);  // Promoted to double
 
-  // Explict overriding of types.
+  // Explicit overriding of types.
   absl::Uniform<int>(*gen, 0, 100);
   absl::Uniform<int8_t>(*gen, 0, 100);
   absl::Uniform<int16_t>(*gen, 0, 100);
@@ -117,6 +117,7 @@ void TestBernoulli(URBG* gen) {
   absl::Bernoulli(*gen, 0.5);
 }
 
+
 template <typename URBG>
 void TestZipf(URBG* gen) {
   absl::Zipf<int>(*gen, 100);
diff --git a/absl/random/internal/BUILD.bazel b/absl/random/internal/BUILD.bazel
index fd5b6195..37f4d6e2 100644
--- a/absl/random/internal/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/absl/random/internal/BUILD.bazel
@@ -24,9 +24,11 @@ load(
     "absl_random_randen_copts_init",
 )
 
-package(default_visibility = [
+default_package_visibility = [
     "//absl/random:__pkg__",
-])
+]
+
+package(default_visibility = default_package_visibility)
 
 licenses(["notice"])
 
@@ -80,6 +82,10 @@ cc_library(
     linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS + select({
         "//absl:msvc_compiler": ["-DEFAULTLIB:bcrypt.lib"],
         "//absl:clang-cl_compiler": ["-DEFAULTLIB:bcrypt.lib"],
+        "//absl:mingw_compiler": [
+            "-DEFAULTLIB:bcrypt.lib",
+            "-lbcrypt",
+        ],
         "//conditions:default": [],
     }),
     deps = [
@@ -248,6 +254,8 @@ cc_library(
     hdrs = ["randen_engine.h"],
     copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
     linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    visibility = default_package_visibility + [
+    ],
     deps = [
         ":iostream_state_saver",
         ":randen",
@@ -389,7 +397,7 @@ ABSL_RANDOM_NONPORTABLE_TAGS = [
     "no_test_darwin_x86_64",
     "no_test_ios_x86_64",
     "no_test_loonix",
-    "no_test_msvc_x64",
+    "no_test_lexan",
     "no_test_wasm",
 ]
 
@@ -593,7 +601,7 @@ cc_test(
     deps = [
         ":explicit_seed_seq",
         ":randen_engine",
-        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
+        "//absl/log",
         "//absl/strings",
         "//absl/time",
         "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
@@ -638,7 +646,7 @@ cc_test(
         ":platform",
         ":randen_hwaes",
         ":randen_hwaes_impl",  # build_cleaner: keep
-        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
+        "//absl/log",
         "//absl/strings:str_format",
         "@com_google_googletest//:gtest",
     ],
@@ -699,8 +707,10 @@ cc_test(
     ],
     deps = [
         ":nanobenchmark",
-        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
+        "//absl/log",
+        "//absl/log:check",
         "//absl/strings",
+        "//absl/strings:str_format",
     ],
 )
 
diff --git a/absl/random/internal/distribution_test_util.cc b/absl/random/internal/distribution_test_util.cc
index e9005658..9fa37bd6 100644
--- a/absl/random/internal/distribution_test_util.cc
+++ b/absl/random/internal/distribution_test_util.cc
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ double BetaIncompleteImpl(const double x, const double p, const double q,
   double result = 1.;
   int ns = static_cast<int>(q + xc * psq);
 
-  // Use the soper reduction forumla.
+  // Use the soper reduction formula.
   double rx = (ns == 0) ? x : x / xc;
   double temp = q - ai;
   for (;;) {
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ double BetaIncompleteImpl(const double x, const double p, const double q,
     }
   }
 
-  // NOTE: See also TOMS Alogrithm 708.
+  // NOTE: See also TOMS Algorithm 708.
   // http://www.netlib.org/toms/index.html
   //
   // NOTE: The NWSC library also includes BRATIO / ISUBX (p87)
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ double BetaIncompleteImpl(const double x, const double p, const double q,
 // https://www.jstor.org/stable/2346798?read-now=1&seq=4#page_scan_tab_contents
 // https://www.jstor.org/stable/2346887?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
 //
-// XINBTA(p, q, beta, alhpa)
+// XINBTA(p, q, beta, alpha)
 //  p:     the value of the parameter p.
 //  q:     the value of the parameter q.
 //  beta:  the value of ln B(p, q)
diff --git a/absl/random/internal/fast_uniform_bits.h b/absl/random/internal/fast_uniform_bits.h
index f3a5c00f..83ee5c0f 100644
--- a/absl/random/internal/fast_uniform_bits.h
+++ b/absl/random/internal/fast_uniform_bits.h
@@ -57,9 +57,10 @@ constexpr UIntType IntegerLog2(UIntType n) {
 // `PowerOfTwoVariate(urbg)`.
 template <typename URBG>
 constexpr size_t NumBits() {
-  return RangeSize<URBG>() == 0
-             ? std::numeric_limits<typename URBG::result_type>::digits
-             : IntegerLog2(RangeSize<URBG>());
+  return static_cast<size_t>(
+      RangeSize<URBG>() == 0
+          ? std::numeric_limits<typename URBG::result_type>::digits
+          : IntegerLog2(RangeSize<URBG>()));
 }
 
 // Given a shift value `n`, constructs a mask with exactly the low `n` bits set.
@@ -151,7 +152,8 @@ FastUniformBits<UIntType>::Generate(URBG& g,  // NOLINT(runtime/references)
 
   result_type r = static_cast<result_type>(g() - kMin);
   for (size_t n = 1; n < kIters; ++n) {
-    r = (r << kShift) + static_cast<result_type>(g() - kMin);
+    r = static_cast<result_type>(r << kShift) +
+        static_cast<result_type>(g() - kMin);
   }
   return r;
 }
diff --git a/absl/random/internal/fast_uniform_bits_test.cc b/absl/random/internal/fast_uniform_bits_test.cc
index cee702df..34c25206 100644
--- a/absl/random/internal/fast_uniform_bits_test.cc
+++ b/absl/random/internal/fast_uniform_bits_test.cc
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ TEST(FastUniformBitsTest, RangeSize) {
              FakeUrbg<uint64_t, 0, (std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max)()>>()));
 }
 
-// The constants need to be choosen so that an infinite rejection loop doesn't
+// The constants need to be chosen so that an infinite rejection loop doesn't
 // happen...
 using Urng1_5bit = FakeUrbg<uint8_t, 0, 2, 0>;  // ~1.5 bits (range 3)
 using Urng4bits = FakeUrbg<uint8_t, 1, 0x10, 2>;
diff --git a/absl/random/internal/generate_real.h b/absl/random/internal/generate_real.h
index b569450c..9a6f4005 100644
--- a/absl/random/internal/generate_real.h
+++ b/absl/random/internal/generate_real.h
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ inline RealType GenerateRealFromBits(uint64_t bits, int exp_bias = 0) {
       "GenerateRealFromBits must be parameterized by either float or double.");
 
   static_assert(sizeof(uint_type) == sizeof(real_type),
-                "Mismatched unsinged and real types.");
+                "Mismatched unsigned and real types.");
 
   static_assert((std::numeric_limits<real_type>::is_iec559 &&
                  std::numeric_limits<real_type>::radix == 2),
diff --git a/absl/random/internal/iostream_state_saver_test.cc b/absl/random/internal/iostream_state_saver_test.cc
index 6e66266c..ea9d2af0 100644
--- a/absl/random/internal/iostream_state_saver_test.cc
+++ b/absl/random/internal/iostream_state_saver_test.cc
@@ -345,8 +345,9 @@ TEST(IOStreamStateSaver, RoundTripLongDoubles) {
     }
 
     // Avoid undefined behavior (overflow/underflow).
-    if (dd <= std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max() &&
-        dd >= std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::lowest()) {
+    if (dd <= static_cast<long double>(std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max()) &&
+        dd >=
+            static_cast<long double>(std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::lowest())) {
       int64_t x = static_cast<int64_t>(dd);
       EXPECT_EQ(x, StreamRoundTrip<int64_t>(x));
     }
diff --git a/absl/random/internal/mock_helpers.h b/absl/random/internal/mock_helpers.h
index 882b0518..a7a97bfc 100644
--- a/absl/random/internal/mock_helpers.h
+++ b/absl/random/internal/mock_helpers.h
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ class MockHelpers {
   template <typename KeyT, typename URBG, typename... Args>
   static auto MaybeInvokeMock(URBG* urbg, Args&&... args)
       -> absl::optional<typename KeySignature<KeyT>::result_type> {
-    // Use function overloading to dispatch to the implemenation since
+    // Use function overloading to dispatch to the implementation since
     // more modern patterns (e.g. require + constexpr) are not supported in all
     // compiler configurations.
     return InvokeMockImpl<KeyT, typename KeySignature<KeyT>::result_type,
diff --git a/absl/random/internal/nanobenchmark.cc b/absl/random/internal/nanobenchmark.cc
index c9181813..0f31a7d5 100644
--- a/absl/random/internal/nanobenchmark.cc
+++ b/absl/random/internal/nanobenchmark.cc
@@ -361,7 +361,7 @@ void CountingSort(T* values, size_t num_values) {
   // Write that many copies of each unique value to the array.
   T* ABSL_RANDOM_INTERNAL_RESTRICT p = values;
   for (const auto& value_count : unique) {
-    std::fill(p, p + value_count.second, value_count.first);
+    std::fill_n(p, value_count.second, value_count.first);
     p += value_count.second;
   }
   ABSL_RAW_CHECK(p == values + num_values, "Did not produce enough output");
diff --git a/absl/random/internal/nanobenchmark_test.cc b/absl/random/internal/nanobenchmark_test.cc
index f1571e26..d4f1028d 100644
--- a/absl/random/internal/nanobenchmark_test.cc
+++ b/absl/random/internal/nanobenchmark_test.cc
@@ -14,8 +14,10 @@
 
 #include "absl/random/internal/nanobenchmark.h"
 
-#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
+#include "absl/log/check.h"
+#include "absl/log/log.h"
 #include "absl/strings/numbers.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_format.h"
 
 namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
@@ -36,16 +38,16 @@ void MeasureDiv(const FuncInput (&inputs)[N]) {
   params.max_evals = 6;  // avoid test timeout
   const size_t num_results = Measure(&Div, nullptr, inputs, N, results, params);
   if (num_results == 0) {
-    ABSL_RAW_LOG(
-        WARNING,
-        "WARNING: Measurement failed, should not happen when using "
-        "PinThreadToCPU unless the region to measure takes > 1 second.\n");
+    LOG(WARNING)
+        << "WARNING: Measurement failed, should not happen when using "
+           "PinThreadToCPU unless the region to measure takes > 1 second.";
     return;
   }
   for (size_t i = 0; i < num_results; ++i) {
-    ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "%5zu: %6.2f ticks; MAD=%4.2f%%\n", results[i].input,
-                 results[i].ticks, results[i].variability * 100.0);
-    ABSL_RAW_CHECK(results[i].ticks != 0.0f, "Zero duration");
+    LOG(INFO) << absl::StreamFormat("%5u: %6.2f ticks; MAD=%4.2f%%\n",
+                                    results[i].input, results[i].ticks,
+                                    results[i].variability * 100.0);
+    CHECK_NE(results[i].ticks, 0.0f) << "Zero duration";
   }
 }
 
@@ -54,7 +56,7 @@ void RunAll(const int argc, char* argv[]) {
   int cpu = -1;
   if (argc == 2) {
     if (!absl::SimpleAtoi(argv[1], &cpu)) {
-      ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "The optional argument must be a CPU number >= 0.\n");
+      LOG(FATAL) << "The optional argument must be a CPU number >= 0.";
     }
   }
   PinThreadToCPU(cpu);
diff --git a/absl/random/internal/nonsecure_base.h b/absl/random/internal/nonsecure_base.h
index c7d7fa4b..c3b80335 100644
--- a/absl/random/internal/nonsecure_base.h
+++ b/absl/random/internal/nonsecure_base.h
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class RandenPoolSeedSeq {
   // Generate random unsigned values directly into the buffer.
   template <typename Contiguous>
   void generate_impl(ContiguousTag, Contiguous begin, Contiguous end) {
-    const size_t n = std::distance(begin, end);
+    const size_t n = static_cast<size_t>(std::distance(begin, end));
     auto* a = &(*begin);
     RandenPool<uint8_t>::Fill(
         absl::MakeSpan(reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(a), sizeof(*a) * n));
diff --git a/absl/random/internal/pcg_engine.h b/absl/random/internal/pcg_engine.h
index 4ab44c94..e1f4ef33 100644
--- a/absl/random/internal/pcg_engine.h
+++ b/absl/random/internal/pcg_engine.h
@@ -221,47 +221,26 @@ class pcg_engine {
 template <uint64_t kMultA, uint64_t kMultB, uint64_t kIncA, uint64_t kIncB>
 class pcg128_params {
  public:
-#if ABSL_HAVE_INTRINSIC_INT128
-  using state_type = __uint128_t;
-  static inline constexpr state_type make_u128(uint64_t a, uint64_t b) {
-    return (static_cast<__uint128_t>(a) << 64) | b;
-  }
-#else
   using state_type = absl::uint128;
-  static inline constexpr state_type make_u128(uint64_t a, uint64_t b) {
-    return absl::MakeUint128(a, b);
-  }
-#endif
-
   static inline constexpr state_type multiplier() {
-    return make_u128(kMultA, kMultB);
+    return absl::MakeUint128(kMultA, kMultB);
   }
   static inline constexpr state_type increment() {
-    return make_u128(kIncA, kIncB);
+    return absl::MakeUint128(kIncA, kIncB);
   }
 };
 
 // Implementation of the PCG xsl_rr_128_64 128-bit mixing function, which
 // accepts an input of state_type and mixes it into an output of result_type.
 struct pcg_xsl_rr_128_64 {
-#if ABSL_HAVE_INTRINSIC_INT128
-  using state_type = __uint128_t;
-#else
   using state_type = absl::uint128;
-#endif
   using result_type = uint64_t;
 
   inline uint64_t operator()(state_type state) {
     // This is equivalent to the xsl_rr_128_64 mixing function.
-#if ABSL_HAVE_INTRINSIC_INT128
     uint64_t rotate = static_cast<uint64_t>(state >> 122u);
     state ^= state >> 64;
     uint64_t s = static_cast<uint64_t>(state);
-#else
-    uint64_t h = Uint128High64(state);
-    uint64_t rotate = h >> 58u;
-    uint64_t s = Uint128Low64(state) ^ h;
-#endif
     return rotr(s, static_cast<int>(rotate));
   }
 };
diff --git a/absl/random/internal/platform.h b/absl/random/internal/platform.h
index bbdb4e62..d779f481 100644
--- a/absl/random/internal/platform.h
+++ b/absl/random/internal/platform.h
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@
 
 // ABSL_RANDOM_INTERNAL_AES_DISPATCH indicates whether the currently active
 // platform has, or should use run-time dispatch for selecting the
-// acclerated Randen implementation.
+// accelerated Randen implementation.
 #define ABSL_RANDOM_INTERNAL_AES_DISPATCH 0
 
 #if defined(ABSL_ARCH_X86_64)
diff --git a/absl/random/internal/pool_urbg.cc b/absl/random/internal/pool_urbg.cc
index 725100a4..5aefa7d9 100644
--- a/absl/random/internal/pool_urbg.cc
+++ b/absl/random/internal/pool_urbg.cc
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ void RandenPoolEntry::Fill(uint8_t* out, size_t bytes) {
 }
 
 // Number of pooled urbg entries.
-static constexpr int kPoolSize = 8;
+static constexpr size_t kPoolSize = 8;
 
 // Shared pool entries.
 static absl::once_flag pool_once;
@@ -147,15 +147,15 @@ ABSL_CACHELINE_ALIGNED static RandenPoolEntry* shared_pools[kPoolSize];
 // on subsequent runs the order within the same program may be significantly
 // different. However, as other thread IDs are not assigned sequentially,
 // this is not expected to matter.
-int GetPoolID() {
+size_t GetPoolID() {
   static_assert(kPoolSize >= 1,
                 "At least one urbg instance is required for PoolURBG");
 
-  ABSL_CONST_INIT static std::atomic<int64_t> sequence{0};
+  ABSL_CONST_INIT static std::atomic<uint64_t> sequence{0};
 
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_THREAD_LOCAL
-  static thread_local int my_pool_id = -1;
-  if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(my_pool_id < 0)) {
+  static thread_local size_t my_pool_id = kPoolSize;
+  if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(my_pool_id == kPoolSize)) {
     my_pool_id = (sequence++ % kPoolSize);
   }
   return my_pool_id;
@@ -171,8 +171,8 @@ int GetPoolID() {
 
   // Store the value in the pthread_{get/set}specific. However an uninitialized
   // value is 0, so add +1 to distinguish from the null value.
-  intptr_t my_pool_id =
-      reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(pthread_getspecific(tid_key));
+  uintptr_t my_pool_id =
+      reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(pthread_getspecific(tid_key));
   if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(my_pool_id == 0)) {
     // No allocated ID, allocate the next value, cache it, and return.
     my_pool_id = (sequence++ % kPoolSize) + 1;
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ RandenPoolEntry* PoolAlignedAlloc() {
   // Not all the platforms that we build for have std::aligned_alloc, however
   // since we never free these objects, we can over allocate and munge the
   // pointers to the correct alignment.
-  intptr_t x = reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(
+  uintptr_t x = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(
       new char[sizeof(RandenPoolEntry) + kAlignment]);
   auto y = x % kAlignment;
   void* aligned = reinterpret_cast<void*>(y == 0 ? x : (x + kAlignment - y));
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ void InitPoolURBG() {
           absl::MakeSpan(seed_material))) {
     random_internal::ThrowSeedGenException();
   }
-  for (int i = 0; i < kPoolSize; i++) {
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < kPoolSize; i++) {
     shared_pools[i] = PoolAlignedAlloc();
     shared_pools[i]->Init(
         absl::MakeSpan(&seed_material[i * kSeedSize], kSeedSize));
diff --git a/absl/random/internal/randen_benchmarks.cc b/absl/random/internal/randen_benchmarks.cc
index f589172c..ec086cea 100644
--- a/absl/random/internal/randen_benchmarks.cc
+++ b/absl/random/internal/randen_benchmarks.cc
@@ -47,8 +47,10 @@ static constexpr size_t kSeedSizeT = Randen::kSeedBytes / sizeof(uint32_t);
 // Randen implementation benchmarks.
 template <typename T>
 struct AbsorbFn : public T {
-  mutable uint64_t state[kStateSizeT] = {};
-  mutable uint32_t seed[kSeedSizeT] = {};
+  // These are both cast to uint128* in the RandenHwAes implementation, so
+  // ensure they are 16 byte aligned.
+  alignas(16) mutable uint64_t state[kStateSizeT] = {};
+  alignas(16) mutable uint32_t seed[kSeedSizeT] = {};
 
   static constexpr size_t bytes() { return sizeof(seed); }
 
diff --git a/absl/random/internal/randen_detect.cc b/absl/random/internal/randen_detect.cc
index 6dababa3..bdeab877 100644
--- a/absl/random/internal/randen_detect.cc
+++ b/absl/random/internal/randen_detect.cc
@@ -45,6 +45,10 @@
 #if defined(ABSL_INTERNAL_USE_X86_CPUID)
 #if defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64)
 #include <intrin.h>  // NOLINT(build/include_order)
+#elif ABSL_HAVE_BUILTIN(__cpuid)
+// MSVC-equivalent __cpuid intrinsic declaration for clang-like compilers
+// for non-Windows build environments.
+extern void __cpuid(int[4], int);
 #else
 // MSVC-equivalent __cpuid intrinsic function.
 static void __cpuid(int cpu_info[4], int info_type) {
diff --git a/absl/random/internal/randen_engine.h b/absl/random/internal/randen_engine.h
index b4708664..fe2d9f6c 100644
--- a/absl/random/internal/randen_engine.h
+++ b/absl/random/internal/randen_engine.h
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ class alignas(8) randen_engine {
       // The Randen paper suggests preferentially initializing even-numbered
       // 128-bit vectors of the randen state (there are 16 such vectors).
       // The seed data is merged into the state offset by 128-bits, which
-      // implies prefering seed bytes [16..31, ..., 208..223]. Since the
+      // implies preferring seed bytes [16..31, ..., 208..223]. Since the
       // buffer is 32-bit values, we swap the corresponding buffer positions in
       // 128-bit chunks.
       size_t dst = kBufferSize;
diff --git a/absl/random/internal/randen_engine_test.cc b/absl/random/internal/randen_engine_test.cc
index c8e7685b..a94f4916 100644
--- a/absl/random/internal/randen_engine_test.cc
+++ b/absl/random/internal/randen_engine_test.cc
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 
 #include "gmock/gmock.h"
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
-#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
+#include "absl/log/log.h"
 #include "absl/random/internal/explicit_seed_seq.h"
 #include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
 #include "absl/time/clock.h"
@@ -645,9 +645,8 @@ TEST(RandenTest, IsFastOrSlow) {
   }
   auto duration = absl::GetCurrentTimeNanos() - start;
 
-  ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(INFO, absl::StrCat(static_cast<double>(duration) /
-                                           static_cast<double>(kCount),
-                                       "ns"));
+  LOG(INFO) << static_cast<double>(duration) / static_cast<double>(kCount)
+            << "ns";
 
   EXPECT_GT(sum, 0);
   EXPECT_GE(duration, kCount);  // Should be slower than 1ns per call.
diff --git a/absl/random/internal/randen_hwaes.cc b/absl/random/internal/randen_hwaes.cc
index fee6677c..f535f4c5 100644
--- a/absl/random/internal/randen_hwaes.cc
+++ b/absl/random/internal/randen_hwaes.cc
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
 // a hardware accelerated implementation of randen, or whether it
 // will contain stubs that exit the process.
 #if ABSL_HAVE_ACCELERATED_AES
-// The following plaforms have implemented RandenHwAes.
+// The following platforms have implemented RandenHwAes.
 #if defined(ABSL_ARCH_X86_64) || defined(ABSL_ARCH_X86_32) || \
     defined(ABSL_ARCH_PPC) || defined(ABSL_ARCH_ARM) ||       \
     defined(ABSL_ARCH_AARCH64)
diff --git a/absl/random/internal/randen_hwaes_test.cc b/absl/random/internal/randen_hwaes_test.cc
index 2348b55c..00d96efd 100644
--- a/absl/random/internal/randen_hwaes_test.cc
+++ b/absl/random/internal/randen_hwaes_test.cc
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "gmock/gmock.h"
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
-#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
+#include "absl/log/log.h"
 #include "absl/random/internal/platform.h"
 #include "absl/random/internal/randen_detect.h"
 #include "absl/random/internal/randen_traits.h"
@@ -67,32 +67,32 @@ TEST(RandenHwAesTest, Default) {
 int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
   testing::InitGoogleTest(&argc, argv);
 
-  ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "ABSL_HAVE_ACCELERATED_AES=%d", ABSL_HAVE_ACCELERATED_AES);
-  ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "ABSL_RANDOM_INTERNAL_AES_DISPATCH=%d",
-               ABSL_RANDOM_INTERNAL_AES_DISPATCH);
+  LOG(INFO) << "ABSL_HAVE_ACCELERATED_AES=" << ABSL_HAVE_ACCELERATED_AES;
+  LOG(INFO) << "ABSL_RANDOM_INTERNAL_AES_DISPATCH="
+            << ABSL_RANDOM_INTERNAL_AES_DISPATCH;
 
 #if defined(ABSL_ARCH_X86_64)
-  ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "ABSL_ARCH_X86_64");
+  LOG(INFO) << "ABSL_ARCH_X86_64";
 #elif defined(ABSL_ARCH_X86_32)
-  ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "ABSL_ARCH_X86_32");
+  LOG(INFO) << "ABSL_ARCH_X86_32";
 #elif defined(ABSL_ARCH_AARCH64)
-  ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "ABSL_ARCH_AARCH64");
+  LOG(INFO) << "ABSL_ARCH_AARCH64";
 #elif defined(ABSL_ARCH_ARM)
-  ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "ABSL_ARCH_ARM");
+  LOG(INFO) << "ABSL_ARCH_ARM";
 #elif defined(ABSL_ARCH_PPC)
-  ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "ABSL_ARCH_PPC");
+  LOG(INFO) << "ABSL_ARCH_PPC";
 #else
-  ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "ARCH Unknown");
+  LOG(INFO) << "ARCH Unknown";
 #endif
 
   int x = absl::random_internal::HasRandenHwAesImplementation();
-  ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "HasRandenHwAesImplementation = %d", x);
+  LOG(INFO) << "HasRandenHwAesImplementation = " << x;
 
   int y = absl::random_internal::CPUSupportsRandenHwAes();
-  ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "CPUSupportsRandenHwAes = %d", x);
+  LOG(INFO) << "CPUSupportsRandenHwAes = " << x;
 
   if (!x || !y) {
-    ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "Skipping Randen HWAES tests.");
+    LOG(INFO) << "Skipping Randen HWAES tests.";
     return 0;
   }
   return RUN_ALL_TESTS();
diff --git a/absl/random/internal/seed_material.cc b/absl/random/internal/seed_material.cc
index c03cad85..1041302b 100644
--- a/absl/random/internal/seed_material.cc
+++ b/absl/random/internal/seed_material.cc
@@ -173,12 +173,12 @@ bool ReadSeedMaterialFromDevURandom(absl::Span<uint32_t> values) {
   }
 
   while (success && buffer_size > 0) {
-    int bytes_read = read(dev_urandom, buffer, buffer_size);
+    ssize_t bytes_read = read(dev_urandom, buffer, buffer_size);
     int read_error = errno;
     success = (bytes_read > 0);
     if (success) {
       buffer += bytes_read;
-      buffer_size -= bytes_read;
+      buffer_size -= static_cast<size_t>(bytes_read);
     } else if (bytes_read == -1 && read_error == EINTR) {
       success = true;  // Need to try again.
     }
diff --git a/absl/random/internal/uniform_helper.h b/absl/random/internal/uniform_helper.h
index e68b82ee..db737e13 100644
--- a/absl/random/internal/uniform_helper.h
+++ b/absl/random/internal/uniform_helper.h
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ using UniformDistribution =
 // UniformDistributionWrapper is used as the underlying distribution type
 // by the absl::Uniform template function. It selects the proper Abseil
 // uniform distribution and provides constructor overloads that match the
-// expected parameter order as well as adjusting distribtuion bounds based
+// expected parameter order as well as adjusting distribution bounds based
 // on the tag.
 template <typename NumType>
 struct UniformDistributionWrapper : public UniformDistribution<NumType> {
diff --git a/absl/random/log_uniform_int_distribution_test.cc b/absl/random/log_uniform_int_distribution_test.cc
index 0d0fcb95..5df3edac 100644
--- a/absl/random/log_uniform_int_distribution_test.cc
+++ b/absl/random/log_uniform_int_distribution_test.cc
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 
 #include "gmock/gmock.h"
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
-#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
+#include "absl/log/log.h"
 #include "absl/random/internal/chi_square.h"
 #include "absl/random/internal/distribution_test_util.h"
 #include "absl/random/internal/pcg_engine.h"
@@ -108,8 +108,7 @@ TYPED_TEST(LogUniformIntDistributionTypeTest, SerializeTest) {
       if (sample > sample_max) sample_max = sample;
       if (sample < sample_min) sample_min = sample;
     }
-    ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(INFO,
-                      absl::StrCat("Range: ", +sample_min, ", ", +sample_max));
+    LOG(INFO) << "Range: " << sample_min << ", " << sample_max;
   }
 }
 
@@ -182,16 +181,14 @@ double LogUniformIntChiSquaredTest::ChiSquaredTestImpl() {
   const double p = absl::random_internal::ChiSquarePValue(chi_square, dof);
 
   if (chi_square > threshold) {
-    ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(INFO, "values");
+    LOG(INFO) << "values";
     for (size_t i = 0; i < buckets.size(); i++) {
-      ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(INFO, absl::StrCat(i, ": ", buckets[i]));
+      LOG(INFO) << i << ": " << buckets[i];
     }
-    ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(INFO,
-                      absl::StrFormat("trials=%d\n"
-                                      "%s(data, %d) = %f (%f)\n"
-                                      "%s @ 0.98 = %f",
-                                      trials, kChiSquared, dof, chi_square, p,
-                                      kChiSquared, threshold));
+    LOG(INFO) << "trials=" << trials << "\n"
+              << kChiSquared << "(data, " << dof << ") = " << chi_square << " ("
+              << p << ")\n"
+              << kChiSquared << " @ 0.98 = " << threshold;
   }
   return p;
 }
diff --git a/absl/random/poisson_distribution_test.cc b/absl/random/poisson_distribution_test.cc
index 4f585b9b..54755960 100644
--- a/absl/random/poisson_distribution_test.cc
+++ b/absl/random/poisson_distribution_test.cc
@@ -25,9 +25,9 @@
 
 #include "gmock/gmock.h"
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
-#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
 #include "absl/base/macros.h"
 #include "absl/container/flat_hash_map.h"
+#include "absl/log/log.h"
 #include "absl/random/internal/chi_square.h"
 #include "absl/random/internal/distribution_test_util.h"
 #include "absl/random/internal/pcg_engine.h"
@@ -134,8 +134,8 @@ TYPED_TEST(PoissonDistributionInterfaceTest, SerializeTest) {
       if (sample < sample_min) sample_min = sample;
     }
 
-    ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(INFO, absl::StrCat("Range {", param.mean(), "}: ",
-                                         +sample_min, ", ", +sample_max));
+    LOG(INFO) << "Range {" << param.mean() << "}: " << sample_min << ", "
+              << sample_max;
 
     // Validate stream serialization.
     std::stringstream ss;
@@ -188,10 +188,9 @@ class PoissonModel {
   }
 
   void LogCDF() {
-    ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(INFO, absl::StrCat("CDF (mean = ", mean_, ")"));
+    LOG(INFO) << "CDF (mean = " << mean_ << ")";
     for (const auto c : cdf_) {
-      ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(INFO,
-                        absl::StrCat(c.index, ": pmf=", c.pmf, " cdf=", c.cdf));
+      LOG(INFO) << c.index << ": pmf=" << c.pmf << " cdf=" << c.cdf;
     }
   }
 
@@ -286,16 +285,15 @@ bool PoissonDistributionZTest::SingleZTest(const double p,
   const bool pass = absl::random_internal::Near("z", z, 0.0, max_err);
 
   if (!pass) {
-    ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(
-        INFO, absl::StrFormat("p=%f max_err=%f\n"
-                              " mean=%f vs. %f\n"
-                              " stddev=%f vs. %f\n"
-                              " skewness=%f vs. %f\n"
-                              " kurtosis=%f vs. %f\n"
-                              " z=%f",
-                              p, max_err, m.mean, mean(), std::sqrt(m.variance),
-                              stddev(), m.skewness, skew(), m.kurtosis,
-                              kurtosis(), z));
+    // clang-format off
+    LOG(INFO)
+        << "p=" << p << " max_err=" << max_err << "\n"
+           " mean=" << m.mean << " vs. " << mean() << "\n"
+           " stddev=" << std::sqrt(m.variance) << " vs. " << stddev() << "\n"
+           " skewness=" << m.skewness << " vs. " << skew() << "\n"
+           " kurtosis=" << m.kurtosis << " vs. " << kurtosis() << "\n"
+           " z=" << z;
+    // clang-format on
   }
   return pass;
 }
@@ -439,17 +437,16 @@ double PoissonDistributionChiSquaredTest::ChiSquaredTestImpl() {
   if (chi_square > threshold) {
     LogCDF();
 
-    ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(INFO, absl::StrCat("VALUES  buckets=", counts.size(),
-                                         "  samples=", kSamples));
+    LOG(INFO) << "VALUES  buckets=" << counts.size()
+              << "  samples=" << kSamples;
     for (size_t i = 0; i < counts.size(); i++) {
-      ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(
-          INFO, absl::StrCat(cutoffs_[i], ": ", counts[i], " vs. E=", e[i]));
+      LOG(INFO) << cutoffs_[i] << ": " << counts[i] << " vs. E=" << e[i];
     }
 
-    ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(
-        INFO,
-        absl::StrCat(kChiSquared, "(data, dof=", dof, ") = ", chi_square, " (",
-                     p, ")\n", " vs.\n", kChiSquared, " @ 0.98 = ", threshold));
+    LOG(INFO) << kChiSquared << "(data, dof=" << dof << ") = " << chi_square
+              << " (" << p << ")\n"
+              << " vs.\n"
+              << kChiSquared << " @ 0.98 = " << threshold;
   }
   return p;
 }
diff --git a/absl/random/random.h b/absl/random/random.h
index 71b63092..76720867 100644
--- a/absl/random/random.h
+++ b/absl/random/random.h
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 //
 // `absl::BitGen` may be constructed with an optional seed sequence type,
 // conforming to [rand.req.seed_seq], which will be mixed with additional
-// non-deterministic data.
+// non-deterministic data as detailed below.
 //
 // Example:
 //
@@ -79,16 +79,16 @@ ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 //  // Generate an integer value in the closed interval [1,6]
 //  int die_roll2 = absl::uniform_int_distribution<int>(1, 6)(gen_with_seed);
 //
+// Constructing two `absl::BitGen`s with the same seed sequence in the same
+// process will produce the same sequence of variates, but need not do so across
+// multiple processes even if they're executing the same binary.
+//
 // `absl::BitGen` meets the requirements of the Uniform Random Bit Generator
 // (URBG) concept as per the C++17 standard [rand.req.urng] though differs
 // slightly with [rand.req.eng]. Like its standard library equivalents (e.g.
 // `std::mersenne_twister_engine`) `absl::BitGen` is not cryptographically
 // secure.
 //
-// Constructing two `absl::BitGen`s with the same seed sequence in the same
-// binary will produce the same sequence of variates within the same binary, but
-// need not do so across multiple binary invocations.
-//
 // This type has been optimized to perform better than Mersenne Twister
 // (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersenne_Twister) and many other complex URBG
 // types on modern x86, ARM, and PPC architectures.
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ using BitGen = random_internal::NonsecureURBGBase<
 //
 // `absl::InsecureBitGen` may be constructed with an optional seed sequence
 // type, conforming to [rand.req.seed_seq], which will be mixed with additional
-// non-deterministic data. (See std_seed_seq.h for more information.)
+// non-deterministic data, as detailed in the `absl::BitGen` comment.
 //
 // `absl::InsecureBitGen` meets the requirements of the Uniform Random Bit
 // Generator (URBG) concept as per the C++17 standard [rand.req.urng] though
diff --git a/absl/random/uniform_int_distribution_test.cc b/absl/random/uniform_int_distribution_test.cc
index 276d72ad..b40d6185 100644
--- a/absl/random/uniform_int_distribution_test.cc
+++ b/absl/random/uniform_int_distribution_test.cc
@@ -19,11 +19,12 @@
 #include <iterator>
 #include <random>
 #include <sstream>
+#include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "gmock/gmock.h"
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
-#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
+#include "absl/log/log.h"
 #include "absl/random/internal/chi_square.h"
 #include "absl/random/internal/distribution_test_util.h"
 #include "absl/random/internal/pcg_engine.h"
@@ -106,8 +107,7 @@ TYPED_TEST(UniformIntDistributionTest, ParamSerializeTest) {
         sample_min = sample;
       }
     }
-    std::string msg = absl::StrCat("Range: ", +sample_min, ", ", +sample_max);
-    ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "%s", msg.c_str());
+    LOG(INFO) << "Range: " << sample_min << ", " << sample_max;
   }
 }
 
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ TYPED_TEST(UniformIntDistributionTest, TestMoments) {
       typename absl::uniform_int_distribution<TypeParam>::param_type;
 
   // We use a fixed bit generator for distribution accuracy tests.  This allows
-  // these tests to be deterministic, while still testing the qualify of the
+  // these tests to be deterministic, while still testing the quality of the
   // implementation.
   absl::random_internal::pcg64_2018_engine rng{0x2B7E151628AED2A6};
 
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ TYPED_TEST(UniformIntDistributionTest, ChiSquaredTest50) {
   using absl::random_internal::kChiSquared;
 
   constexpr size_t kTrials = 1000;
-  constexpr int kBuckets = 50;  // inclusive, so actally +1
+  constexpr int kBuckets = 50;  // inclusive, so actually +1
   constexpr double kExpected =
       static_cast<double>(kTrials) / static_cast<double>(kBuckets);
 
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ TYPED_TEST(UniformIntDistributionTest, ChiSquaredTest50) {
   const TypeParam max = min + kBuckets;
 
   // We use a fixed bit generator for distribution accuracy tests.  This allows
-  // these tests to be deterministic, while still testing the qualify of the
+  // these tests to be deterministic, while still testing the quality of the
   // implementation.
   absl::random_internal::pcg64_2018_engine rng{0x2B7E151628AED2A6};
 
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ TYPED_TEST(UniformIntDistributionTest, ChiSquaredTest50) {
     absl::StrAppend(&msg, kChiSquared, " p-value ", p_value, "\n");
     absl::StrAppend(&msg, "High ", kChiSquared, " value: ", chi_square, " > ",
                     kThreshold);
-    ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "%s", msg.c_str());
+    LOG(INFO) << msg;
     FAIL() << msg;
   }
 }
diff --git a/absl/random/uniform_real_distribution_test.cc b/absl/random/uniform_real_distribution_test.cc
index 07f199d3..260aac96 100644
--- a/absl/random/uniform_real_distribution_test.cc
+++ b/absl/random/uniform_real_distribution_test.cc
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 
 #include "gmock/gmock.h"
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
-#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
+#include "absl/log/log.h"
 #include "absl/numeric/internal/representation.h"
 #include "absl/random/internal/chi_square.h"
 #include "absl/random/internal/distribution_test_util.h"
@@ -182,9 +182,8 @@ TYPED_TEST(UniformRealDistributionTest, ParamSerializeTest) {
 
     if (!std::is_same<real_type, long double>::value) {
       // static_cast<double>(long double) can overflow.
-      std::string msg = absl::StrCat("Range: ", static_cast<double>(sample_min),
-                                     ", ", static_cast<double>(sample_max));
-      ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "%s", msg.c_str());
+      LOG(INFO) << "Range: " << static_cast<double>(sample_min) << ", "
+                << static_cast<double>(sample_max);
     }
   }
 }
@@ -324,7 +323,7 @@ TYPED_TEST(UniformRealDistributionTest, ChiSquaredTest50) {
       absl::StrAppend(&msg, kChiSquared, " p-value ", p_value, "\n");
       absl::StrAppend(&msg, "High ", kChiSquared, " value: ", chi_square, " > ",
                       kThreshold);
-      ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "%s", msg.c_str());
+      LOG(INFO) << msg;
       FAIL() << msg;
     }
   }
diff --git a/absl/random/zipf_distribution_test.cc b/absl/random/zipf_distribution_test.cc
index c8bb89db..801ec4f6 100644
--- a/absl/random/zipf_distribution_test.cc
+++ b/absl/random/zipf_distribution_test.cc
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 
 #include "gmock/gmock.h"
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
-#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
+#include "absl/log/log.h"
 #include "absl/random/internal/chi_square.h"
 #include "absl/random/internal/pcg_engine.h"
 #include "absl/random/internal/sequence_urbg.h"
@@ -102,8 +102,7 @@ TYPED_TEST(ZipfDistributionTypedTest, SerializeTest) {
       if (sample > sample_max) sample_max = sample;
       if (sample < sample_min) sample_min = sample;
     }
-    ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(INFO,
-                      absl::StrCat("Range: ", +sample_min, ", ", +sample_max));
+    LOG(INFO) << "Range: " << sample_min << ", " << sample_max;
   }
 }
 
@@ -303,18 +302,15 @@ TEST_P(ZipfTest, ChiSquaredTest) {
 
   // Log if the chi_squared value is above the threshold.
   if (chi_square > threshold) {
-    ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(INFO, "values");
+    LOG(INFO) << "values";
     for (size_t i = 0; i < expected.size(); i++) {
-      ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(INFO, absl::StrCat(points[i], ": ", buckets[i],
-                                           " vs. E=", expected[i]));
+      LOG(INFO) << points[i] << ": " << buckets[i] << " vs. E=" << expected[i];
     }
-    ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(INFO, absl::StrCat("trials ", trials));
-    ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(INFO,
-                      absl::StrCat("mean ", avg, " vs. expected ", mean()));
-    ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(INFO, absl::StrCat(kChiSquared, "(data, ", dof, ") = ",
-                                         chi_square, " (", p_actual, ")"));
-    ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(INFO,
-                      absl::StrCat(kChiSquared, " @ 0.9995 = ", threshold));
+    LOG(INFO) << "trials " << trials;
+    LOG(INFO) << "mean " << avg << " vs. expected " << mean();
+    LOG(INFO) << kChiSquared << "(data, " << dof << ") = " << chi_square << " ("
+              << p_actual << ")";
+    LOG(INFO) << kChiSquared << " @ 0.9995 = " << threshold;
     FAIL() << kChiSquared << " value of " << chi_square
            << " is above the threshold.";
   }
diff --git a/absl/status/BUILD.bazel b/absl/status/BUILD.bazel
index ce0ea70c..1f58b307 100644
--- a/absl/status/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/absl/status/BUILD.bazel
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ cc_test(
     name = "status_test",
     srcs = ["status_test.cc"],
     copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
     deps = [
         ":status",
         "//absl/strings",
diff --git a/absl/status/CMakeLists.txt b/absl/status/CMakeLists.txt
index 15db36af..4a3c5d68 100644
--- a/absl/status/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/absl/status/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ absl_cc_library(
     "status_payload_printer.cc"
   COPTS
     ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  DEFINES
+    "$<$<PLATFORM_ID:AIX>:_LINUX_SOURCE_COMPAT>"
   DEPS
     absl::atomic_hook
     absl::config
diff --git a/absl/status/internal/status_internal.h b/absl/status/internal/status_internal.h
index 19a4a7aa..6198e726 100644
--- a/absl/status/internal/status_internal.h
+++ b/absl/status/internal/status_internal.h
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 #ifndef ABSL_STATUS_INTERNAL_STATUS_INTERNAL_H_
 #define ABSL_STATUS_INTERNAL_STATUS_INTERNAL_H_
 
+#include <memory>
 #include <string>
 #include <utility>
 
@@ -65,6 +66,10 @@ struct StatusRep {
 
   std::atomic<int32_t> ref;
   absl::StatusCode code;
+
+  // As an internal implementation detail, we guarantee that if status.message()
+  // is non-empty, then the resulting string_view is null terminated.
+  // This is required to implement 'StatusMessageAsCStr(...)'
   std::string message;
   std::unique_ptr<status_internal::Payloads> payloads;
 };
diff --git a/absl/status/internal/statusor_internal.h b/absl/status/internal/statusor_internal.h
index eaac2c0b..49cead7a 100644
--- a/absl/status/internal/statusor_internal.h
+++ b/absl/status/internal/statusor_internal.h
@@ -69,11 +69,8 @@ using IsConstructibleOrConvertibleOrAssignableFromStatusOr =
 template <typename T, typename U>
 struct IsDirectInitializationAmbiguous
     : public absl::conditional_t<
-          std::is_same<absl::remove_cv_t<absl::remove_reference_t<U>>,
-                       U>::value,
-          std::false_type,
-          IsDirectInitializationAmbiguous<
-              T, absl::remove_cv_t<absl::remove_reference_t<U>>>> {};
+          std::is_same<absl::remove_cvref_t<U>, U>::value, std::false_type,
+          IsDirectInitializationAmbiguous<T, absl::remove_cvref_t<U>>> {};
 
 template <typename T, typename V>
 struct IsDirectInitializationAmbiguous<T, absl::StatusOr<V>>
@@ -84,14 +81,11 @@ struct IsDirectInitializationAmbiguous<T, absl::StatusOr<V>>
 template <typename T, typename U>
 using IsDirectInitializationValid = absl::disjunction<
     // Short circuits if T is basically U.
-    std::is_same<T, absl::remove_cv_t<absl::remove_reference_t<U>>>,
+    std::is_same<T, absl::remove_cvref_t<U>>,
     absl::negation<absl::disjunction<
-        std::is_same<absl::StatusOr<T>,
-                     absl::remove_cv_t<absl::remove_reference_t<U>>>,
-        std::is_same<absl::Status,
-                     absl::remove_cv_t<absl::remove_reference_t<U>>>,
-        std::is_same<absl::in_place_t,
-                     absl::remove_cv_t<absl::remove_reference_t<U>>>,
+        std::is_same<absl::StatusOr<T>, absl::remove_cvref_t<U>>,
+        std::is_same<absl::Status, absl::remove_cvref_t<U>>,
+        std::is_same<absl::in_place_t, absl::remove_cvref_t<U>>,
         IsDirectInitializationAmbiguous<T, U>>>>;
 
 // This trait detects whether `StatusOr<T>::operator=(U&&)` is ambiguous, which
@@ -107,11 +101,8 @@ using IsDirectInitializationValid = absl::disjunction<
 template <typename T, typename U>
 struct IsForwardingAssignmentAmbiguous
     : public absl::conditional_t<
-          std::is_same<absl::remove_cv_t<absl::remove_reference_t<U>>,
-                       U>::value,
-          std::false_type,
-          IsForwardingAssignmentAmbiguous<
-              T, absl::remove_cv_t<absl::remove_reference_t<U>>>> {};
+          std::is_same<absl::remove_cvref_t<U>, U>::value, std::false_type,
+          IsForwardingAssignmentAmbiguous<T, absl::remove_cvref_t<U>>> {};
 
 template <typename T, typename U>
 struct IsForwardingAssignmentAmbiguous<T, absl::StatusOr<U>>
@@ -122,14 +113,11 @@ struct IsForwardingAssignmentAmbiguous<T, absl::StatusOr<U>>
 template <typename T, typename U>
 using IsForwardingAssignmentValid = absl::disjunction<
     // Short circuits if T is basically U.
-    std::is_same<T, absl::remove_cv_t<absl::remove_reference_t<U>>>,
+    std::is_same<T, absl::remove_cvref_t<U>>,
     absl::negation<absl::disjunction<
-        std::is_same<absl::StatusOr<T>,
-                     absl::remove_cv_t<absl::remove_reference_t<U>>>,
-        std::is_same<absl::Status,
-                     absl::remove_cv_t<absl::remove_reference_t<U>>>,
-        std::is_same<absl::in_place_t,
-                     absl::remove_cv_t<absl::remove_reference_t<U>>>,
+        std::is_same<absl::StatusOr<T>, absl::remove_cvref_t<U>>,
+        std::is_same<absl::Status, absl::remove_cvref_t<U>>,
+        std::is_same<absl::in_place_t, absl::remove_cvref_t<U>>,
         IsForwardingAssignmentAmbiguous<T, U>>>>;
 
 class Helper {
diff --git a/absl/status/status.cc b/absl/status/status.cc
index 88e8eda9..26e68294 100644
--- a/absl/status/status.cc
+++ b/absl/status/status.cc
@@ -16,9 +16,11 @@
 #include <errno.h>
 
 #include <cassert>
+#include <utility>
 
 #include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
 #include "absl/base/internal/strerror.h"
+#include "absl/base/macros.h"
 #include "absl/debugging/stacktrace.h"
 #include "absl/debugging/symbolize.h"
 #include "absl/status/status_payload_printer.h"
@@ -77,15 +79,15 @@ std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, StatusCode code) {
 
 namespace status_internal {
 
-static int FindPayloadIndexByUrl(const Payloads* payloads,
-                                 absl::string_view type_url) {
-  if (payloads == nullptr) return -1;
+static absl::optional<size_t> FindPayloadIndexByUrl(
+    const Payloads* payloads, absl::string_view type_url) {
+  if (payloads == nullptr) return absl::nullopt;
 
   for (size_t i = 0; i < payloads->size(); ++i) {
     if ((*payloads)[i].type_url == type_url) return i;
   }
 
-  return -1;
+  return absl::nullopt;
 }
 
 // Convert canonical code to a value known to this binary.
@@ -119,8 +121,9 @@ absl::StatusCode MapToLocalCode(int value) {
 absl::optional<absl::Cord> Status::GetPayload(
     absl::string_view type_url) const {
   const auto* payloads = GetPayloads();
-  int index = status_internal::FindPayloadIndexByUrl(payloads, type_url);
-  if (index != -1) return (*payloads)[index].payload;
+  absl::optional<size_t> index =
+      status_internal::FindPayloadIndexByUrl(payloads, type_url);
+  if (index.has_value()) return (*payloads)[index.value()].payload;
 
   return absl::nullopt;
 }
@@ -135,10 +138,10 @@ void Status::SetPayload(absl::string_view type_url, absl::Cord payload) {
     rep->payloads = absl::make_unique<status_internal::Payloads>();
   }
 
-  int index =
+  absl::optional<size_t> index =
       status_internal::FindPayloadIndexByUrl(rep->payloads.get(), type_url);
-  if (index != -1) {
-    (*rep->payloads)[index].payload = std::move(payload);
+  if (index.has_value()) {
+    (*rep->payloads)[index.value()].payload = std::move(payload);
     return;
   }
 
@@ -146,10 +149,11 @@ void Status::SetPayload(absl::string_view type_url, absl::Cord payload) {
 }
 
 bool Status::ErasePayload(absl::string_view type_url) {
-  int index = status_internal::FindPayloadIndexByUrl(GetPayloads(), type_url);
-  if (index != -1) {
+  absl::optional<size_t> index =
+      status_internal::FindPayloadIndexByUrl(GetPayloads(), type_url);
+  if (index.has_value()) {
     PrepareToModify();
-    GetPayloads()->erase(GetPayloads()->begin() + index);
+    GetPayloads()->erase(GetPayloads()->begin() + index.value());
     if (GetPayloads()->empty() && message().empty()) {
       // Special case: If this can be represented inlined, it MUST be
       // inlined (EqualsSlow depends on this behavior).
@@ -296,7 +300,7 @@ std::string Status::ToStringSlow(StatusToStringMode mode) const {
   absl::StrAppend(&text, absl::StatusCodeToString(code()), ": ", message());
 
   const bool with_payload = (mode & StatusToStringMode::kWithPayload) ==
-                      StatusToStringMode::kWithPayload;
+                            StatusToStringMode::kWithPayload;
 
   if (with_payload) {
     status_internal::StatusPayloadPrinter printer =
@@ -612,5 +616,12 @@ std::string* MakeCheckFailString(const absl::Status* status,
 
 }  // namespace status_internal
 
+const char* StatusMessageAsCStr(const Status& status) {
+  // As an internal implementation detail, we guarantee that if status.message()
+  // is non-empty, then the resulting string_view is null terminated.
+  auto sv_message = status.message();
+  return sv_message.empty() ? "" : sv_message.data();
+}
+
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
 }  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/status/status.h b/absl/status/status.h
index 9292b83a..595064c0 100644
--- a/absl/status/status.h
+++ b/absl/status/status.h
@@ -51,10 +51,10 @@
 #ifndef ABSL_STATUS_STATUS_H_
 #define ABSL_STATUS_STATUS_H_
 
-#include <iostream>
+#include <ostream>
 #include <string>
+#include <utility>
 
-#include "absl/container/inlined_vector.h"
 #include "absl/functional/function_ref.h"
 #include "absl/status/internal/status_internal.h"
 #include "absl/strings/cord.h"
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ inline StatusToStringMode& operator^=(StatusToStringMode& lhs,
 //
 //   * It may provide more fine-grained semantic information about the error to
 //     facilitate actionable remedies.
-//   * It may provide human-readable contexual information that is more
+//   * It may provide human-readable contextual information that is more
 //     appropriate to display to an end user.
 //
 // Example:
@@ -538,7 +538,7 @@ class Status final {
   //
   //   * It may provide more fine-grained semantic information about the error
   //     to facilitate actionable remedies.
-  //   * It may provide human-readable contexual information that is more
+  //   * It may provide human-readable contextual information that is more
   //     appropriate to display to an end user.
   //
   // A payload consists of a [key,value] pair, where the key is a string
@@ -886,6 +886,15 @@ inline Status OkStatus() { return Status(); }
 // message-less kCancelled errors are common in the infrastructure.
 inline Status CancelledError() { return Status(absl::StatusCode::kCancelled); }
 
+// Retrieves a message's status as a null terminated C string. The lifetime of
+// this string is tied to the lifetime of the status object itself.
+//
+// If the status's message is empty, the empty string is returned.
+//
+// StatusMessageAsCStr exists for C support. Use `status.message()` in C++.
+const char* StatusMessageAsCStr(
+    const Status& status ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND);
+
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
 }  // namespace absl
 
diff --git a/absl/status/status_test.cc b/absl/status/status_test.cc
index 89cce7df..898a9cb2 100644
--- a/absl/status/status_test.cc
+++ b/absl/status/status_test.cc
@@ -132,6 +132,29 @@ TEST(Status, ConstructorWithCodeMessage) {
   }
 }
 
+TEST(Status, StatusMessageCStringTest) {
+  {
+    absl::Status status = absl::OkStatus();
+    EXPECT_EQ(status.message(), "");
+    EXPECT_STREQ(absl::StatusMessageAsCStr(status), "");
+    EXPECT_EQ(status.message(), absl::StatusMessageAsCStr(status));
+    EXPECT_NE(absl::StatusMessageAsCStr(status), nullptr);
+  }
+  {
+    absl::Status status;
+    EXPECT_EQ(status.message(), "");
+    EXPECT_NE(absl::StatusMessageAsCStr(status), nullptr);
+    EXPECT_STREQ(absl::StatusMessageAsCStr(status), "");
+  }
+  {
+    absl::Status status(absl::StatusCode::kInternal, "message");
+    EXPECT_FALSE(status.ok());
+    EXPECT_EQ(absl::StatusCode::kInternal, status.code());
+    EXPECT_EQ("message", status.message());
+    EXPECT_STREQ("message", absl::StatusMessageAsCStr(status));
+  }
+}
+
 TEST(Status, ConstructOutOfRangeCode) {
   const int kRawCode = 9999;
   absl::Status status(static_cast<absl::StatusCode>(kRawCode), "");
@@ -505,4 +528,5 @@ TEST(StatusErrno, ErrnoToStatus) {
   EXPECT_EQ(status.code(), absl::StatusCode::kNotFound);
   EXPECT_EQ(status.message(), "Cannot open 'path': No such file or directory");
 }
+
 }  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/status/statusor.h b/absl/status/statusor.h
index a76e7201..54c7ce02 100644
--- a/absl/status/statusor.h
+++ b/absl/status/statusor.h
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ class ABSL_MUST_USE_RESULT StatusOr;
 //
 //   absl::StatusOr<int> i = GetCount();
 //   if (i.ok()) {
-//     updated_total += *i
+//     updated_total += *i;
 //   }
 //
 // NOTE: using `absl::StatusOr<T>::value()` when no valid value is present will
@@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ class StatusOr : private internal_statusor::StatusOrData<T>,
       typename = typename std::enable_if<absl::conjunction<
           std::is_constructible<T, U&&>, std::is_assignable<T&, U&&>,
           absl::disjunction<
-              std::is_same<absl::remove_cv_t<absl::remove_reference_t<U>>, T>,
+              std::is_same<absl::remove_cvref_t<U>, T>,
               absl::conjunction<
                   absl::negation<std::is_convertible<U&&, absl::Status>>,
                   absl::negation<internal_statusor::
@@ -444,8 +444,7 @@ class StatusOr : private internal_statusor::StatusOrData<T>,
               internal_statusor::IsDirectInitializationValid<T, U&&>,
               std::is_constructible<T, U&&>, std::is_convertible<U&&, T>,
               absl::disjunction<
-                  std::is_same<absl::remove_cv_t<absl::remove_reference_t<U>>,
-                               T>,
+                  std::is_same<absl::remove_cvref_t<U>, T>,
                   absl::conjunction<
                       absl::negation<std::is_convertible<U&&, absl::Status>>,
                       absl::negation<
@@ -461,8 +460,7 @@ class StatusOr : private internal_statusor::StatusOrData<T>,
           absl::conjunction<
               internal_statusor::IsDirectInitializationValid<T, U&&>,
               absl::disjunction<
-                  std::is_same<absl::remove_cv_t<absl::remove_reference_t<U>>,
-                               T>,
+                  std::is_same<absl::remove_cvref_t<U>, T>,
                   absl::conjunction<
                       absl::negation<std::is_constructible<absl::Status, U&&>>,
                       absl::negation<
@@ -584,7 +582,7 @@ class StatusOr : private internal_statusor::StatusOrData<T>,
   // Reconstructs the inner value T in-place using the provided args, using the
   // T(args...) constructor. Returns reference to the reconstructed `T`.
   template <typename... Args>
-  T& emplace(Args&&... args) {
+  T& emplace(Args&&... args) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     if (ok()) {
       this->Clear();
       this->MakeValue(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
@@ -600,7 +598,8 @@ class StatusOr : private internal_statusor::StatusOrData<T>,
       absl::enable_if_t<
           std::is_constructible<T, std::initializer_list<U>&, Args&&...>::value,
           int> = 0>
-  T& emplace(std::initializer_list<U> ilist, Args&&... args) {
+  T& emplace(std::initializer_list<U> ilist,
+             Args&&... args) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     if (ok()) {
       this->Clear();
       this->MakeValue(ilist, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
@@ -611,6 +610,21 @@ class StatusOr : private internal_statusor::StatusOrData<T>,
     return this->data_;
   }
 
+  // StatusOr<T>::AssignStatus()
+  //
+  // Sets the status of `absl::StatusOr<T>` to the given non-ok status value.
+  //
+  // NOTE: We recommend using the constructor and `operator=` where possible.
+  // This method is intended for use in generic programming, to enable setting
+  // the status of a `StatusOr<T>` when `T` may be `Status`. In that case, the
+  // constructor and `operator=` would assign into the inner value of type
+  // `Status`, rather than status of the `StatusOr` (b/280392796).
+  //
+  // REQUIRES: !Status(std::forward<U>(v)).ok(). This requirement is DCHECKed.
+  // In optimized builds, passing absl::OkStatus() here will have the effect
+  // of passing absl::StatusCode::kInternal as a fallback.
+  using internal_statusor::StatusOrData<T>::AssignStatus;
+
  private:
   using internal_statusor::StatusOrData<T>::Assign;
   template <typename U>
diff --git a/absl/status/statusor_test.cc b/absl/status/statusor_test.cc
index 7cae90e1..e65f5d27 100644
--- a/absl/status/statusor_test.cc
+++ b/absl/status/statusor_test.cc
@@ -1521,7 +1521,7 @@ static absl::StatusOr<int> MakeStatus() { return 100; }
 TEST(StatusOr, TestIgnoreError) { MakeStatus().IgnoreError(); }
 
 TEST(StatusOr, EqualityOperator) {
-  constexpr int kNumCases = 4;
+  constexpr size_t kNumCases = 4;
   std::array<absl::StatusOr<int>, kNumCases> group1 = {
       absl::StatusOr<int>(1), absl::StatusOr<int>(2),
       absl::StatusOr<int>(absl::InvalidArgumentError("msg")),
@@ -1530,8 +1530,8 @@ TEST(StatusOr, EqualityOperator) {
       absl::StatusOr<int>(1), absl::StatusOr<int>(2),
       absl::StatusOr<int>(absl::InvalidArgumentError("msg")),
       absl::StatusOr<int>(absl::InternalError("msg"))};
-  for (int i = 0; i < kNumCases; ++i) {
-    for (int j = 0; j < kNumCases; ++j) {
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < kNumCases; ++i) {
+    for (size_t j = 0; j < kNumCases; ++j) {
       if (i == j) {
         EXPECT_TRUE(group1[i] == group2[j]);
         EXPECT_FALSE(group1[i] != group2[j]);
@@ -1844,4 +1844,37 @@ TEST(StatusOr, AssignmentFromTypeConvertibleToStatus) {
   }
 }
 
+TEST(StatusOr, StatusAssignmentFromStatusError) {
+  absl::StatusOr<absl::Status> statusor;
+  statusor.AssignStatus(absl::CancelledError());
+
+  EXPECT_FALSE(statusor.ok());
+  EXPECT_EQ(statusor.status(), absl::CancelledError());
+}
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
+TEST(StatusOr, StatusAssignmentFromStatusOk) {
+  EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH(
+      {
+        absl::StatusOr<absl::Status> statusor;
+        // This will DCHECK.
+        statusor.AssignStatus(absl::OkStatus());
+        // In optimized mode, we are actually going to get error::INTERNAL for
+        // status here, rather than crashing, so check that.
+        EXPECT_FALSE(statusor.ok());
+        EXPECT_EQ(statusor.status().code(), absl::StatusCode::kInternal);
+      },
+      "An OK status is not a valid constructor argument to StatusOr<T>");
+}
+#endif
+
+TEST(StatusOr, StatusAssignmentFromTypeConvertibleToStatus) {
+  CustomType<MyType, kConvToStatus> v;
+  absl::StatusOr<MyType> statusor;
+  statusor.AssignStatus(v);
+
+  EXPECT_FALSE(statusor.ok());
+  EXPECT_EQ(statusor.status(), static_cast<absl::Status>(v));
+}
+
 }  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/strings/BUILD.bazel b/absl/strings/BUILD.bazel
index 3f51252f..819bbe69 100644
--- a/absl/strings/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/absl/strings/BUILD.bazel
@@ -28,6 +28,20 @@ package(
 licenses(["notice"])
 
 cc_library(
+    name = "string_view",
+    srcs = ["string_view.cc"],
+    hdrs = ["string_view.h"],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        "//absl/base",
+        "//absl/base:config",
+        "//absl/base:core_headers",
+        "//absl/base:throw_delegate",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_library(
     name = "strings",
     srcs = [
         "ascii.cc",
@@ -37,23 +51,27 @@ cc_library(
         "internal/charconv_bigint.h",
         "internal/charconv_parse.cc",
         "internal/charconv_parse.h",
+        "internal/damerau_levenshtein_distance.cc",
         "internal/memutil.cc",
         "internal/memutil.h",
         "internal/stl_type_traits.h",
         "internal/str_join_internal.h",
         "internal/str_split_internal.h",
+        "internal/stringify_sink.cc",
+        "internal/stringify_sink.h",
         "match.cc",
         "numbers.cc",
         "str_cat.cc",
         "str_replace.cc",
         "str_split.cc",
-        "string_view.cc",
         "substitute.cc",
     ],
     hdrs = [
         "ascii.h",
         "charconv.h",
         "escaping.h",
+        "internal/damerau_levenshtein_distance.h",
+        "internal/has_absl_stringify.h",
         "internal/string_constant.h",
         "match.h",
         "numbers.h",
@@ -67,8 +85,15 @@ cc_library(
     ],
     copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
     linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    textual_hdrs = [
+        # string_view.h was once part of :strings, so string_view.h is
+        # re-exported for backwards compatibility.
+        # New code should directly depend on :string_view.
+        "string_view.h",
+    ],
     deps = [
         ":internal",
+        ":string_view",
         "//absl/base",
         "//absl/base:config",
         "//absl/base:core_headers",
@@ -179,6 +204,19 @@ cc_test(
 )
 
 cc_test(
+    name = "damerau_levenshtein_distance_test",
+    size = "small",
+    srcs = [
+        "internal/damerau_levenshtein_distance_test.cc",
+    ],
+    copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    deps = [
+        "//absl/strings",
+        "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_test(
     name = "memutil_benchmark",
     srcs = [
         "internal/memutil.h",
@@ -245,6 +283,7 @@ cc_test(
     tags = ["benchmark"],
     visibility = ["//visibility:private"],
     deps = [
+        ":string_view",
         ":strings",
         "//absl/base:core_headers",
         "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
@@ -259,7 +298,7 @@ cc_test(
     copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
     visibility = ["//visibility:private"],
     deps = [
-        ":strings",
+        ":string_view",
         "//absl/base:config",
         "//absl/base:core_headers",
         "//absl/base:dynamic_annotations",
@@ -304,8 +343,10 @@ cc_library(
         "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
         "//absl/base:throw_delegate",
         "//absl/container:compressed_tuple",
+        "//absl/container:container_memory",
         "//absl/container:inlined_vector",
         "//absl/container:layout",
+        "//absl/crc:crc_cord_state",
         "//absl/functional:function_ref",
         "//absl/meta:type_traits",
         "//absl/types:span",
@@ -330,6 +371,7 @@ cc_test(
 cc_test(
     name = "cord_rep_btree_test",
     size = "medium",
+    timeout = "long",
     srcs = ["internal/cord_rep_btree_test.cc"],
     copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
     visibility = ["//visibility:private"],
@@ -387,6 +429,7 @@ cc_test(
         ":cord_internal",
         ":cord_rep_test_util",
         "//absl/base:config",
+        "//absl/crc:crc_cord_state",
         "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
     ],
 )
@@ -436,7 +479,6 @@ cc_library(
         ":cordz_update_scope",
         ":cordz_update_tracker",
         ":internal",
-        ":str_format",
         ":strings",
         "//absl/base",
         "//absl/base:config",
@@ -445,6 +487,7 @@ cc_library(
         "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
         "//absl/container:fixed_array",
         "//absl/container:inlined_vector",
+        "//absl/crc:crc_cord_state",
         "//absl/functional:function_ref",
         "//absl/meta:type_traits",
         "//absl/numeric:bits",
@@ -492,6 +535,7 @@ cc_library(
         "//absl/container:inlined_vector",
         "//absl/debugging:stacktrace",
         "//absl/synchronization",
+        "//absl/time",
         "//absl/types:span",
     ],
 )
@@ -641,6 +685,7 @@ cc_test(
         ":cordz_update_scope",
         ":cordz_update_tracker",
         "//absl/base:config",
+        "//absl/crc:crc_cord_state",
         "//absl/synchronization",
         "//absl/synchronization:thread_pool",
         "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
@@ -747,13 +792,13 @@ cc_test(
         ":cordz_test_helpers",
         ":str_format",
         ":strings",
-        "//absl/base",
         "//absl/base:config",
         "//absl/base:core_headers",
         "//absl/base:endian",
-        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
         "//absl/container:fixed_array",
         "//absl/hash",
+        "//absl/log",
+        "//absl/log:check",
         "//absl/random",
         "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
     ],
@@ -770,8 +815,8 @@ cc_test(
         "no_test_android_arm64",
         "no_test_android_x86",
         "no_test_ios_x86_64",
+        "no_test_lexan",
         "no_test_loonix",
-        "no_test_msvc_x64",
     ],
     visibility = ["//visibility:private"],
     deps = [
@@ -963,8 +1008,8 @@ cc_test(
     copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
     visibility = ["//visibility:private"],
     deps = [
+        ":str_format",
         ":strings",
-        "//absl/base:core_headers",
         "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
     ],
 )
@@ -995,7 +1040,7 @@ cc_test(
         ":pow10_helper",
         ":strings",
         "//absl/base:config",
-        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
+        "//absl/log",
         "//absl/random",
         "//absl/random:distributions",
         "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
@@ -1072,7 +1117,7 @@ cc_test(
     deps = [
         ":strings",
         "//absl/base:config",
-        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
+        "//absl/log:check",
         "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
     ],
 )
@@ -1132,6 +1177,7 @@ cc_library(
         "internal/str_format/arg.h",
         "internal/str_format/bind.h",
         "internal/str_format/checker.h",
+        "internal/str_format/constexpr_parser.h",
         "internal/str_format/extension.h",
         "internal/str_format/float_conversion.h",
         "internal/str_format/output.h",
@@ -1144,6 +1190,7 @@ cc_library(
         ":strings",
         "//absl/base:config",
         "//absl/base:core_headers",
+        "//absl/container:inlined_vector",
         "//absl/functional:function_ref",
         "//absl/meta:type_traits",
         "//absl/numeric:bits",
@@ -1164,7 +1211,6 @@ cc_test(
         ":cord",
         ":str_format",
         ":strings",
-        "//absl/base:core_headers",
         "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
     ],
 )
@@ -1229,6 +1275,7 @@ cc_test(
         ":strings",
         "//absl/base:core_headers",
         "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
+        "//absl/log",
         "//absl/types:optional",
         "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
     ],
@@ -1279,3 +1326,30 @@ cc_test(
         "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
     ],
 )
+
+cc_binary(
+    name = "atod_manual_test",
+    testonly = 1,
+    srcs = ["atod_manual_test.cc"],
+    copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    visibility = ["//visibility:private"],
+    deps = [
+        ":str_format",
+        ":strings",
+        "//absl/base",
+        "//absl/types:optional",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_test(
+    name = "char_formatting_test",
+    srcs = [
+        "char_formatting_test.cc",
+    ],
+    deps = [
+        ":str_format",
+        ":strings",
+        "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
diff --git a/absl/strings/CMakeLists.txt b/absl/strings/CMakeLists.txt
index bb073301..1959dc91 100644
--- a/absl/strings/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/absl/strings/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -16,19 +16,37 @@
 
 absl_cc_library(
   NAME
+    string_view
+  HDRS
+    string_view.h
+  SRCS
+    string_view.cc
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::base
+    absl::config
+    absl::core_headers
+    absl::throw_delegate
+  PUBLIC
+)
+
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
     strings
   HDRS
     "ascii.h"
     "charconv.h"
     "escaping.h"
+    "internal/damerau_levenshtein_distance.h"
     "internal/string_constant.h"
+    "internal/has_absl_stringify.h"
     "match.h"
     "numbers.h"
     "str_cat.h"
     "str_join.h"
     "str_replace.h"
     "str_split.h"
-    "string_view.h"
     "strip.h"
     "substitute.h"
   SRCS
@@ -39,8 +57,11 @@ absl_cc_library(
     "internal/charconv_bigint.h"
     "internal/charconv_parse.cc"
     "internal/charconv_parse.h"
+    "internal/damerau_levenshtein_distance.cc"
     "internal/memutil.cc"
     "internal/memutil.h"
+    "internal/stringify_sink.h"
+    "internal/stringify_sink.cc"
     "internal/stl_type_traits.h"
     "internal/str_join_internal.h"
     "internal/str_split_internal.h"
@@ -49,11 +70,11 @@ absl_cc_library(
     "str_cat.cc"
     "str_replace.cc"
     "str_split.cc"
-    "string_view.cc"
     "substitute.cc"
   COPTS
     ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
   DEPS
+    absl::string_view
     absl::strings_internal
     absl::base
     absl::bits
@@ -134,6 +155,19 @@ absl_cc_test(
 
 absl_cc_test(
   NAME
+    damerau_levenshtein_distance_test
+  SRCS
+    "internal/damerau_levenshtein_distance_test.cc"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::strings
+    absl::base
+    GTest::gmock_main
+)
+
+absl_cc_test(
+  NAME
     memutil_test
   SRCS
     "internal/memutil.h"
@@ -281,6 +315,7 @@ absl_cc_test(
     ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
   DEPS
     absl::strings
+    absl::str_format
     absl::core_headers
     GTest::gmock_main
 )
@@ -298,7 +333,7 @@ absl_cc_test(
     absl::core_headers
     absl::pow10_helper
     absl::config
-    absl::raw_logging_internal
+    absl::log
     absl::random_random
     absl::random_distributions
     absl::strings_internal
@@ -353,9 +388,9 @@ absl_cc_test(
   COPTS
     ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
   DEPS
-    absl::strings
+    absl::check
     absl::config
-    absl::raw_logging_internal
+    absl::strings
     GTest::gmock_main
 )
 
@@ -394,6 +429,7 @@ absl_cc_library(
     "internal/str_format/arg.h"
     "internal/str_format/bind.h"
     "internal/str_format/checker.h"
+    "internal/str_format/constexpr_parser.h"
     "internal/str_format/extension.h"
     "internal/str_format/float_conversion.h"
     "internal/str_format/output.h"
@@ -412,6 +448,7 @@ absl_cc_library(
     absl::strings
     absl::config
     absl::core_headers
+    absl::inlined_vector
     absl::numeric_representation
     absl::type_traits
     absl::utility
@@ -496,6 +533,7 @@ absl_cc_test(
     absl::strings
     absl::str_format_internal
     absl::core_headers
+    absl::log
     absl::raw_logging_internal
     absl::int128
     GTest::gmock_main
@@ -527,6 +565,20 @@ absl_cc_test(
     GTest::gmock_main
 )
 
+absl_cc_test(
+  NAME
+    char_formatting_test
+  SRCS
+    "char_formatting_test.cc"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::base
+    absl::str_format
+    absl::strings
+    GTest::gmock_main
+)
+
 # Internal-only target, do not depend on directly.
 absl_cc_library(
   NAME
@@ -584,7 +636,9 @@ absl_cc_library(
     absl::base_internal
     absl::compressed_tuple
     absl::config
+    absl::container_memory
     absl::core_headers
+    absl::crc_cord_state
     absl::endian
     absl::inlined_vector
     absl::layout
@@ -723,6 +777,7 @@ absl_cc_library(
     absl::raw_logging_internal
     absl::stacktrace
     absl::synchronization
+    absl::time
 )
 
 absl_cc_test(
@@ -763,6 +818,7 @@ absl_cc_test(
     absl::cordz_statistics
     absl::cordz_update_scope
     absl::cordz_update_tracker
+    absl::crc_cord_state
     absl::thread_pool
     GTest::gmock_main
 )
@@ -862,6 +918,7 @@ absl_cc_library(
     absl::cordz_update_scope
     absl::cordz_update_tracker
     absl::core_headers
+    absl::crc_cord_state
     absl::endian
     absl::fixed_array
     absl::function_ref
@@ -903,6 +960,7 @@ absl_cc_library(
     absl::cord_internal
     absl::strings
   TESTONLY
+  PUBLIC
 )
 
 # Internal-only target, do not depend on directly.
@@ -934,19 +992,20 @@ absl_cc_test(
   COPTS
     ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
   DEPS
-    absl::cord
-    absl::str_format
-    absl::strings
     absl::base
+    absl::check
     absl::config
+    absl::cord
     absl::cord_test_helpers
     absl::cordz_test_helpers
     absl::core_headers
     absl::endian
+    absl::fixed_array
     absl::hash
+    absl::log
     absl::random_random
-    absl::raw_logging_internal
-    absl::fixed_array
+    absl::str_format
+    absl::strings
     GTest::gmock_main
 )
 
@@ -1033,6 +1092,7 @@ absl_cc_test(
     absl::config
     absl::cord_internal
     absl::cord_rep_test_util
+    absl::crc_cord_state
     GTest::gmock_main
 )
 
diff --git a/absl/strings/ascii.cc b/absl/strings/ascii.cc
index 93bb03e9..16c96899 100644
--- a/absl/strings/ascii.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/ascii.cc
@@ -14,6 +14,10 @@
 
 #include "absl/strings/ascii.h"
 
+#include <climits>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <string>
+
 namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 namespace ascii_internal {
@@ -153,18 +157,62 @@ ABSL_DLL const char kToUpper[256] = {
 };
 // clang-format on
 
+template <bool ToUpper>
+constexpr void AsciiStrCaseFold(char* p, char* end) {
+  // The upper- and lowercase versions of ASCII characters differ by only 1 bit.
+  // When we need to flip the case, we can xor with this bit to achieve the
+  // desired result. Note that the choice of 'a' and 'A' here is arbitrary. We
+  // could have chosen 'z' and 'Z', or any other pair of characters as they all
+  // have the same single bit difference.
+  constexpr unsigned char kAsciiCaseBitFlip = 'a' ^ 'A';
+
+  constexpr char ch_a = ToUpper ? 'a' : 'A';
+  constexpr char ch_z = ToUpper ? 'z' : 'Z';
+  for (; p < end; ++p) {
+    unsigned char v = static_cast<unsigned char>(*p);
+    // We use & instead of && to ensure this always stays branchless
+    // We use static_cast<int> to suppress -Wbitwise-instead-of-logical
+    bool is_in_range = static_cast<bool>(static_cast<int>(ch_a <= v) &
+                                         static_cast<int>(v <= ch_z));
+    v ^= is_in_range ? kAsciiCaseBitFlip : 0;
+    *p = static_cast<char>(v);
+  }
+}
+
+static constexpr size_t ValidateAsciiCasefold() {
+  constexpr size_t num_chars = 1 + CHAR_MAX - CHAR_MIN;
+  size_t incorrect_index = 0;
+  char lowered[num_chars] = {};
+  char uppered[num_chars] = {};
+  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < num_chars; ++i) {
+    uppered[i] = lowered[i] = static_cast<char>(i);
+  }
+  AsciiStrCaseFold<false>(&lowered[0], &lowered[num_chars]);
+  AsciiStrCaseFold<true>(&uppered[0], &uppered[num_chars]);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < num_chars; ++i) {
+    const char ch = static_cast<char>(i),
+               ch_upper = ('a' <= ch && ch <= 'z' ? 'A' + (ch - 'a') : ch),
+               ch_lower = ('A' <= ch && ch <= 'Z' ? 'a' + (ch - 'A') : ch);
+    if (uppered[i] != ch_upper || lowered[i] != ch_lower) {
+      incorrect_index = i > 0 ? i : num_chars;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  return incorrect_index;
+}
+
+static_assert(ValidateAsciiCasefold() == 0, "error in case conversion");
+
 }  // namespace ascii_internal
 
 void AsciiStrToLower(std::string* s) {
-  for (auto& ch : *s) {
-    ch = absl::ascii_tolower(ch);
-  }
+  char* p = &(*s)[0];  // Guaranteed to be valid for empty strings
+  return ascii_internal::AsciiStrCaseFold<false>(p, p + s->size());
 }
 
 void AsciiStrToUpper(std::string* s) {
-  for (auto& ch : *s) {
-    ch = absl::ascii_toupper(ch);
-  }
+  char* p = &(*s)[0];  // Guaranteed to be valid for empty strings
+  return ascii_internal::AsciiStrCaseFold<true>(p, p + s->size());
 }
 
 void RemoveExtraAsciiWhitespace(std::string* str) {
@@ -183,17 +231,17 @@ void RemoveExtraAsciiWhitespace(std::string* str) {
   for (; input_it < input_end; ++input_it) {
     if (is_ws) {
       // Consecutive whitespace?  Keep only the last.
-      is_ws = absl::ascii_isspace(*input_it);
+      is_ws = absl::ascii_isspace(static_cast<unsigned char>(*input_it));
       if (is_ws) --output_it;
     } else {
-      is_ws = absl::ascii_isspace(*input_it);
+      is_ws = absl::ascii_isspace(static_cast<unsigned char>(*input_it));
     }
 
     *output_it = *input_it;
     ++output_it;
   }
 
-  str->erase(output_it - &(*str)[0]);
+  str->erase(static_cast<size_t>(output_it - &(*str)[0]));
 }
 
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
diff --git a/absl/strings/ascii_test.cc b/absl/strings/ascii_test.cc
index 83af7825..4ea262f1 100644
--- a/absl/strings/ascii_test.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/ascii_test.cc
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 
 #include "absl/strings/ascii.h"
 
+#include <algorithm>
 #include <cctype>
 #include <clocale>
 #include <cstring>
@@ -27,103 +28,99 @@ namespace {
 
 TEST(AsciiIsFoo, All) {
   for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
-    if ((i >= 'a' && i <= 'z') || (i >= 'A' && i <= 'Z'))
-      EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ascii_isalpha(i)) << ": failed on " << i;
+    const auto c = static_cast<unsigned char>(i);
+    if ((c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') || (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z'))
+      EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ascii_isalpha(c)) << ": failed on " << c;
     else
-      EXPECT_TRUE(!absl::ascii_isalpha(i)) << ": failed on " << i;
+      EXPECT_TRUE(!absl::ascii_isalpha(c)) << ": failed on " << c;
   }
   for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
-    if ((i >= '0' && i <= '9'))
-      EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ascii_isdigit(i)) << ": failed on " << i;
+    const auto c = static_cast<unsigned char>(i);
+    if ((c >= '0' && c <= '9'))
+      EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ascii_isdigit(c)) << ": failed on " << c;
     else
-      EXPECT_TRUE(!absl::ascii_isdigit(i)) << ": failed on " << i;
+      EXPECT_TRUE(!absl::ascii_isdigit(c)) << ": failed on " << c;
   }
   for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
-    if (absl::ascii_isalpha(i) || absl::ascii_isdigit(i))
-      EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ascii_isalnum(i)) << ": failed on " << i;
+    const auto c = static_cast<unsigned char>(i);
+    if (absl::ascii_isalpha(c) || absl::ascii_isdigit(c))
+      EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ascii_isalnum(c)) << ": failed on " << c;
     else
-      EXPECT_TRUE(!absl::ascii_isalnum(i)) << ": failed on " << i;
+      EXPECT_TRUE(!absl::ascii_isalnum(c)) << ": failed on " << c;
   }
   for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
+    const auto c = static_cast<unsigned char>(i);
     if (i != '\0' && strchr(" \r\n\t\v\f", i))
-      EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ascii_isspace(i)) << ": failed on " << i;
+      EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ascii_isspace(c)) << ": failed on " << c;
     else
-      EXPECT_TRUE(!absl::ascii_isspace(i)) << ": failed on " << i;
+      EXPECT_TRUE(!absl::ascii_isspace(c)) << ": failed on " << c;
   }
   for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
+    const auto c = static_cast<unsigned char>(i);
     if (i >= 32 && i < 127)
-      EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ascii_isprint(i)) << ": failed on " << i;
+      EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ascii_isprint(c)) << ": failed on " << c;
     else
-      EXPECT_TRUE(!absl::ascii_isprint(i)) << ": failed on " << i;
+      EXPECT_TRUE(!absl::ascii_isprint(c)) << ": failed on " << c;
   }
   for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
-    if (absl::ascii_isprint(i) && !absl::ascii_isspace(i) &&
-        !absl::ascii_isalnum(i))
-      EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ascii_ispunct(i)) << ": failed on " << i;
-    else
-      EXPECT_TRUE(!absl::ascii_ispunct(i)) << ": failed on " << i;
+    const auto c = static_cast<unsigned char>(i);
+    if (absl::ascii_isprint(c) && !absl::ascii_isspace(c) &&
+        !absl::ascii_isalnum(c)) {
+      EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ascii_ispunct(c)) << ": failed on " << c;
+    } else {
+      EXPECT_TRUE(!absl::ascii_ispunct(c)) << ": failed on " << c;
+    }
   }
   for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
+    const auto c = static_cast<unsigned char>(i);
     if (i == ' ' || i == '\t')
-      EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ascii_isblank(i)) << ": failed on " << i;
+      EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ascii_isblank(c)) << ": failed on " << c;
     else
-      EXPECT_TRUE(!absl::ascii_isblank(i)) << ": failed on " << i;
+      EXPECT_TRUE(!absl::ascii_isblank(c)) << ": failed on " << c;
   }
   for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
+    const auto c = static_cast<unsigned char>(i);
     if (i < 32 || i == 127)
-      EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ascii_iscntrl(i)) << ": failed on " << i;
+      EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ascii_iscntrl(c)) << ": failed on " << c;
     else
-      EXPECT_TRUE(!absl::ascii_iscntrl(i)) << ": failed on " << i;
+      EXPECT_TRUE(!absl::ascii_iscntrl(c)) << ": failed on " << c;
   }
   for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
-    if (absl::ascii_isdigit(i) || (i >= 'A' && i <= 'F') ||
-        (i >= 'a' && i <= 'f'))
-      EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ascii_isxdigit(i)) << ": failed on " << i;
-    else
-      EXPECT_TRUE(!absl::ascii_isxdigit(i)) << ": failed on " << i;
+    const auto c = static_cast<unsigned char>(i);
+    if (absl::ascii_isdigit(c) || (i >= 'A' && i <= 'F') ||
+        (i >= 'a' && i <= 'f')) {
+      EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ascii_isxdigit(c)) << ": failed on " << c;
+    } else {
+      EXPECT_TRUE(!absl::ascii_isxdigit(c)) << ": failed on " << c;
+    }
   }
   for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
+    const auto c = static_cast<unsigned char>(i);
     if (i > 32 && i < 127)
-      EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ascii_isgraph(i)) << ": failed on " << i;
+      EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ascii_isgraph(c)) << ": failed on " << c;
     else
-      EXPECT_TRUE(!absl::ascii_isgraph(i)) << ": failed on " << i;
+      EXPECT_TRUE(!absl::ascii_isgraph(c)) << ": failed on " << c;
   }
   for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
+    const auto c = static_cast<unsigned char>(i);
     if (i >= 'A' && i <= 'Z')
-      EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ascii_isupper(i)) << ": failed on " << i;
+      EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ascii_isupper(c)) << ": failed on " << c;
     else
-      EXPECT_TRUE(!absl::ascii_isupper(i)) << ": failed on " << i;
+      EXPECT_TRUE(!absl::ascii_isupper(c)) << ": failed on " << c;
   }
   for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
+    const auto c = static_cast<unsigned char>(i);
     if (i >= 'a' && i <= 'z')
-      EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ascii_islower(i)) << ": failed on " << i;
+      EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ascii_islower(c)) << ": failed on " << c;
     else
-      EXPECT_TRUE(!absl::ascii_islower(i)) << ": failed on " << i;
+      EXPECT_TRUE(!absl::ascii_islower(c)) << ": failed on " << c;
   }
-  for (int i = 0; i < 128; i++) {
-    EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ascii_isascii(i)) << ": failed on " << i;
+  for (unsigned char c = 0; c < 128; c++) {
+    EXPECT_TRUE(absl::ascii_isascii(c)) << ": failed on " << c;
   }
   for (int i = 128; i < 256; i++) {
-    EXPECT_TRUE(!absl::ascii_isascii(i)) << ": failed on " << i;
-  }
-
-  // The official is* functions don't accept negative signed chars, but
-  // our absl::ascii_is* functions do.
-  for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
-    signed char sc = static_cast<signed char>(static_cast<unsigned char>(i));
-    EXPECT_EQ(absl::ascii_isalpha(i), absl::ascii_isalpha(sc)) << i;
-    EXPECT_EQ(absl::ascii_isdigit(i), absl::ascii_isdigit(sc)) << i;
-    EXPECT_EQ(absl::ascii_isalnum(i), absl::ascii_isalnum(sc)) << i;
-    EXPECT_EQ(absl::ascii_isspace(i), absl::ascii_isspace(sc)) << i;
-    EXPECT_EQ(absl::ascii_ispunct(i), absl::ascii_ispunct(sc)) << i;
-    EXPECT_EQ(absl::ascii_isblank(i), absl::ascii_isblank(sc)) << i;
-    EXPECT_EQ(absl::ascii_iscntrl(i), absl::ascii_iscntrl(sc)) << i;
-    EXPECT_EQ(absl::ascii_isxdigit(i), absl::ascii_isxdigit(sc)) << i;
-    EXPECT_EQ(absl::ascii_isprint(i), absl::ascii_isprint(sc)) << i;
-    EXPECT_EQ(absl::ascii_isgraph(i), absl::ascii_isgraph(sc)) << i;
-    EXPECT_EQ(absl::ascii_isupper(i), absl::ascii_isupper(sc)) << i;
-    EXPECT_EQ(absl::ascii_islower(i), absl::ascii_islower(sc)) << i;
-    EXPECT_EQ(absl::ascii_isascii(i), absl::ascii_isascii(sc)) << i;
+    const auto c = static_cast<unsigned char>(i);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(!absl::ascii_isascii(c)) << ": failed on " << c;
   }
 }
 
@@ -137,19 +134,20 @@ TEST(AsciiIsFoo, SameAsIsFoo) {
 #endif
 
   for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
-    EXPECT_EQ(isalpha(i) != 0, absl::ascii_isalpha(i)) << i;
-    EXPECT_EQ(isdigit(i) != 0, absl::ascii_isdigit(i)) << i;
-    EXPECT_EQ(isalnum(i) != 0, absl::ascii_isalnum(i)) << i;
-    EXPECT_EQ(isspace(i) != 0, absl::ascii_isspace(i)) << i;
-    EXPECT_EQ(ispunct(i) != 0, absl::ascii_ispunct(i)) << i;
-    EXPECT_EQ(isblank(i) != 0, absl::ascii_isblank(i)) << i;
-    EXPECT_EQ(iscntrl(i) != 0, absl::ascii_iscntrl(i)) << i;
-    EXPECT_EQ(isxdigit(i) != 0, absl::ascii_isxdigit(i)) << i;
-    EXPECT_EQ(isprint(i) != 0, absl::ascii_isprint(i)) << i;
-    EXPECT_EQ(isgraph(i) != 0, absl::ascii_isgraph(i)) << i;
-    EXPECT_EQ(isupper(i) != 0, absl::ascii_isupper(i)) << i;
-    EXPECT_EQ(islower(i) != 0, absl::ascii_islower(i)) << i;
-    EXPECT_EQ(isascii(i) != 0, absl::ascii_isascii(i)) << i;
+    const auto c = static_cast<unsigned char>(i);
+    EXPECT_EQ(isalpha(c) != 0, absl::ascii_isalpha(c)) << c;
+    EXPECT_EQ(isdigit(c) != 0, absl::ascii_isdigit(c)) << c;
+    EXPECT_EQ(isalnum(c) != 0, absl::ascii_isalnum(c)) << c;
+    EXPECT_EQ(isspace(c) != 0, absl::ascii_isspace(c)) << c;
+    EXPECT_EQ(ispunct(c) != 0, absl::ascii_ispunct(c)) << c;
+    EXPECT_EQ(isblank(c) != 0, absl::ascii_isblank(c)) << c;
+    EXPECT_EQ(iscntrl(c) != 0, absl::ascii_iscntrl(c)) << c;
+    EXPECT_EQ(isxdigit(c) != 0, absl::ascii_isxdigit(c)) << c;
+    EXPECT_EQ(isprint(c) != 0, absl::ascii_isprint(c)) << c;
+    EXPECT_EQ(isgraph(c) != 0, absl::ascii_isgraph(c)) << c;
+    EXPECT_EQ(isupper(c) != 0, absl::ascii_isupper(c)) << c;
+    EXPECT_EQ(islower(c) != 0, absl::ascii_islower(c)) << c;
+    EXPECT_EQ(isascii(c) != 0, absl::ascii_isascii(c)) << c;
   }
 
 #ifndef __ANDROID__
@@ -166,25 +164,20 @@ TEST(AsciiToFoo, All) {
 #endif
 
   for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
-    if (absl::ascii_islower(i))
-      EXPECT_EQ(absl::ascii_toupper(i), 'A' + (i - 'a')) << i;
+    const auto c = static_cast<unsigned char>(i);
+    if (absl::ascii_islower(c))
+      EXPECT_EQ(absl::ascii_toupper(c), 'A' + (i - 'a')) << c;
     else
-      EXPECT_EQ(absl::ascii_toupper(i), static_cast<char>(i)) << i;
+      EXPECT_EQ(absl::ascii_toupper(c), static_cast<char>(i)) << c;
 
-    if (absl::ascii_isupper(i))
-      EXPECT_EQ(absl::ascii_tolower(i), 'a' + (i - 'A')) << i;
+    if (absl::ascii_isupper(c))
+      EXPECT_EQ(absl::ascii_tolower(c), 'a' + (i - 'A')) << c;
     else
-      EXPECT_EQ(absl::ascii_tolower(i), static_cast<char>(i)) << i;
+      EXPECT_EQ(absl::ascii_tolower(c), static_cast<char>(i)) << c;
 
     // These CHECKs only hold in a C locale.
-    EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<char>(tolower(i)), absl::ascii_tolower(i)) << i;
-    EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<char>(toupper(i)), absl::ascii_toupper(i)) << i;
-
-    // The official to* functions don't accept negative signed chars, but
-    // our absl::ascii_to* functions do.
-    signed char sc = static_cast<signed char>(static_cast<unsigned char>(i));
-    EXPECT_EQ(absl::ascii_tolower(i), absl::ascii_tolower(sc)) << i;
-    EXPECT_EQ(absl::ascii_toupper(i), absl::ascii_toupper(sc)) << i;
+    EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<char>(tolower(i)), absl::ascii_tolower(c)) << c;
+    EXPECT_EQ(static_cast<char>(toupper(i)), absl::ascii_toupper(c)) << c;
   }
 #ifndef __ANDROID__
   // restore the old locale.
@@ -197,14 +190,14 @@ TEST(AsciiStrTo, Lower) {
   const std::string str("GHIJKL");
   const std::string str2("MNOPQR");
   const absl::string_view sp(str2);
-  std::string mutable_str("STUVWX");
+  std::string mutable_str("_`?@[{AMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ");
 
   EXPECT_EQ("abcdef", absl::AsciiStrToLower(buf));
   EXPECT_EQ("ghijkl", absl::AsciiStrToLower(str));
   EXPECT_EQ("mnopqr", absl::AsciiStrToLower(sp));
 
   absl::AsciiStrToLower(&mutable_str);
-  EXPECT_EQ("stuvwx", mutable_str);
+  EXPECT_EQ("_`?@[{amnopqrstuvwxyz", mutable_str);
 
   char mutable_buf[] = "Mutable";
   std::transform(mutable_buf, mutable_buf + strlen(mutable_buf),
@@ -215,12 +208,12 @@ TEST(AsciiStrTo, Lower) {
 TEST(AsciiStrTo, Upper) {
   const char buf[] = "abcdef";
   const std::string str("ghijkl");
-  const std::string str2("mnopqr");
+  const std::string str2("_`?@[{amnopqrstuvwxyz");
   const absl::string_view sp(str2);
 
   EXPECT_EQ("ABCDEF", absl::AsciiStrToUpper(buf));
   EXPECT_EQ("GHIJKL", absl::AsciiStrToUpper(str));
-  EXPECT_EQ("MNOPQR", absl::AsciiStrToUpper(sp));
+  EXPECT_EQ("_`?@[{AMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ", absl::AsciiStrToUpper(sp));
 
   char mutable_buf[] = "Mutable";
   std::transform(mutable_buf, mutable_buf + strlen(mutable_buf),
diff --git a/absl/strings/atod_manual_test.cc b/absl/strings/atod_manual_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6cf28b0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/strings/atod_manual_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+// This program tests the absl::SimpleAtod and absl::SimpleAtof functions. Run
+// it as "atod_manual_test pnftd/data/*.txt" where the pnftd directory is a
+// local checkout of the https://github.com/nigeltao/parse-number-fxx-test-data
+// repository. The test suite lives in a separate repository because its more
+// than 5 million test cases weigh over several hundred megabytes and because
+// the test cases are also useful to other software projects, not just Abseil.
+// Its data/*.txt files contain one test case per line, like:
+//
+// 3C00 3F800000 3FF0000000000000 1
+// 3D00 3FA00000 3FF4000000000000 1.25
+// 3D9A 3FB33333 3FF6666666666666 1.4
+// 57B7 42F6E979 405EDD2F1A9FBE77 123.456
+// 622A 44454000 4088A80000000000 789
+// 7C00 7F800000 7FF0000000000000 123.456e789
+//
+// For each line (and using 0-based column indexes), columns [5..13] and
+// [14..30] contain the 32-bit float and 64-bit double result of parsing
+// columns [31..].
+//
+// For example, parsing "1.4" as a float gives the bits 0x3FB33333.
+//
+// In this 6-line example, the final line's float and double values are all
+// infinity. The largest finite float and double values are approximately
+// 3.40e+38 and 1.80e+308.
+
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "absl/base/casts.h"
+#include "absl/strings/numbers.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_format.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+#include "absl/types/optional.h"
+
+static constexpr uint8_t kUnhex[256] = {
+    0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  //
+    0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  //
+    0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  //
+    0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  //
+    0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  //
+    0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  //
+    0x0, 0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4, 0x5, 0x6, 0x7,  // '0' ..= '7'
+    0x8, 0x9, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  // '8' ..= '9'
+
+    0x0, 0xA, 0xB, 0xC, 0xD, 0xE, 0xF, 0x0,  // 'A' ..= 'F'
+    0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  //
+    0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  //
+    0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  //
+    0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  //
+    0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  //
+    0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  //
+    0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  //
+
+    0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  //
+    0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  //
+    0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  //
+    0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  //
+    0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  //
+    0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  //
+    0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  //
+    0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  //
+
+    0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  //
+    0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  //
+    0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  //
+    0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  //
+    0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  //
+    0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  //
+    0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  //
+    0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0,  //
+};
+
+static absl::optional<std::string> ReadFileToString(const char* filename) {
+  FILE* f = fopen(filename, "rb");
+  if (!f) {
+    return absl::nullopt;
+  }
+  fseek(f, 0, SEEK_END);
+  size_t size = ftell(f);
+  fseek(f, 0, SEEK_SET);
+  std::string s(size, '\x00');
+  size_t n = fread(&s[0], 1, size, f);
+  fclose(f);
+  if (n != size) {
+    return absl::nullopt;
+  }
+  return s;
+}
+
+static bool ProcessOneTestFile(const char* filename) {
+  absl::optional<std::string> contents = ReadFileToString(filename);
+  if (!contents) {
+    absl::FPrintF(stderr, "Invalid file: %s\n", filename);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  int num_cases = 0;
+  for (absl::string_view v(*contents); !v.empty();) {
+    size_t new_line = v.find('\n');
+    if ((new_line == absl::string_view::npos) || (new_line < 32)) {
+      break;
+    }
+    absl::string_view input = v.substr(31, new_line - 31);
+
+    // Test absl::SimpleAtof.
+    {
+      float f;
+      if (!absl::SimpleAtof(input, &f)) {
+        absl::FPrintF(stderr, "Could not parse \"%s\" in %s\n", input,
+                      filename);
+        return false;
+      }
+      uint32_t have32 = absl::bit_cast<uint32_t>(f);
+
+      uint32_t want32 = 0;
+      for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
+        want32 = (want32 << 4) | kUnhex[static_cast<unsigned char>(v[5 + i])];
+      }
+
+      if (have32 != want32) {
+        absl::FPrintF(stderr,
+                      "absl::SimpleAtof failed parsing \"%s\" in %s\n  have  "
+                      "%08X\n  want  %08X\n",
+                      input, filename, have32, want32);
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Test absl::SimpleAtod.
+    {
+      double d;
+      if (!absl::SimpleAtod(input, &d)) {
+        absl::FPrintF(stderr, "Could not parse \"%s\" in %s\n", input,
+                      filename);
+        return false;
+      }
+      uint64_t have64 = absl::bit_cast<uint64_t>(d);
+
+      uint64_t want64 = 0;
+      for (int i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
+        want64 = (want64 << 4) | kUnhex[static_cast<unsigned char>(v[14 + i])];
+      }
+
+      if (have64 != want64) {
+        absl::FPrintF(stderr,
+                      "absl::SimpleAtod failed parsing \"%s\" in %s\n  have  "
+                      "%016X\n  want  %016X\n",
+                      input, filename, have64, want64);
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+
+    num_cases++;
+    v = v.substr(new_line + 1);
+  }
+  printf("%8d OK in %s\n", num_cases, filename);
+  return true;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+  if (argc < 2) {
+    absl::FPrintF(
+        stderr,
+        "Usage: %s pnftd/data/*.txt\nwhere the pnftd directory is a local "
+        "checkout of "
+        "the\nhttps://github.com/nigeltao/parse-number-fxx-test-data "
+        "repository.\n",
+        argv[0]);
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
+    if (!ProcessOneTestFile(argv[i])) {
+      return 1;
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/absl/strings/char_formatting_test.cc b/absl/strings/char_formatting_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1692da70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/strings/char_formatting_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_format.h"
+#include "absl/strings/substitute.h"
+
+namespace {
+
+TEST(CharFormatting, Char) {
+  const char v = 'A';
+
+  // Desired behavior: does not compile:
+  // EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrCat(v, "B"), "AB");
+  // EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrFormat("%vB", v), "AB");
+
+  // Legacy behavior: format as char:
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::Substitute("$0B", v), "AB");
+}
+
+enum CharEnum : char {};
+TEST(CharFormatting, CharEnum) {
+  auto v = static_cast<CharEnum>('A');
+
+  // Desired behavior: format as decimal
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrFormat("%vB", v), "65B");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrCat(v, "B"), "65B");
+
+  // Legacy behavior: format as character:
+
+  // Some older versions of gcc behave differently in this one case
+#if !defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::Substitute("$0B", v), "AB");
+#endif
+}
+
+enum class CharEnumClass: char {};
+TEST(CharFormatting, CharEnumClass) {
+  auto v = static_cast<CharEnumClass>('A');
+
+  // Desired behavior: format as decimal:
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrFormat("%vB", v), "65B");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrCat(v, "B"), "65B");
+
+  // Legacy behavior: format as character:
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::Substitute("$0B", v), "AB");
+}
+
+TEST(CharFormatting, UnsignedChar) {
+  const unsigned char v = 'A';
+
+  // Desired behavior: format as decimal:
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrCat(v, "B"), "65B");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::Substitute("$0B", v), "65B");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrFormat("%vB", v), "65B");
+
+  // Signedness check
+  const unsigned char w = 255;
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrCat(w, "B"), "255B");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::Substitute("$0B", w), "255B");
+  // EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrFormat("%vB", v), "255B");
+}
+
+TEST(CharFormatting, SignedChar) {
+  const signed char v = 'A';
+
+  // Desired behavior: format as decimal:
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrCat(v, "B"), "65B");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::Substitute("$0B", v), "65B");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrFormat("%vB", v), "65B");
+
+  // Signedness check
+  const signed char w = -128;
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrCat(w, "B"), "-128B");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::Substitute("$0B", w), "-128B");
+}
+
+enum UnsignedCharEnum : unsigned char {};
+TEST(CharFormatting, UnsignedCharEnum) {
+  auto v = static_cast<UnsignedCharEnum>('A');
+
+  // Desired behavior: format as decimal:
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrCat(v, "B"), "65B");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::Substitute("$0B", v), "65B");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrFormat("%vB", v), "65B");
+
+  // Signedness check
+  auto w = static_cast<UnsignedCharEnum>(255);
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrCat(w, "B"), "255B");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::Substitute("$0B", w), "255B");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrFormat("%vB", w), "255B");
+}
+
+enum SignedCharEnum : signed char {};
+TEST(CharFormatting, SignedCharEnum) {
+  auto v = static_cast<SignedCharEnum>('A');
+
+  // Desired behavior: format as decimal:
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrCat(v, "B"), "65B");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::Substitute("$0B", v), "65B");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrFormat("%vB", v), "65B");
+
+  // Signedness check
+  auto w = static_cast<SignedCharEnum>(-128);
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrCat(w, "B"), "-128B");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::Substitute("$0B", w), "-128B");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrFormat("%vB", w), "-128B");
+}
+
+enum class UnsignedCharEnumClass : unsigned char {};
+TEST(CharFormatting, UnsignedCharEnumClass) {
+  auto v = static_cast<UnsignedCharEnumClass>('A');
+
+  // Desired behavior: format as decimal:
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrCat(v, "B"), "65B");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::Substitute("$0B", v), "65B");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrFormat("%vB", v), "65B");
+
+  // Signedness check
+  auto w = static_cast<UnsignedCharEnumClass>(255);
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrCat(w, "B"), "255B");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::Substitute("$0B", w), "255B");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrFormat("%vB", w), "255B");
+}
+
+enum SignedCharEnumClass : signed char {};
+TEST(CharFormatting, SignedCharEnumClass) {
+  auto v = static_cast<SignedCharEnumClass>('A');
+
+  // Desired behavior: format as decimal:
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrCat(v, "B"), "65B");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::Substitute("$0B", v), "65B");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrFormat("%vB", v), "65B");
+
+  // Signedness check
+  auto w = static_cast<SignedCharEnumClass>(-128);
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrCat(w, "B"), "-128B");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::Substitute("$0B", w), "-128B");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrFormat("%vB", w), "-128B");
+}
+
+#ifdef __cpp_lib_byte
+TEST(CharFormatting, StdByte) {
+  auto v = static_cast<std::byte>('A');
+  // Desired behavior: format as 0xff
+  // (No APIs do this today.)
+
+  // Legacy behavior: format as decimal:
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrCat(v, "B"), "65B");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::Substitute("$0B", v), "65B");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrFormat("%vB", v), "65B");
+}
+#endif  // _cpp_lib_byte
+
+}  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/strings/charconv.cc b/absl/strings/charconv.cc
index fefcfc90..778a1c75 100644
--- a/absl/strings/charconv.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/charconv.cc
@@ -18,8 +18,10 @@
 #include <cassert>
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstring>
+#include <limits>
 
 #include "absl/base/casts.h"
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
 #include "absl/numeric/bits.h"
 #include "absl/numeric/int128.h"
 #include "absl/strings/internal/charconv_bigint.h"
@@ -65,6 +67,14 @@ struct FloatTraits;
 
 template <>
 struct FloatTraits<double> {
+  using mantissa_t = uint64_t;
+
+  // The number of bits in the given float type.
+  static constexpr int kTargetBits = 64;
+
+  // The number of exponent bits in the given float type.
+  static constexpr int kTargetExponentBits = 11;
+
   // The number of mantissa bits in the given float type.  This includes the
   // implied high bit.
   static constexpr int kTargetMantissaBits = 53;
@@ -83,11 +93,43 @@ struct FloatTraits<double> {
   // m * 2**kMinNormalExponent is exactly equal to DBL_MIN.
   static constexpr int kMinNormalExponent = -1074;
 
+  // The IEEE exponent bias.  It equals ((1 << (kTargetExponentBits - 1)) - 1).
+  static constexpr int kExponentBias = 1023;
+
+  // The Eisel-Lemire "Shifting to 54/25 Bits" adjustment.  It equals (63 - 1 -
+  // kTargetMantissaBits).
+  static constexpr int kEiselLemireShift = 9;
+
+  // The Eisel-Lemire high64_mask.  It equals ((1 << kEiselLemireShift) - 1).
+  static constexpr uint64_t kEiselLemireMask = uint64_t{0x1FF};
+
+  // The smallest negative integer N (smallest negative means furthest from
+  // zero) such that parsing 9999999999999999999eN, with 19 nines, is still
+  // positive. Parsing a smaller (more negative) N will produce zero.
+  //
+  // Adjusting the decimal point and exponent, without adjusting the value,
+  // 9999999999999999999eN equals 9.999999999999999999eM where M = N + 18.
+  //
+  // 9999999999999999999, with 19 nines but no decimal point, is the largest
+  // "repeated nines" integer that fits in a uint64_t.
+  static constexpr int kEiselLemireMinInclusiveExp10 = -324 - 18;
+
+  // The smallest positive integer N such that parsing 1eN produces infinity.
+  // Parsing a smaller N will produce something finite.
+  static constexpr int kEiselLemireMaxExclusiveExp10 = 309;
+
   static double MakeNan(const char* tagp) {
+#if ABSL_HAVE_BUILTIN(__builtin_nan)
+    // Use __builtin_nan() if available since it has a fix for
+    // https://bugs.llvm.org/show_bug.cgi?id=37778
+    // std::nan may use the glibc implementation.
+    return __builtin_nan(tagp);
+#else
     // Support nan no matter which namespace it's in.  Some platforms
     // incorrectly don't put it in namespace std.
     using namespace std;  // NOLINT
     return nan(tagp);
+#endif
   }
 
   // Builds a nonzero floating point number out of the provided parts.
@@ -103,7 +145,7 @@ struct FloatTraits<double> {
   // a normal value is made, or it must be less narrow than that, in which case
   // `exponent` must be exactly kMinNormalExponent, and a subnormal value is
   // made.
-  static double Make(uint64_t mantissa, int exponent, bool sign) {
+  static double Make(mantissa_t mantissa, int exponent, bool sign) {
 #ifndef ABSL_BIT_PACK_FLOATS
     // Support ldexp no matter which namespace it's in.  Some platforms
     // incorrectly don't put it in namespace std.
@@ -116,8 +158,10 @@ struct FloatTraits<double> {
     if (mantissa > kMantissaMask) {
       // Normal value.
       // Adjust by 1023 for the exponent representation bias, and an additional
-      // 52 due to the implied decimal point in the IEEE mantissa represenation.
-      dbl += uint64_t{exponent + 1023u + kTargetMantissaBits - 1} << 52;
+      // 52 due to the implied decimal point in the IEEE mantissa
+      // representation.
+      dbl += static_cast<uint64_t>(exponent + 1023 + kTargetMantissaBits - 1)
+             << 52;
       mantissa &= kMantissaMask;
     } else {
       // subnormal value
@@ -134,16 +178,34 @@ struct FloatTraits<double> {
 // members and methods.
 template <>
 struct FloatTraits<float> {
+  using mantissa_t = uint32_t;
+
+  static constexpr int kTargetBits = 32;
+  static constexpr int kTargetExponentBits = 8;
   static constexpr int kTargetMantissaBits = 24;
   static constexpr int kMaxExponent = 104;
   static constexpr int kMinNormalExponent = -149;
+  static constexpr int kExponentBias = 127;
+  static constexpr int kEiselLemireShift = 38;
+  static constexpr uint64_t kEiselLemireMask = uint64_t{0x3FFFFFFFFF};
+  static constexpr int kEiselLemireMinInclusiveExp10 = -46 - 18;
+  static constexpr int kEiselLemireMaxExclusiveExp10 = 39;
+
   static float MakeNan(const char* tagp) {
+#if ABSL_HAVE_BUILTIN(__builtin_nanf)
+    // Use __builtin_nanf() if available since it has a fix for
+    // https://bugs.llvm.org/show_bug.cgi?id=37778
+    // std::nanf may use the glibc implementation.
+    return __builtin_nanf(tagp);
+#else
     // Support nanf no matter which namespace it's in.  Some platforms
     // incorrectly don't put it in namespace std.
     using namespace std;  // NOLINT
-    return nanf(tagp);
+    return std::nanf(tagp);
+#endif
   }
-  static float Make(uint32_t mantissa, int exponent, bool sign) {
+
+  static float Make(mantissa_t mantissa, int exponent, bool sign) {
 #ifndef ABSL_BIT_PACK_FLOATS
     // Support ldexpf no matter which namespace it's in.  Some platforms
     // incorrectly don't put it in namespace std.
@@ -156,8 +218,10 @@ struct FloatTraits<float> {
     if (mantissa > kMantissaMask) {
       // Normal value.
       // Adjust by 127 for the exponent representation bias, and an additional
-      // 23 due to the implied decimal point in the IEEE mantissa represenation.
-      flt += uint32_t{exponent + 127u + kTargetMantissaBits - 1} << 23;
+      // 23 due to the implied decimal point in the IEEE mantissa
+      // representation.
+      flt += static_cast<uint32_t>(exponent + 127 + kTargetMantissaBits - 1)
+             << 23;
       mantissa &= kMantissaMask;
     } else {
       // subnormal value
@@ -181,39 +245,45 @@ struct FloatTraits<float> {
 //
 //   2**63 <= Power10Mantissa(n) < 2**64.
 //
+// See the "Table of powers of 10" comment below for a "1e60" example.
+//
 // Lookups into the power-of-10 table must first check the Power10Overflow() and
 // Power10Underflow() functions, to avoid out-of-bounds table access.
 //
-// Indexes into these tables are biased by -kPower10TableMin, and the table has
-// values in the range [kPower10TableMin, kPower10TableMax].
-extern const uint64_t kPower10MantissaTable[];
-extern const int16_t kPower10ExponentTable[];
+// Indexes into these tables are biased by -kPower10TableMinInclusive. Valid
+// indexes range from kPower10TableMinInclusive to kPower10TableMaxExclusive.
+extern const uint64_t kPower10MantissaHighTable[];  // High 64 of 128 bits.
+extern const uint64_t kPower10MantissaLowTable[];   // Low  64 of 128 bits.
 
-// The smallest allowed value for use with the Power10Mantissa() and
-// Power10Exponent() functions below.  (If a smaller exponent is needed in
+// The smallest (inclusive) allowed value for use with the Power10Mantissa()
+// and Power10Exponent() functions below.  (If a smaller exponent is needed in
 // calculations, the end result is guaranteed to underflow.)
-constexpr int kPower10TableMin = -342;
+constexpr int kPower10TableMinInclusive = -342;
 
-// The largest allowed value for use with the Power10Mantissa() and
-// Power10Exponent() functions below.  (If a smaller exponent is needed in
-// calculations, the end result is guaranteed to overflow.)
-constexpr int kPower10TableMax = 308;
+// The largest (exclusive) allowed value for use with the Power10Mantissa() and
+// Power10Exponent() functions below.  (If a larger-or-equal exponent is needed
+// in calculations, the end result is guaranteed to overflow.)
+constexpr int kPower10TableMaxExclusive = 309;
 
 uint64_t Power10Mantissa(int n) {
-  return kPower10MantissaTable[n - kPower10TableMin];
+  return kPower10MantissaHighTable[n - kPower10TableMinInclusive];
 }
 
 int Power10Exponent(int n) {
-  return kPower10ExponentTable[n - kPower10TableMin];
+  // The 217706 etc magic numbers encode the results as a formula instead of a
+  // table. Their equivalence (over the kPower10TableMinInclusive ..
+  // kPower10TableMaxExclusive range) is confirmed by
+  // https://github.com/google/wuffs/blob/315b2e52625ebd7b02d8fac13e3cd85ea374fb80/script/print-mpb-powers-of-10.go
+  return (217706 * n >> 16) - 63;
 }
 
 // Returns true if n is large enough that 10**n always results in an IEEE
 // overflow.
-bool Power10Overflow(int n) { return n > kPower10TableMax; }
+bool Power10Overflow(int n) { return n >= kPower10TableMaxExclusive; }
 
 // Returns true if n is small enough that 10**n times a ParsedFloat mantissa
 // always results in an IEEE underflow.
-bool Power10Underflow(int n) { return n < kPower10TableMin; }
+bool Power10Underflow(int n) { return n < kPower10TableMinInclusive; }
 
 // Returns true if Power10Mantissa(n) * 2**Power10Exponent(n) is exactly equal
 // to 10**n numerically.  Put another way, this returns true if there is no
@@ -242,9 +312,11 @@ struct CalculatedFloat {
 
 // Returns the bit width of the given uint128.  (Equivalently, returns 128
 // minus the number of leading zero bits.)
-unsigned BitWidth(uint128 value) {
+int BitWidth(uint128 value) {
   if (Uint128High64(value) == 0) {
-    return static_cast<unsigned>(bit_width(Uint128Low64(value)));
+    // This static_cast is only needed when using a std::bit_width()
+    // implementation that does not have the fix for LWG 3656 applied.
+    return static_cast<int>(bit_width(Uint128Low64(value)));
   }
   return 128 - countl_zero(Uint128High64(value));
 }
@@ -285,14 +357,20 @@ template <typename FloatType>
 bool HandleEdgeCase(const strings_internal::ParsedFloat& input, bool negative,
                     FloatType* value) {
   if (input.type == strings_internal::FloatType::kNan) {
-    // A bug in both clang and gcc would cause the compiler to optimize away the
-    // buffer we are building below.  Declaring the buffer volatile avoids the
-    // issue, and has no measurable performance impact in microbenchmarks.
+    // A bug in both clang < 7 and gcc would cause the compiler to optimize
+    // away the buffer we are building below.  Declaring the buffer volatile
+    // avoids the issue, and has no measurable performance impact in
+    // microbenchmarks.
     //
     // https://bugs.llvm.org/show_bug.cgi?id=37778
     // https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=86113
     constexpr ptrdiff_t kNanBufferSize = 128;
+#if (defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__)) || \
+    (defined(__clang__) && __clang_major__ < 7)
     volatile char n_char_sequence[kNanBufferSize];
+#else
+    char n_char_sequence[kNanBufferSize];
+#endif
     if (input.subrange_begin == nullptr) {
       n_char_sequence[0] = '\0';
     } else {
@@ -337,8 +415,10 @@ void EncodeResult(const CalculatedFloat& calculated, bool negative,
     *value = negative ? -0.0 : 0.0;
     return;
   }
-  *value = FloatTraits<FloatType>::Make(calculated.mantissa,
-                                        calculated.exponent, negative);
+  *value = FloatTraits<FloatType>::Make(
+      static_cast<typename FloatTraits<FloatType>::mantissa_t>(
+          calculated.mantissa),
+      calculated.exponent, negative);
 }
 
 // Returns the given uint128 shifted to the right by `shift` bits, and rounds
@@ -399,7 +479,7 @@ uint64_t ShiftRightAndRound(uint128 value, int shift, bool input_exact,
     // the low bit of `value` is set.
     //
     // In inexact mode, the nonzero error means the actual value is greater
-    // than the halfway point and we must alway round up.
+    // than the halfway point and we must always round up.
     if ((value & 1) == 1 || !input_exact) {
       ++value;
     }
@@ -519,7 +599,9 @@ CalculatedFloat CalculateFromParsedHexadecimal(
     const strings_internal::ParsedFloat& parsed_hex) {
   uint64_t mantissa = parsed_hex.mantissa;
   int exponent = parsed_hex.exponent;
-  auto mantissa_width = static_cast<unsigned>(bit_width(mantissa));
+  // This static_cast is only needed when using a std::bit_width()
+  // implementation that does not have the fix for LWG 3656 applied.
+  int mantissa_width = static_cast<int>(bit_width(mantissa));
   const int shift = NormalizedShiftSize<FloatType>(mantissa_width, exponent);
   bool result_exact;
   exponent += shift;
@@ -595,6 +677,185 @@ CalculatedFloat CalculateFromParsedDecimal(
                                                  binary_exponent);
 }
 
+// As discussed in https://nigeltao.github.io/blog/2020/eisel-lemire.html the
+// primary goal of the Eisel-Lemire algorithm is speed, for 99+% of the cases,
+// not 100% coverage. As long as Eisel-Lemire doesn’t claim false positives,
+// the combined approach (falling back to an alternative implementation when
+// this function returns false) is both fast and correct.
+template <typename FloatType>
+bool EiselLemire(const strings_internal::ParsedFloat& input, bool negative,
+                 FloatType* value, std::errc* ec) {
+  uint64_t man = input.mantissa;
+  int exp10 = input.exponent;
+  if (exp10 < FloatTraits<FloatType>::kEiselLemireMinInclusiveExp10) {
+    *value = negative ? -0.0 : 0.0;
+    *ec = std::errc::result_out_of_range;
+    return true;
+  } else if (exp10 >= FloatTraits<FloatType>::kEiselLemireMaxExclusiveExp10) {
+    // Return max (a finite value) consistent with from_chars and DR 3081. For
+    // SimpleAtod and SimpleAtof, post-processing will return infinity.
+    *value = negative ? -std::numeric_limits<FloatType>::max()
+                      : std::numeric_limits<FloatType>::max();
+    *ec = std::errc::result_out_of_range;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // Assert kPower10TableMinInclusive <= exp10 < kPower10TableMaxExclusive.
+  // Equivalently, !Power10Underflow(exp10) and !Power10Overflow(exp10).
+  static_assert(
+      FloatTraits<FloatType>::kEiselLemireMinInclusiveExp10 >=
+          kPower10TableMinInclusive,
+      "(exp10-kPower10TableMinInclusive) in kPower10MantissaHighTable bounds");
+  static_assert(
+      FloatTraits<FloatType>::kEiselLemireMaxExclusiveExp10 <=
+          kPower10TableMaxExclusive,
+      "(exp10-kPower10TableMinInclusive) in kPower10MantissaHighTable bounds");
+
+  // The terse (+) comments in this function body refer to sections of the
+  // https://nigeltao.github.io/blog/2020/eisel-lemire.html blog post.
+  //
+  // That blog post discusses double precision (11 exponent bits with a -1023
+  // bias, 52 mantissa bits), but the same approach applies to single precision
+  // (8 exponent bits with a -127 bias, 23 mantissa bits). Either way, the
+  // computation here happens with 64-bit values (e.g. man) or 128-bit values
+  // (e.g. x) before finally converting to 64- or 32-bit floating point.
+  //
+  // See also "Number Parsing at a Gigabyte per Second, Software: Practice and
+  // Experience 51 (8), 2021" (https://arxiv.org/abs/2101.11408) for detail.
+
+  // (+) Normalization.
+  int clz = countl_zero(man);
+  man <<= static_cast<unsigned int>(clz);
+  // The 217706 etc magic numbers are from the Power10Exponent function.
+  uint64_t ret_exp2 =
+      static_cast<uint64_t>((217706 * exp10 >> 16) + 64 +
+                            FloatTraits<FloatType>::kExponentBias - clz);
+
+  // (+) Multiplication.
+  uint128 x = static_cast<uint128>(man) *
+              static_cast<uint128>(
+                  kPower10MantissaHighTable[exp10 - kPower10TableMinInclusive]);
+
+  // (+) Wider Approximation.
+  static constexpr uint64_t high64_mask =
+      FloatTraits<FloatType>::kEiselLemireMask;
+  if (((Uint128High64(x) & high64_mask) == high64_mask) &&
+      (man > (std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max() - Uint128Low64(x)))) {
+    uint128 y =
+        static_cast<uint128>(man) *
+        static_cast<uint128>(
+            kPower10MantissaLowTable[exp10 - kPower10TableMinInclusive]);
+    x += Uint128High64(y);
+    // For example, parsing "4503599627370497.5" will take the if-true
+    // branch here (for double precision), since:
+    //  - x   = 0x8000000000000BFF_FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
+    //  - y   = 0x8000000000000BFF_7FFFFFFFFFFFF400
+    //  - man = 0xA000000000000F00
+    // Likewise, when parsing "0.0625" for single precision:
+    //  - x   = 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF_FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
+    //  - y   = 0x813FFFFFFFFFFFFF_8A00000000000000
+    //  - man = 0x9C40000000000000
+    if (((Uint128High64(x) & high64_mask) == high64_mask) &&
+        ((Uint128Low64(x) + 1) == 0) &&
+        (man > (std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max() - Uint128Low64(y)))) {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // (+) Shifting to 54 Bits (or for single precision, to 25 bits).
+  uint64_t msb = Uint128High64(x) >> 63;
+  uint64_t ret_man =
+      Uint128High64(x) >> (msb + FloatTraits<FloatType>::kEiselLemireShift);
+  ret_exp2 -= 1 ^ msb;
+
+  // (+) Half-way Ambiguity.
+  //
+  // For example, parsing "1e+23" will take the if-true branch here (for double
+  // precision), since:
+  //  - x       = 0x54B40B1F852BDA00_0000000000000000
+  //  - ret_man = 0x002A5A058FC295ED
+  // Likewise, when parsing "20040229.0" for single precision:
+  //  - x       = 0x4C72894000000000_0000000000000000
+  //  - ret_man = 0x000000000131CA25
+  if ((Uint128Low64(x) == 0) && ((Uint128High64(x) & high64_mask) == 0) &&
+      ((ret_man & 3) == 1)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // (+) From 54 to 53 Bits (or for single precision, from 25 to 24 bits).
+  ret_man += ret_man & 1;  // Line From54a.
+  ret_man >>= 1;           // Line From54b.
+  // Incrementing ret_man (at line From54a) may have overflowed 54 bits (53
+  // bits after the right shift by 1 at line From54b), so adjust for that.
+  //
+  // For example, parsing "9223372036854775807" will take the if-true branch
+  // here (for double precision), since:
+  //  - ret_man = 0x0020000000000000 = (1 << 53)
+  // Likewise, when parsing "2147483647.0" for single precision:
+  //  - ret_man = 0x0000000001000000 = (1 << 24)
+  if ((ret_man >> FloatTraits<FloatType>::kTargetMantissaBits) > 0) {
+    ret_exp2 += 1;
+    // Conceptually, we need a "ret_man >>= 1" in this if-block to balance
+    // incrementing ret_exp2 in the line immediately above. However, we only
+    // get here when line From54a overflowed (after adding a 1), so ret_man
+    // here is (1 << 53). Its low 53 bits are therefore all zeroes. The only
+    // remaining use of ret_man is to mask it with ((1 << 52) - 1), so only its
+    // low 52 bits matter. A "ret_man >>= 1" would have no effect in practice.
+    //
+    // We omit the "ret_man >>= 1", even if it is cheap (and this if-branch is
+    // rarely taken) and technically 'more correct', so that mutation tests
+    // that would otherwise modify or omit that "ret_man >>= 1" don't complain
+    // that such code mutations have no observable effect.
+  }
+
+  // ret_exp2 is a uint64_t. Zero or underflow means that we're in subnormal
+  // space. max_exp2 (0x7FF for double precision, 0xFF for single precision) or
+  // above means that we're in Inf/NaN space.
+  //
+  // The if block is equivalent to (but has fewer branches than):
+  //   if ((ret_exp2 <= 0) || (ret_exp2 >= max_exp2)) { etc }
+  //
+  // For example, parsing "4.9406564584124654e-324" will take the if-true
+  // branch here, since ret_exp2 = -51.
+  static constexpr uint64_t max_exp2 =
+      (1 << FloatTraits<FloatType>::kTargetExponentBits) - 1;
+  if ((ret_exp2 - 1) >= (max_exp2 - 1)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+#ifndef ABSL_BIT_PACK_FLOATS
+  if (FloatTraits<FloatType>::kTargetBits == 64) {
+    *value = FloatTraits<FloatType>::Make(
+        (ret_man & 0x000FFFFFFFFFFFFFu) | 0x0010000000000000u,
+        static_cast<int>(ret_exp2) - 1023 - 52, negative);
+    return true;
+  } else if (FloatTraits<FloatType>::kTargetBits == 32) {
+    *value = FloatTraits<FloatType>::Make(
+        (static_cast<uint32_t>(ret_man) & 0x007FFFFFu) | 0x00800000u,
+        static_cast<int>(ret_exp2) - 127 - 23, negative);
+    return true;
+  }
+#else
+  if (FloatTraits<FloatType>::kTargetBits == 64) {
+    uint64_t ret_bits = (ret_exp2 << 52) | (ret_man & 0x000FFFFFFFFFFFFFu);
+    if (negative) {
+      ret_bits |= 0x8000000000000000u;
+    }
+    *value = absl::bit_cast<double>(ret_bits);
+    return true;
+  } else if (FloatTraits<FloatType>::kTargetBits == 32) {
+    uint32_t ret_bits = (static_cast<uint32_t>(ret_exp2) << 23) |
+                        (static_cast<uint32_t>(ret_man) & 0x007FFFFFu);
+    if (negative) {
+      ret_bits |= 0x80000000u;
+    }
+    *value = absl::bit_cast<float>(ret_bits);
+    return true;
+  }
+#endif  // ABSL_BIT_PACK_FLOATS
+  return false;
+}
+
 template <typename FloatType>
 from_chars_result FromCharsImpl(const char* first, const char* last,
                                 FloatType& value, chars_format fmt_flags) {
@@ -668,6 +929,12 @@ from_chars_result FromCharsImpl(const char* first, const char* last,
     if (HandleEdgeCase(decimal_parse, negative, &value)) {
       return result;
     }
+    // A nullptr subrange_begin means that the decimal_parse.mantissa is exact
+    // (not truncated), a precondition of the Eisel-Lemire algorithm.
+    if ((decimal_parse.subrange_begin == nullptr) &&
+        EiselLemire<FloatType>(decimal_parse, negative, &value, &result.ec)) {
+      return result;
+    }
     CalculatedFloat calculated =
         CalculateFromParsedDecimal<FloatType>(decimal_parse);
     EncodeResult(calculated, negative, &result, &value);
@@ -688,15 +955,46 @@ from_chars_result from_chars(const char* first, const char* last, float& value,
 
 namespace {
 
-// Table of powers of 10, from kPower10TableMin to kPower10TableMax.
+// Table of powers of 10, from kPower10TableMinInclusive to
+// kPower10TableMaxExclusive.
+//
+// kPower10MantissaHighTable[i - kPower10TableMinInclusive] stores the 64-bit
+// mantissa. The high bit is always on.
+//
+// kPower10MantissaLowTable extends that 64-bit mantissa to 128 bits.
+//
+// Power10Exponent(i) calculates the power-of-two exponent.
+//
+// For a number i, this gives the unique mantissaHigh and exponent such that
+// (mantissaHigh * 2**exponent) <= 10**i < ((mantissaHigh + 1) * 2**exponent).
+//
+// For example, Python can confirm that the exact hexadecimal value of 1e60 is:
+//    >>> a = 1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
+//    >>> hex(a)
+//    '0x9f4f2726179a224501d762422c946590d91000000000000000'
+// Adding underscores at every 8th hex digit shows 50 hex digits:
+//    '0x9f4f2726_179a2245_01d76242_2c946590_d9100000_00000000_00'.
+// In this case, the high bit of the first hex digit, 9, is coincidentally set,
+// so we do not have to do further shifting to deduce the 128-bit mantissa:
+//   - kPower10MantissaHighTable[60 - kP10TMI] = 0x9f4f2726179a2245U
+//   - kPower10MantissaLowTable[ 60 - kP10TMI] = 0x01d762422c946590U
+// where kP10TMI is kPower10TableMinInclusive. The low 18 of those 50 hex
+// digits are truncated.
+//
+// 50 hex digits (with the high bit set) is 200 bits and mantissaHigh holds 64
+// bits, so Power10Exponent(60) = 200 - 64 = 136. Again, Python can confirm:
+//    >>> b = 0x9f4f2726179a2245
+//    >>> ((b+0)<<136) <= a
+//    True
+//    >>> ((b+1)<<136) <= a
+//    False
 //
-// kPower10MantissaTable[i - kPower10TableMin] stores the 64-bit mantissa (high
-// bit always on), and kPower10ExponentTable[i - kPower10TableMin] stores the
-// power-of-two exponent.  For a given number i, this gives the unique mantissa
-// and exponent such that mantissa * 2**exponent <= 10**i < (mantissa + 1) *
-// 2**exponent.
+// The tables were generated by
+// https://github.com/google/wuffs/blob/315b2e52625ebd7b02d8fac13e3cd85ea374fb80/script/print-mpb-powers-of-10.go
+// after re-formatting its output into two arrays of N uint64_t values (instead
+// of an N element array of uint64_t pairs).
 
-const uint64_t kPower10MantissaTable[] = {
+const uint64_t kPower10MantissaHighTable[] = {
     0xeef453d6923bd65aU, 0x9558b4661b6565f8U, 0xbaaee17fa23ebf76U,
     0xe95a99df8ace6f53U, 0x91d8a02bb6c10594U, 0xb64ec836a47146f9U,
     0xe3e27a444d8d98b7U, 0x8e6d8c6ab0787f72U, 0xb208ef855c969f4fU,
@@ -916,67 +1214,224 @@ const uint64_t kPower10MantissaTable[] = {
     0xb6472e511c81471dU, 0xe3d8f9e563a198e5U, 0x8e679c2f5e44ff8fU,
 };
 
-const int16_t kPower10ExponentTable[] = {
-    -1200, -1196, -1193, -1190, -1186, -1183, -1180, -1176, -1173, -1170, -1166,
-    -1163, -1160, -1156, -1153, -1150, -1146, -1143, -1140, -1136, -1133, -1130,
-    -1127, -1123, -1120, -1117, -1113, -1110, -1107, -1103, -1100, -1097, -1093,
-    -1090, -1087, -1083, -1080, -1077, -1073, -1070, -1067, -1063, -1060, -1057,
-    -1053, -1050, -1047, -1043, -1040, -1037, -1034, -1030, -1027, -1024, -1020,
-    -1017, -1014, -1010, -1007, -1004, -1000, -997,  -994,  -990,  -987,  -984,
-    -980,  -977,  -974,  -970,  -967,  -964,  -960,  -957,  -954,  -950,  -947,
-    -944,  -940,  -937,  -934,  -931,  -927,  -924,  -921,  -917,  -914,  -911,
-    -907,  -904,  -901,  -897,  -894,  -891,  -887,  -884,  -881,  -877,  -874,
-    -871,  -867,  -864,  -861,  -857,  -854,  -851,  -847,  -844,  -841,  -838,
-    -834,  -831,  -828,  -824,  -821,  -818,  -814,  -811,  -808,  -804,  -801,
-    -798,  -794,  -791,  -788,  -784,  -781,  -778,  -774,  -771,  -768,  -764,
-    -761,  -758,  -754,  -751,  -748,  -744,  -741,  -738,  -735,  -731,  -728,
-    -725,  -721,  -718,  -715,  -711,  -708,  -705,  -701,  -698,  -695,  -691,
-    -688,  -685,  -681,  -678,  -675,  -671,  -668,  -665,  -661,  -658,  -655,
-    -651,  -648,  -645,  -642,  -638,  -635,  -632,  -628,  -625,  -622,  -618,
-    -615,  -612,  -608,  -605,  -602,  -598,  -595,  -592,  -588,  -585,  -582,
-    -578,  -575,  -572,  -568,  -565,  -562,  -558,  -555,  -552,  -549,  -545,
-    -542,  -539,  -535,  -532,  -529,  -525,  -522,  -519,  -515,  -512,  -509,
-    -505,  -502,  -499,  -495,  -492,  -489,  -485,  -482,  -479,  -475,  -472,
-    -469,  -465,  -462,  -459,  -455,  -452,  -449,  -446,  -442,  -439,  -436,
-    -432,  -429,  -426,  -422,  -419,  -416,  -412,  -409,  -406,  -402,  -399,
-    -396,  -392,  -389,  -386,  -382,  -379,  -376,  -372,  -369,  -366,  -362,
-    -359,  -356,  -353,  -349,  -346,  -343,  -339,  -336,  -333,  -329,  -326,
-    -323,  -319,  -316,  -313,  -309,  -306,  -303,  -299,  -296,  -293,  -289,
-    -286,  -283,  -279,  -276,  -273,  -269,  -266,  -263,  -259,  -256,  -253,
-    -250,  -246,  -243,  -240,  -236,  -233,  -230,  -226,  -223,  -220,  -216,
-    -213,  -210,  -206,  -203,  -200,  -196,  -193,  -190,  -186,  -183,  -180,
-    -176,  -173,  -170,  -166,  -163,  -160,  -157,  -153,  -150,  -147,  -143,
-    -140,  -137,  -133,  -130,  -127,  -123,  -120,  -117,  -113,  -110,  -107,
-    -103,  -100,  -97,   -93,   -90,   -87,   -83,   -80,   -77,   -73,   -70,
-    -67,   -63,   -60,   -57,   -54,   -50,   -47,   -44,   -40,   -37,   -34,
-    -30,   -27,   -24,   -20,   -17,   -14,   -10,   -7,    -4,    0,     3,
-    6,     10,    13,    16,    20,    23,    26,    30,    33,    36,    39,
-    43,    46,    49,    53,    56,    59,    63,    66,    69,    73,    76,
-    79,    83,    86,    89,    93,    96,    99,    103,   106,   109,   113,
-    116,   119,   123,   126,   129,   132,   136,   139,   142,   146,   149,
-    152,   156,   159,   162,   166,   169,   172,   176,   179,   182,   186,
-    189,   192,   196,   199,   202,   206,   209,   212,   216,   219,   222,
-    226,   229,   232,   235,   239,   242,   245,   249,   252,   255,   259,
-    262,   265,   269,   272,   275,   279,   282,   285,   289,   292,   295,
-    299,   302,   305,   309,   312,   315,   319,   322,   325,   328,   332,
-    335,   338,   342,   345,   348,   352,   355,   358,   362,   365,   368,
-    372,   375,   378,   382,   385,   388,   392,   395,   398,   402,   405,
-    408,   412,   415,   418,   422,   425,   428,   431,   435,   438,   441,
-    445,   448,   451,   455,   458,   461,   465,   468,   471,   475,   478,
-    481,   485,   488,   491,   495,   498,   501,   505,   508,   511,   515,
-    518,   521,   524,   528,   531,   534,   538,   541,   544,   548,   551,
-    554,   558,   561,   564,   568,   571,   574,   578,   581,   584,   588,
-    591,   594,   598,   601,   604,   608,   611,   614,   617,   621,   624,
-    627,   631,   634,   637,   641,   644,   647,   651,   654,   657,   661,
-    664,   667,   671,   674,   677,   681,   684,   687,   691,   694,   697,
-    701,   704,   707,   711,   714,   717,   720,   724,   727,   730,   734,
-    737,   740,   744,   747,   750,   754,   757,   760,   764,   767,   770,
-    774,   777,   780,   784,   787,   790,   794,   797,   800,   804,   807,
-    810,   813,   817,   820,   823,   827,   830,   833,   837,   840,   843,
-    847,   850,   853,   857,   860,   863,   867,   870,   873,   877,   880,
-    883,   887,   890,   893,   897,   900,   903,   907,   910,   913,   916,
-    920,   923,   926,   930,   933,   936,   940,   943,   946,   950,   953,
-    956,   960,
+const uint64_t kPower10MantissaLowTable[] = {
+    0x113faa2906a13b3fU, 0x4ac7ca59a424c507U, 0x5d79bcf00d2df649U,
+    0xf4d82c2c107973dcU, 0x79071b9b8a4be869U, 0x9748e2826cdee284U,
+    0xfd1b1b2308169b25U, 0xfe30f0f5e50e20f7U, 0xbdbd2d335e51a935U,
+    0xad2c788035e61382U, 0x4c3bcb5021afcc31U, 0xdf4abe242a1bbf3dU,
+    0xd71d6dad34a2af0dU, 0x8672648c40e5ad68U, 0x680efdaf511f18c2U,
+    0x0212bd1b2566def2U, 0x014bb630f7604b57U, 0x419ea3bd35385e2dU,
+    0x52064cac828675b9U, 0x7343efebd1940993U, 0x1014ebe6c5f90bf8U,
+    0xd41a26e077774ef6U, 0x8920b098955522b4U, 0x55b46e5f5d5535b0U,
+    0xeb2189f734aa831dU, 0xa5e9ec7501d523e4U, 0x47b233c92125366eU,
+    0x999ec0bb696e840aU, 0xc00670ea43ca250dU, 0x380406926a5e5728U,
+    0xc605083704f5ecf2U, 0xf7864a44c633682eU, 0x7ab3ee6afbe0211dU,
+    0x5960ea05bad82964U, 0x6fb92487298e33bdU, 0xa5d3b6d479f8e056U,
+    0x8f48a4899877186cU, 0x331acdabfe94de87U, 0x9ff0c08b7f1d0b14U,
+    0x07ecf0ae5ee44dd9U, 0xc9e82cd9f69d6150U, 0xbe311c083a225cd2U,
+    0x6dbd630a48aaf406U, 0x092cbbccdad5b108U, 0x25bbf56008c58ea5U,
+    0xaf2af2b80af6f24eU, 0x1af5af660db4aee1U, 0x50d98d9fc890ed4dU,
+    0xe50ff107bab528a0U, 0x1e53ed49a96272c8U, 0x25e8e89c13bb0f7aU,
+    0x77b191618c54e9acU, 0xd59df5b9ef6a2417U, 0x4b0573286b44ad1dU,
+    0x4ee367f9430aec32U, 0x229c41f793cda73fU, 0x6b43527578c1110fU,
+    0x830a13896b78aaa9U, 0x23cc986bc656d553U, 0x2cbfbe86b7ec8aa8U,
+    0x7bf7d71432f3d6a9U, 0xdaf5ccd93fb0cc53U, 0xd1b3400f8f9cff68U,
+    0x23100809b9c21fa1U, 0xabd40a0c2832a78aU, 0x16c90c8f323f516cU,
+    0xae3da7d97f6792e3U, 0x99cd11cfdf41779cU, 0x40405643d711d583U,
+    0x482835ea666b2572U, 0xda3243650005eecfU, 0x90bed43e40076a82U,
+    0x5a7744a6e804a291U, 0x711515d0a205cb36U, 0x0d5a5b44ca873e03U,
+    0xe858790afe9486c2U, 0x626e974dbe39a872U, 0xfb0a3d212dc8128fU,
+    0x7ce66634bc9d0b99U, 0x1c1fffc1ebc44e80U, 0xa327ffb266b56220U,
+    0x4bf1ff9f0062baa8U, 0x6f773fc3603db4a9U, 0xcb550fb4384d21d3U,
+    0x7e2a53a146606a48U, 0x2eda7444cbfc426dU, 0xfa911155fefb5308U,
+    0x793555ab7eba27caU, 0x4bc1558b2f3458deU, 0x9eb1aaedfb016f16U,
+    0x465e15a979c1cadcU, 0x0bfacd89ec191ec9U, 0xcef980ec671f667bU,
+    0x82b7e12780e7401aU, 0xd1b2ecb8b0908810U, 0x861fa7e6dcb4aa15U,
+    0x67a791e093e1d49aU, 0xe0c8bb2c5c6d24e0U, 0x58fae9f773886e18U,
+    0xaf39a475506a899eU, 0x6d8406c952429603U, 0xc8e5087ba6d33b83U,
+    0xfb1e4a9a90880a64U, 0x5cf2eea09a55067fU, 0xf42faa48c0ea481eU,
+    0xf13b94daf124da26U, 0x76c53d08d6b70858U, 0x54768c4b0c64ca6eU,
+    0xa9942f5dcf7dfd09U, 0xd3f93b35435d7c4cU, 0xc47bc5014a1a6dafU,
+    0x359ab6419ca1091bU, 0xc30163d203c94b62U, 0x79e0de63425dcf1dU,
+    0x985915fc12f542e4U, 0x3e6f5b7b17b2939dU, 0xa705992ceecf9c42U,
+    0x50c6ff782a838353U, 0xa4f8bf5635246428U, 0x871b7795e136be99U,
+    0x28e2557b59846e3fU, 0x331aeada2fe589cfU, 0x3ff0d2c85def7621U,
+    0x0fed077a756b53a9U, 0xd3e8495912c62894U, 0x64712dd7abbbd95cU,
+    0xbd8d794d96aacfb3U, 0xecf0d7a0fc5583a0U, 0xf41686c49db57244U,
+    0x311c2875c522ced5U, 0x7d633293366b828bU, 0xae5dff9c02033197U,
+    0xd9f57f830283fdfcU, 0xd072df63c324fd7bU, 0x4247cb9e59f71e6dU,
+    0x52d9be85f074e608U, 0x67902e276c921f8bU, 0x00ba1cd8a3db53b6U,
+    0x80e8a40eccd228a4U, 0x6122cd128006b2cdU, 0x796b805720085f81U,
+    0xcbe3303674053bb0U, 0xbedbfc4411068a9cU, 0xee92fb5515482d44U,
+    0x751bdd152d4d1c4aU, 0xd262d45a78a0635dU, 0x86fb897116c87c34U,
+    0xd45d35e6ae3d4da0U, 0x8974836059cca109U, 0x2bd1a438703fc94bU,
+    0x7b6306a34627ddcfU, 0x1a3bc84c17b1d542U, 0x20caba5f1d9e4a93U,
+    0x547eb47b7282ee9cU, 0xe99e619a4f23aa43U, 0x6405fa00e2ec94d4U,
+    0xde83bc408dd3dd04U, 0x9624ab50b148d445U, 0x3badd624dd9b0957U,
+    0xe54ca5d70a80e5d6U, 0x5e9fcf4ccd211f4cU, 0x7647c3200069671fU,
+    0x29ecd9f40041e073U, 0xf468107100525890U, 0x7182148d4066eeb4U,
+    0xc6f14cd848405530U, 0xb8ada00e5a506a7cU, 0xa6d90811f0e4851cU,
+    0x908f4a166d1da663U, 0x9a598e4e043287feU, 0x40eff1e1853f29fdU,
+    0xd12bee59e68ef47cU, 0x82bb74f8301958ceU, 0xe36a52363c1faf01U,
+    0xdc44e6c3cb279ac1U, 0x29ab103a5ef8c0b9U, 0x7415d448f6b6f0e7U,
+    0x111b495b3464ad21U, 0xcab10dd900beec34U, 0x3d5d514f40eea742U,
+    0x0cb4a5a3112a5112U, 0x47f0e785eaba72abU, 0x59ed216765690f56U,
+    0x306869c13ec3532cU, 0x1e414218c73a13fbU, 0xe5d1929ef90898faU,
+    0xdf45f746b74abf39U, 0x6b8bba8c328eb783U, 0x066ea92f3f326564U,
+    0xc80a537b0efefebdU, 0xbd06742ce95f5f36U, 0x2c48113823b73704U,
+    0xf75a15862ca504c5U, 0x9a984d73dbe722fbU, 0xc13e60d0d2e0ebbaU,
+    0x318df905079926a8U, 0xfdf17746497f7052U, 0xfeb6ea8bedefa633U,
+    0xfe64a52ee96b8fc0U, 0x3dfdce7aa3c673b0U, 0x06bea10ca65c084eU,
+    0x486e494fcff30a62U, 0x5a89dba3c3efccfaU, 0xf89629465a75e01cU,
+    0xf6bbb397f1135823U, 0x746aa07ded582e2cU, 0xa8c2a44eb4571cdcU,
+    0x92f34d62616ce413U, 0x77b020baf9c81d17U, 0x0ace1474dc1d122eU,
+    0x0d819992132456baU, 0x10e1fff697ed6c69U, 0xca8d3ffa1ef463c1U,
+    0xbd308ff8a6b17cb2U, 0xac7cb3f6d05ddbdeU, 0x6bcdf07a423aa96bU,
+    0x86c16c98d2c953c6U, 0xe871c7bf077ba8b7U, 0x11471cd764ad4972U,
+    0xd598e40d3dd89bcfU, 0x4aff1d108d4ec2c3U, 0xcedf722a585139baU,
+    0xc2974eb4ee658828U, 0x733d226229feea32U, 0x0806357d5a3f525fU,
+    0xca07c2dcb0cf26f7U, 0xfc89b393dd02f0b5U, 0xbbac2078d443ace2U,
+    0xd54b944b84aa4c0dU, 0x0a9e795e65d4df11U, 0x4d4617b5ff4a16d5U,
+    0x504bced1bf8e4e45U, 0xe45ec2862f71e1d6U, 0x5d767327bb4e5a4cU,
+    0x3a6a07f8d510f86fU, 0x890489f70a55368bU, 0x2b45ac74ccea842eU,
+    0x3b0b8bc90012929dU, 0x09ce6ebb40173744U, 0xcc420a6a101d0515U,
+    0x9fa946824a12232dU, 0x47939822dc96abf9U, 0x59787e2b93bc56f7U,
+    0x57eb4edb3c55b65aU, 0xede622920b6b23f1U, 0xe95fab368e45ecedU,
+    0x11dbcb0218ebb414U, 0xd652bdc29f26a119U, 0x4be76d3346f0495fU,
+    0x6f70a4400c562ddbU, 0xcb4ccd500f6bb952U, 0x7e2000a41346a7a7U,
+    0x8ed400668c0c28c8U, 0x728900802f0f32faU, 0x4f2b40a03ad2ffb9U,
+    0xe2f610c84987bfa8U, 0x0dd9ca7d2df4d7c9U, 0x91503d1c79720dbbU,
+    0x75a44c6397ce912aU, 0xc986afbe3ee11abaU, 0xfbe85badce996168U,
+    0xfae27299423fb9c3U, 0xdccd879fc967d41aU, 0x5400e987bbc1c920U,
+    0x290123e9aab23b68U, 0xf9a0b6720aaf6521U, 0xf808e40e8d5b3e69U,
+    0xb60b1d1230b20e04U, 0xb1c6f22b5e6f48c2U, 0x1e38aeb6360b1af3U,
+    0x25c6da63c38de1b0U, 0x579c487e5a38ad0eU, 0x2d835a9df0c6d851U,
+    0xf8e431456cf88e65U, 0x1b8e9ecb641b58ffU, 0xe272467e3d222f3fU,
+    0x5b0ed81dcc6abb0fU, 0x98e947129fc2b4e9U, 0x3f2398d747b36224U,
+    0x8eec7f0d19a03aadU, 0x1953cf68300424acU, 0x5fa8c3423c052dd7U,
+    0x3792f412cb06794dU, 0xe2bbd88bbee40bd0U, 0x5b6aceaeae9d0ec4U,
+    0xf245825a5a445275U, 0xeed6e2f0f0d56712U, 0x55464dd69685606bU,
+    0xaa97e14c3c26b886U, 0xd53dd99f4b3066a8U, 0xe546a8038efe4029U,
+    0xde98520472bdd033U, 0x963e66858f6d4440U, 0xdde7001379a44aa8U,
+    0x5560c018580d5d52U, 0xaab8f01e6e10b4a6U, 0xcab3961304ca70e8U,
+    0x3d607b97c5fd0d22U, 0x8cb89a7db77c506aU, 0x77f3608e92adb242U,
+    0x55f038b237591ed3U, 0x6b6c46dec52f6688U, 0x2323ac4b3b3da015U,
+    0xabec975e0a0d081aU, 0x96e7bd358c904a21U, 0x7e50d64177da2e54U,
+    0xdde50bd1d5d0b9e9U, 0x955e4ec64b44e864U, 0xbd5af13bef0b113eU,
+    0xecb1ad8aeacdd58eU, 0x67de18eda5814af2U, 0x80eacf948770ced7U,
+    0xa1258379a94d028dU, 0x096ee45813a04330U, 0x8bca9d6e188853fcU,
+    0x775ea264cf55347dU, 0x95364afe032a819dU, 0x3a83ddbd83f52204U,
+    0xc4926a9672793542U, 0x75b7053c0f178293U, 0x5324c68b12dd6338U,
+    0xd3f6fc16ebca5e03U, 0x88f4bb1ca6bcf584U, 0x2b31e9e3d06c32e5U,
+    0x3aff322e62439fcfU, 0x09befeb9fad487c2U, 0x4c2ebe687989a9b3U,
+    0x0f9d37014bf60a10U, 0x538484c19ef38c94U, 0x2865a5f206b06fb9U,
+    0xf93f87b7442e45d3U, 0xf78f69a51539d748U, 0xb573440e5a884d1bU,
+    0x31680a88f8953030U, 0xfdc20d2b36ba7c3dU, 0x3d32907604691b4cU,
+    0xa63f9a49c2c1b10fU, 0x0fcf80dc33721d53U, 0xd3c36113404ea4a8U,
+    0x645a1cac083126e9U, 0x3d70a3d70a3d70a3U, 0xccccccccccccccccU,
+    0x0000000000000000U, 0x0000000000000000U, 0x0000000000000000U,
+    0x0000000000000000U, 0x0000000000000000U, 0x0000000000000000U,
+    0x0000000000000000U, 0x0000000000000000U, 0x0000000000000000U,
+    0x0000000000000000U, 0x0000000000000000U, 0x0000000000000000U,
+    0x0000000000000000U, 0x0000000000000000U, 0x0000000000000000U,
+    0x0000000000000000U, 0x0000000000000000U, 0x0000000000000000U,
+    0x0000000000000000U, 0x0000000000000000U, 0x0000000000000000U,
+    0x0000000000000000U, 0x0000000000000000U, 0x0000000000000000U,
+    0x0000000000000000U, 0x0000000000000000U, 0x0000000000000000U,
+    0x0000000000000000U, 0x4000000000000000U, 0x5000000000000000U,
+    0xa400000000000000U, 0x4d00000000000000U, 0xf020000000000000U,
+    0x6c28000000000000U, 0xc732000000000000U, 0x3c7f400000000000U,
+    0x4b9f100000000000U, 0x1e86d40000000000U, 0x1314448000000000U,
+    0x17d955a000000000U, 0x5dcfab0800000000U, 0x5aa1cae500000000U,
+    0xf14a3d9e40000000U, 0x6d9ccd05d0000000U, 0xe4820023a2000000U,
+    0xdda2802c8a800000U, 0xd50b2037ad200000U, 0x4526f422cc340000U,
+    0x9670b12b7f410000U, 0x3c0cdd765f114000U, 0xa5880a69fb6ac800U,
+    0x8eea0d047a457a00U, 0x72a4904598d6d880U, 0x47a6da2b7f864750U,
+    0x999090b65f67d924U, 0xfff4b4e3f741cf6dU, 0xbff8f10e7a8921a4U,
+    0xaff72d52192b6a0dU, 0x9bf4f8a69f764490U, 0x02f236d04753d5b4U,
+    0x01d762422c946590U, 0x424d3ad2b7b97ef5U, 0xd2e0898765a7deb2U,
+    0x63cc55f49f88eb2fU, 0x3cbf6b71c76b25fbU, 0x8bef464e3945ef7aU,
+    0x97758bf0e3cbb5acU, 0x3d52eeed1cbea317U, 0x4ca7aaa863ee4bddU,
+    0x8fe8caa93e74ef6aU, 0xb3e2fd538e122b44U, 0x60dbbca87196b616U,
+    0xbc8955e946fe31cdU, 0x6babab6398bdbe41U, 0xc696963c7eed2dd1U,
+    0xfc1e1de5cf543ca2U, 0x3b25a55f43294bcbU, 0x49ef0eb713f39ebeU,
+    0x6e3569326c784337U, 0x49c2c37f07965404U, 0xdc33745ec97be906U,
+    0x69a028bb3ded71a3U, 0xc40832ea0d68ce0cU, 0xf50a3fa490c30190U,
+    0x792667c6da79e0faU, 0x577001b891185938U, 0xed4c0226b55e6f86U,
+    0x544f8158315b05b4U, 0x696361ae3db1c721U, 0x03bc3a19cd1e38e9U,
+    0x04ab48a04065c723U, 0x62eb0d64283f9c76U, 0x3ba5d0bd324f8394U,
+    0xca8f44ec7ee36479U, 0x7e998b13cf4e1ecbU, 0x9e3fedd8c321a67eU,
+    0xc5cfe94ef3ea101eU, 0xbba1f1d158724a12U, 0x2a8a6e45ae8edc97U,
+    0xf52d09d71a3293bdU, 0x593c2626705f9c56U, 0x6f8b2fb00c77836cU,
+    0x0b6dfb9c0f956447U, 0x4724bd4189bd5eacU, 0x58edec91ec2cb657U,
+    0x2f2967b66737e3edU, 0xbd79e0d20082ee74U, 0xecd8590680a3aa11U,
+    0xe80e6f4820cc9495U, 0x3109058d147fdcddU, 0xbd4b46f0599fd415U,
+    0x6c9e18ac7007c91aU, 0x03e2cf6bc604ddb0U, 0x84db8346b786151cU,
+    0xe612641865679a63U, 0x4fcb7e8f3f60c07eU, 0xe3be5e330f38f09dU,
+    0x5cadf5bfd3072cc5U, 0x73d9732fc7c8f7f6U, 0x2867e7fddcdd9afaU,
+    0xb281e1fd541501b8U, 0x1f225a7ca91a4226U, 0x3375788de9b06958U,
+    0x0052d6b1641c83aeU, 0xc0678c5dbd23a49aU, 0xf840b7ba963646e0U,
+    0xb650e5a93bc3d898U, 0xa3e51f138ab4cebeU, 0xc66f336c36b10137U,
+    0xb80b0047445d4184U, 0xa60dc059157491e5U, 0x87c89837ad68db2fU,
+    0x29babe4598c311fbU, 0xf4296dd6fef3d67aU, 0x1899e4a65f58660cU,
+    0x5ec05dcff72e7f8fU, 0x76707543f4fa1f73U, 0x6a06494a791c53a8U,
+    0x0487db9d17636892U, 0x45a9d2845d3c42b6U, 0x0b8a2392ba45a9b2U,
+    0x8e6cac7768d7141eU, 0x3207d795430cd926U, 0x7f44e6bd49e807b8U,
+    0x5f16206c9c6209a6U, 0x36dba887c37a8c0fU, 0xc2494954da2c9789U,
+    0xf2db9baa10b7bd6cU, 0x6f92829494e5acc7U, 0xcb772339ba1f17f9U,
+    0xff2a760414536efbU, 0xfef5138519684abaU, 0x7eb258665fc25d69U,
+    0xef2f773ffbd97a61U, 0xaafb550ffacfd8faU, 0x95ba2a53f983cf38U,
+    0xdd945a747bf26183U, 0x94f971119aeef9e4U, 0x7a37cd5601aab85dU,
+    0xac62e055c10ab33aU, 0x577b986b314d6009U, 0xed5a7e85fda0b80bU,
+    0x14588f13be847307U, 0x596eb2d8ae258fc8U, 0x6fca5f8ed9aef3bbU,
+    0x25de7bb9480d5854U, 0xaf561aa79a10ae6aU, 0x1b2ba1518094da04U,
+    0x90fb44d2f05d0842U, 0x353a1607ac744a53U, 0x42889b8997915ce8U,
+    0x69956135febada11U, 0x43fab9837e699095U, 0x94f967e45e03f4bbU,
+    0x1d1be0eebac278f5U, 0x6462d92a69731732U, 0x7d7b8f7503cfdcfeU,
+    0x5cda735244c3d43eU, 0x3a0888136afa64a7U, 0x088aaa1845b8fdd0U,
+    0x8aad549e57273d45U, 0x36ac54e2f678864bU, 0x84576a1bb416a7ddU,
+    0x656d44a2a11c51d5U, 0x9f644ae5a4b1b325U, 0x873d5d9f0dde1feeU,
+    0xa90cb506d155a7eaU, 0x09a7f12442d588f2U, 0x0c11ed6d538aeb2fU,
+    0x8f1668c8a86da5faU, 0xf96e017d694487bcU, 0x37c981dcc395a9acU,
+    0x85bbe253f47b1417U, 0x93956d7478ccec8eU, 0x387ac8d1970027b2U,
+    0x06997b05fcc0319eU, 0x441fece3bdf81f03U, 0xd527e81cad7626c3U,
+    0x8a71e223d8d3b074U, 0xf6872d5667844e49U, 0xb428f8ac016561dbU,
+    0xe13336d701beba52U, 0xecc0024661173473U, 0x27f002d7f95d0190U,
+    0x31ec038df7b441f4U, 0x7e67047175a15271U, 0x0f0062c6e984d386U,
+    0x52c07b78a3e60868U, 0xa7709a56ccdf8a82U, 0x88a66076400bb691U,
+    0x6acff893d00ea435U, 0x0583f6b8c4124d43U, 0xc3727a337a8b704aU,
+    0x744f18c0592e4c5cU, 0x1162def06f79df73U, 0x8addcb5645ac2ba8U,
+    0x6d953e2bd7173692U, 0xc8fa8db6ccdd0437U, 0x1d9c9892400a22a2U,
+    0x2503beb6d00cab4bU, 0x2e44ae64840fd61dU, 0x5ceaecfed289e5d2U,
+    0x7425a83e872c5f47U, 0xd12f124e28f77719U, 0x82bd6b70d99aaa6fU,
+    0x636cc64d1001550bU, 0x3c47f7e05401aa4eU, 0x65acfaec34810a71U,
+    0x7f1839a741a14d0dU, 0x1ede48111209a050U, 0x934aed0aab460432U,
+    0xf81da84d5617853fU, 0x36251260ab9d668eU, 0xc1d72b7c6b426019U,
+    0xb24cf65b8612f81fU, 0xdee033f26797b627U, 0x169840ef017da3b1U,
+    0x8e1f289560ee864eU, 0xf1a6f2bab92a27e2U, 0xae10af696774b1dbU,
+    0xacca6da1e0a8ef29U, 0x17fd090a58d32af3U, 0xddfc4b4cef07f5b0U,
+    0x4abdaf101564f98eU, 0x9d6d1ad41abe37f1U, 0x84c86189216dc5edU,
+    0x32fd3cf5b4e49bb4U, 0x3fbc8c33221dc2a1U, 0x0fabaf3feaa5334aU,
+    0x29cb4d87f2a7400eU, 0x743e20e9ef511012U, 0x914da9246b255416U,
+    0x1ad089b6c2f7548eU, 0xa184ac2473b529b1U, 0xc9e5d72d90a2741eU,
+    0x7e2fa67c7a658892U, 0xddbb901b98feeab7U, 0x552a74227f3ea565U,
+    0xd53a88958f87275fU, 0x8a892abaf368f137U, 0x2d2b7569b0432d85U,
+    0x9c3b29620e29fc73U, 0x8349f3ba91b47b8fU, 0x241c70a936219a73U,
+    0xed238cd383aa0110U, 0xf4363804324a40aaU, 0xb143c6053edcd0d5U,
+    0xdd94b7868e94050aU, 0xca7cf2b4191c8326U, 0xfd1c2f611f63a3f0U,
+    0xbc633b39673c8cecU, 0xd5be0503e085d813U, 0x4b2d8644d8a74e18U,
+    0xddf8e7d60ed1219eU, 0xcabb90e5c942b503U, 0x3d6a751f3b936243U,
+    0x0cc512670a783ad4U, 0x27fb2b80668b24c5U, 0xb1f9f660802dedf6U,
+    0x5e7873f8a0396973U, 0xdb0b487b6423e1e8U, 0x91ce1a9a3d2cda62U,
+    0x7641a140cc7810fbU, 0xa9e904c87fcb0a9dU, 0x546345fa9fbdcd44U,
+    0xa97c177947ad4095U, 0x49ed8eabcccc485dU, 0x5c68f256bfff5a74U,
+    0x73832eec6fff3111U, 0xc831fd53c5ff7eabU, 0xba3e7ca8b77f5e55U,
+    0x28ce1bd2e55f35ebU, 0x7980d163cf5b81b3U, 0xd7e105bcc332621fU,
+    0x8dd9472bf3fefaa7U, 0xb14f98f6f0feb951U, 0x6ed1bf9a569f33d3U,
+    0x0a862f80ec4700c8U, 0xcd27bb612758c0faU, 0x8038d51cb897789cU,
+    0xe0470a63e6bd56c3U, 0x1858ccfce06cac74U, 0x0f37801e0c43ebc8U,
+    0xd30560258f54e6baU, 0x47c6b82ef32a2069U, 0x4cdc331d57fa5441U,
+    0xe0133fe4adf8e952U, 0x58180fddd97723a6U, 0x570f09eaa7ea7648U,
 };
 
 }  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/strings/charconv.h b/absl/strings/charconv.h
index 7c509812..111c7120 100644
--- a/absl/strings/charconv.h
+++ b/absl/strings/charconv.h
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 
-// Workalike compatibilty version of std::chars_format from C++17.
+// Workalike compatibility version of std::chars_format from C++17.
 //
 // This is an bitfield enumerator which can be passed to absl::from_chars to
 // configure the string-to-float conversion.
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ struct from_chars_result {
   std::errc ec;
 };
 
-// Workalike compatibilty version of std::from_chars from C++17.  Currently
+// Workalike compatibility version of std::from_chars from C++17.  Currently
 // this only supports the `double` and `float` types.
 //
 // This interface incorporates the proposed resolutions for library issues
diff --git a/absl/strings/cord.cc b/absl/strings/cord.cc
index 85a67a08..14976aef 100644
--- a/absl/strings/cord.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/cord.cc
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 #include <cstdio>
 #include <cstdlib>
 #include <iomanip>
+#include <ios>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <limits>
 #include <ostream>
@@ -34,6 +35,7 @@
 #include "absl/base/port.h"
 #include "absl/container/fixed_array.h"
 #include "absl/container/inlined_vector.h"
+#include "absl/crc/internal/crc_cord_state.h"
 #include "absl/strings/cord_buffer.h"
 #include "absl/strings/escaping.h"
 #include "absl/strings/internal/cord_data_edge.h"
@@ -46,7 +48,6 @@
 #include "absl/strings/internal/cordz_update_tracker.h"
 #include "absl/strings/internal/resize_uninitialized.h"
 #include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
-#include "absl/strings/str_format.h"
 #include "absl/strings/str_join.h"
 #include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
 
@@ -166,9 +167,7 @@ constexpr unsigned char Cord::InlineRep::kMaxInline;
 
 inline void Cord::InlineRep::set_data(const char* data, size_t n) {
   static_assert(kMaxInline == 15, "set_data is hard-coded for a length of 15");
-
-  cord_internal::SmallMemmove<true>(data_.as_chars(), data, n);
-  set_inline_size(n);
+  data_.set_inline_data(data, n);
 }
 
 inline char* Cord::InlineRep::set_data(size_t n) {
@@ -184,7 +183,7 @@ inline void Cord::InlineRep::reduce_size(size_t n) {
   assert(tag >= n);
   tag -= n;
   memset(data_.as_chars() + tag, 0, n);
-  set_inline_size(static_cast<char>(tag));
+  set_inline_size(tag);
 }
 
 inline void Cord::InlineRep::remove_prefix(size_t n) {
@@ -419,6 +418,7 @@ Cord& Cord::operator=(absl::string_view src) {
 // we keep it here to make diffs easier.
 void Cord::InlineRep::AppendArray(absl::string_view src,
                                   MethodIdentifier method) {
+  MaybeRemoveEmptyCrcNode();
   if (src.empty()) return;  // memcpy(_, nullptr, 0) is undefined.
 
   size_t appended = 0;
@@ -436,8 +436,8 @@ void Cord::InlineRep::AppendArray(absl::string_view src,
     size_t inline_length = inline_size();
     if (src.size() <= kMaxInline - inline_length) {
       // Append new data to embedded array
-      memcpy(data_.as_chars() + inline_length, src.data(), src.size());
       set_inline_size(inline_length + src.size());
+      memcpy(data_.as_chars() + inline_length, src.data(), src.size());
       return;
     }
 
@@ -478,6 +478,10 @@ inline CordRep* Cord::TakeRep() && {
 template <typename C>
 inline void Cord::AppendImpl(C&& src) {
   auto constexpr method = CordzUpdateTracker::kAppendCord;
+
+  contents_.MaybeRemoveEmptyCrcNode();
+  if (src.empty()) return;
+
   if (empty()) {
     // Since destination is empty, we can avoid allocating a node,
     if (src.contents_.is_tree()) {
@@ -537,18 +541,23 @@ static CordRep::ExtractResult ExtractAppendBuffer(CordRep* rep,
   }
 }
 
-static CordBuffer CreateAppendBuffer(InlineData& data, size_t capacity) {
+static CordBuffer CreateAppendBuffer(InlineData& data, size_t block_size,
+                                     size_t capacity) {
   // Watch out for overflow, people can ask for size_t::max().
   const size_t size = data.inline_size();
-  capacity = (std::min)(std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max() - size, capacity);
-  CordBuffer buffer = CordBuffer::CreateWithDefaultLimit(size + capacity);
+  const size_t max_capacity = std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max() - size;
+  capacity = (std::min)(max_capacity, capacity) + size;
+  CordBuffer buffer =
+      block_size ? CordBuffer::CreateWithCustomLimit(block_size, capacity)
+                 : CordBuffer::CreateWithDefaultLimit(capacity);
   cord_internal::SmallMemmove(buffer.data(), data.as_chars(), size);
   buffer.SetLength(size);
   data = {};
   return buffer;
 }
 
-CordBuffer Cord::GetAppendBufferSlowPath(size_t capacity, size_t min_capacity) {
+CordBuffer Cord::GetAppendBufferSlowPath(size_t block_size, size_t capacity,
+                                         size_t min_capacity) {
   auto constexpr method = CordzUpdateTracker::kGetAppendBuffer;
   CordRep* tree = contents_.tree();
   if (tree != nullptr) {
@@ -558,9 +567,10 @@ CordBuffer Cord::GetAppendBufferSlowPath(size_t capacity, size_t min_capacity) {
       contents_.SetTreeOrEmpty(result.tree, scope);
       return CordBuffer(result.extracted->flat());
     }
-    return CordBuffer::CreateWithDefaultLimit(capacity);
+    return block_size ? CordBuffer::CreateWithCustomLimit(block_size, capacity)
+                      : CordBuffer::CreateWithDefaultLimit(capacity);
   }
-  return CreateAppendBuffer(contents_.data_, capacity);
+  return CreateAppendBuffer(contents_.data_, block_size, capacity);
 }
 
 void Cord::Append(const Cord& src) {
@@ -584,6 +594,9 @@ void Cord::Append(T&& src) {
 template void Cord::Append(std::string&& src);
 
 void Cord::Prepend(const Cord& src) {
+  contents_.MaybeRemoveEmptyCrcNode();
+  if (src.empty()) return;
+
   CordRep* src_tree = src.contents_.tree();
   if (src_tree != nullptr) {
     CordRep::Ref(src_tree);
@@ -598,16 +611,18 @@ void Cord::Prepend(const Cord& src) {
 }
 
 void Cord::PrependArray(absl::string_view src, MethodIdentifier method) {
+  contents_.MaybeRemoveEmptyCrcNode();
   if (src.empty()) return;  // memcpy(_, nullptr, 0) is undefined.
+
   if (!contents_.is_tree()) {
     size_t cur_size = contents_.inline_size();
     if (cur_size + src.size() <= InlineRep::kMaxInline) {
       // Use embedded storage.
-      char data[InlineRep::kMaxInline + 1] = {0};
-      memcpy(data, src.data(), src.size());
-      memcpy(data + src.size(), contents_.data(), cur_size);
-      memcpy(contents_.data_.as_chars(), data, InlineRep::kMaxInline + 1);
-      contents_.set_inline_size(cur_size + src.size());
+      InlineData data;
+      data.set_inline_size(cur_size + src.size());
+      memcpy(data.as_chars(), src.data(), src.size());
+      memcpy(data.as_chars() + src.size(), contents_.data(), cur_size);
+      contents_.data_ = data;
       return;
     }
   }
@@ -620,8 +635,8 @@ void Cord::AppendPrecise(absl::string_view src, MethodIdentifier method) {
   assert(src.size() <= cord_internal::kMaxFlatLength);
   if (contents_.remaining_inline_capacity() >= src.size()) {
     const size_t inline_length = contents_.inline_size();
-    memcpy(contents_.data_.as_chars() + inline_length, src.data(), src.size());
     contents_.set_inline_size(inline_length + src.size());
+    memcpy(contents_.data_.as_chars() + inline_length, src.data(), src.size());
   } else {
     contents_.AppendTree(CordRepFlat::Create(src), method);
   }
@@ -631,12 +646,12 @@ void Cord::PrependPrecise(absl::string_view src, MethodIdentifier method) {
   assert(!src.empty());
   assert(src.size() <= cord_internal::kMaxFlatLength);
   if (contents_.remaining_inline_capacity() >= src.size()) {
-    const size_t inline_length = contents_.inline_size();
-    char data[InlineRep::kMaxInline + 1] = {0};
-    memcpy(data, src.data(), src.size());
-    memcpy(data + src.size(), contents_.data(), inline_length);
-    memcpy(contents_.data_.as_chars(), data, InlineRep::kMaxInline + 1);
-    contents_.set_inline_size(inline_length + src.size());
+    const size_t cur_size = contents_.inline_size();
+    InlineData data;
+    data.set_inline_size(cur_size + src.size());
+    memcpy(data.as_chars(), src.data(), src.size());
+    memcpy(data.as_chars() + src.size(), contents_.data(), cur_size);
+    contents_.data_ = data;
   } else {
     contents_.PrependTree(CordRepFlat::Create(src), method);
   }
@@ -658,6 +673,7 @@ void Cord::RemovePrefix(size_t n) {
   ABSL_INTERNAL_CHECK(n <= size(),
                       absl::StrCat("Requested prefix size ", n,
                                    " exceeds Cord's size ", size()));
+  contents_.MaybeRemoveEmptyCrcNode();
   CordRep* tree = contents_.tree();
   if (tree == nullptr) {
     contents_.remove_prefix(n);
@@ -688,6 +704,7 @@ void Cord::RemoveSuffix(size_t n) {
   ABSL_INTERNAL_CHECK(n <= size(),
                       absl::StrCat("Requested suffix size ", n,
                                    " exceeds Cord's size ", size()));
+  contents_.MaybeRemoveEmptyCrcNode();
   CordRep* tree = contents_.tree();
   if (tree == nullptr) {
     contents_.reduce_size(n);
@@ -726,6 +743,7 @@ Cord Cord::Subcord(size_t pos, size_t new_size) const {
   }
 
   if (new_size <= InlineRep::kMaxInline) {
+    sub_cord.contents_.set_inline_size(new_size);
     char* dest = sub_cord.contents_.data_.as_chars();
     Cord::ChunkIterator it = chunk_begin();
     it.AdvanceBytes(pos);
@@ -737,7 +755,6 @@ Cord Cord::Subcord(size_t pos, size_t new_size) const {
       ++it;
     }
     cord_internal::SmallMemmove(dest, it->data(), remaining_size);
-    sub_cord.contents_.set_inline_size(new_size);
     return sub_cord;
   }
 
@@ -777,7 +794,7 @@ int CompareChunks(absl::string_view* lhs, absl::string_view* rhs,
 }
 
 // This overload set computes comparison results from memcmp result. This
-// interface is used inside GenericCompare below. Differet implementations
+// interface is used inside GenericCompare below. Different implementations
 // are specialized for int and bool. For int we clamp result to {-1, 0, 1}
 // set. For bool we just interested in "value == 0".
 template <typename ResultType>
@@ -835,26 +852,44 @@ inline absl::string_view Cord::InlineRep::FindFlatStartPiece() const {
   return absl::string_view(node->external()->base + offset, length);
 }
 
-void Cord::SetExpectedChecksum(uint32_t crc) {
+void Cord::SetCrcCordState(crc_internal::CrcCordState state) {
   auto constexpr method = CordzUpdateTracker::kSetExpectedChecksum;
-  if (empty()) return;
-
-  if (!contents_.is_tree()) {
+  if (empty()) {
+    contents_.MaybeRemoveEmptyCrcNode();
+    CordRep* rep = CordRepCrc::New(nullptr, std::move(state));
+    contents_.EmplaceTree(rep, method);
+  } else if (!contents_.is_tree()) {
     CordRep* rep = contents_.MakeFlatWithExtraCapacity(0);
-    rep = CordRepCrc::New(rep, crc);
+    rep = CordRepCrc::New(rep, std::move(state));
     contents_.EmplaceTree(rep, method);
   } else {
     const CordzUpdateScope scope(contents_.data_.cordz_info(), method);
-    CordRep* rep = CordRepCrc::New(contents_.data_.as_tree(), crc);
+    CordRep* rep = CordRepCrc::New(contents_.data_.as_tree(), std::move(state));
     contents_.SetTree(rep, scope);
   }
 }
 
+void Cord::SetExpectedChecksum(uint32_t crc) {
+  // Construct a CrcCordState with a single chunk.
+  crc_internal::CrcCordState state;
+  state.mutable_rep()->prefix_crc.push_back(
+      crc_internal::CrcCordState::PrefixCrc(size(), absl::crc32c_t{crc}));
+  SetCrcCordState(std::move(state));
+}
+
+const crc_internal::CrcCordState* Cord::MaybeGetCrcCordState() const {
+  if (!contents_.is_tree() || !contents_.tree()->IsCrc()) {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  return &contents_.tree()->crc()->crc_cord_state;
+}
+
 absl::optional<uint32_t> Cord::ExpectedChecksum() const {
   if (!contents_.is_tree() || !contents_.tree()->IsCrc()) {
     return absl::nullopt;
   }
-  return contents_.tree()->crc()->crc;
+  return static_cast<uint32_t>(
+      contents_.tree()->crc()->crc_cord_state.Checksum());
 }
 
 inline int Cord::CompareSlowPath(absl::string_view rhs, size_t compared_size,
@@ -922,6 +957,7 @@ inline int Cord::CompareSlowPath(const Cord& rhs, size_t compared_size,
 }
 
 inline absl::string_view Cord::GetFirstChunk(const Cord& c) {
+  if (c.empty()) return {};
   return c.contents_.FindFlatStartPiece();
 }
 inline absl::string_view Cord::GetFirstChunk(absl::string_view sv) {
@@ -1092,7 +1128,7 @@ Cord Cord::ChunkIterator::AdvanceAndReadBytes(size_t n) {
                          : current_leaf_;
   const char* data = payload->IsExternal() ? payload->external()->base
                                            : payload->flat()->Data();
-  const size_t offset = current_chunk_.data() - data;
+  const size_t offset = static_cast<size_t>(current_chunk_.data() - data);
 
   auto* tree = CordRepSubstring::Substring(payload, offset, n);
   subcord.contents_.EmplaceTree(VerifyTree(tree), method);
@@ -1159,6 +1195,10 @@ absl::string_view Cord::FlattenSlowPath() {
 
 /* static */ bool Cord::GetFlatAux(CordRep* rep, absl::string_view* fragment) {
   assert(rep != nullptr);
+  if (rep->length == 0) {
+    *fragment = absl::string_view();
+    return true;
+  }
   rep = cord_internal::SkipCrcNode(rep);
   if (rep->IsFlat()) {
     *fragment = absl::string_view(rep->flat()->Data(), rep->length);
@@ -1190,6 +1230,7 @@ absl::string_view Cord::FlattenSlowPath() {
     absl::cord_internal::CordRep* rep,
     absl::FunctionRef<void(absl::string_view)> callback) {
   assert(rep != nullptr);
+  if (rep->length == 0) return;
   rep = cord_internal::SkipCrcNode(rep);
 
   if (rep->IsBtree()) {
@@ -1223,8 +1264,12 @@ static void DumpNode(CordRep* rep, bool include_data, std::ostream* os,
     if (include_data) *os << static_cast<void*>(rep);
     *os << "]";
     *os << " " << std::setw(indent) << "";
-    if (rep->IsCrc()) {
-      *os << "CRC crc=" << rep->crc()->crc << "\n";
+    bool leaf = false;
+    if (rep == nullptr) {
+      *os << "NULL\n";
+      leaf = true;
+    } else if (rep->IsCrc()) {
+      *os << "CRC crc=" << rep->crc()->crc_cord_state.Checksum() << "\n";
       indent += kIndentStep;
       rep = rep->crc()->child;
     } else if (rep->IsSubstring()) {
@@ -1232,6 +1277,7 @@ static void DumpNode(CordRep* rep, bool include_data, std::ostream* os,
       indent += kIndentStep;
       rep = rep->substring()->child;
     } else {  // Leaf or ring
+      leaf = true;
       if (rep->IsExternal()) {
         *os << "EXTERNAL [";
         if (include_data)
@@ -1245,6 +1291,8 @@ static void DumpNode(CordRep* rep, bool include_data, std::ostream* os,
       } else {
         CordRepBtree::Dump(rep, /*label=*/ "", include_data, *os);
       }
+    }
+    if (leaf) {
       if (stack.empty()) break;
       rep = stack.back();
       stack.pop_back();
@@ -1290,11 +1338,14 @@ static bool VerifyNode(CordRep* root, CordRep* start_node,
                               node->substring()->child->length,
                           ReportError(root, node));
     } else if (node->IsCrc()) {
-      ABSL_INTERNAL_CHECK(node->crc()->child != nullptr,
-                          ReportError(root, node));
-      ABSL_INTERNAL_CHECK(node->crc()->length == node->crc()->child->length,
-                          ReportError(root, node));
-      worklist.push_back(node->crc()->child);
+      ABSL_INTERNAL_CHECK(
+          node->crc()->child != nullptr || node->crc()->length == 0,
+          ReportError(root, node));
+      if (node->crc()->child != nullptr) {
+        ABSL_INTERNAL_CHECK(node->crc()->length == node->crc()->child->length,
+                            ReportError(root, node));
+        worklist.push_back(node->crc()->child);
+      }
     }
   } while (!worklist.empty());
   return true;
@@ -1302,7 +1353,7 @@ static bool VerifyNode(CordRep* root, CordRep* start_node,
 
 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const Cord& cord) {
   for (absl::string_view chunk : cord.Chunks()) {
-    out.write(chunk.data(), chunk.size());
+    out.write(chunk.data(), static_cast<std::streamsize>(chunk.size()));
   }
   return out;
 }
diff --git a/absl/strings/cord.h b/absl/strings/cord.h
index 18d6ab85..457ccf06 100644
--- a/absl/strings/cord.h
+++ b/absl/strings/cord.h
@@ -20,8 +20,7 @@
 // structure. A Cord is a string-like sequence of characters optimized for
 // specific use cases. Unlike a `std::string`, which stores an array of
 // contiguous characters, Cord data is stored in a structure consisting of
-// separate, reference-counted "chunks." (Currently, this implementation is a
-// tree structure, though that implementation may change.)
+// separate, reference-counted "chunks."
 //
 // Because a Cord consists of these chunks, data can be added to or removed from
 // a Cord during its lifetime. Chunks may also be shared between Cords. Unlike a
@@ -77,6 +76,7 @@
 #include "absl/base/macros.h"
 #include "absl/base/port.h"
 #include "absl/container/inlined_vector.h"
+#include "absl/crc/internal/crc_cord_state.h"
 #include "absl/functional/function_ref.h"
 #include "absl/meta/type_traits.h"
 #include "absl/strings/cord_analysis.h"
@@ -110,9 +110,30 @@ enum class CordMemoryAccounting {
   // Counts the *approximate* number of bytes held in full or in part by this
   // Cord (which may not remain the same between invocations). Cords that share
   // memory could each be "charged" independently for the same shared memory.
+  // See also comment on `kTotalMorePrecise` on internally shared memory.
   kTotal,
 
   // Counts the *approximate* number of bytes held in full or in part by this
+  // Cord for the distinct memory held by this cord. This option is similar
+  // to `kTotal`, except that if the cord has multiple references to the same
+  // memory, that memory is only counted once.
+  //
+  // For example:
+  //   absl::Cord cord;
+  //   cord.append(some_other_cord);
+  //   cord.append(some_other_cord);
+  //   // Counts `some_other_cord` twice:
+  //   cord.EstimatedMemoryUsage(kTotal);
+  //   // Counts `some_other_cord` once:
+  //   cord.EstimatedMemoryUsage(kTotalMorePrecise);
+  //
+  // The `kTotalMorePrecise` number is more expensive to compute as it requires
+  // deduplicating all memory references. Applications should prefer to use
+  // `kFairShare` or `kTotal` unless they really need a more precise estimate
+  // on "how much memory is potentially held / kept alive by this cord?"
+  kTotalMorePrecise,
+
+  // Counts the *approximate* number of bytes held in full or in part by this
   // Cord weighted by the sharing ratio of that data. For example, if some data
   // edge is shared by 4 different Cords, then each cord is attributed 1/4th of
   // the total memory usage as a 'fair share' of the total memory usage.
@@ -284,6 +305,19 @@ class Cord {
   //   }
   CordBuffer GetAppendBuffer(size_t capacity, size_t min_capacity = 16);
 
+  // Returns a CordBuffer, re-using potential existing capacity in this cord.
+  //
+  // This function is identical to `GetAppendBuffer`, except that in the case
+  // where a new `CordBuffer` is allocated, it is allocated using the provided
+  // custom limit instead of the default limit. `GetAppendBuffer` will default
+  // to `CordBuffer::CreateWithDefaultLimit(capacity)` whereas this method
+  // will default to `CordBuffer::CreateWithCustomLimit(block_size, capacity)`.
+  // This method is equivalent to `GetAppendBuffer` if `block_size` is zero.
+  // See the documentation for `CreateWithCustomLimit` for more details on the
+  // restrictions and legal values for `block_size`.
+  CordBuffer GetCustomAppendBuffer(size_t block_size, size_t capacity,
+                                   size_t min_capacity = 16);
+
   // Cord::Prepend()
   //
   // Prepends data to the Cord, which may come from another Cord or other string
@@ -648,7 +682,7 @@ class Cord {
   class CharRange {
    public:
     // Fulfill minimum c++ container requirements [container.requirements]
-    // Theses (partial) container type definitions allow CharRange to be used
+    // These (partial) container type definitions allow CharRange to be used
     // in various utilities expecting a subset of [container.requirements].
     // For example, the below enables using `::testing::ElementsAre(...)`
     using value_type = char;
@@ -802,7 +836,7 @@ class Cord {
     InlineRep& operator=(const InlineRep& src);
     InlineRep& operator=(InlineRep&& src) noexcept;
 
-    explicit constexpr InlineRep(cord_internal::InlineData data);
+    explicit constexpr InlineRep(absl::string_view sv, CordRep* rep);
 
     void Swap(InlineRep* rhs);
     bool empty() const;
@@ -861,33 +895,14 @@ class Cord {
     void PrependTreeToTree(CordRep* tree, MethodIdentifier method);
     void PrependTree(CordRep* tree, MethodIdentifier method);
 
-    template <bool has_length>
-    void GetAppendRegion(char** region, size_t* size, size_t length);
+    bool IsSame(const InlineRep& other) const { return data_ == other.data_; }
 
-    bool IsSame(const InlineRep& other) const {
-      return memcmp(&data_, &other.data_, sizeof(data_)) == 0;
-    }
-    int BitwiseCompare(const InlineRep& other) const {
-      uint64_t x, y;
-      // Use memcpy to avoid aliasing issues.
-      memcpy(&x, &data_, sizeof(x));
-      memcpy(&y, &other.data_, sizeof(y));
-      if (x == y) {
-        memcpy(&x, reinterpret_cast<const char*>(&data_) + 8, sizeof(x));
-        memcpy(&y, reinterpret_cast<const char*>(&other.data_) + 8, sizeof(y));
-        if (x == y) return 0;
-      }
-      return absl::big_endian::FromHost64(x) < absl::big_endian::FromHost64(y)
-                 ? -1
-                 : 1;
-    }
     void CopyTo(std::string* dst) const {
       // memcpy is much faster when operating on a known size. On most supported
       // platforms, the small string optimization is large enough that resizing
       // to 15 bytes does not cause a memory allocation.
-      absl::strings_internal::STLStringResizeUninitialized(dst,
-                                                           sizeof(data_) - 1);
-      memcpy(&(*dst)[0], &data_, sizeof(data_) - 1);
+      absl::strings_internal::STLStringResizeUninitialized(dst, kMaxInline);
+      data_.copy_max_inline_to(&(*dst)[0]);
       // erase is faster than resize because the logic for memory allocation is
       // not needed.
       dst->erase(inline_size());
@@ -932,6 +947,13 @@ class Cord {
     void set_inline_size(size_t size) { data_.set_inline_size(size); }
     size_t inline_size() const { return data_.inline_size(); }
 
+    // Empty cords that carry a checksum have a CordRepCrc node with a null
+    // child node. The code can avoid lots of special cases where it would
+    // otherwise transition from tree to inline storage if we just remove the
+    // CordRepCrc node before mutations. Must never be called inside a
+    // CordzUpdateScope since it untracks the cordz info.
+    void MaybeRemoveEmptyCrcNode();
+
     cord_internal::InlineData data_;
   };
   InlineRep contents_;
@@ -980,7 +1002,8 @@ class Cord {
   void AppendPrecise(absl::string_view src, MethodIdentifier method);
   void PrependPrecise(absl::string_view src, MethodIdentifier method);
 
-  CordBuffer GetAppendBufferSlowPath(size_t capacity, size_t min_capacity);
+  CordBuffer GetAppendBufferSlowPath(size_t block_size, size_t capacity,
+                                     size_t min_capacity);
 
   // Prepends the provided data to this instance. `method` contains the public
   // API method for this action which is tracked for Cordz sampling purposes.
@@ -1000,6 +1023,10 @@ class Cord {
     });
     return H::combine(combiner.finalize(std::move(hash_state)), size());
   }
+
+  friend class CrcCord;
+  void SetCrcCordState(crc_internal::CrcCordState state);
+  const crc_internal::CrcCordState* MaybeGetCrcCordState() const;
 };
 
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
@@ -1016,46 +1043,6 @@ extern std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, const Cord& cord);
 
 namespace cord_internal {
 
-// Fast implementation of memmove for up to 15 bytes. This implementation is
-// safe for overlapping regions. If nullify_tail is true, the destination is
-// padded with '\0' up to 16 bytes.
-template <bool nullify_tail = false>
-inline void SmallMemmove(char* dst, const char* src, size_t n) {
-  if (n >= 8) {
-    assert(n <= 16);
-    uint64_t buf1;
-    uint64_t buf2;
-    memcpy(&buf1, src, 8);
-    memcpy(&buf2, src + n - 8, 8);
-    if (nullify_tail) {
-      memset(dst + 8, 0, 8);
-    }
-    memcpy(dst, &buf1, 8);
-    memcpy(dst + n - 8, &buf2, 8);
-  } else if (n >= 4) {
-    uint32_t buf1;
-    uint32_t buf2;
-    memcpy(&buf1, src, 4);
-    memcpy(&buf2, src + n - 4, 4);
-    if (nullify_tail) {
-      memset(dst + 4, 0, 4);
-      memset(dst + 8, 0, 8);
-    }
-    memcpy(dst, &buf1, 4);
-    memcpy(dst + n - 4, &buf2, 4);
-  } else {
-    if (n != 0) {
-      dst[0] = src[0];
-      dst[n / 2] = src[n / 2];
-      dst[n - 1] = src[n - 1];
-    }
-    if (nullify_tail) {
-      memset(dst + 8, 0, 8);
-      memset(dst + n, 0, 8);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
 // Does non-template-specific `CordRepExternal` initialization.
 // Requires `data` to be non-empty.
 void InitializeCordRepExternal(absl::string_view data, CordRepExternal* rep);
@@ -1099,8 +1086,8 @@ Cord MakeCordFromExternal(absl::string_view data, Releaser&& releaser) {
   return cord;
 }
 
-constexpr Cord::InlineRep::InlineRep(cord_internal::InlineData data)
-    : data_(data) {}
+constexpr Cord::InlineRep::InlineRep(absl::string_view sv, CordRep* rep)
+    : data_(sv, rep) {}
 
 inline Cord::InlineRep::InlineRep(const Cord::InlineRep& src)
     : data_(InlineData::kDefaultInit) {
@@ -1179,7 +1166,7 @@ inline cord_internal::CordRepFlat* Cord::InlineRep::MakeFlatWithExtraCapacity(
   size_t len = data_.inline_size();
   auto* result = CordRepFlat::New(len + extra);
   result->length = len;
-  memcpy(result->Data(), data_.as_chars(), sizeof(data_));
+  data_.copy_max_inline_to(result->Data());
   return result;
 }
 
@@ -1241,6 +1228,18 @@ inline void Cord::InlineRep::CopyToArray(char* dst) const {
   cord_internal::SmallMemmove(dst, data_.as_chars(), n);
 }
 
+inline void Cord::InlineRep::MaybeRemoveEmptyCrcNode() {
+  CordRep* rep = tree();
+  if (rep == nullptr || ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(rep->length > 0)) {
+    return;
+  }
+  assert(rep->IsCrc());
+  assert(rep->crc()->child == nullptr);
+  CordzInfo::MaybeUntrackCord(cordz_info());
+  CordRep::Unref(rep);
+  ResetToEmpty();
+}
+
 constexpr inline Cord::Cord() noexcept {}
 
 inline Cord::Cord(absl::string_view src)
@@ -1248,13 +1247,12 @@ inline Cord::Cord(absl::string_view src)
 
 template <typename T>
 constexpr Cord::Cord(strings_internal::StringConstant<T>)
-    : contents_(strings_internal::StringConstant<T>::value.size() <=
+    : contents_(strings_internal::StringConstant<T>::value,
+                strings_internal::StringConstant<T>::value.size() <=
                         cord_internal::kMaxInline
-                    ? cord_internal::InlineData(
-                          strings_internal::StringConstant<T>::value)
-                    : cord_internal::InlineData(
-                          &cord_internal::ConstInitExternalStorage<
-                              strings_internal::StringConstant<T>>::value)) {}
+                    ? nullptr
+                    : &cord_internal::ConstInitExternalStorage<
+                          strings_internal::StringConstant<T>>::value) {}
 
 inline Cord& Cord::operator=(const Cord& x) {
   contents_ = x.contents_;
@@ -1290,16 +1288,22 @@ inline size_t Cord::size() const {
   return contents_.size();
 }
 
-inline bool Cord::empty() const { return contents_.empty(); }
+inline bool Cord::empty() const { return size() == 0; }
 
 inline size_t Cord::EstimatedMemoryUsage(
     CordMemoryAccounting accounting_method) const {
   size_t result = sizeof(Cord);
   if (const absl::cord_internal::CordRep* rep = contents_.tree()) {
-    if (accounting_method == CordMemoryAccounting::kFairShare) {
-      result += cord_internal::GetEstimatedFairShareMemoryUsage(rep);
-    } else {
-      result += cord_internal::GetEstimatedMemoryUsage(rep);
+    switch (accounting_method) {
+      case CordMemoryAccounting::kFairShare:
+        result += cord_internal::GetEstimatedFairShareMemoryUsage(rep);
+        break;
+      case CordMemoryAccounting::kTotalMorePrecise:
+        result += cord_internal::GetMorePreciseMemoryUsage(rep);
+        break;
+      case CordMemoryAccounting::kTotal:
+        result += cord_internal::GetEstimatedMemoryUsage(rep);
+        break;
     }
   }
   return result;
@@ -1360,7 +1364,17 @@ inline void Cord::Prepend(CordBuffer buffer) {
 
 inline CordBuffer Cord::GetAppendBuffer(size_t capacity, size_t min_capacity) {
   if (empty()) return CordBuffer::CreateWithDefaultLimit(capacity);
-  return GetAppendBufferSlowPath(capacity, min_capacity);
+  return GetAppendBufferSlowPath(0, capacity, min_capacity);
+}
+
+inline CordBuffer Cord::GetCustomAppendBuffer(size_t block_size,
+                                              size_t capacity,
+                                              size_t min_capacity) {
+  if (empty()) {
+    return block_size ? CordBuffer::CreateWithCustomLimit(block_size, capacity)
+                      : CordBuffer::CreateWithDefaultLimit(capacity);
+  }
+  return GetAppendBufferSlowPath(block_size, capacity, min_capacity);
 }
 
 extern template void Cord::Append(std::string&& src);
@@ -1368,7 +1382,7 @@ extern template void Cord::Prepend(std::string&& src);
 
 inline int Cord::Compare(const Cord& rhs) const {
   if (!contents_.is_tree() && !rhs.contents_.is_tree()) {
-    return contents_.BitwiseCompare(rhs.contents_);
+    return contents_.data_.Compare(rhs.contents_.data_);
   }
 
   return CompareImpl(rhs);
@@ -1406,7 +1420,11 @@ inline Cord::ChunkIterator::ChunkIterator(cord_internal::CordRep* tree) {
 inline Cord::ChunkIterator::ChunkIterator(const Cord* cord) {
   if (CordRep* tree = cord->contents_.tree()) {
     bytes_remaining_ = tree->length;
-    InitTree(tree);
+    if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(bytes_remaining_ != 0)) {
+      InitTree(tree);
+    } else {
+      current_chunk_ = {};
+    }
   } else {
     bytes_remaining_ = cord->contents_.inline_size();
     current_chunk_ = {cord->contents_.data(), bytes_remaining_};
@@ -1575,7 +1593,7 @@ inline void Cord::ForEachChunk(
   if (rep == nullptr) {
     callback(absl::string_view(contents_.data(), contents_.size()));
   } else {
-    return ForEachChunkAux(rep, callback);
+    ForEachChunkAux(rep, callback);
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/absl/strings/cord_analysis.cc b/absl/strings/cord_analysis.cc
index 73d3c4e6..e859b0db 100644
--- a/absl/strings/cord_analysis.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/cord_analysis.cc
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <cstdint>
+#include <unordered_set>
 
 #include "absl/base/attributes.h"
 #include "absl/base/config.h"
@@ -37,7 +38,7 @@ namespace cord_internal {
 namespace {
 
 // Accounting mode for analyzing memory usage.
-enum class Mode { kTotal, kFairShare };
+enum class Mode { kFairShare, kTotal, kTotalMorePrecise };
 
 // CordRepRef holds a `const CordRep*` reference in rep, and depending on mode,
 // holds a 'fraction' representing a cumulative inverse refcount weight.
@@ -62,6 +63,23 @@ struct RawUsage {
   void Add(size_t size, CordRepRef<mode>) { total += size; }
 };
 
+// Overloaded representation of RawUsage that tracks the set of objects
+// counted, and avoids double-counting objects referenced more than once
+// by the same Cord.
+template <>
+struct RawUsage<Mode::kTotalMorePrecise> {
+  size_t total = 0;
+  // TODO(b/289250880): Replace this with a flat_hash_set.
+  std::unordered_set<const CordRep*> counted;
+
+  void Add(size_t size, CordRepRef<Mode::kTotalMorePrecise> repref) {
+    if (counted.find(repref.rep) == counted.end()) {
+      counted.insert(repref.rep);
+      total += size;
+    }
+  }
+};
+
 // Returns n / refcount avoiding a div for the common refcount == 1.
 template <typename refcount_t>
 double MaybeDiv(double d, refcount_t refcount) {
@@ -183,6 +201,10 @@ size_t GetEstimatedFairShareMemoryUsage(const CordRep* rep) {
   return GetEstimatedUsage<Mode::kFairShare>(rep);
 }
 
+size_t GetMorePreciseMemoryUsage(const CordRep* rep) {
+  return GetEstimatedUsage<Mode::kTotalMorePrecise>(rep);
+}
+
 }  // namespace cord_internal
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
 }  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/strings/cord_analysis.h b/absl/strings/cord_analysis.h
index 7041ad1a..9b9527a5 100644
--- a/absl/strings/cord_analysis.h
+++ b/absl/strings/cord_analysis.h
@@ -31,6 +31,24 @@ namespace cord_internal {
 size_t GetEstimatedMemoryUsage(const CordRep* rep);
 
 // Returns the *approximate* number of bytes held in full or in part by this
+// Cord for the distinct memory held by this cord. This is similar to
+// `GetEstimatedMemoryUsage()`, except that if the cord has multiple references
+// to the same memory, that memory is only counted once.
+//
+// For example:
+//   absl::Cord cord;
+//   cord.append(some_other_cord);
+//   cord.append(some_other_cord);
+//    // Calls GetEstimatedMemoryUsage() and counts `other_cord` twice:
+//   cord.EstimatedMemoryUsage(kTotal);
+//    // Calls GetMorePreciseMemoryUsage() and counts `other_cord` once:
+//   cord.EstimatedMemoryUsage(kTotalMorePrecise);
+//
+// This is more expensive than `GetEstimatedMemoryUsage()` as it requires
+// deduplicating all memory references.
+size_t GetMorePreciseMemoryUsage(const CordRep* rep);
+
+// Returns the *approximate* number of bytes held in full or in part by this
 // CordRep weighted by the sharing ratio of that data. For example, if some data
 // edge is shared by 4 different Cords, then each cord is attribute 1/4th of
 // the total memory usage as a 'fair share' of the total memory usage.
diff --git a/absl/strings/cord_buffer.h b/absl/strings/cord_buffer.h
index 56a6ce6f..bc0e4e45 100644
--- a/absl/strings/cord_buffer.h
+++ b/absl/strings/cord_buffer.h
@@ -160,7 +160,6 @@ class CordBuffer {
   // for more information on buffer capacities and intended usage.
   static CordBuffer CreateWithDefaultLimit(size_t capacity);
 
-
   // CordBuffer::CreateWithCustomLimit()
   //
   // Creates a CordBuffer instance of the desired `capacity` rounded to an
@@ -330,14 +329,13 @@ class CordBuffer {
 
     // Returns the available area of the internal SSO data
     absl::Span<char> short_available() {
-      assert(is_short());
-      const size_t length = (short_rep.raw_size >> 1);
+      const size_t length = short_length();
       return absl::Span<char>(short_rep.data + length,
                               kInlineCapacity - length);
     }
 
     // Returns the available area of the internal SSO data
-    absl::Span<char> long_available() {
+    absl::Span<char> long_available() const {
       assert(!is_short());
       const size_t length = long_rep.rep->length;
       return absl::Span<char>(long_rep.rep->Data() + length,
@@ -347,7 +345,7 @@ class CordBuffer {
     // Returns the length of the internal SSO data.
     size_t short_length() const {
       assert(is_short());
-      return short_rep.raw_size >> 1;
+      return static_cast<size_t>(short_rep.raw_size >> 1);
     }
 
     // Sets the length of the internal SSO data.
@@ -412,8 +410,12 @@ class CordBuffer {
 
   // Power2 functions
   static bool IsPow2(size_t size) { return absl::has_single_bit(size); }
-  static size_t Log2Floor(size_t size) { return absl::bit_width(size) - 1; }
-  static size_t Log2Ceil(size_t size) { return absl::bit_width(size - 1); }
+  static size_t Log2Floor(size_t size) {
+    return static_cast<size_t>(absl::bit_width(size) - 1);
+  }
+  static size_t Log2Ceil(size_t size) {
+    return static_cast<size_t>(absl::bit_width(size - 1));
+  }
 
   // Implementation of `CreateWithCustomLimit()`.
   // This implementation allows for future memory allocation hints to
@@ -457,9 +459,7 @@ inline constexpr size_t CordBuffer::MaximumPayload() {
 }
 
 inline constexpr size_t CordBuffer::MaximumPayload(size_t block_size) {
-  // TODO(absl-team): Use std::min when C++11 support is dropped.
-  return (kCustomLimit < block_size ? kCustomLimit : block_size) -
-         cord_internal::kFlatOverhead;
+  return (std::min)(kCustomLimit, block_size) - cord_internal::kFlatOverhead;
 }
 
 inline CordBuffer CordBuffer::CreateWithDefaultLimit(size_t capacity) {
diff --git a/absl/strings/cord_test.cc b/absl/strings/cord_test.cc
index 0862f69a..36e397ed 100644
--- a/absl/strings/cord_test.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/cord_test.cc
@@ -28,13 +28,13 @@
 
 #include "gmock/gmock.h"
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
-#include "absl/base/casts.h"
 #include "absl/base/config.h"
 #include "absl/base/internal/endian.h"
-#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
 #include "absl/base/macros.h"
 #include "absl/container/fixed_array.h"
 #include "absl/hash/hash.h"
+#include "absl/log/check.h"
+#include "absl/log/log.h"
 #include "absl/random/random.h"
 #include "absl/strings/cord_test_helpers.h"
 #include "absl/strings/cordz_test_helpers.h"
@@ -59,6 +59,8 @@ using absl::cord_internal::CordRepSubstring;
 using absl::cord_internal::CordzUpdateTracker;
 using absl::cord_internal::kFlatOverhead;
 using absl::cord_internal::kMaxFlatLength;
+using ::testing::ElementsAre;
+using ::testing::Le;
 
 static std::string RandomLowercaseString(RandomEngine* rng);
 static std::string RandomLowercaseString(RandomEngine* rng, size_t length);
@@ -209,9 +211,8 @@ class CordTestPeer {
   }
 
   static Cord MakeSubstring(Cord src, size_t offset, size_t length) {
-    ABSL_RAW_CHECK(src.contents_.is_tree(), "Can not be inlined");
-    ABSL_RAW_CHECK(src.ExpectedChecksum() == absl::nullopt,
-                   "Can not be hardened");
+    CHECK(src.contents_.is_tree()) << "Can not be inlined";
+    CHECK(!src.ExpectedChecksum().has_value()) << "Can not be hardened";
     Cord cord;
     auto* tree = cord_internal::SkipCrcNode(src.contents_.tree());
     auto* rep = CordRepSubstring::Create(CordRep::Ref(tree), offset, length);
@@ -373,7 +374,7 @@ TEST_P(CordTest, GigabyteCordFromExternal) {
   for (int i = 0; i < 1024; ++i) {
     c.Append(from);
   }
-  ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "Made a Cord with %zu bytes!", c.size());
+  LOG(INFO) << "Made a Cord with " << c.size() << " bytes!";
   // Note: on a 32-bit build, this comes out to   2,818,048,000 bytes.
   // Note: on a 64-bit build, this comes out to 171,932,385,280 bytes.
 }
@@ -619,7 +620,7 @@ TEST_P(CordTest, AppendEmptyBufferToTree) {
 TEST_P(CordTest, AppendSmallBuffer) {
   absl::Cord cord;
   absl::CordBuffer buffer = absl::CordBuffer::CreateWithDefaultLimit(3);
-  ASSERT_THAT(buffer.capacity(), ::testing::Le(15));
+  ASSERT_THAT(buffer.capacity(), Le(15));
   memcpy(buffer.data(), "Abc", 3);
   buffer.SetLength(3);
   cord.Append(std::move(buffer));
@@ -633,7 +634,7 @@ TEST_P(CordTest, AppendSmallBuffer) {
   EXPECT_EQ(buffer.length(), 0);    // NOLINT
   EXPECT_GT(buffer.capacity(), 0);  // NOLINT
 
-  EXPECT_THAT(cord.Chunks(), ::testing::ElementsAre("Abcdefgh"));
+  EXPECT_THAT(cord.Chunks(), ElementsAre("Abcdefgh"));
 }
 
 TEST_P(CordTest, AppendAndPrependBufferArePrecise) {
@@ -672,7 +673,7 @@ TEST_P(CordTest, AppendAndPrependBufferArePrecise) {
 TEST_P(CordTest, PrependSmallBuffer) {
   absl::Cord cord;
   absl::CordBuffer buffer = absl::CordBuffer::CreateWithDefaultLimit(3);
-  ASSERT_THAT(buffer.capacity(), ::testing::Le(15));
+  ASSERT_THAT(buffer.capacity(), Le(15));
   memcpy(buffer.data(), "Abc", 3);
   buffer.SetLength(3);
   cord.Prepend(std::move(buffer));
@@ -686,7 +687,7 @@ TEST_P(CordTest, PrependSmallBuffer) {
   EXPECT_EQ(buffer.length(), 0);    // NOLINT
   EXPECT_GT(buffer.capacity(), 0);  // NOLINT
 
-  EXPECT_THAT(cord.Chunks(), ::testing::ElementsAre("defghAbc"));
+  EXPECT_THAT(cord.Chunks(), ElementsAre("defghAbc"));
 }
 
 TEST_P(CordTest, AppendLargeBuffer) {
@@ -708,7 +709,7 @@ TEST_P(CordTest, AppendLargeBuffer) {
   EXPECT_EQ(buffer.length(), 0);    // NOLINT
   EXPECT_GT(buffer.capacity(), 0);  // NOLINT
 
-  EXPECT_THAT(cord.Chunks(), ::testing::ElementsAre(s1, s2));
+  EXPECT_THAT(cord.Chunks(), ElementsAre(s1, s2));
 }
 
 TEST_P(CordTest, PrependLargeBuffer) {
@@ -730,21 +731,51 @@ TEST_P(CordTest, PrependLargeBuffer) {
   EXPECT_EQ(buffer.length(), 0);    // NOLINT
   EXPECT_GT(buffer.capacity(), 0);  // NOLINT
 
-  EXPECT_THAT(cord.Chunks(), ::testing::ElementsAre(s2, s1));
+  EXPECT_THAT(cord.Chunks(), ElementsAre(s2, s1));
 }
 
-TEST_P(CordTest, GetAppendBufferOnEmptyCord) {
+class CordAppendBufferTest : public testing::TestWithParam<bool> {
+ public:
+  size_t is_default() const { return GetParam(); }
+
+  // Returns human readable string representation of the test parameter.
+  static std::string ToString(testing::TestParamInfo<bool> param) {
+    return param.param ? "DefaultLimit" : "CustomLimit";
+  }
+
+  size_t limit() const {
+    return is_default() ? absl::CordBuffer::kDefaultLimit
+                        : absl::CordBuffer::kCustomLimit;
+  }
+
+  size_t maximum_payload() const {
+    return is_default() ? absl::CordBuffer::MaximumPayload()
+                        : absl::CordBuffer::MaximumPayload(limit());
+  }
+
+  absl::CordBuffer GetAppendBuffer(absl::Cord& cord, size_t capacity,
+                                   size_t min_capacity = 16) {
+    return is_default()
+               ? cord.GetAppendBuffer(capacity, min_capacity)
+               : cord.GetCustomAppendBuffer(limit(), capacity, min_capacity);
+  }
+};
+
+INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(WithParam, CordAppendBufferTest, testing::Bool(),
+                         CordAppendBufferTest::ToString);
+
+TEST_P(CordAppendBufferTest, GetAppendBufferOnEmptyCord) {
   absl::Cord cord;
-  absl::CordBuffer buffer = cord.GetAppendBuffer(1000);
+  absl::CordBuffer buffer = GetAppendBuffer(cord, 1000);
   EXPECT_GE(buffer.capacity(), 1000);
   EXPECT_EQ(buffer.length(), 0);
 }
 
-TEST_P(CordTest, GetAppendBufferOnInlinedCord) {
+TEST_P(CordAppendBufferTest, GetAppendBufferOnInlinedCord) {
   static constexpr int kInlinedSize = sizeof(absl::CordBuffer) - 1;
   for (int size : {6, kInlinedSize - 3, kInlinedSize - 2, 1000}) {
     absl::Cord cord("Abc");
-    absl::CordBuffer buffer = cord.GetAppendBuffer(size, 1);
+    absl::CordBuffer buffer = GetAppendBuffer(cord, size, 1);
     EXPECT_GE(buffer.capacity(), 3 + size);
     EXPECT_EQ(buffer.length(), 3);
     EXPECT_EQ(absl::string_view(buffer.data(), buffer.length()), "Abc");
@@ -752,7 +783,7 @@ TEST_P(CordTest, GetAppendBufferOnInlinedCord) {
   }
 }
 
-TEST_P(CordTest, GetAppendBufferOnInlinedCordWithCapacityCloseToMax) {
+TEST_P(CordAppendBufferTest, GetAppendBufferOnInlinedCordCapacityCloseToMax) {
   // Cover the use case where we have a non empty inlined cord with some size
   // 'n', and ask for something like 'uint64_max - k', assuming internal logic
   // could overflow on 'uint64_max - k + size', and return a valid, but
@@ -760,30 +791,31 @@ TEST_P(CordTest, GetAppendBufferOnInlinedCordWithCapacityCloseToMax) {
   for (size_t dist_from_max = 0; dist_from_max <= 4; ++dist_from_max) {
     absl::Cord cord("Abc");
     size_t size = std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max() - dist_from_max;
-    absl::CordBuffer buffer = cord.GetAppendBuffer(size, 1);
-    EXPECT_EQ(buffer.capacity(), absl::CordBuffer::kDefaultLimit);
+    absl::CordBuffer buffer = GetAppendBuffer(cord, size, 1);
+    EXPECT_GE(buffer.capacity(), maximum_payload());
     EXPECT_EQ(buffer.length(), 3);
     EXPECT_EQ(absl::string_view(buffer.data(), buffer.length()), "Abc");
     EXPECT_TRUE(cord.empty());
   }
 }
 
-TEST_P(CordTest, GetAppendBufferOnFlat) {
+TEST_P(CordAppendBufferTest, GetAppendBufferOnFlat) {
   // Create a cord with a single flat and extra capacity
   absl::Cord cord;
   absl::CordBuffer buffer = absl::CordBuffer::CreateWithDefaultLimit(500);
+  const size_t expected_capacity = buffer.capacity();
   buffer.SetLength(3);
   memcpy(buffer.data(), "Abc", 3);
   cord.Append(std::move(buffer));
 
-  buffer = cord.GetAppendBuffer(6);
-  EXPECT_GE(buffer.capacity(), 500);
+  buffer = GetAppendBuffer(cord, 6);
+  EXPECT_EQ(buffer.capacity(), expected_capacity);
   EXPECT_EQ(buffer.length(), 3);
   EXPECT_EQ(absl::string_view(buffer.data(), buffer.length()), "Abc");
   EXPECT_TRUE(cord.empty());
 }
 
-TEST_P(CordTest, GetAppendBufferOnFlatWithoutMinCapacity) {
+TEST_P(CordAppendBufferTest, GetAppendBufferOnFlatWithoutMinCapacity) {
   // Create a cord with a single flat and extra capacity
   absl::Cord cord;
   absl::CordBuffer buffer = absl::CordBuffer::CreateWithDefaultLimit(500);
@@ -791,13 +823,13 @@ TEST_P(CordTest, GetAppendBufferOnFlatWithoutMinCapacity) {
   memset(buffer.data(), 'x', 30);
   cord.Append(std::move(buffer));
 
-  buffer = cord.GetAppendBuffer(1000, 900);
+  buffer = GetAppendBuffer(cord, 1000, 900);
   EXPECT_GE(buffer.capacity(), 1000);
   EXPECT_EQ(buffer.length(), 0);
   EXPECT_EQ(cord, std::string(30, 'x'));
 }
 
-TEST_P(CordTest, GetAppendBufferOnTree) {
+TEST_P(CordAppendBufferTest, GetAppendBufferOnTree) {
   RandomEngine rng;
   for (int num_flats : {2, 3, 100}) {
     // Create a cord with `num_flats` flats and extra capacity
@@ -812,7 +844,7 @@ TEST_P(CordTest, GetAppendBufferOnTree) {
       memcpy(buffer.data(), last.data(), 10);
       cord.Append(std::move(buffer));
     }
-    absl::CordBuffer buffer = cord.GetAppendBuffer(6);
+    absl::CordBuffer buffer = GetAppendBuffer(cord, 6);
     EXPECT_GE(buffer.capacity(), 500);
     EXPECT_EQ(buffer.length(), 10);
     EXPECT_EQ(absl::string_view(buffer.data(), buffer.length()), last);
@@ -820,7 +852,7 @@ TEST_P(CordTest, GetAppendBufferOnTree) {
   }
 }
 
-TEST_P(CordTest, GetAppendBufferOnTreeWithoutMinCapacity) {
+TEST_P(CordAppendBufferTest, GetAppendBufferOnTreeWithoutMinCapacity) {
   absl::Cord cord;
   for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
     absl::CordBuffer buffer = absl::CordBuffer::CreateWithDefaultLimit(500);
@@ -828,13 +860,13 @@ TEST_P(CordTest, GetAppendBufferOnTreeWithoutMinCapacity) {
     memcpy(buffer.data(), i ? "def" : "Abc", 3);
     cord.Append(std::move(buffer));
   }
-  absl::CordBuffer buffer = cord.GetAppendBuffer(1000, 900);
+  absl::CordBuffer buffer = GetAppendBuffer(cord, 1000, 900);
   EXPECT_GE(buffer.capacity(), 1000);
   EXPECT_EQ(buffer.length(), 0);
   EXPECT_EQ(cord, "Abcdef");
 }
 
-TEST_P(CordTest, GetAppendBufferOnSubstring) {
+TEST_P(CordAppendBufferTest, GetAppendBufferOnSubstring) {
   // Create a large cord with a single flat and some extra capacity
   absl::Cord cord;
   absl::CordBuffer buffer = absl::CordBuffer::CreateWithDefaultLimit(500);
@@ -844,12 +876,12 @@ TEST_P(CordTest, GetAppendBufferOnSubstring) {
   cord.RemovePrefix(1);
 
   // Deny on substring
-  buffer = cord.GetAppendBuffer(6);
+  buffer = GetAppendBuffer(cord, 6);
   EXPECT_EQ(buffer.length(), 0);
   EXPECT_EQ(cord, std::string(449, 'x'));
 }
 
-TEST_P(CordTest, GetAppendBufferOnSharedCord) {
+TEST_P(CordAppendBufferTest, GetAppendBufferOnSharedCord) {
   // Create a shared cord with a single flat and extra capacity
   absl::Cord cord;
   absl::CordBuffer buffer = absl::CordBuffer::CreateWithDefaultLimit(500);
@@ -859,7 +891,7 @@ TEST_P(CordTest, GetAppendBufferOnSharedCord) {
   absl::Cord shared_cord = cord;
 
   // Deny on flat
-  buffer = cord.GetAppendBuffer(6);
+  buffer = GetAppendBuffer(cord, 6);
   EXPECT_EQ(buffer.length(), 0);
   EXPECT_EQ(cord, "Abc");
 
@@ -870,7 +902,7 @@ TEST_P(CordTest, GetAppendBufferOnSharedCord) {
   shared_cord = cord;
 
   // Deny on tree
-  buffer = cord.GetAppendBuffer(6);
+  buffer = GetAppendBuffer(cord, 6);
   EXPECT_EQ(buffer.length(), 0);
   EXPECT_EQ(cord, "Abcdef");
 }
@@ -1215,15 +1247,15 @@ absl::Cord BigCord(size_t len, char v) {
 // Splice block into cord.
 absl::Cord SpliceCord(const absl::Cord& blob, int64_t offset,
                       const absl::Cord& block) {
-  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(offset >= 0, "");
-  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(offset + block.size() <= blob.size(), "");
+  CHECK_GE(offset, 0);
+  CHECK_LE(static_cast<size_t>(offset) + block.size(), blob.size());
   absl::Cord result(blob);
   result.RemoveSuffix(blob.size() - offset);
   result.Append(block);
   absl::Cord suffix(blob);
   suffix.RemovePrefix(offset + block.size());
   result.Append(suffix);
-  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(blob.size() == result.size(), "");
+  CHECK_EQ(blob.size(), result.size());
   return result;
 }
 
@@ -1733,6 +1765,8 @@ TEST_P(CordTest, ExternalMemoryGet) {
 // of empty and inlined cords, and flat nodes.
 
 constexpr auto kFairShare = absl::CordMemoryAccounting::kFairShare;
+constexpr auto kTotalMorePrecise =
+    absl::CordMemoryAccounting::kTotalMorePrecise;
 
 // Creates a cord of `n` `c` values, making sure no string stealing occurs.
 absl::Cord MakeCord(size_t n, char c) {
@@ -1744,12 +1778,14 @@ TEST(CordTest, CordMemoryUsageEmpty) {
   absl::Cord cord;
   EXPECT_EQ(sizeof(absl::Cord), cord.EstimatedMemoryUsage());
   EXPECT_EQ(sizeof(absl::Cord), cord.EstimatedMemoryUsage(kFairShare));
+  EXPECT_EQ(sizeof(absl::Cord), cord.EstimatedMemoryUsage(kTotalMorePrecise));
 }
 
 TEST(CordTest, CordMemoryUsageInlined) {
   absl::Cord a("hello");
   EXPECT_EQ(a.EstimatedMemoryUsage(), sizeof(absl::Cord));
   EXPECT_EQ(a.EstimatedMemoryUsage(kFairShare), sizeof(absl::Cord));
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.EstimatedMemoryUsage(kTotalMorePrecise), sizeof(absl::Cord));
 }
 
 TEST(CordTest, CordMemoryUsageExternalMemory) {
@@ -1759,6 +1795,7 @@ TEST(CordTest, CordMemoryUsageExternalMemory) {
       sizeof(absl::Cord) + 1000 + sizeof(CordRepExternal) + sizeof(intptr_t);
   EXPECT_EQ(cord.EstimatedMemoryUsage(), expected);
   EXPECT_EQ(cord.EstimatedMemoryUsage(kFairShare), expected);
+  EXPECT_EQ(cord.EstimatedMemoryUsage(kTotalMorePrecise), expected);
 }
 
 TEST(CordTest, CordMemoryUsageFlat) {
@@ -1768,6 +1805,8 @@ TEST(CordTest, CordMemoryUsageFlat) {
   EXPECT_EQ(cord.EstimatedMemoryUsage(), sizeof(absl::Cord) + flat_size);
   EXPECT_EQ(cord.EstimatedMemoryUsage(kFairShare),
             sizeof(absl::Cord) + flat_size);
+  EXPECT_EQ(cord.EstimatedMemoryUsage(kTotalMorePrecise),
+            sizeof(absl::Cord) + flat_size);
 }
 
 TEST(CordTest, CordMemoryUsageSubStringSharedFlat) {
@@ -1777,6 +1816,8 @@ TEST(CordTest, CordMemoryUsageSubStringSharedFlat) {
   absl::Cord cord = flat.Subcord(500, 1000);
   EXPECT_EQ(cord.EstimatedMemoryUsage(),
             sizeof(absl::Cord) + sizeof(CordRepSubstring) + flat_size);
+  EXPECT_EQ(cord.EstimatedMemoryUsage(kTotalMorePrecise),
+            sizeof(absl::Cord) + sizeof(CordRepSubstring) + flat_size);
   EXPECT_EQ(cord.EstimatedMemoryUsage(kFairShare),
             sizeof(absl::Cord) + sizeof(CordRepSubstring) + flat_size / 2);
 }
@@ -1787,6 +1828,8 @@ TEST(CordTest, CordMemoryUsageFlatShared) {
   const size_t flat_size =
       absl::CordTestPeer::Tree(cord)->flat()->AllocatedSize();
   EXPECT_EQ(cord.EstimatedMemoryUsage(), sizeof(absl::Cord) + flat_size);
+  EXPECT_EQ(cord.EstimatedMemoryUsage(kTotalMorePrecise),
+            sizeof(absl::Cord) + flat_size);
   EXPECT_EQ(cord.EstimatedMemoryUsage(kFairShare),
             sizeof(absl::Cord) + flat_size / 2);
 }
@@ -1805,6 +1848,8 @@ TEST(CordTest, CordMemoryUsageFlatHardenedAndShared) {
   absl::Cord cord2(cord);
   EXPECT_EQ(cord2.EstimatedMemoryUsage(),
             sizeof(absl::Cord) + sizeof(CordRepCrc) + flat_size);
+  EXPECT_EQ(cord2.EstimatedMemoryUsage(kTotalMorePrecise),
+            sizeof(absl::Cord) + sizeof(CordRepCrc) + flat_size);
   EXPECT_EQ(cord2.EstimatedMemoryUsage(kFairShare),
             sizeof(absl::Cord) + (sizeof(CordRepCrc) + flat_size / 2) / 2);
 }
@@ -1823,7 +1868,7 @@ TEST(CordTest, CordMemoryUsageBTree) {
   // windows DLL, we may have ODR like effects on the flag, meaning the DLL
   // code will run with the picked up default.
   if (!absl::CordTestPeer::Tree(cord1)->IsBtree()) {
-    ABSL_RAW_LOG(WARNING, "Cord library code not respecting btree flag");
+    LOG(WARNING) << "Cord library code not respecting btree flag";
     return;
   }
 
@@ -1831,6 +1876,8 @@ TEST(CordTest, CordMemoryUsageBTree) {
   size_t rep1_shared_size = sizeof(CordRepBtree) + flats1_size / 2;
 
   EXPECT_EQ(cord1.EstimatedMemoryUsage(), sizeof(absl::Cord) + rep1_size);
+  EXPECT_EQ(cord1.EstimatedMemoryUsage(kTotalMorePrecise),
+            sizeof(absl::Cord) + rep1_size);
   EXPECT_EQ(cord1.EstimatedMemoryUsage(kFairShare),
             sizeof(absl::Cord) + rep1_shared_size);
 
@@ -1845,6 +1892,8 @@ TEST(CordTest, CordMemoryUsageBTree) {
   size_t rep2_size = sizeof(CordRepBtree) + flats2_size;
 
   EXPECT_EQ(cord2.EstimatedMemoryUsage(), sizeof(absl::Cord) + rep2_size);
+  EXPECT_EQ(cord2.EstimatedMemoryUsage(kTotalMorePrecise),
+            sizeof(absl::Cord) + rep2_size);
   EXPECT_EQ(cord2.EstimatedMemoryUsage(kFairShare),
             sizeof(absl::Cord) + rep2_size);
 
@@ -1853,6 +1902,8 @@ TEST(CordTest, CordMemoryUsageBTree) {
 
   EXPECT_EQ(cord.EstimatedMemoryUsage(),
             sizeof(absl::Cord) + sizeof(CordRepBtree) + rep1_size + rep2_size);
+  EXPECT_EQ(cord.EstimatedMemoryUsage(kTotalMorePrecise),
+            sizeof(absl::Cord) + sizeof(CordRepBtree) + rep1_size + rep2_size);
   EXPECT_EQ(cord.EstimatedMemoryUsage(kFairShare),
             sizeof(absl::Cord) + sizeof(CordRepBtree) + rep1_shared_size / 2 +
                 rep2_size);
@@ -1871,6 +1922,66 @@ TEST_P(CordTest, CordMemoryUsageInlineRep) {
   EXPECT_EQ(c1.EstimatedMemoryUsage(), c2.EstimatedMemoryUsage());
 }
 
+TEST_P(CordTest, CordMemoryUsageTotalMorePreciseMode) {
+  constexpr size_t kChunkSize = 2000;
+  std::string tmp_str(kChunkSize, 'x');
+  const absl::Cord flat(std::move(tmp_str));
+
+  // Construct `fragmented` with two references into the same
+  // underlying buffer shared with `flat`:
+  absl::Cord fragmented(flat);
+  fragmented.Append(flat);
+
+  // Memory usage of `flat`, minus the top-level Cord object:
+  const size_t flat_internal_usage =
+      flat.EstimatedMemoryUsage() - sizeof(absl::Cord);
+
+  // `fragmented` holds a Cord and a CordRepBtree. That tree points to two
+  // copies of flat's internals, which we expect to dedup:
+  EXPECT_EQ(fragmented.EstimatedMemoryUsage(kTotalMorePrecise),
+            sizeof(absl::Cord) +
+            sizeof(CordRepBtree) +
+            flat_internal_usage);
+
+  // This is a case where kTotal produces an overestimate:
+  EXPECT_EQ(fragmented.EstimatedMemoryUsage(),
+            sizeof(absl::Cord) +
+            sizeof(CordRepBtree) +
+            2 * flat_internal_usage);
+}
+
+TEST_P(CordTest, CordMemoryUsageTotalMorePreciseModeWithSubstring) {
+  constexpr size_t kChunkSize = 2000;
+  std::string tmp_str(kChunkSize, 'x');
+  const absl::Cord flat(std::move(tmp_str));
+
+  // Construct `fragmented` with two references into the same
+  // underlying buffer shared with `flat`.
+  //
+  // This time, each reference is through a Subcord():
+  absl::Cord fragmented;
+  fragmented.Append(flat.Subcord(1, kChunkSize - 2));
+  fragmented.Append(flat.Subcord(1, kChunkSize - 2));
+
+  // Memory usage of `flat`, minus the top-level Cord object:
+  const size_t flat_internal_usage =
+      flat.EstimatedMemoryUsage() - sizeof(absl::Cord);
+
+  // `fragmented` holds a Cord and a CordRepBtree. That tree points to two
+  // CordRepSubstrings, each pointing at flat's internals.
+  EXPECT_EQ(fragmented.EstimatedMemoryUsage(kTotalMorePrecise),
+            sizeof(absl::Cord) +
+            sizeof(CordRepBtree) +
+            2 * sizeof(CordRepSubstring) +
+            flat_internal_usage);
+
+  // This is a case where kTotal produces an overestimate:
+  EXPECT_EQ(fragmented.EstimatedMemoryUsage(),
+            sizeof(absl::Cord) +
+            sizeof(CordRepBtree) +
+            2 * sizeof(CordRepSubstring) +
+            2 * flat_internal_usage);
+}
 }  // namespace
 
 // Regtest for 7510292 (fix a bug introduced by 7465150)
@@ -1908,8 +2019,7 @@ TEST_P(CordTest, DiabolicalGrowth) {
   std::string value;
   absl::CopyCordToString(cord, &value);
   EXPECT_EQ(value, expected);
-  ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "Diabolical size allocated = %zu",
-               cord.EstimatedMemoryUsage());
+  LOG(INFO) << "Diabolical size allocated = " << cord.EstimatedMemoryUsage();
 }
 
 // The following tests check support for >4GB cords in 64-bit binaries, and
@@ -1958,6 +2068,12 @@ TEST_P(CordTest, HugeCord) {
 
 // Tests that Append() works ok when handed a self reference
 TEST_P(CordTest, AppendSelf) {
+  // Test the empty case.
+  absl::Cord empty;
+  MaybeHarden(empty);
+  empty.Append(empty);
+  ASSERT_EQ(empty, "");
+
   // We run the test until data is ~16K
   // This guarantees it covers small, medium and large data.
   std::string control_data = "Abc";
@@ -2682,7 +2798,7 @@ class CordMutator {
 
 // clang-format off
 // This array is constant-initialized in conformant compilers.
-CordMutator cord_mutators[] ={
+CordMutator cord_mutators[] = {
   {"clear", [](absl::Cord& c) { c.Clear(); }},
   {"overwrite", [](absl::Cord& c) { c = "overwritten"; }},
   {
@@ -2712,6 +2828,25 @@ CordMutator cord_mutators[] ={
     [](absl::Cord& c) { c.RemoveSuffix(c.size() / 2); }
   },
   {
+    "append empty string",
+    [](absl::Cord& c) { c.Append(""); },
+    [](absl::Cord& c) { }
+  },
+  {
+    "append empty cord",
+    [](absl::Cord& c) { c.Append(absl::Cord()); },
+    [](absl::Cord& c) { }
+  },
+  {
+    "append empty checksummed cord",
+    [](absl::Cord& c) {
+      absl::Cord to_append;
+      to_append.SetExpectedChecksum(999);
+      c.Append(to_append);
+    },
+    [](absl::Cord& c) { }
+  },
+  {
     "prepend string",
     [](absl::Cord& c) { c.Prepend("9876543210"); },
     [](absl::Cord& c) { c.RemovePrefix(10); }
@@ -2733,12 +2868,33 @@ CordMutator cord_mutators[] ={
     [](absl::Cord& c) { c.RemovePrefix(10); }
   },
   {
+    "prepend empty string",
+    [](absl::Cord& c) { c.Prepend(""); },
+    [](absl::Cord& c) { }
+  },
+  {
+    "prepend empty cord",
+    [](absl::Cord& c) { c.Prepend(absl::Cord()); },
+    [](absl::Cord& c) { }
+  },
+  {
+    "prepend empty checksummed cord",
+    [](absl::Cord& c) {
+      absl::Cord to_prepend;
+      to_prepend.SetExpectedChecksum(999);
+      c.Prepend(to_prepend);
+    },
+    [](absl::Cord& c) { }
+  },
+  {
     "prepend self",
     [](absl::Cord& c) { c.Prepend(c); },
     [](absl::Cord& c) { c.RemovePrefix(c.size() / 2); }
   },
-  {"remove prefix", [](absl::Cord& c) { c.RemovePrefix(2); }},
-  {"remove suffix", [](absl::Cord& c) { c.RemoveSuffix(2); }},
+  {"remove prefix", [](absl::Cord& c) { c.RemovePrefix(c.size() / 2); }},
+  {"remove suffix", [](absl::Cord& c) { c.RemoveSuffix(c.size() / 2); }},
+  {"remove 0-prefix", [](absl::Cord& c) { c.RemovePrefix(0); }},
+  {"remove 0-suffix", [](absl::Cord& c) { c.RemoveSuffix(0); }},
   {"subcord", [](absl::Cord& c) { c = c.Subcord(1, c.size() - 2); }},
   {
     "swap inline",
@@ -2780,6 +2936,12 @@ TEST_P(CordTest, ExpectedChecksum) {
       EXPECT_EQ(c1.ExpectedChecksum().value_or(0), 12345);
       EXPECT_EQ(c1, base_value);
 
+      // Test that setting an expected checksum again doesn't crash or leak
+      // memory.
+      c1.SetExpectedChecksum(12345);
+      EXPECT_EQ(c1.ExpectedChecksum().value_or(0), 12345);
+      EXPECT_EQ(c1, base_value);
+
       // CRC persists through copies, assignments, and moves:
       absl::Cord c1_copy_construct = c1;
       EXPECT_EQ(c1_copy_construct.ExpectedChecksum().value_or(0), 12345);
@@ -2804,6 +2966,13 @@ TEST_P(CordTest, ExpectedChecksum) {
         c2.SetExpectedChecksum(24680);
 
         mutator.Mutate(c2);
+
+        if (c1 == c2) {
+          // Not a mutation (for example, appending the empty string).
+          // Whether the checksum is removed is not defined.
+          continue;
+        }
+
         EXPECT_EQ(c2.ExpectedChecksum(), absl::nullopt);
 
         if (mutator.CanUndo()) {
@@ -2873,3 +3042,164 @@ TEST_P(CordTest, ExpectedChecksum) {
     }
   }
 }
+
+// Test the special cases encountered with an empty checksummed cord.
+TEST_P(CordTest, ChecksummedEmptyCord) {
+  absl::Cord c1;
+  EXPECT_FALSE(c1.ExpectedChecksum().has_value());
+
+  // Setting an expected checksum works.
+  c1.SetExpectedChecksum(12345);
+  EXPECT_EQ(c1.ExpectedChecksum().value_or(0), 12345);
+  EXPECT_EQ(c1, "");
+  EXPECT_TRUE(c1.empty());
+
+  // Test that setting an expected checksum again doesn't crash or leak memory.
+  c1.SetExpectedChecksum(12345);
+  EXPECT_EQ(c1.ExpectedChecksum().value_or(0), 12345);
+  EXPECT_EQ(c1, "");
+  EXPECT_TRUE(c1.empty());
+
+  // CRC persists through copies, assignments, and moves:
+  absl::Cord c1_copy_construct = c1;
+  EXPECT_EQ(c1_copy_construct.ExpectedChecksum().value_or(0), 12345);
+
+  absl::Cord c1_copy_assign;
+  c1_copy_assign = c1;
+  EXPECT_EQ(c1_copy_assign.ExpectedChecksum().value_or(0), 12345);
+
+  absl::Cord c1_move(std::move(c1_copy_assign));
+  EXPECT_EQ(c1_move.ExpectedChecksum().value_or(0), 12345);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(c1.ExpectedChecksum().value_or(0), 12345);
+
+  // A CRC Cord compares equal to its non-CRC value.
+  EXPECT_EQ(c1, absl::Cord());
+
+  for (const CordMutator& mutator : cord_mutators) {
+    SCOPED_TRACE(mutator.Name());
+
+    // Exercise mutating an empty checksummed cord to catch crashes and exercise
+    // memory sanitizers.
+    absl::Cord c2;
+    c2.SetExpectedChecksum(24680);
+    mutator.Mutate(c2);
+
+    if (c2.empty()) {
+      // Not a mutation
+      continue;
+    }
+    EXPECT_EQ(c2.ExpectedChecksum(), absl::nullopt);
+
+    if (mutator.CanUndo()) {
+      mutator.Undo(c2);
+    }
+  }
+
+  absl::Cord c3;
+  c3.SetExpectedChecksum(999);
+  const absl::Cord& cc3 = c3;
+
+  // Test that all cord reading operations function in the face of an
+  // expected checksum.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(cc3.StartsWith(""));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(cc3.EndsWith(""));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(cc3.empty());
+  EXPECT_EQ(cc3, "");
+  EXPECT_EQ(cc3, absl::Cord());
+  EXPECT_EQ(cc3.size(), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(cc3.Compare(absl::Cord()), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(cc3.Compare(c1), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(cc3.Compare(cc3), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(cc3.Compare(""), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(cc3.Compare("wxyz"), -1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(cc3.Compare(absl::Cord("wxyz")), -1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::Cord("wxyz").Compare(cc3), 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(std::string(cc3), "");
+
+  std::string dest;
+  absl::CopyCordToString(cc3, &dest);
+  EXPECT_EQ(dest, "");
+
+  for (absl::string_view chunk : cc3.Chunks()) {  // NOLINT(unreachable loop)
+    static_cast<void>(chunk);
+    GTEST_FAIL() << "no chunks expected";
+  }
+  EXPECT_TRUE(cc3.chunk_begin() == cc3.chunk_end());
+
+  for (char ch : cc3.Chars()) {  // NOLINT(unreachable loop)
+    static_cast<void>(ch);
+    GTEST_FAIL() << "no chars expected";
+  }
+  EXPECT_TRUE(cc3.char_begin() == cc3.char_end());
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(cc3.TryFlat(), "");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::HashOf(c3), absl::HashOf(absl::Cord()));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::HashOf(c3), absl::HashOf(absl::string_view()));
+}
+
+#if defined(GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST) && defined(ABSL_INTERNAL_CORD_HAVE_SANITIZER)
+
+// Returns an expected poison / uninitialized death message expression.
+const char* MASanDeathExpr() {
+  return "(use-after-poison|use-of-uninitialized-value)";
+}
+
+TEST(CordSanitizerTest, SanitizesEmptyCord) {
+  absl::Cord cord;
+  const char* data = cord.Flatten().data();
+  EXPECT_DEATH(EXPECT_EQ(data[0], 0), MASanDeathExpr());
+}
+
+TEST(CordSanitizerTest, SanitizesSmallCord) {
+  absl::Cord cord("Hello");
+  const char* data = cord.Flatten().data();
+  EXPECT_DEATH(EXPECT_EQ(data[5], 0), MASanDeathExpr());
+}
+
+TEST(CordSanitizerTest, SanitizesCordOnSetSSOValue) {
+  absl::Cord cord("String that is too big to be an SSO value");
+  cord = "Hello";
+  const char* data = cord.Flatten().data();
+  EXPECT_DEATH(EXPECT_EQ(data[5], 0), MASanDeathExpr());
+}
+
+TEST(CordSanitizerTest, SanitizesCordOnCopyCtor) {
+  absl::Cord src("hello");
+  absl::Cord dst(src);
+  const char* data = dst.Flatten().data();
+  EXPECT_DEATH(EXPECT_EQ(data[5], 0), MASanDeathExpr());
+}
+
+TEST(CordSanitizerTest, SanitizesCordOnMoveCtor) {
+  absl::Cord src("hello");
+  absl::Cord dst(std::move(src));
+  const char* data = dst.Flatten().data();
+  EXPECT_DEATH(EXPECT_EQ(data[5], 0), MASanDeathExpr());
+}
+
+TEST(CordSanitizerTest, SanitizesCordOnAssign) {
+  absl::Cord src("hello");
+  absl::Cord dst;
+  dst = src;
+  const char* data = dst.Flatten().data();
+  EXPECT_DEATH(EXPECT_EQ(data[5], 0), MASanDeathExpr());
+}
+
+TEST(CordSanitizerTest, SanitizesCordOnMoveAssign) {
+  absl::Cord src("hello");
+  absl::Cord dst;
+  dst = std::move(src);
+  const char* data = dst.Flatten().data();
+  EXPECT_DEATH(EXPECT_EQ(data[5], 0), MASanDeathExpr());
+}
+
+TEST(CordSanitizerTest, SanitizesCordOnSsoAssign) {
+  absl::Cord src("hello");
+  absl::Cord dst("String that is too big to be an SSO value");
+  dst = src;
+  const char* data = dst.Flatten().data();
+  EXPECT_DEATH(EXPECT_EQ(data[5], 0), MASanDeathExpr());
+}
+
+#endif  // GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST && ABSL_INTERNAL_CORD_HAVE_SANITIZER
diff --git a/absl/strings/cord_test_helpers.h b/absl/strings/cord_test_helpers.h
index 31a1dc89..ca52240a 100644
--- a/absl/strings/cord_test_helpers.h
+++ b/absl/strings/cord_test_helpers.h
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ enum class TestCordSize {
   // existing inputs rather than copying contents of the input.
   kMedium = cord_internal::kMaxFlatLength / 2 + 1,
 
-  // A string value large enough to cause it to be stored in mutliple flats.
+  // A string value large enough to cause it to be stored in multiple flats.
   kLarge = cord_internal::kMaxFlatLength * 4
 };
 
diff --git a/absl/strings/escaping.cc b/absl/strings/escaping.cc
index 18b20b83..2827fbaa 100644
--- a/absl/strings/escaping.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/escaping.cc
@@ -42,11 +42,11 @@ constexpr bool kUnescapeNulls = false;
 
 inline bool is_octal_digit(char c) { return ('0' <= c) && (c <= '7'); }
 
-inline int hex_digit_to_int(char c) {
+inline unsigned int hex_digit_to_int(char c) {
   static_assert('0' == 0x30 && 'A' == 0x41 && 'a' == 0x61,
                 "Character set must be ASCII.");
-  assert(absl::ascii_isxdigit(c));
-  int x = static_cast<unsigned char>(c);
+  assert(absl::ascii_isxdigit(static_cast<unsigned char>(c)));
+  unsigned int x = static_cast<unsigned char>(c);
   if (x > '9') {
     x += 9;
   }
@@ -121,27 +121,29 @@ bool CUnescapeInternal(absl::string_view source, bool leave_nulls_escaped,
         case '7': {
           // octal digit: 1 to 3 digits
           const char* octal_start = p;
-          unsigned int ch = *p - '0';
-          if (p < last_byte && is_octal_digit(p[1])) ch = ch * 8 + *++p - '0';
+          unsigned int ch = static_cast<unsigned int>(*p - '0');  // digit 1
           if (p < last_byte && is_octal_digit(p[1]))
-            ch = ch * 8 + *++p - '0';      // now points at last digit
+            ch = ch * 8 + static_cast<unsigned int>(*++p - '0');  // digit 2
+          if (p < last_byte && is_octal_digit(p[1]))
+            ch = ch * 8 + static_cast<unsigned int>(*++p - '0');  // digit 3
           if (ch > 0xff) {
             if (error) {
               *error = "Value of \\" +
-                       std::string(octal_start, p + 1 - octal_start) +
+                       std::string(octal_start,
+                                   static_cast<size_t>(p + 1 - octal_start)) +
                        " exceeds 0xff";
             }
             return false;
           }
           if ((ch == 0) && leave_nulls_escaped) {
             // Copy the escape sequence for the null character
-            const ptrdiff_t octal_size = p + 1 - octal_start;
+            const size_t octal_size = static_cast<size_t>(p + 1 - octal_start);
             *d++ = '\\';
             memmove(d, octal_start, octal_size);
             d += octal_size;
             break;
           }
-          *d++ = ch;
+          *d++ = static_cast<char>(ch);
           break;
         }
         case 'x':
@@ -149,32 +151,34 @@ bool CUnescapeInternal(absl::string_view source, bool leave_nulls_escaped,
           if (p >= last_byte) {
             if (error) *error = "String cannot end with \\x";
             return false;
-          } else if (!absl::ascii_isxdigit(p[1])) {
+          } else if (!absl::ascii_isxdigit(static_cast<unsigned char>(p[1]))) {
             if (error) *error = "\\x cannot be followed by a non-hex digit";
             return false;
           }
           unsigned int ch = 0;
           const char* hex_start = p;
-          while (p < last_byte && absl::ascii_isxdigit(p[1]))
+          while (p < last_byte &&
+                 absl::ascii_isxdigit(static_cast<unsigned char>(p[1])))
             // Arbitrarily many hex digits
             ch = (ch << 4) + hex_digit_to_int(*++p);
           if (ch > 0xFF) {
             if (error) {
               *error = "Value of \\" +
-                       std::string(hex_start, p + 1 - hex_start) +
+                       std::string(hex_start,
+                                   static_cast<size_t>(p + 1 - hex_start)) +
                        " exceeds 0xff";
             }
             return false;
           }
           if ((ch == 0) && leave_nulls_escaped) {
             // Copy the escape sequence for the null character
-            const ptrdiff_t hex_size = p + 1 - hex_start;
+            const size_t hex_size = static_cast<size_t>(p + 1 - hex_start);
             *d++ = '\\';
             memmove(d, hex_start, hex_size);
             d += hex_size;
             break;
           }
-          *d++ = ch;
+          *d++ = static_cast<char>(ch);
           break;
         }
         case 'u': {
@@ -184,18 +188,20 @@ bool CUnescapeInternal(absl::string_view source, bool leave_nulls_escaped,
           if (p + 4 >= end) {
             if (error) {
               *error = "\\u must be followed by 4 hex digits: \\" +
-                       std::string(hex_start, p + 1 - hex_start);
+                       std::string(hex_start,
+                                   static_cast<size_t>(p + 1 - hex_start));
             }
             return false;
           }
           for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
             // Look one char ahead.
-            if (absl::ascii_isxdigit(p[1])) {
+            if (absl::ascii_isxdigit(static_cast<unsigned char>(p[1]))) {
               rune = (rune << 4) + hex_digit_to_int(*++p);  // Advance p.
             } else {
               if (error) {
                 *error = "\\u must be followed by 4 hex digits: \\" +
-                         std::string(hex_start, p + 1 - hex_start);
+                         std::string(hex_start,
+                                     static_cast<size_t>(p + 1 - hex_start));
               }
               return false;
             }
@@ -220,20 +226,22 @@ bool CUnescapeInternal(absl::string_view source, bool leave_nulls_escaped,
           if (p + 8 >= end) {
             if (error) {
               *error = "\\U must be followed by 8 hex digits: \\" +
-                       std::string(hex_start, p + 1 - hex_start);
+                       std::string(hex_start,
+                                   static_cast<size_t>(p + 1 - hex_start));
             }
             return false;
           }
           for (int i = 0; i < 8; ++i) {
             // Look one char ahead.
-            if (absl::ascii_isxdigit(p[1])) {
+            if (absl::ascii_isxdigit(static_cast<unsigned char>(p[1]))) {
               // Don't change rune until we're sure this
               // is within the Unicode limit, but do advance p.
               uint32_t newrune = (rune << 4) + hex_digit_to_int(*++p);
               if (newrune > 0x10FFFF) {
                 if (error) {
                   *error = "Value of \\" +
-                           std::string(hex_start, p + 1 - hex_start) +
+                           std::string(hex_start,
+                                       static_cast<size_t>(p + 1 - hex_start)) +
                            " exceeds Unicode limit (0x10FFFF)";
                 }
                 return false;
@@ -243,7 +251,8 @@ bool CUnescapeInternal(absl::string_view source, bool leave_nulls_escaped,
             } else {
               if (error) {
                 *error = "\\U must be followed by 8 hex digits: \\" +
-                         std::string(hex_start, p + 1 - hex_start);
+                         std::string(hex_start,
+                                     static_cast<size_t>(p + 1 - hex_start));
               }
               return false;
             }
@@ -291,7 +300,7 @@ bool CUnescapeInternal(absl::string_view source, bool leave_nulls_escaped,
                          error)) {
     return false;
   }
-  dest->erase(dest_size);
+  dest->erase(static_cast<size_t>(dest_size));
   return true;
 }
 
@@ -311,7 +320,7 @@ std::string CEscapeInternal(absl::string_view src, bool use_hex,
   std::string dest;
   bool last_hex_escape = false;  // true if last output char was \xNN.
 
-  for (unsigned char c : src) {
+  for (char c : src) {
     bool is_hex_escape = false;
     switch (c) {
       case '\n': dest.append("\\" "n"); break;
@@ -320,28 +329,30 @@ std::string CEscapeInternal(absl::string_view src, bool use_hex,
       case '\"': dest.append("\\" "\""); break;
       case '\'': dest.append("\\" "'"); break;
       case '\\': dest.append("\\" "\\"); break;
-      default:
+      default: {
         // Note that if we emit \xNN and the src character after that is a hex
         // digit then that digit must be escaped too to prevent it being
         // interpreted as part of the character code by C.
-        if ((!utf8_safe || c < 0x80) &&
-            (!absl::ascii_isprint(c) ||
-             (last_hex_escape && absl::ascii_isxdigit(c)))) {
+        const unsigned char uc = static_cast<unsigned char>(c);
+        if ((!utf8_safe || uc < 0x80) &&
+            (!absl::ascii_isprint(uc) ||
+             (last_hex_escape && absl::ascii_isxdigit(uc)))) {
           if (use_hex) {
             dest.append("\\" "x");
-            dest.push_back(numbers_internal::kHexChar[c / 16]);
-            dest.push_back(numbers_internal::kHexChar[c % 16]);
+            dest.push_back(numbers_internal::kHexChar[uc / 16]);
+            dest.push_back(numbers_internal::kHexChar[uc % 16]);
             is_hex_escape = true;
           } else {
             dest.append("\\");
-            dest.push_back(numbers_internal::kHexChar[c / 64]);
-            dest.push_back(numbers_internal::kHexChar[(c % 64) / 8]);
-            dest.push_back(numbers_internal::kHexChar[c % 8]);
+            dest.push_back(numbers_internal::kHexChar[uc / 64]);
+            dest.push_back(numbers_internal::kHexChar[(uc % 64) / 8]);
+            dest.push_back(numbers_internal::kHexChar[uc % 8]);
           }
         } else {
           dest.push_back(c);
           break;
         }
+      }
     }
     last_hex_escape = is_hex_escape;
   }
@@ -350,7 +361,7 @@ std::string CEscapeInternal(absl::string_view src, bool use_hex,
 }
 
 /* clang-format off */
-constexpr char c_escaped_len[256] = {
+constexpr unsigned char c_escaped_len[256] = {
     4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 2, 2, 4, 4, 2, 4, 4,  // \t, \n, \r
     4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,
     1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,  // ", '
@@ -375,7 +386,8 @@ constexpr char c_escaped_len[256] = {
 // that UTF-8 bytes are not handled specially.
 inline size_t CEscapedLength(absl::string_view src) {
   size_t escaped_len = 0;
-  for (unsigned char c : src) escaped_len += c_escaped_len[c];
+  for (char c : src)
+    escaped_len += c_escaped_len[static_cast<unsigned char>(c)];
   return escaped_len;
 }
 
@@ -391,8 +403,8 @@ void CEscapeAndAppendInternal(absl::string_view src, std::string* dest) {
                                                  cur_dest_len + escaped_len);
   char* append_ptr = &(*dest)[cur_dest_len];
 
-  for (unsigned char c : src) {
-    int char_len = c_escaped_len[c];
+  for (char c : src) {
+    size_t char_len = c_escaped_len[static_cast<unsigned char>(c)];
     if (char_len == 1) {
       *append_ptr++ = c;
     } else if (char_len == 2) {
@@ -424,13 +436,15 @@ void CEscapeAndAppendInternal(absl::string_view src, std::string* dest) {
       }
     } else {
       *append_ptr++ = '\\';
-      *append_ptr++ = '0' + c / 64;
-      *append_ptr++ = '0' + (c % 64) / 8;
-      *append_ptr++ = '0' + c % 8;
+      *append_ptr++ = '0' + static_cast<unsigned char>(c) / 64;
+      *append_ptr++ = '0' + (static_cast<unsigned char>(c) % 64) / 8;
+      *append_ptr++ = '0' + static_cast<unsigned char>(c) % 8;
     }
   }
 }
 
+// Reverses the mapping in Base64EscapeInternal; see that method's
+// documentation for details of the mapping.
 bool Base64UnescapeInternal(const char* src_param, size_t szsrc, char* dest,
                             size_t szdest, const signed char* unbase64,
                             size_t* len) {
@@ -440,7 +454,7 @@ bool Base64UnescapeInternal(const char* src_param, size_t szsrc, char* dest,
   size_t destidx = 0;
   int decode = 0;
   int state = 0;
-  unsigned int ch = 0;
+  unsigned char ch = 0;
   unsigned int temp = 0;
 
   // If "char" is signed by default, using *src as an array index results in
@@ -500,13 +514,13 @@ bool Base64UnescapeInternal(const char* src_param, size_t szsrc, char* dest,
         // how to handle those cases.
 
         GET_INPUT(first, 4);
-        temp = decode;
+        temp = static_cast<unsigned char>(decode);
         GET_INPUT(second, 3);
-        temp = (temp << 6) | decode;
+        temp = (temp << 6) | static_cast<unsigned char>(decode);
         GET_INPUT(third, 2);
-        temp = (temp << 6) | decode;
+        temp = (temp << 6) | static_cast<unsigned char>(decode);
         GET_INPUT(fourth, 1);
-        temp = (temp << 6) | decode;
+        temp = (temp << 6) | static_cast<unsigned char>(decode);
       } else {
         // We really did have four good data bytes, so advance four
         // characters in the string.
@@ -518,11 +532,11 @@ bool Base64UnescapeInternal(const char* src_param, size_t szsrc, char* dest,
       // temp has 24 bits of input, so write that out as three bytes.
 
       if (destidx + 3 > szdest) return false;
-      dest[destidx + 2] = temp;
+      dest[destidx + 2] = static_cast<char>(temp);
       temp >>= 8;
-      dest[destidx + 1] = temp;
+      dest[destidx + 1] = static_cast<char>(temp);
       temp >>= 8;
-      dest[destidx] = temp;
+      dest[destidx] = static_cast<char>(temp);
       destidx += 3;
     }
   } else {
@@ -583,18 +597,18 @@ bool Base64UnescapeInternal(const char* src_param, size_t szsrc, char* dest,
       }
 
       // Each input character gives us six bits of output.
-      temp = (temp << 6) | decode;
+      temp = (temp << 6) | static_cast<unsigned char>(decode);
       ++state;
       if (state == 4) {
         // If we've accumulated 24 bits of output, write that out as
         // three bytes.
         if (dest) {
           if (destidx + 3 > szdest) return false;
-          dest[destidx + 2] = temp;
+          dest[destidx + 2] = static_cast<char>(temp);
           temp >>= 8;
-          dest[destidx + 1] = temp;
+          dest[destidx + 1] = static_cast<char>(temp);
           temp >>= 8;
-          dest[destidx] = temp;
+          dest[destidx] = static_cast<char>(temp);
         }
         destidx += 3;
         state = 0;
@@ -619,7 +633,7 @@ bool Base64UnescapeInternal(const char* src_param, size_t szsrc, char* dest,
       if (dest) {
         if (destidx + 1 > szdest) return false;
         temp >>= 4;
-        dest[destidx] = temp;
+        dest[destidx] = static_cast<char>(temp);
       }
       ++destidx;
       expected_equals = 2;
@@ -630,9 +644,9 @@ bool Base64UnescapeInternal(const char* src_param, size_t szsrc, char* dest,
       if (dest) {
         if (destidx + 2 > szdest) return false;
         temp >>= 2;
-        dest[destidx + 1] = temp;
+        dest[destidx + 1] = static_cast<char>(temp);
         temp >>= 8;
-        dest[destidx] = temp;
+        dest[destidx] = static_cast<char>(temp);
       }
       destidx += 2;
       expected_equals = 1;
@@ -664,7 +678,10 @@ bool Base64UnescapeInternal(const char* src_param, size_t szsrc, char* dest,
   return ok;
 }
 
-// The arrays below were generated by the following code
+// The arrays below map base64-escaped characters back to their original values.
+// For the inverse case, see k(WebSafe)Base64Chars in the internal
+// escaping.cc.
+// These arrays were generated by the following inversion code:
 // #include <sys/time.h>
 // #include <stdlib.h>
 // #include <string.h>
@@ -691,8 +708,8 @@ bool Base64UnescapeInternal(const char* src_param, size_t szsrc, char* dest,
 //   }
 // }
 //
-// where the value of "Base64[]" was replaced by one of the base-64 conversion
-// tables from the functions below.
+// where the value of "Base64[]" was replaced by one of k(WebSafe)Base64Chars
+// in the internal escaping.cc.
 /* clang-format off */
 constexpr signed char kUnBase64[] = {
     -1,      -1,      -1,      -1,      -1,      -1,      -1,      -1,
@@ -765,15 +782,11 @@ constexpr signed char kUnWebSafeBase64[] = {
 };
 /* clang-format on */
 
-constexpr char kWebSafeBase64Chars[] =
-    "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789-_";
-
 template <typename String>
 bool Base64UnescapeInternal(const char* src, size_t slen, String* dest,
                             const signed char* unbase64) {
   // Determine the size of the output string.  Base64 encodes every 3 bytes into
-  // 4 characters.  any leftover chars are added directly for good measure.
-  // This is documented in the base64 RFC: http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3548
+  // 4 characters.  Any leftover chars are added directly for good measure.
   const size_t dest_len = 3 * (slen / 4) + (slen % 4);
 
   strings_internal::STLStringResizeUninitialized(dest, dest_len);
@@ -821,9 +834,9 @@ constexpr char kHexValueLenient[256] = {
 // or a string.  This works because we use the [] operator to access
 // individual characters at a time.
 template <typename T>
-void HexStringToBytesInternal(const char* from, T to, ptrdiff_t num) {
-  for (int i = 0; i < num; i++) {
-    to[i] = (kHexValueLenient[from[i * 2] & 0xFF] << 4) +
+void HexStringToBytesInternal(const char* from, T to, size_t num) {
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < num; i++) {
+    to[i] = static_cast<char>(kHexValueLenient[from[i * 2] & 0xFF] << 4) +
             (kHexValueLenient[from[i * 2 + 1] & 0xFF]);
   }
 }
@@ -831,7 +844,7 @@ void HexStringToBytesInternal(const char* from, T to, ptrdiff_t num) {
 // This is a templated function so that T can be either a char* or a
 // std::string.
 template <typename T>
-void BytesToHexStringInternal(const unsigned char* src, T dest, ptrdiff_t num) {
+void BytesToHexStringInternal(const unsigned char* src, T dest, size_t num) {
   auto dest_ptr = &dest[0];
   for (auto src_ptr = src; src_ptr != (src + num); ++src_ptr, dest_ptr += 2) {
     const char* hex_p = &numbers_internal::kHexTable[*src_ptr * 2];
@@ -869,30 +882,6 @@ std::string Utf8SafeCHexEscape(absl::string_view src) {
   return CEscapeInternal(src, true, true);
 }
 
-// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
-// Base64Unescape() - base64 decoder
-// Base64Escape() - base64 encoder
-// WebSafeBase64Unescape() - Google's variation of base64 decoder
-// WebSafeBase64Escape() - Google's variation of base64 encoder
-//
-// Check out
-// http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2045 for formal description, but what we
-// care about is that...
-//   Take the encoded stuff in groups of 4 characters and turn each
-//   character into a code 0 to 63 thus:
-//           A-Z map to 0 to 25
-//           a-z map to 26 to 51
-//           0-9 map to 52 to 61
-//           +(- for WebSafe) maps to 62
-//           /(_ for WebSafe) maps to 63
-//   There will be four numbers, all less than 64 which can be represented
-//   by a 6 digit binary number (aaaaaa, bbbbbb, cccccc, dddddd respectively).
-//   Arrange the 6 digit binary numbers into three bytes as such:
-//   aaaaaabb bbbbcccc ccdddddd
-//   Equals signs (one or two) are used at the end of the encoded block to
-//   indicate that the text was not an integer multiple of three bytes long.
-// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
-
 bool Base64Unescape(absl::string_view src, std::string* dest) {
   return Base64UnescapeInternal(src.data(), src.size(), dest, kUnBase64);
 }
@@ -910,7 +899,7 @@ void Base64Escape(absl::string_view src, std::string* dest) {
 void WebSafeBase64Escape(absl::string_view src, std::string* dest) {
   strings_internal::Base64EscapeInternal(
       reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(src.data()), src.size(), dest,
-      false, kWebSafeBase64Chars);
+      false, strings_internal::kWebSafeBase64Chars);
 }
 
 std::string Base64Escape(absl::string_view src) {
@@ -925,7 +914,7 @@ std::string WebSafeBase64Escape(absl::string_view src) {
   std::string dest;
   strings_internal::Base64EscapeInternal(
       reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(src.data()), src.size(), &dest,
-      false, kWebSafeBase64Chars);
+      false, strings_internal::kWebSafeBase64Chars);
   return dest;
 }
 
diff --git a/absl/strings/escaping.h b/absl/strings/escaping.h
index f5ca26c5..bf2a5898 100644
--- a/absl/strings/escaping.h
+++ b/absl/strings/escaping.h
@@ -117,35 +117,40 @@ std::string Utf8SafeCEscape(absl::string_view src);
 // conversion.
 std::string Utf8SafeCHexEscape(absl::string_view src);
 
-// Base64Unescape()
-//
-// Converts a `src` string encoded in Base64 to its binary equivalent, writing
-// it to a `dest` buffer, returning `true` on success. If `src` contains invalid
-// characters, `dest` is cleared and returns `false`.
-bool Base64Unescape(absl::string_view src, std::string* dest);
-
-// WebSafeBase64Unescape()
-//
-// Converts a `src` string encoded in Base64 to its binary equivalent, writing
-// it to a `dest` buffer, but using '-' instead of '+', and '_' instead of '/'.
-// If `src` contains invalid characters, `dest` is cleared and returns `false`.
-bool WebSafeBase64Unescape(absl::string_view src, std::string* dest);
-
 // Base64Escape()
 //
-// Encodes a `src` string into a base64-encoded string, with padding characters.
-// This function conforms with RFC 4648 section 4 (base64).
+// Encodes a `src` string into a base64-encoded 'dest' string with padding
+// characters. This function conforms with RFC 4648 section 4 (base64) and RFC
+// 2045.
 void Base64Escape(absl::string_view src, std::string* dest);
 std::string Base64Escape(absl::string_view src);
 
 // WebSafeBase64Escape()
 //
-// Encodes a `src` string into a base64-like string, using '-' instead of '+'
-// and '_' instead of '/', and without padding. This function conforms with RFC
-// 4648 section 5 (base64url).
+// Encodes a `src` string into a base64 string, like Base64Escape() does, but
+// outputs '-' instead of '+' and '_' instead of '/', and does not pad 'dest'.
+// This function conforms with RFC 4648 section 5 (base64url).
 void WebSafeBase64Escape(absl::string_view src, std::string* dest);
 std::string WebSafeBase64Escape(absl::string_view src);
 
+// Base64Unescape()
+//
+// Converts a `src` string encoded in Base64 (RFC 4648 section 4) to its binary
+// equivalent, writing it to a `dest` buffer, returning `true` on success. If
+// `src` contains invalid characters, `dest` is cleared and returns `false`.
+// If padding is included (note that `Base64Escape()` does produce it), it must
+// be correct. In the padding, '=' and '.' are treated identically.
+bool Base64Unescape(absl::string_view src, std::string* dest);
+
+// WebSafeBase64Unescape()
+//
+// Converts a `src` string encoded in "web safe" Base64 (RFC 4648 section 5) to
+// its binary equivalent, writing it to a `dest` buffer. If `src` contains
+// invalid characters, `dest` is cleared and returns `false`. If padding is
+// included (note that `WebSafeBase64Escape()` does not produce it), it must be
+// correct. In the padding, '=' and '.' are treated identically.
+bool WebSafeBase64Unescape(absl::string_view src, std::string* dest);
+
 // HexStringToBytes()
 //
 // Converts an ASCII hex string into bytes, returning binary data of length
diff --git a/absl/strings/escaping_test.cc b/absl/strings/escaping_test.cc
index 45671a0e..9f62c1ee 100644
--- a/absl/strings/escaping_test.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/escaping_test.cc
@@ -562,6 +562,7 @@ template <typename StringType>
 void TestEscapeAndUnescape() {
   // Check the short strings; this tests the math (and boundaries)
   for (const auto& tc : base64_tests) {
+    // Test plain base64.
     StringType encoded("this junk should be ignored");
     absl::Base64Escape(tc.plaintext, &encoded);
     EXPECT_EQ(encoded, tc.cyphertext);
@@ -571,22 +572,26 @@ void TestEscapeAndUnescape() {
     EXPECT_TRUE(absl::Base64Unescape(encoded, &decoded));
     EXPECT_EQ(decoded, tc.plaintext);
 
-    StringType websafe(tc.cyphertext);
-    for (int c = 0; c < websafe.size(); ++c) {
-      if ('+' == websafe[c]) websafe[c] = '-';
-      if ('/' == websafe[c]) websafe[c] = '_';
+    StringType websafe_with_padding(tc.cyphertext);
+    for (unsigned int c = 0; c < websafe_with_padding.size(); ++c) {
+      if ('+' == websafe_with_padding[c]) websafe_with_padding[c] = '-';
+      if ('/' == websafe_with_padding[c]) websafe_with_padding[c] = '_';
+      // Intentionally keeping padding aka '='.
+    }
+
+    // Test plain websafe (aka without padding).
+    StringType websafe(websafe_with_padding);
+    for (unsigned int c = 0; c < websafe.size(); ++c) {
       if ('=' == websafe[c]) {
         websafe.resize(c);
         break;
       }
     }
-
     encoded = "this junk should be ignored";
     absl::WebSafeBase64Escape(tc.plaintext, &encoded);
     EXPECT_EQ(encoded, websafe);
     EXPECT_EQ(absl::WebSafeBase64Escape(tc.plaintext), websafe);
 
-    // Let's try the string version of the decoder
     decoded = "this junk should be ignored";
     EXPECT_TRUE(absl::WebSafeBase64Unescape(websafe, &decoded));
     EXPECT_EQ(decoded, tc.plaintext);
@@ -617,6 +622,48 @@ TEST(Base64, EscapeAndUnescape) {
   TestEscapeAndUnescape<std::string>();
 }
 
+TEST(Base64, Padding) {
+  // Padding is optional.
+  // '.' is an acceptable padding character, just like '='.
+  std::initializer_list<absl::string_view> good_padding = {
+    "YQ",
+    "YQ==",
+    "YQ=.",
+    "YQ.=",
+    "YQ..",
+  };
+  for (absl::string_view b64 : good_padding) {
+    std::string decoded;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(absl::Base64Unescape(b64, &decoded));
+    EXPECT_EQ(decoded, "a");
+    std::string websafe_decoded;
+    EXPECT_TRUE(absl::WebSafeBase64Unescape(b64, &websafe_decoded));
+    EXPECT_EQ(websafe_decoded, "a");
+  }
+  std::initializer_list<absl::string_view> bad_padding = {
+    "YQ=",
+    "YQ.",
+    "YQ===",
+    "YQ==.",
+    "YQ=.=",
+    "YQ=..",
+    "YQ.==",
+    "YQ.=.",
+    "YQ..=",
+    "YQ...",
+    "YQ====",
+    "YQ....",
+    "YQ=====",
+    "YQ.....",
+  };
+  for (absl::string_view b64 : bad_padding) {
+    std::string decoded;
+    EXPECT_FALSE(absl::Base64Unescape(b64, &decoded));
+    std::string websafe_decoded;
+    EXPECT_FALSE(absl::WebSafeBase64Unescape(b64, &websafe_decoded));
+  }
+}
+
 TEST(Base64, DISABLED_HugeData) {
   const size_t kSize = size_t(3) * 1000 * 1000 * 1000;
   static_assert(kSize % 3 == 0, "kSize must be divisible by 3");
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/char_map.h b/absl/strings/internal/char_map.h
index 61484de0..70a90343 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/char_map.h
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/char_map.h
@@ -73,10 +73,10 @@ class Charmap {
   }
 
   // Containing all the chars in the C-string 's'.
-  // Note that this is expensively recursive because of the C++11 constexpr
-  // formulation. Use only in constexpr initializers.
   static constexpr Charmap FromString(const char* s) {
-    return *s == 0 ? Charmap() : (Char(*s) | FromString(s + 1));
+    Charmap ret;
+    while (*s) ret = ret | Char(*s++);
+    return ret;
   }
 
   // Containing all the chars in the closed interval [lo,hi].
@@ -103,10 +103,9 @@ class Charmap {
   constexpr Charmap(uint64_t b0, uint64_t b1, uint64_t b2, uint64_t b3)
       : m_{b0, b1, b2, b3} {}
 
-  static constexpr uint64_t RangeForWord(unsigned char lo, unsigned char hi,
-                                         uint64_t word) {
-    return OpenRangeFromZeroForWord(hi + 1, word) &
-           ~OpenRangeFromZeroForWord(lo, word);
+  static constexpr uint64_t RangeForWord(char lo, char hi, uint64_t word) {
+    return OpenRangeFromZeroForWord(static_cast<unsigned char>(hi) + 1, word) &
+           ~OpenRangeFromZeroForWord(static_cast<unsigned char>(lo), word);
   }
 
   // All the chars in the specified word of the range [0, upper).
@@ -119,13 +118,16 @@ class Charmap {
                      : (~static_cast<uint64_t>(0) >> (64 - upper % 64));
   }
 
-  static constexpr uint64_t CharMaskForWord(unsigned char x, uint64_t word) {
-    return (x / 64 == word) ? (static_cast<uint64_t>(1) << (x % 64)) : 0;
+  static constexpr uint64_t CharMaskForWord(char x, uint64_t word) {
+    const auto unsigned_x = static_cast<unsigned char>(x);
+    return (unsigned_x / 64 == word)
+               ? (static_cast<uint64_t>(1) << (unsigned_x % 64))
+               : 0;
   }
 
- private:
-  void SetChar(unsigned char c) {
-    m_[c / 64] |= static_cast<uint64_t>(1) << (c % 64);
+  void SetChar(char c) {
+    const auto unsigned_c = static_cast<unsigned char>(c);
+    m_[unsigned_c / 64] |= static_cast<uint64_t>(1) << (unsigned_c % 64);
   }
 
   uint64_t m_[4];
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/charconv_bigint.cc b/absl/strings/internal/charconv_bigint.cc
index ebf8c079..46b5289a 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/charconv_bigint.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/charconv_bigint.cc
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ int BigUnsigned<max_words>::ReadDigits(const char* begin, const char* end,
       // decimal exponent to compensate.
       --exponent_adjust;
     }
-    int digit = (*begin - '0');
+    char digit = (*begin - '0');
     --significant_digits;
     if (significant_digits == 0 && std::next(begin) != end &&
         (digit == 0 || digit == 5)) {
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ int BigUnsigned<max_words>::ReadDigits(const char* begin, const char* end,
       // 500000...000000000001 to correctly round up, rather than to nearest.
       ++digit;
     }
-    queued = 10 * queued + digit;
+    queued = 10 * queued + static_cast<uint32_t>(digit);
     ++digits_queued;
     if (digits_queued == kMaxSmallPowerOfTen) {
       MultiplyBy(kTenToNth[kMaxSmallPowerOfTen]);
@@ -296,10 +296,8 @@ template <int max_words>
         std::min(n / kLargePowerOfFiveStep, kLargestPowerOfFiveIndex);
     if (first_pass) {
       // just copy, rather than multiplying by 1
-      std::copy(
-          LargePowerOfFiveData(big_power),
-          LargePowerOfFiveData(big_power) + LargePowerOfFiveSize(big_power),
-          answer.words_);
+      std::copy_n(LargePowerOfFiveData(big_power),
+                  LargePowerOfFiveSize(big_power), answer.words_);
       answer.size_ = LargePowerOfFiveSize(big_power);
       first_pass = false;
     } else {
@@ -341,8 +339,8 @@ std::string BigUnsigned<max_words>::ToString() const {
   std::string result;
   // Build result in reverse order
   while (copy.size() > 0) {
-    int next_digit = copy.DivMod<10>();
-    result.push_back('0' + next_digit);
+    uint32_t next_digit = copy.DivMod<10>();
+    result.push_back('0' + static_cast<char>(next_digit));
   }
   if (result.empty()) {
     result.push_back('0');
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/charconv_bigint.h b/absl/strings/internal/charconv_bigint.h
index 8f702976..5c0c375d 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/charconv_bigint.h
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/charconv_bigint.h
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ class BigUnsigned {
   // numbers with this many decimal digits or fewer are representable by this
   // type.
   //
-  // Analagous to std::numeric_limits<BigUnsigned>::digits10.
+  // Analogous to std::numeric_limits<BigUnsigned>::digits10.
   static constexpr int Digits10() {
     // 9975007/1035508 is very slightly less than log10(2**32).
     return static_cast<uint64_t>(max_words) * 9975007 / 1035508;
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ class BigUnsigned {
           ++size_;
         }
       }
-      std::fill(words_, words_ + word_shift, 0u);
+      std::fill_n(words_, word_shift, 0u);
     }
   }
 
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ class BigUnsigned {
   }
 
   void SetToZero() {
-    std::fill(words_, words_ + size_, 0u);
+    std::fill_n(words_, size_, 0u);
     size_ = 0;
   }
 
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/charconv_parse.cc b/absl/strings/internal/charconv_parse.cc
index d29acaf4..98823def 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/charconv_parse.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/charconv_parse.cc
@@ -190,11 +190,11 @@ bool IsDigit<16>(char ch) {
 
 template <>
 unsigned ToDigit<10>(char ch) {
-  return ch - '0';
+  return static_cast<unsigned>(ch - '0');
 }
 template <>
 unsigned ToDigit<16>(char ch) {
-  return kAsciiToInt[static_cast<unsigned char>(ch)];
+  return static_cast<unsigned>(kAsciiToInt[static_cast<unsigned char>(ch)]);
 }
 
 template <>
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/charconv_parse_test.cc b/absl/strings/internal/charconv_parse_test.cc
index bc2d1118..2b7b0821 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/charconv_parse_test.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/charconv_parse_test.cc
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 
 #include "gmock/gmock.h"
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
-#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
+#include "absl/log/check.h"
 #include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
 
 using absl::chars_format;
@@ -56,14 +56,14 @@ void ExpectParsedFloat(std::string s, absl::chars_format format_flags,
     begin_subrange = static_cast<int>(open_bracket_pos);
     s.replace(open_bracket_pos, 1, "");
     std::string::size_type close_bracket_pos = s.find(']');
-    ABSL_RAW_CHECK(close_bracket_pos != absl::string_view::npos,
-                   "Test input contains [ without matching ]");
+    CHECK_NE(close_bracket_pos, absl::string_view::npos)
+        << "Test input contains [ without matching ]";
     end_subrange = static_cast<int>(close_bracket_pos);
     s.replace(close_bracket_pos, 1, "");
   }
   const std::string::size_type expected_characters_matched = s.find('$');
-  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(expected_characters_matched != std::string::npos,
-                 "Input string must contain $");
+  CHECK_NE(expected_characters_matched, std::string::npos)
+      << "Input string must contain $";
   s.replace(expected_characters_matched, 1, "");
 
   ParsedFloat parsed =
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/cord_internal.cc b/absl/strings/internal/cord_internal.cc
index b6b06cfa..b7874385 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/cord_internal.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/cord_internal.cc
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@ ABSL_CONST_INIT std::atomic<bool> cord_ring_buffer_enabled(
     kCordEnableRingBufferDefault);
 ABSL_CONST_INIT std::atomic<bool> shallow_subcords_enabled(
     kCordShallowSubcordsDefault);
-ABSL_CONST_INIT std::atomic<bool> cord_btree_exhaustive_validation(false);
 
 void LogFatalNodeType(CordRep* rep) {
   ABSL_INTERNAL_LOG(FATAL, absl::StrCat("Unexpected node type: ",
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/cord_internal.h b/absl/strings/internal/cord_internal.h
index b50fb79a..20dd008c 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/cord_internal.h
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/cord_internal.h
@@ -27,9 +27,20 @@
 #include "absl/base/internal/invoke.h"
 #include "absl/base/optimization.h"
 #include "absl/container/internal/compressed_tuple.h"
+#include "absl/container/internal/container_memory.h"
 #include "absl/meta/type_traits.h"
 #include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
 
+// We can only add poisoning if we can detect consteval executions.
+#if defined(ABSL_HAVE_CONSTANT_EVALUATED) && \
+    (defined(ABSL_HAVE_ADDRESS_SANITIZER) || \
+     defined(ABSL_HAVE_MEMORY_SANITIZER))
+#define ABSL_INTERNAL_CORD_HAVE_SANITIZER 1
+#endif
+
+#define ABSL_CORD_INTERNAL_NO_SANITIZE \
+  ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_ADDRESS ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NO_SANITIZE_MEMORY
+
 namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 namespace cord_internal {
@@ -58,12 +69,6 @@ enum CordFeatureDefaults {
 extern std::atomic<bool> cord_ring_buffer_enabled;
 extern std::atomic<bool> shallow_subcords_enabled;
 
-// `cord_btree_exhaustive_validation` can be set to force exhaustive validation
-// in debug assertions, and code that calls `IsValid()` explicitly. By default,
-// assertions should be relatively cheap and AssertValid() can easily lead to
-// O(n^2) complexity as recursive / full tree validation is O(n).
-extern std::atomic<bool> cord_btree_exhaustive_validation;
-
 inline void enable_cord_ring_buffer(bool enable) {
   cord_ring_buffer_enabled.store(enable, std::memory_order_relaxed);
 }
@@ -91,6 +96,46 @@ enum Constants {
 // Emits a fatal error "Unexpected node type: xyz" and aborts the program.
 ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NORETURN void LogFatalNodeType(CordRep* rep);
 
+// Fast implementation of memmove for up to 15 bytes. This implementation is
+// safe for overlapping regions. If nullify_tail is true, the destination is
+// padded with '\0' up to 15 bytes.
+template <bool nullify_tail = false>
+inline void SmallMemmove(char* dst, const char* src, size_t n) {
+  if (n >= 8) {
+    assert(n <= 15);
+    uint64_t buf1;
+    uint64_t buf2;
+    memcpy(&buf1, src, 8);
+    memcpy(&buf2, src + n - 8, 8);
+    if (nullify_tail) {
+      memset(dst + 7, 0, 8);
+    }
+    memcpy(dst, &buf1, 8);
+    memcpy(dst + n - 8, &buf2, 8);
+  } else if (n >= 4) {
+    uint32_t buf1;
+    uint32_t buf2;
+    memcpy(&buf1, src, 4);
+    memcpy(&buf2, src + n - 4, 4);
+    if (nullify_tail) {
+      memset(dst + 4, 0, 4);
+      memset(dst + 7, 0, 8);
+    }
+    memcpy(dst, &buf1, 4);
+    memcpy(dst + n - 4, &buf2, 4);
+  } else {
+    if (n != 0) {
+      dst[0] = src[0];
+      dst[n / 2] = src[n / 2];
+      dst[n - 1] = src[n - 1];
+    }
+    if (nullify_tail) {
+      memset(dst + 7, 0, 8);
+      memset(dst + n, 0, 8);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 // Compact class for tracking the reference count and state flags for CordRep
 // instances.  Data is stored in an atomic int32_t for compactness and speed.
 class RefcountAndFlags {
@@ -112,25 +157,25 @@ class RefcountAndFlags {
   // false will be visible to a thread that just observed this method returning
   // false.  Always returns false when the immortal bit is set.
   inline bool Decrement() {
-    int32_t refcount = count_.load(std::memory_order_acquire) & kRefcountMask;
-    assert(refcount > 0 || refcount & kImmortalFlag);
+    int32_t refcount = count_.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+    assert((refcount & kRefcountMask) > 0 || refcount & kImmortalFlag);
     return refcount != kRefIncrement &&
            (count_.fetch_sub(kRefIncrement, std::memory_order_acq_rel) &
-            kRefcountMask) != kRefIncrement;
+            kHighRefcountMask) != 0;
   }
 
   // Same as Decrement but expect that refcount is greater than 1.
   inline bool DecrementExpectHighRefcount() {
     int32_t refcount =
-        count_.fetch_sub(kRefIncrement, std::memory_order_acq_rel) &
-        kRefcountMask;
-    assert(refcount > 0 || refcount & kImmortalFlag);
-    return refcount != kRefIncrement;
+        count_.fetch_sub(kRefIncrement, std::memory_order_acq_rel);
+    assert((refcount & kRefcountMask) > 0 || refcount & kImmortalFlag);
+    return (refcount & kHighRefcountMask) != 0;
   }
 
   // Returns the current reference count using acquire semantics.
-  inline int32_t Get() const {
-    return count_.load(std::memory_order_acquire) >> kNumFlags;
+  inline size_t Get() const {
+    return static_cast<size_t>(count_.load(std::memory_order_acquire) >>
+                               kNumFlags);
   }
 
   // Returns whether the atomic integer is 1.
@@ -168,6 +213,15 @@ class RefcountAndFlags {
     // purposes of equality.  (A refcount of 0 or 1 does not count as 0 or 1
     // if the immortal bit is set.)
     kRefcountMask = ~kReservedFlag,
+
+    // Bitmask to use when checking if refcount is equal to 1 and not
+    // immortal when decrementing the refcount. This masks out kRefIncrement and
+    // all flags except kImmortalFlag. If the masked RefcountAndFlags is 0, we
+    // assume the refcount is equal to 1, since we know it's not immortal and
+    // not greater than 1. If the masked RefcountAndFlags is not 0, we can
+    // assume the refcount is not equal to 1 since either a higher bit in the
+    // refcount is set, or kImmortal is set.
+    kHighRefcountMask = kRefcountMask & ~kRefIncrement,
   };
 
   std::atomic<int32_t> count_;
@@ -224,7 +278,11 @@ struct CordRep {
       : length(l), refcount(immortal), tag(EXTERNAL), storage{} {}
 
   // The following three fields have to be less than 32 bytes since
-  // that is the smallest supported flat node size.
+  // that is the smallest supported flat node size. Some code optimizations rely
+  // on the specific layout of these fields. Notably: the non-trivial field
+  // `refcount` being preceded by `length`, and being tailed by POD data
+  // members only.
+  // # LINT.IfChange
   size_t length;
   RefcountAndFlags refcount;
   // If tag < FLAT, it represents CordRepKind and indicates the type of node.
@@ -240,6 +298,7 @@ struct CordRep {
   // allocate room for these in the derived class, as not all compilers reuse
   // padding space from the base class (clang and gcc do, MSVC does not, etc)
   uint8_t storage[3];
+  // # LINT.ThenChange(cord_rep_btree.h:copy_raw)
 
   // Returns true if this instance's tag matches the requested type.
   constexpr bool IsRing() const { return tag == RING; }
@@ -422,25 +481,25 @@ constexpr char GetOrNull(absl::string_view data, size_t pos) {
   return pos < data.size() ? data[pos] : '\0';
 }
 
-// We store cordz_info as 64 bit pointer value in big endian format. This
-// guarantees that the least significant byte of cordz_info matches the last
-// byte of the inline data representation in as_chars_, which holds the inlined
+// We store cordz_info as 64 bit pointer value in little endian format. This
+// guarantees that the least significant byte of cordz_info matches the first
+// byte of the inline data representation in `data`, which holds the inlined
 // size or the 'is_tree' bit.
 using cordz_info_t = int64_t;
 
 // Assert that the `cordz_info` pointer value perfectly overlaps the last half
-// of `as_chars_` and can hold a pointer value.
+// of `data` and can hold a pointer value.
 static_assert(sizeof(cordz_info_t) * 2 == kMaxInline + 1, "");
 static_assert(sizeof(cordz_info_t) >= sizeof(intptr_t), "");
 
-// BigEndianByte() creates a big endian representation of 'value', i.e.: a big
-// endian value where the last byte in the host's representation holds 'value`,
-// with all other bytes being 0.
-static constexpr cordz_info_t BigEndianByte(unsigned char value) {
+// LittleEndianByte() creates a little endian representation of 'value', i.e.:
+// a little endian value where the first byte in the host's representation
+// holds 'value`, with all other bytes being 0.
+static constexpr cordz_info_t LittleEndianByte(unsigned char value) {
 #if defined(ABSL_IS_BIG_ENDIAN)
-  return value;
-#else
   return static_cast<cordz_info_t>(value) << ((sizeof(cordz_info_t) - 1) * 8);
+#else
+  return value;
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -449,38 +508,80 @@ class InlineData {
   // DefaultInitType forces the use of the default initialization constructor.
   enum DefaultInitType { kDefaultInit };
 
-  // kNullCordzInfo holds the big endian representation of intptr_t(1)
+  // kNullCordzInfo holds the little endian representation of intptr_t(1)
   // This is the 'null' / initial value of 'cordz_info'. The null value
   // is specifically big endian 1 as with 64-bit pointers, the last
   // byte of cordz_info overlaps with the last byte holding the tag.
-  static constexpr cordz_info_t kNullCordzInfo = BigEndianByte(1);
-
-  constexpr InlineData() : as_chars_{0} {}
-  explicit InlineData(DefaultInitType) {}
-  explicit constexpr InlineData(CordRep* rep) : as_tree_(rep) {}
-  explicit constexpr InlineData(absl::string_view chars)
-      : as_chars_{
-            GetOrNull(chars, 0),  GetOrNull(chars, 1),
-            GetOrNull(chars, 2),  GetOrNull(chars, 3),
-            GetOrNull(chars, 4),  GetOrNull(chars, 5),
-            GetOrNull(chars, 6),  GetOrNull(chars, 7),
-            GetOrNull(chars, 8),  GetOrNull(chars, 9),
-            GetOrNull(chars, 10), GetOrNull(chars, 11),
-            GetOrNull(chars, 12), GetOrNull(chars, 13),
-            GetOrNull(chars, 14), static_cast<char>((chars.size() << 1))} {}
+  static constexpr cordz_info_t kNullCordzInfo = LittleEndianByte(1);
+
+  // kTagOffset contains the offset of the control byte / tag. This constant is
+  // intended mostly for debugging purposes: do not remove this constant as it
+  // is actively inspected and used by gdb pretty printing code.
+  static constexpr size_t kTagOffset = 0;
+
+  // Implement `~InlineData()` conditionally: we only need this destructor to
+  // unpoison poisoned instances under *SAN, and it will only compile correctly
+  // if the current compiler supports `absl::is_constant_evaluated()`.
+#ifdef ABSL_INTERNAL_CORD_HAVE_SANITIZER
+  ~InlineData() noexcept { unpoison(); }
+#endif
+
+  constexpr InlineData() noexcept { poison_this(); }
+
+  explicit InlineData(DefaultInitType) noexcept : rep_(kDefaultInit) {
+    poison_this();
+  }
+
+  explicit InlineData(CordRep* rep) noexcept : rep_(rep) {
+    ABSL_ASSERT(rep != nullptr);
+  }
+
+  // Explicit constexpr constructor to create a constexpr InlineData
+  // value. Creates an inlined SSO value if `rep` is null, otherwise
+  // creates a tree instance value.
+  constexpr InlineData(absl::string_view sv, CordRep* rep) noexcept
+      : rep_(rep ? Rep(rep) : Rep(sv)) {
+    poison();
+  }
+
+  constexpr InlineData(const InlineData& rhs) noexcept;
+  InlineData& operator=(const InlineData& rhs) noexcept;
+
+  friend bool operator==(const InlineData& lhs, const InlineData& rhs) {
+#ifdef ABSL_INTERNAL_CORD_HAVE_SANITIZER
+    const Rep l = lhs.rep_.SanitizerSafeCopy();
+    const Rep r = rhs.rep_.SanitizerSafeCopy();
+    return memcmp(&l, &r, sizeof(l)) == 0;
+#else
+    return memcmp(&lhs, &rhs, sizeof(lhs)) == 0;
+#endif
+  }
+  friend bool operator!=(const InlineData& lhs, const InlineData& rhs) {
+    return !operator==(lhs, rhs);
+  }
+
+  // Poisons the unused inlined SSO data if the current instance
+  // is inlined, else un-poisons the entire instance.
+  constexpr void poison();
+
+  // Un-poisons this instance.
+  constexpr void unpoison();
+
+  // Poisons the current instance. This is used on default initialization.
+  constexpr void poison_this();
 
   // Returns true if the current instance is empty.
   // The 'empty value' is an inlined data value of zero length.
-  bool is_empty() const { return tag() == 0; }
+  bool is_empty() const { return rep_.tag() == 0; }
 
   // Returns true if the current instance holds a tree value.
-  bool is_tree() const { return (tag() & 1) != 0; }
+  bool is_tree() const { return (rep_.tag() & 1) != 0; }
 
   // Returns true if the current instance holds a cordz_info value.
   // Requires the current instance to hold a tree value.
   bool is_profiled() const {
     assert(is_tree());
-    return as_tree_.cordz_info != kNullCordzInfo;
+    return rep_.cordz_info() != kNullCordzInfo;
   }
 
   // Returns true if either of the provided instances hold a cordz_info value.
@@ -489,7 +590,7 @@ class InlineData {
   static bool is_either_profiled(const InlineData& data1,
                                  const InlineData& data2) {
     assert(data1.is_tree() && data2.is_tree());
-    return (data1.as_tree_.cordz_info | data2.as_tree_.cordz_info) !=
+    return (data1.rep_.cordz_info() | data2.rep_.cordz_info()) !=
            kNullCordzInfo;
   }
 
@@ -498,8 +599,8 @@ class InlineData {
   // Requires the current instance to hold a tree value.
   CordzInfo* cordz_info() const {
     assert(is_tree());
-    intptr_t info = static_cast<intptr_t>(
-        absl::big_endian::ToHost64(static_cast<uint64_t>(as_tree_.cordz_info)));
+    intptr_t info = static_cast<intptr_t>(absl::little_endian::ToHost64(
+        static_cast<uint64_t>(rep_.cordz_info())));
     assert(info & 1);
     return reinterpret_cast<CordzInfo*>(info - 1);
   }
@@ -510,21 +611,21 @@ class InlineData {
   void set_cordz_info(CordzInfo* cordz_info) {
     assert(is_tree());
     uintptr_t info = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(cordz_info) | 1;
-    as_tree_.cordz_info =
-        static_cast<cordz_info_t>(absl::big_endian::FromHost64(info));
+    rep_.set_cordz_info(
+        static_cast<cordz_info_t>(absl::little_endian::FromHost64(info)));
   }
 
   // Resets the current cordz_info to null / empty.
   void clear_cordz_info() {
     assert(is_tree());
-    as_tree_.cordz_info = kNullCordzInfo;
+    rep_.set_cordz_info(kNullCordzInfo);
   }
 
   // Returns a read only pointer to the character data inside this instance.
   // Requires the current instance to hold inline data.
   const char* as_chars() const {
     assert(!is_tree());
-    return as_chars_;
+    return rep_.as_chars();
   }
 
   // Returns a mutable pointer to the character data inside this instance.
@@ -542,20 +643,33 @@ class InlineData {
   //
   // It's an error to read from the returned pointer without a preceding write
   // if the current instance does not hold inline data, i.e.: is_tree() == true.
-  char* as_chars() { return as_chars_; }
+  char* as_chars() { return rep_.as_chars(); }
 
   // Returns the tree value of this value.
   // Requires the current instance to hold a tree value.
   CordRep* as_tree() const {
     assert(is_tree());
-    return as_tree_.rep;
+    return rep_.tree();
+  }
+
+  void set_inline_data(const char* data, size_t n) {
+    ABSL_ASSERT(n <= kMaxInline);
+    unpoison();
+    rep_.set_tag(static_cast<int8_t>(n << 1));
+    SmallMemmove<true>(rep_.as_chars(), data, n);
+    poison();
+  }
+
+  void copy_max_inline_to(char* dst) const {
+    assert(!is_tree());
+    memcpy(dst, rep_.SanitizerSafeCopy().as_chars(), kMaxInline);
   }
 
   // Initialize this instance to holding the tree value `rep`,
   // initializing the cordz_info to null, i.e.: 'not profiled'.
   void make_tree(CordRep* rep) {
-    as_tree_.rep = rep;
-    as_tree_.cordz_info = kNullCordzInfo;
+    unpoison();
+    rep_.make_tree(rep);
   }
 
   // Set the tree value of this instance to 'rep`.
@@ -563,54 +677,202 @@ class InlineData {
   // Does not affect the value of cordz_info.
   void set_tree(CordRep* rep) {
     assert(is_tree());
-    as_tree_.rep = rep;
+    rep_.set_tree(rep);
   }
 
   // Returns the size of the inlined character data inside this instance.
   // Requires the current instance to hold inline data.
-  size_t inline_size() const {
-    assert(!is_tree());
-    return tag() >> 1;
-  }
+  size_t inline_size() const { return rep_.inline_size(); }
 
   // Sets the size of the inlined character data inside this instance.
   // Requires `size` to be <= kMaxInline.
   // See the documentation on 'as_chars()' for more information and examples.
   void set_inline_size(size_t size) {
-    ABSL_ASSERT(size <= kMaxInline);
-    tag() = static_cast<char>(size << 1);
+    unpoison();
+    rep_.set_inline_size(size);
+    poison();
+  }
+
+  // Compares 'this' inlined data  with rhs. The comparison is a straightforward
+  // lexicographic comparison. `Compare()` returns values as follows:
+  //
+  //   -1  'this' InlineData instance is smaller
+  //    0  the InlineData instances are equal
+  //    1  'this' InlineData instance larger
+  int Compare(const InlineData& rhs) const {
+    return Compare(rep_.SanitizerSafeCopy(), rhs.rep_.SanitizerSafeCopy());
   }
 
  private:
-  // See cordz_info_t for forced alignment and size of `cordz_info` details.
-  struct AsTree {
-    explicit constexpr AsTree(absl::cord_internal::CordRep* tree)
-        : rep(tree), cordz_info(kNullCordzInfo) {}
-    // This union uses up extra space so that whether rep is 32 or 64 bits,
-    // cordz_info will still start at the eighth byte, and the last
-    // byte of cordz_info will still be the last byte of InlineData.
-    union {
+  struct Rep {
+    // See cordz_info_t for forced alignment and size of `cordz_info` details.
+    struct AsTree {
+      explicit constexpr AsTree(absl::cord_internal::CordRep* tree)
+          : rep(tree) {}
+      cordz_info_t cordz_info = kNullCordzInfo;
       absl::cord_internal::CordRep* rep;
-      cordz_info_t unused_aligner;
     };
-    cordz_info_t cordz_info;
-  };
 
-  char& tag() { return reinterpret_cast<char*>(this)[kMaxInline]; }
-  char tag() const { return reinterpret_cast<const char*>(this)[kMaxInline]; }
+    explicit Rep(DefaultInitType) {}
+    constexpr Rep() : data{0} {}
+    constexpr Rep(const Rep&) = default;
+    constexpr Rep& operator=(const Rep&) = default;
+
+    explicit constexpr Rep(CordRep* rep) : as_tree(rep) {}
+
+    explicit constexpr Rep(absl::string_view chars)
+        : data{static_cast<char>((chars.size() << 1)),
+               GetOrNull(chars, 0),
+               GetOrNull(chars, 1),
+               GetOrNull(chars, 2),
+               GetOrNull(chars, 3),
+               GetOrNull(chars, 4),
+               GetOrNull(chars, 5),
+               GetOrNull(chars, 6),
+               GetOrNull(chars, 7),
+               GetOrNull(chars, 8),
+               GetOrNull(chars, 9),
+               GetOrNull(chars, 10),
+               GetOrNull(chars, 11),
+               GetOrNull(chars, 12),
+               GetOrNull(chars, 13),
+               GetOrNull(chars, 14)} {}
+
+    // Disable sanitizer as we must always be able to read `tag`.
+    ABSL_CORD_INTERNAL_NO_SANITIZE
+    int8_t tag() const { return reinterpret_cast<const int8_t*>(this)[0]; }
+    void set_tag(int8_t rhs) { reinterpret_cast<int8_t*>(this)[0] = rhs; }
+
+    char* as_chars() { return data + 1; }
+    const char* as_chars() const { return data + 1; }
+
+    bool is_tree() const { return (tag() & 1) != 0; }
+
+    size_t inline_size() const {
+      ABSL_ASSERT(!is_tree());
+      return static_cast<size_t>(tag()) >> 1;
+    }
+
+    void set_inline_size(size_t size) {
+      ABSL_ASSERT(size <= kMaxInline);
+      set_tag(static_cast<int8_t>(size << 1));
+    }
+
+    CordRep* tree() const { return as_tree.rep; }
+    void set_tree(CordRep* rhs) { as_tree.rep = rhs; }
+
+    cordz_info_t cordz_info() const { return as_tree.cordz_info; }
+    void set_cordz_info(cordz_info_t rhs) { as_tree.cordz_info = rhs; }
+
+    void make_tree(CordRep* tree) {
+      as_tree.rep = tree;
+      as_tree.cordz_info = kNullCordzInfo;
+    }
+
+#ifdef ABSL_INTERNAL_CORD_HAVE_SANITIZER
+    constexpr Rep SanitizerSafeCopy() const {
+      if (!absl::is_constant_evaluated()) {
+        Rep res;
+        if (is_tree()) {
+          res = *this;
+        } else {
+          res.set_tag(tag());
+          memcpy(res.as_chars(), as_chars(), inline_size());
+        }
+        return res;
+      } else {
+        return *this;
+      }
+    }
+#else
+    constexpr const Rep& SanitizerSafeCopy() const { return *this; }
+#endif
 
-  // If the data has length <= kMaxInline, we store it in `as_chars_`, and
-  // store the size in the last char of `as_chars_` shifted left + 1.
-  // Else we store it in a tree and store a pointer to that tree in
-  // `as_tree_.rep` and store a tag in `tagged_size`.
-  union {
-    char as_chars_[kMaxInline + 1];
-    AsTree as_tree_;
+    // If the data has length <= kMaxInline, we store it in `data`, and
+    // store the size in the first char of `data` shifted left + 1.
+    // Else we store it in a tree and store a pointer to that tree in
+    // `as_tree.rep` with a tagged pointer to make `tag() & 1` non zero.
+    union {
+      char data[kMaxInline + 1];
+      AsTree as_tree;
+    };
   };
+
+  // Private implementation of `Compare()`
+  static inline int Compare(const Rep& lhs, const Rep& rhs) {
+    uint64_t x, y;
+    memcpy(&x, lhs.as_chars(), sizeof(x));
+    memcpy(&y, rhs.as_chars(), sizeof(y));
+    if (x == y) {
+      memcpy(&x, lhs.as_chars() + 7, sizeof(x));
+      memcpy(&y, rhs.as_chars() + 7, sizeof(y));
+      if (x == y) {
+        if (lhs.inline_size() == rhs.inline_size()) return 0;
+        return lhs.inline_size() < rhs.inline_size() ? -1 : 1;
+      }
+    }
+    x = absl::big_endian::FromHost64(x);
+    y = absl::big_endian::FromHost64(y);
+    return x < y ? -1 : 1;
+  }
+
+  Rep rep_;
 };
 
 static_assert(sizeof(InlineData) == kMaxInline + 1, "");
 
+#ifdef ABSL_INTERNAL_CORD_HAVE_SANITIZER
+
+constexpr InlineData::InlineData(const InlineData& rhs) noexcept
+    : rep_(rhs.rep_.SanitizerSafeCopy()) {
+  poison();
+}
+
+inline InlineData& InlineData::operator=(const InlineData& rhs) noexcept {
+  unpoison();
+  rep_ = rhs.rep_.SanitizerSafeCopy();
+  poison();
+  return *this;
+}
+
+constexpr void InlineData::poison_this() {
+  if (!absl::is_constant_evaluated()) {
+    container_internal::SanitizerPoisonObject(this);
+  }
+}
+
+constexpr void InlineData::unpoison() {
+  if (!absl::is_constant_evaluated()) {
+    container_internal::SanitizerUnpoisonObject(this);
+  }
+}
+
+constexpr void InlineData::poison() {
+  if (!absl::is_constant_evaluated()) {
+    if (is_tree()) {
+      container_internal::SanitizerUnpoisonObject(this);
+    } else if (const size_t size = inline_size()) {
+      if (size < kMaxInline) {
+        const char* end = rep_.as_chars() + size;
+        container_internal::SanitizerPoisonMemoryRegion(end, kMaxInline - size);
+      }
+    } else {
+      container_internal::SanitizerPoisonObject(this);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+#else  // ABSL_INTERNAL_CORD_HAVE_SANITIZER
+
+constexpr InlineData::InlineData(const InlineData&) noexcept = default;
+inline InlineData& InlineData::operator=(const InlineData&) noexcept = default;
+
+constexpr void InlineData::poison_this() {}
+constexpr void InlineData::unpoison() {}
+constexpr void InlineData::poison() {}
+
+#endif  // ABSL_INTERNAL_CORD_HAVE_SANITIZER
+
 inline CordRepSubstring* CordRep::substring() {
   assert(IsSubstring());
   return static_cast<CordRepSubstring*>(this);
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree.cc b/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree.cc
index cacbf3da..05bd0e20 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree.cc
@@ -14,14 +14,17 @@
 
 #include "absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree.h"
 
+#include <atomic>
 #include <cassert>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <iostream>
+#include <ostream>
 #include <string>
 
 #include "absl/base/attributes.h"
 #include "absl/base/config.h"
 #include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
+#include "absl/base/optimization.h"
 #include "absl/strings/internal/cord_data_edge.h"
 #include "absl/strings/internal/cord_internal.h"
 #include "absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_consume.h"
@@ -47,16 +50,16 @@ using CopyResult = CordRepBtree::CopyResult;
 constexpr auto kFront = CordRepBtree::kFront;
 constexpr auto kBack = CordRepBtree::kBack;
 
-inline bool exhaustive_validation() {
-  return cord_btree_exhaustive_validation.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
-}
+ABSL_CONST_INIT std::atomic<bool> cord_btree_exhaustive_validation(false);
 
 // Implementation of the various 'Dump' functions.
 // Prints the entire tree structure or 'rep'. External callers should
 // not specify 'depth' and leave it to its default (0) value.
 // Rep may be a CordRepBtree tree, or a SUBSTRING / EXTERNAL / FLAT node.
-void DumpAll(const CordRep* rep, bool include_contents, std::ostream& stream,
-             int depth = 0) {
+void DumpAll(const CordRep* rep,
+             bool include_contents,
+             std::ostream& stream,
+             size_t depth = 0) {
   // Allow for full height trees + substring -> flat / external nodes.
   assert(depth <= CordRepBtree::kMaxDepth + 2);
   std::string sharing = const_cast<CordRep*>(rep)->refcount.IsOne()
@@ -283,7 +286,7 @@ struct StackOperations {
       case CordRepBtree::kSelf:
         return result.tree;
     }
-    ABSL_INTERNAL_UNREACHABLE;
+    ABSL_UNREACHABLE();
     return result.tree;
   }
 
@@ -358,6 +361,15 @@ struct StackOperations {
 
 }  // namespace
 
+void SetCordBtreeExhaustiveValidation(bool do_exaustive_validation) {
+  cord_btree_exhaustive_validation.store(do_exaustive_validation,
+                                         std::memory_order_relaxed);
+}
+
+bool IsCordBtreeExhaustiveValidationEnabled() {
+  return cord_btree_exhaustive_validation.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+}
+
 void CordRepBtree::Dump(const CordRep* rep, absl::string_view label,
                         bool include_contents, std::ostream& stream) {
   stream << "===================================\n";
@@ -446,7 +458,8 @@ bool CordRepBtree::IsValid(const CordRepBtree* tree, bool shallow) {
     child_length += edge->length;
   }
   NODE_CHECK_EQ(child_length, tree->length);
-  if ((!shallow || exhaustive_validation()) && tree->height() > 0) {
+  if ((!shallow || IsCordBtreeExhaustiveValidationEnabled()) &&
+      tree->height() > 0) {
     for (CordRep* edge : tree->Edges()) {
       if (!IsValid(edge->btree(), shallow)) return false;
     }
@@ -499,7 +512,7 @@ OpResult CordRepBtree::SetEdge(bool owned, CordRep* edge, size_t delta) {
     // open interval [begin, back) or [begin + 1, end) depending on `edge_type`.
     // We conveniently cover both case using a constexpr `shift` being 0 or 1
     // as `end :== back + 1`.
-    result = {CopyRaw(), kCopied};
+    result = {CopyRaw(length), kCopied};
     constexpr int shift = edge_type == kFront ? 1 : 0;
     for (CordRep* r : Edges(begin() + shift, back() + shift)) {
       CordRep::Ref(r);
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree.h b/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree.h
index 2cbc09ec..be94b62e 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree.h
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree.h
@@ -32,6 +32,14 @@ namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 namespace cord_internal {
 
+// `SetCordBtreeExhaustiveValidation()` can be set to force exhaustive
+// validation in debug assertions, and code that calls `IsValid()`
+// explicitly. By default, assertions should be relatively cheap and
+// AssertValid() can easily lead to O(n^2) complexity as recursive / full tree
+// validation is O(n).
+void SetCordBtreeExhaustiveValidation(bool do_exaustive_validation);
+bool IsCordBtreeExhaustiveValidationEnabled();
+
 class CordRepBtreeNavigator;
 
 // CordRepBtree is as the name implies a btree implementation of a Cordrep tree.
@@ -95,8 +103,9 @@ class CordRepBtree : public CordRep {
   // local stack variable compared to Cord's current near 400 bytes stack use.
   // The maximum `height` value of a node is then `kMaxDepth - 1` as node height
   // values start with a value of 0 for leaf nodes.
-  static constexpr int kMaxDepth = 12;
-  static constexpr int kMaxHeight = kMaxDepth - 1;
+  static constexpr size_t kMaxDepth = 12;
+  // See comments on height() for why this is an int and not a size_t.
+  static constexpr int kMaxHeight = static_cast<int>(kMaxDepth - 1);
 
   // `Action` defines the action for unwinding changes done at the btree's leaf
   // level that need to be propagated up to the parent node(s). Each operation
@@ -445,9 +454,9 @@ class CordRepBtree : public CordRep {
   template <EdgeType edge_type>
   static CordRepBtree* NewLeaf(absl::string_view data, size_t extra);
 
-  // Creates a raw copy of this Btree node, copying all properties, but
-  // without adding any references to existing edges.
-  CordRepBtree* CopyRaw() const;
+  // Creates a raw copy of this Btree node with the specified length, copying
+  // all properties, but without adding any references to existing edges.
+  CordRepBtree* CopyRaw(size_t new_length) const;
 
   // Creates a full copy of this Btree node, adding a reference on all edges.
   CordRepBtree* Copy() const;
@@ -665,15 +674,28 @@ inline void CordRepBtree::Unref(absl::Span<CordRep* const> edges) {
   }
 }
 
-inline CordRepBtree* CordRepBtree::CopyRaw() const {
-  auto* tree = static_cast<CordRepBtree*>(::operator new(sizeof(CordRepBtree)));
-  memcpy(static_cast<void*>(tree), this, sizeof(CordRepBtree));
-  new (&tree->refcount) RefcountAndFlags;
+inline CordRepBtree* CordRepBtree::CopyRaw(size_t new_length) const {
+  CordRepBtree* tree = new CordRepBtree;
+
+  // `length` and `refcount` are the first members of `CordRepBtree`.
+  // We initialize `length` using the given length, have `refcount` be set to
+  // ref = 1 through its default constructor, and copy all data beyond
+  // 'refcount' which starts with `tag` using a single memcpy: all contents
+  // except `refcount` is trivially copyable, and the compiler does not
+  // efficiently coalesce member-wise copy of these members.
+  // See https://gcc.godbolt.org/z/qY8zsca6z
+  // # LINT.IfChange(copy_raw)
+  tree->length = new_length;
+  uint8_t* dst = &tree->tag;
+  const uint8_t* src = &tag;
+  const ptrdiff_t offset = src - reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(this);
+  memcpy(dst, src, sizeof(CordRepBtree) - static_cast<size_t>(offset));
   return tree;
+  // # LINT.ThenChange()
 }
 
 inline CordRepBtree* CordRepBtree::Copy() const {
-  CordRepBtree* tree = CopyRaw();
+  CordRepBtree* tree = CopyRaw(length);
   for (CordRep* rep : Edges()) CordRep::Ref(rep);
   return tree;
 }
@@ -682,8 +704,7 @@ inline CordRepBtree* CordRepBtree::CopyToEndFrom(size_t begin,
                                                  size_t new_length) const {
   assert(begin >= this->begin());
   assert(begin <= this->end());
-  CordRepBtree* tree = CopyRaw();
-  tree->length = new_length;
+  CordRepBtree* tree = CopyRaw(new_length);
   tree->set_begin(begin);
   for (CordRep* edge : tree->Edges()) CordRep::Ref(edge);
   return tree;
@@ -693,8 +714,7 @@ inline CordRepBtree* CordRepBtree::CopyBeginTo(size_t end,
                                                size_t new_length) const {
   assert(end <= capacity());
   assert(end >= this->begin());
-  CordRepBtree* tree = CopyRaw();
-  tree->length = new_length;
+  CordRepBtree* tree = CopyRaw(new_length);
   tree->set_end(end);
   for (CordRep* edge : tree->Edges()) CordRep::Ref(edge);
   return tree;
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree_navigator.cc b/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree_navigator.cc
index 9b896a3d..6ed20c23 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree_navigator.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree_navigator.cc
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ CordRepBtreeNavigator::Position CordRepBtreeNavigator::Skip(size_t n) {
   // edges that must be skipped.
   while (height > 0) {
     node = edge->btree();
-    index_[height] = index;
+    index_[height] = static_cast<uint8_t>(index);
     node_[--height] = node;
     index = node->begin();
     edge = node->Edge(index);
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ CordRepBtreeNavigator::Position CordRepBtreeNavigator::Skip(size_t n) {
       edge = node->Edge(index);
     }
   }
-  index_[0] = index;
+  index_[0] = static_cast<uint8_t>(index);
   return {edge, n};
 }
 
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ ReadResult CordRepBtreeNavigator::Read(size_t edge_offset, size_t n) {
   do {
     length -= edge->length;
     while (++index == node->end()) {
-      index_[height] = index;
+      index_[height] = static_cast<uint8_t>(index);
       if (++height > height_) {
         subtree->set_end(subtree_end);
         if (length == 0) return {subtree, 0};
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ ReadResult CordRepBtreeNavigator::Read(size_t edge_offset, size_t n) {
   // edges that must be read, adding 'down' nodes to `subtree`.
   while (height > 0) {
     node = edge->btree();
-    index_[height] = index;
+    index_[height] = static_cast<uint8_t>(index);
     node_[--height] = node;
     index = node->begin();
     edge = node->Edge(index);
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ ReadResult CordRepBtreeNavigator::Read(size_t edge_offset, size_t n) {
     subtree->edges_[subtree_end++] = Substring(edge, 0, length);
   }
   subtree->set_end(subtree_end);
-  index_[0] = index;
+  index_[0] = static_cast<uint8_t>(index);
   return {tree, length};
 }
 
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree_navigator_test.cc b/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree_navigator_test.cc
index 4f9bd4e5..bed75508 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree_navigator_test.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree_navigator_test.cc
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ using Position = CordRepBtreeNavigator::Position;
 // CordRepBtreeNavigatorTest is a test fixture which automatically creates a
 // tree to test navigation logic on. The parameter `count' defines the number of
 // data edges in the test tree.
-class CordRepBtreeNavigatorTest : public testing::TestWithParam<int> {
+class CordRepBtreeNavigatorTest : public testing::TestWithParam<size_t> {
  public:
   using Flats = std::vector<CordRep*>;
   static constexpr size_t kCharsPerFlat = 3;
@@ -71,12 +71,12 @@ class CordRepBtreeNavigatorTest : public testing::TestWithParam<int> {
 
   ~CordRepBtreeNavigatorTest() override { CordRep::Unref(tree_); }
 
-  int count() const { return GetParam(); }
+  size_t count() const { return GetParam(); }
   CordRepBtree* tree() { return tree_; }
   const std::string& data() const { return data_; }
   const std::vector<CordRep*>& flats() const { return flats_; }
 
-  static std::string ToString(testing::TestParamInfo<int> param) {
+  static std::string ToString(testing::TestParamInfo<size_t> param) {
     return absl::StrCat(param.param, "_Flats");
   }
 
@@ -131,15 +131,15 @@ TEST_P(CordRepBtreeNavigatorTest, NextPrev) {
 
   EXPECT_THAT(nav.Previous(), Eq(nullptr));
   EXPECT_THAT(nav.Current(), Eq(flats.front()));
-  for (int i = 1; i < flats.size(); ++i) {
+  for (size_t i = 1; i < flats.size(); ++i) {
     ASSERT_THAT(nav.Next(), Eq(flats[i]));
     EXPECT_THAT(nav.Current(), Eq(flats[i]));
   }
   EXPECT_THAT(nav.Next(), Eq(nullptr));
   EXPECT_THAT(nav.Current(), Eq(flats.back()));
-  for (int i = static_cast<int>(flats.size()) - 2; i >= 0; --i) {
-    ASSERT_THAT(nav.Previous(), Eq(flats[i]));
-    EXPECT_THAT(nav.Current(), Eq(flats[i]));
+  for (size_t i = flats.size() - 1; i > 0; --i) {
+    ASSERT_THAT(nav.Previous(), Eq(flats[i - 1]));
+    EXPECT_THAT(nav.Current(), Eq(flats[i - 1]));
   }
   EXPECT_THAT(nav.Previous(), Eq(nullptr));
   EXPECT_THAT(nav.Current(), Eq(flats.front()));
@@ -152,13 +152,13 @@ TEST_P(CordRepBtreeNavigatorTest, PrevNext) {
 
   EXPECT_THAT(nav.Next(), Eq(nullptr));
   EXPECT_THAT(nav.Current(), Eq(flats.back()));
-  for (int i = static_cast<int>(flats.size()) - 2; i >= 0; --i) {
-    ASSERT_THAT(nav.Previous(), Eq(flats[i]));
-    EXPECT_THAT(nav.Current(), Eq(flats[i]));
+  for (size_t i = flats.size() - 1; i > 0; --i) {
+    ASSERT_THAT(nav.Previous(), Eq(flats[i - 1]));
+    EXPECT_THAT(nav.Current(), Eq(flats[i - 1]));
   }
   EXPECT_THAT(nav.Previous(), Eq(nullptr));
   EXPECT_THAT(nav.Current(), Eq(flats.front()));
-  for (int i = 1; i < flats.size(); ++i) {
+  for (size_t i = 1; i < flats.size(); ++i) {
     ASSERT_THAT(nav.Next(), Eq(flats[i]));
     EXPECT_THAT(nav.Current(), Eq(flats[i]));
   }
@@ -180,21 +180,21 @@ TEST(CordRepBtreeNavigatorTest, Reset) {
 }
 
 TEST_P(CordRepBtreeNavigatorTest, Skip) {
-  int count = this->count();
+  size_t count = this->count();
   const Flats& flats = this->flats();
   CordRepBtreeNavigator nav;
   nav.InitFirst(tree());
 
-  for (int char_offset = 0; char_offset < kCharsPerFlat; ++char_offset) {
+  for (size_t char_offset = 0; char_offset < kCharsPerFlat; ++char_offset) {
     Position pos = nav.Skip(char_offset);
     EXPECT_THAT(pos.edge, Eq(nav.Current()));
     EXPECT_THAT(pos.edge, Eq(flats[0]));
     EXPECT_THAT(pos.offset, Eq(char_offset));
   }
 
-  for (int index1 = 0; index1 < count; ++index1) {
-    for (int index2 = index1; index2 < count; ++index2) {
-      for (int char_offset = 0; char_offset < kCharsPerFlat; ++char_offset) {
+  for (size_t index1 = 0; index1 < count; ++index1) {
+    for (size_t index2 = index1; index2 < count; ++index2) {
+      for (size_t char_offset = 0; char_offset < kCharsPerFlat; ++char_offset) {
         CordRepBtreeNavigator nav;
         nav.InitFirst(tree());
 
@@ -215,20 +215,20 @@ TEST_P(CordRepBtreeNavigatorTest, Skip) {
 }
 
 TEST_P(CordRepBtreeNavigatorTest, Seek) {
-  int count = this->count();
+  size_t count = this->count();
   const Flats& flats = this->flats();
   CordRepBtreeNavigator nav;
   nav.InitFirst(tree());
 
-  for (int char_offset = 0; char_offset < kCharsPerFlat; ++char_offset) {
+  for (size_t char_offset = 0; char_offset < kCharsPerFlat; ++char_offset) {
     Position pos = nav.Seek(char_offset);
     EXPECT_THAT(pos.edge, Eq(nav.Current()));
     EXPECT_THAT(pos.edge, Eq(flats[0]));
     EXPECT_THAT(pos.offset, Eq(char_offset));
   }
 
-  for (int index = 0; index < count; ++index) {
-    for (int char_offset = 0; char_offset < kCharsPerFlat; ++char_offset) {
+  for (size_t index = 0; index < count; ++index) {
+    for (size_t char_offset = 0; char_offset < kCharsPerFlat; ++char_offset) {
       size_t offset = index * kCharsPerFlat + char_offset;
       Position pos1 = nav.Seek(offset);
       ASSERT_THAT(pos1.edge, Eq(flats[index]));
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ TEST(CordRepBtreeNavigatorTest, InitOffset) {
   EXPECT_THAT(nav.btree(), Eq(tree));
   EXPECT_THAT(pos.edge, Eq(tree->Edges()[1]));
   EXPECT_THAT(pos.edge, Eq(nav.Current()));
-  EXPECT_THAT(pos.offset, Eq(2));
+  EXPECT_THAT(pos.offset, Eq(2u));
   CordRep::Unref(tree);
 }
 
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree_reader_test.cc b/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree_reader_test.cc
index 9b27a81f..b4cdd8e5 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree_reader_test.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree_reader_test.cc
@@ -50,9 +50,9 @@ using ReadResult = CordRepBtreeReader::ReadResult;
 TEST(CordRepBtreeReaderTest, Next) {
   constexpr size_t kChars = 3;
   const size_t cap = CordRepBtree::kMaxCapacity;
-  int counts[] = {1, 2, cap, cap * cap, cap * cap + 1, cap * cap * 2 + 17};
+  size_t counts[] = {1, 2, cap, cap * cap, cap * cap + 1, cap * cap * 2 + 17};
 
-  for (int count : counts) {
+  for (size_t count : counts) {
     std::string data = CreateRandomString(count * kChars);
     std::vector<CordRep*> flats = CreateFlatsFromString(data, kChars);
     CordRepBtree* node = CordRepBtreeFromFlats(flats);
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ TEST(CordRepBtreeReaderTest, Next) {
       EXPECT_THAT(reader.remaining(), Eq(remaining));
     }
 
-    EXPECT_THAT(reader.remaining(), Eq(0));
+    EXPECT_THAT(reader.remaining(), Eq(0u));
 
     // Verify trying to read beyond EOF returns empty string_view
     EXPECT_THAT(reader.Next(), testing::IsEmpty());
@@ -86,9 +86,9 @@ TEST(CordRepBtreeReaderTest, Next) {
 TEST(CordRepBtreeReaderTest, Skip) {
   constexpr size_t kChars = 3;
   const size_t cap = CordRepBtree::kMaxCapacity;
-  int counts[] = {1, 2, cap, cap * cap, cap * cap + 1, cap * cap * 2 + 17};
+  size_t counts[] = {1, 2, cap, cap * cap, cap * cap + 1, cap * cap * 2 + 17};
 
-  for (int count : counts) {
+  for (size_t count : counts) {
     std::string data = CreateRandomString(count * kChars);
     std::vector<CordRep*> flats = CreateFlatsFromString(data, kChars);
     CordRepBtree* node = CordRepBtreeFromFlats(flats);
@@ -125,16 +125,16 @@ TEST(CordRepBtreeReaderTest, SkipBeyondLength) {
   CordRepBtreeReader reader;
   reader.Init(tree);
   EXPECT_THAT(reader.Skip(100), IsEmpty());
-  EXPECT_THAT(reader.remaining(), Eq(0));
+  EXPECT_THAT(reader.remaining(), Eq(0u));
   CordRep::Unref(tree);
 }
 
 TEST(CordRepBtreeReaderTest, Seek) {
   constexpr size_t kChars = 3;
   const size_t cap = CordRepBtree::kMaxCapacity;
-  int counts[] = {1, 2, cap, cap * cap, cap * cap + 1, cap * cap * 2 + 17};
+  size_t counts[] = {1, 2, cap, cap * cap, cap * cap + 1, cap * cap * 2 + 17};
 
-  for (int count : counts) {
+  for (size_t count : counts) {
     std::string data = CreateRandomString(count * kChars);
     std::vector<CordRep*> flats = CreateFlatsFromString(data, kChars);
     CordRepBtree* node = CordRepBtreeFromFlats(flats);
@@ -159,9 +159,9 @@ TEST(CordRepBtreeReaderTest, SeekBeyondLength) {
   CordRepBtreeReader reader;
   reader.Init(tree);
   EXPECT_THAT(reader.Seek(6), IsEmpty());
-  EXPECT_THAT(reader.remaining(), Eq(0));
+  EXPECT_THAT(reader.remaining(), Eq(0u));
   EXPECT_THAT(reader.Seek(100), IsEmpty());
-  EXPECT_THAT(reader.remaining(), Eq(0));
+  EXPECT_THAT(reader.remaining(), Eq(0u));
   CordRep::Unref(tree);
 }
 
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ TEST(CordRepBtreeReaderTest, Read) {
   chunk = reader.Read(0, chunk.length(), tree);
   EXPECT_THAT(tree, Eq(nullptr));
   EXPECT_THAT(chunk, Eq("abcde"));
-  EXPECT_THAT(reader.remaining(), Eq(10));
+  EXPECT_THAT(reader.remaining(), Eq(10u));
   EXPECT_THAT(reader.Next(), Eq("fghij"));
 
   // Read in full
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ TEST(CordRepBtreeReaderTest, Read) {
   EXPECT_THAT(tree, Ne(nullptr));
   EXPECT_THAT(CordToString(tree), Eq("abcdefghijklmno"));
   EXPECT_THAT(chunk, Eq(""));
-  EXPECT_THAT(reader.remaining(), Eq(0));
+  EXPECT_THAT(reader.remaining(), Eq(0u));
   CordRep::Unref(tree);
 
   // Read < chunk bytes
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ TEST(CordRepBtreeReaderTest, Read) {
   ASSERT_THAT(tree, Ne(nullptr));
   EXPECT_THAT(CordToString(tree), Eq("abc"));
   EXPECT_THAT(chunk, Eq("de"));
-  EXPECT_THAT(reader.remaining(), Eq(10));
+  EXPECT_THAT(reader.remaining(), Eq(10u));
   EXPECT_THAT(reader.Next(), Eq("fghij"));
   CordRep::Unref(tree);
 
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ TEST(CordRepBtreeReaderTest, Read) {
   ASSERT_THAT(tree, Ne(nullptr));
   EXPECT_THAT(CordToString(tree), Eq("cd"));
   EXPECT_THAT(chunk, Eq("e"));
-  EXPECT_THAT(reader.remaining(), Eq(10));
+  EXPECT_THAT(reader.remaining(), Eq(10u));
   EXPECT_THAT(reader.Next(), Eq("fghij"));
   CordRep::Unref(tree);
 
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ TEST(CordRepBtreeReaderTest, Read) {
   ASSERT_THAT(tree, Ne(nullptr));
   EXPECT_THAT(CordToString(tree), Eq("fgh"));
   EXPECT_THAT(chunk, Eq("ij"));
-  EXPECT_THAT(reader.remaining(), Eq(5));
+  EXPECT_THAT(reader.remaining(), Eq(5u));
   EXPECT_THAT(reader.Next(), Eq("klmno"));
   CordRep::Unref(tree);
 
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ TEST(CordRepBtreeReaderTest, Read) {
   ASSERT_THAT(tree, Ne(nullptr));
   EXPECT_THAT(CordToString(tree), Eq("cdefghijklmn"));
   EXPECT_THAT(chunk, Eq("o"));
-  EXPECT_THAT(reader.remaining(), Eq(0));
+  EXPECT_THAT(reader.remaining(), Eq(0u));
   CordRep::Unref(tree);
 
   // Read across chunks landing on exact edge boundary
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ TEST(CordRepBtreeReaderTest, Read) {
   ASSERT_THAT(tree, Ne(nullptr));
   EXPECT_THAT(CordToString(tree), Eq("cdefghij"));
   EXPECT_THAT(chunk, Eq("klmno"));
-  EXPECT_THAT(reader.remaining(), Eq(0));
+  EXPECT_THAT(reader.remaining(), Eq(0u));
   CordRep::Unref(tree);
 
   CordRep::Unref(node);
@@ -245,9 +245,9 @@ TEST(CordRepBtreeReaderTest, Read) {
 TEST(CordRepBtreeReaderTest, ReadExhaustive) {
   constexpr size_t kChars = 3;
   const size_t cap = CordRepBtree::kMaxCapacity;
-  int counts[] = {1, 2, cap, cap * cap + 1, cap * cap * cap * 2 + 17};
+  size_t counts[] = {1, 2, cap, cap * cap + 1, cap * cap * cap * 2 + 17};
 
-  for (int count : counts) {
+  for (size_t count : counts) {
     std::string data = CreateRandomString(count * kChars);
     std::vector<CordRep*> flats = CreateFlatsFromString(data, kChars);
     CordRepBtree* node = CordRepBtreeFromFlats(flats);
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree_test.cc b/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree_test.cc
index 51b90db1..840acf9f 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree_test.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree_test.cc
@@ -284,13 +284,14 @@ INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(WithParam, CordRepBtreeDualTest,
 TEST(CordRepBtreeTest, SizeIsMultipleOf64) {
   // Only enforce for fully 64-bit platforms.
   if (sizeof(size_t) == 8 && sizeof(void*) == 8) {
-    EXPECT_THAT(sizeof(CordRepBtree) % 64, Eq(0)) << "Should be multiple of 64";
+    EXPECT_THAT(sizeof(CordRepBtree) % 64, Eq(0u))
+        << "Should be multiple of 64";
   }
 }
 
 TEST(CordRepBtreeTest, NewDestroyEmptyTree) {
   auto* tree = CordRepBtree::New();
-  EXPECT_THAT(tree->size(), Eq(0));
+  EXPECT_THAT(tree->size(), Eq(0u));
   EXPECT_THAT(tree->height(), Eq(0));
   EXPECT_THAT(tree->Edges(), ElementsAre());
   CordRepBtree::Destroy(tree);
@@ -298,7 +299,7 @@ TEST(CordRepBtreeTest, NewDestroyEmptyTree) {
 
 TEST(CordRepBtreeTest, NewDestroyEmptyTreeAtHeight) {
   auto* tree = CordRepBtree::New(3);
-  EXPECT_THAT(tree->size(), Eq(0));
+  EXPECT_THAT(tree->size(), Eq(0u));
   EXPECT_THAT(tree->height(), Eq(3));
   EXPECT_THAT(tree->Edges(), ElementsAre());
   CordRepBtree::Destroy(tree);
@@ -356,7 +357,7 @@ TEST(CordRepBtreeTest, EdgeData) {
 TEST(CordRepBtreeTest, CreateUnrefLeaf) {
   auto* flat = MakeFlat("a");
   auto* leaf = CordRepBtree::Create(flat);
-  EXPECT_THAT(leaf->size(), Eq(1));
+  EXPECT_THAT(leaf->size(), Eq(1u));
   EXPECT_THAT(leaf->height(), Eq(0));
   EXPECT_THAT(leaf->Edges(), ElementsAre(flat));
   CordRepBtree::Unref(leaf);
@@ -365,7 +366,7 @@ TEST(CordRepBtreeTest, CreateUnrefLeaf) {
 TEST(CordRepBtreeTest, NewUnrefNode) {
   auto* leaf = CordRepBtree::Create(MakeFlat("a"));
   CordRepBtree* tree = CordRepBtree::New(leaf);
-  EXPECT_THAT(tree->size(), Eq(1));
+  EXPECT_THAT(tree->size(), Eq(1u));
   EXPECT_THAT(tree->height(), Eq(1));
   EXPECT_THAT(tree->Edges(), ElementsAre(leaf));
   CordRepBtree::Unref(tree);
@@ -506,7 +507,7 @@ TEST_P(CordRepBtreeTest, AppendToTreeTwoDeep) {
   for (size_t i = max_cap * max_cap + 1; i < max_cap * max_cap * max_cap; ++i) {
     // Ref top level tree based on param.
     // Ref child node once every 16 iterations, and leaf node every 4
-    // iterrations which  which should not have an observable effect other than
+    // iterations which  which should not have an observable effect other than
     //  the node and/or the leaf below it being copied.
     refs.RefIf(shared(), tree);
     refs.RefIf(i % 16 == 0, tree->Edges().back());
@@ -567,7 +568,7 @@ TEST_P(CordRepBtreeTest, PrependToTreeTwoDeep) {
   for (size_t i = max_cap * max_cap + 1; i < max_cap * max_cap * max_cap; ++i) {
     // Ref top level tree based on param.
     // Ref child node once every 16 iterations, and leaf node every 4
-    // iterrations which  which should not have an observable effect other than
+    // iterations which  which should not have an observable effect other than
     //  the node and/or the leaf below it being copied.
     refs.RefIf(shared(), tree);
     refs.RefIf(i % 16 == 0, tree->Edges().back());
@@ -653,7 +654,7 @@ TEST_P(CordRepBtreeDualTest, MergeEqualHeightTrees) {
     CordRepBtree* tree = use_append ? CordRepBtree::Append(left, right)
                                     : CordRepBtree::Prepend(right, left);
     EXPECT_THAT(tree, IsNode(1));
-    EXPECT_THAT(tree->Edges(), SizeIs(5));
+    EXPECT_THAT(tree->Edges(), SizeIs(5u));
 
     // `tree` contains all flats originally belonging to `left` and `right`.
     EXPECT_THAT(GetLeafEdges(tree), ElementsAreArray(flats));
@@ -681,7 +682,7 @@ TEST_P(CordRepBtreeDualTest, MergeLeafWithTreeNotExceedingLeafCapacity) {
     CordRepBtree* tree = use_append ? CordRepBtree::Append(left, right)
                                     : CordRepBtree::Prepend(right, left);
     EXPECT_THAT(tree, IsNode(1));
-    EXPECT_THAT(tree->Edges(), SizeIs(3));
+    EXPECT_THAT(tree->Edges(), SizeIs(3u));
 
     // `tree` contains all flats originally belonging to `left` and `right`.
     EXPECT_THAT(GetLeafEdges(tree), ElementsAreArray(flats));
@@ -709,7 +710,7 @@ TEST_P(CordRepBtreeDualTest, MergeLeafWithTreeExceedingLeafCapacity) {
     CordRepBtree* tree = use_append ? CordRepBtree::Append(left, right)
                                     : CordRepBtree::Prepend(right, left);
     EXPECT_THAT(tree, IsNode(1));
-    EXPECT_THAT(tree->Edges(), SizeIs(4));
+    EXPECT_THAT(tree->Edges(), SizeIs(4u));
 
     // `tree` contains all flats originally belonging to `left` and `right`.
     EXPECT_THAT(GetLeafEdges(tree), ElementsAreArray(flats));
@@ -738,7 +739,7 @@ TEST(CordRepBtreeTest, MergeFuzzTest) {
   auto random_leaf_count = [&]() {
     std::uniform_int_distribution<int> dist_height(0, 3);
     std::uniform_int_distribution<int> dist_leaf(0, max_cap - 1);
-    const size_t height = dist_height(rnd);
+    const int height = dist_height(rnd);
     return (height ? pow(max_cap, height) : 0) + dist_leaf(rnd);
   };
 
@@ -749,14 +750,16 @@ TEST(CordRepBtreeTest, MergeFuzzTest) {
     CordRepBtree* left = MakeTree(random_leaf_count(), coin_flip(rnd));
     GetLeafEdges(left, flats);
     if (dice_throw(rnd) == 1) {
-      std::uniform_int_distribution<int> dist(0, left->height());
+      std::uniform_int_distribution<size_t> dist(
+          0, static_cast<size_t>(left->height()));
       RefEdgesAt(dist(rnd), refs, left);
     }
 
     CordRepBtree* right = MakeTree(random_leaf_count(), coin_flip(rnd));
     GetLeafEdges(right, flats);
     if (dice_throw(rnd) == 1) {
-      std::uniform_int_distribution<int> dist(0, right->height());
+      std::uniform_int_distribution<size_t> dist(
+          0, static_cast<size_t>(right->height()));
       RefEdgesAt(dist(rnd), refs, right);
     }
 
@@ -784,7 +787,7 @@ TEST_P(CordRepBtreeTest, RemoveSuffix) {
       CordRep::Unref(node);
     }
 
-    for (int n = 1; n < data.length(); ++n) {
+    for (size_t n = 1; n < data.length(); ++n) {
       AutoUnref refs;
       auto flats = CreateFlatsFromString(data, 512);
       CordRepBtree* node = refs.RefIf(shared(), CreateTree(flats));
@@ -802,10 +805,10 @@ TEST_P(CordRepBtreeTest, RemoveSuffix) {
       const size_t last_length = rep->length - edges.size() * 512;
 
       // All flats except the last edge must be kept or copied 'as is'
-      int index = 0;
+      size_t index = 0;
       for (CordRep* edge : edges) {
         ASSERT_THAT(edge, Eq(flats[index++]));
-        ASSERT_THAT(edge->length, Eq(512));
+        ASSERT_THAT(edge->length, Eq(512u));
       }
 
       // CordRepBtree may optimize small substrings to avoid waste, so only
@@ -813,7 +816,7 @@ TEST_P(CordRepBtreeTest, RemoveSuffix) {
       if (last_length >= 500) {
         EXPECT_THAT(last_edge, Eq(flats[index++]));
         if (shared()) {
-          EXPECT_THAT(last_edge->length, Eq(512));
+          EXPECT_THAT(last_edge->length, Eq(512u));
         } else {
           EXPECT_TRUE(last_edge->refcount.IsOne());
           EXPECT_THAT(last_edge->length, Eq(last_length));
@@ -837,8 +840,8 @@ TEST(CordRepBtreeTest, SubTree) {
     node = CordRepBtree::Append(node, CordRep::Ref(flats[i]));
   }
 
-  for (int offset = 0; offset < data.length(); ++offset) {
-    for (int length = 1; length <= data.length() - offset; ++length) {
+  for (size_t offset = 0; offset < data.length(); ++offset) {
+    for (size_t length = 1; length <= data.length() - offset; ++length) {
       CordRep* rep = node->SubTree(offset, length);
       EXPECT_THAT(CordToString(rep), Eq(data.substr(offset, length)));
       CordRep::Unref(rep);
@@ -865,12 +868,12 @@ TEST(CordRepBtreeTest, SubTreeOnExistingSubstring) {
   ASSERT_THAT(result->tag, Eq(BTREE));
   CordRep::Unref(leaf);
   leaf = result->btree();
-  ASSERT_THAT(leaf->Edges(), ElementsAre(_, IsSubstring(0, 990)));
+  ASSERT_THAT(leaf->Edges(), ElementsAre(_, IsSubstring(0u, 990u)));
   EXPECT_THAT(leaf->Edges()[1]->substring()->child, Eq(flat));
 
   // Verify substring of substring.
   result = leaf->SubTree(3 + 5, 970);
-  ASSERT_THAT(result, IsSubstring(5, 970));
+  ASSERT_THAT(result, IsSubstring(5u, 970u));
   EXPECT_THAT(result->substring()->child, Eq(flat));
   CordRep::Unref(result);
 
@@ -1092,7 +1095,7 @@ TEST_P(CordRepBtreeHeightTest, GetAppendBufferNotFlat) {
   for (int i = 1; i <= height(); ++i) {
     tree = CordRepBtree::New(tree);
   }
-  EXPECT_THAT(tree->GetAppendBuffer(1), SizeIs(0));
+  EXPECT_THAT(tree->GetAppendBuffer(1), SizeIs(0u));
   CordRepBtree::Unref(tree);
 }
 
@@ -1102,7 +1105,7 @@ TEST_P(CordRepBtreeHeightTest, GetAppendBufferFlatNotPrivate) {
   for (int i = 1; i <= height(); ++i) {
     tree = CordRepBtree::New(tree);
   }
-  EXPECT_THAT(tree->GetAppendBuffer(1), SizeIs(0));
+  EXPECT_THAT(tree->GetAppendBuffer(1), SizeIs(0u));
   CordRepBtree::Unref(tree);
   CordRep::Unref(flat);
 }
@@ -1116,7 +1119,7 @@ TEST_P(CordRepBtreeHeightTest, GetAppendBufferTreeNotPrivate) {
     if (i == (height() + 1) / 2) refs.Ref(tree);
     tree = CordRepBtree::New(tree);
   }
-  EXPECT_THAT(tree->GetAppendBuffer(1), SizeIs(0));
+  EXPECT_THAT(tree->GetAppendBuffer(1), SizeIs(0u));
   CordRepBtree::Unref(tree);
   CordRep::Unref(flat);
 }
@@ -1128,7 +1131,7 @@ TEST_P(CordRepBtreeHeightTest, GetAppendBufferFlatNoCapacity) {
   for (int i = 1; i <= height(); ++i) {
     tree = CordRepBtree::New(tree);
   }
-  EXPECT_THAT(tree->GetAppendBuffer(1), SizeIs(0));
+  EXPECT_THAT(tree->GetAppendBuffer(1), SizeIs(0u));
   CordRepBtree::Unref(tree);
 }
 
@@ -1139,9 +1142,9 @@ TEST_P(CordRepBtreeHeightTest, GetAppendBufferFlatWithCapacity) {
     tree = CordRepBtree::New(tree);
   }
   absl::Span<char> span = tree->GetAppendBuffer(2);
-  EXPECT_THAT(span, SizeIs(2));
+  EXPECT_THAT(span, SizeIs(2u));
   EXPECT_THAT(span.data(), TypedEq<void*>(flat->Data() + 3));
-  EXPECT_THAT(tree->length, Eq(5));
+  EXPECT_THAT(tree->length, Eq(5u));
 
   size_t avail = flat->Capacity() - 5;
   span = tree->GetAppendBuffer(avail + 100);
@@ -1352,9 +1355,9 @@ TEST(CordRepBtreeTest, AssertValid) {
 
 TEST(CordRepBtreeTest, CheckAssertValidShallowVsDeep) {
   // Restore exhaustive validation on any exit.
-  const bool exhaustive_validation = cord_btree_exhaustive_validation.load();
+  const bool exhaustive_validation = IsCordBtreeExhaustiveValidationEnabled();
   auto cleanup = absl::MakeCleanup([exhaustive_validation] {
-    cord_btree_exhaustive_validation.store(exhaustive_validation);
+    SetCordBtreeExhaustiveValidation(exhaustive_validation);
   });
 
   // Create a tree of at least 2 levels, and mess with the original flat, which
@@ -1369,7 +1372,7 @@ TEST(CordRepBtreeTest, CheckAssertValidShallowVsDeep) {
   }
   flat->length = 100;
 
-  cord_btree_exhaustive_validation.store(false);
+  SetCordBtreeExhaustiveValidation(false);
   EXPECT_FALSE(CordRepBtree::IsValid(tree));
   EXPECT_TRUE(CordRepBtree::IsValid(tree, true));
   EXPECT_FALSE(CordRepBtree::IsValid(tree, false));
@@ -1379,7 +1382,7 @@ TEST(CordRepBtreeTest, CheckAssertValidShallowVsDeep) {
   EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH(CordRepBtree::AssertValid(tree, false), ".*");
 #endif
 
-  cord_btree_exhaustive_validation.store(true);
+  SetCordBtreeExhaustiveValidation(true);
   EXPECT_FALSE(CordRepBtree::IsValid(tree));
   EXPECT_FALSE(CordRepBtree::IsValid(tree, true));
   EXPECT_FALSE(CordRepBtree::IsValid(tree, false));
@@ -1393,11 +1396,11 @@ TEST(CordRepBtreeTest, CheckAssertValidShallowVsDeep) {
 }
 
 TEST_P(CordRepBtreeTest, Rebuild) {
-  for (size_t size : {3, 8, 100, 10000, 1000000}) {
+  for (size_t size : {3u, 8u, 100u, 10000u, 1000000u}) {
     SCOPED_TRACE(absl::StrCat("Rebuild @", size));
 
     std::vector<CordRepFlat*> flats;
-    for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
       flats.push_back(CordRepFlat::New(2));
       flats.back()->Data()[0] = 'x';
       flats.back()->length = 1;
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_consume.cc b/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_consume.cc
index 20a55797..db7d4fef 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_consume.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_consume.cc
@@ -42,7 +42,8 @@ CordRep* ClipSubstring(CordRepSubstring* substring) {
 
 }  // namespace
 
-void Consume(CordRep* rep, ConsumeFn consume_fn) {
+void Consume(CordRep* rep,
+             FunctionRef<void(CordRep*, size_t, size_t)> consume_fn) {
   size_t offset = 0;
   size_t length = rep->length;
 
@@ -53,8 +54,9 @@ void Consume(CordRep* rep, ConsumeFn consume_fn) {
   consume_fn(rep, offset, length);
 }
 
-void ReverseConsume(CordRep* rep, ConsumeFn consume_fn) {
-  return Consume(rep, std::move(consume_fn));
+void ReverseConsume(CordRep* rep,
+                    FunctionRef<void(CordRep*, size_t, size_t)> consume_fn) {
+  return Consume(rep, consume_fn);
 }
 
 }  // namespace cord_internal
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_consume.h b/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_consume.h
index d46fca2b..bece1874 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_consume.h
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_consume.h
@@ -24,11 +24,6 @@ namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 namespace cord_internal {
 
-// Functor for the Consume() and ReverseConsume() functions:
-//   void ConsumeFunc(CordRep* rep, size_t offset, size_t length);
-// See the Consume() and ReverseConsume() function comments for documentation.
-using ConsumeFn = FunctionRef<void(CordRep*, size_t, size_t)>;
-
 // Consume() and ReverseConsume() consume CONCAT based trees and invoke the
 // provided functor with the contained nodes in the proper forward or reverse
 // order, which is used to convert CONCAT trees into other tree or cord data.
@@ -40,8 +35,10 @@ using ConsumeFn = FunctionRef<void(CordRep*, size_t, size_t)>;
 // violations, we can not 100% guarantee that all code respects 'new format'
 // settings and flags, so we need to be able to parse old data on the fly until
 // all old code is deprecated / no longer the default format.
-void Consume(CordRep* rep, ConsumeFn consume_fn);
-void ReverseConsume(CordRep* rep, ConsumeFn consume_fn);
+void Consume(CordRep* rep,
+             FunctionRef<void(CordRep*, size_t, size_t)> consume_fn);
+void ReverseConsume(CordRep* rep,
+                    FunctionRef<void(CordRep*, size_t, size_t)> consume_fn);
 
 }  // namespace cord_internal
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_crc.cc b/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_crc.cc
index ee140354..dbe54cc4 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_crc.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_crc.cc
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 
 #include <cassert>
 #include <cstdint>
+#include <utility>
 
 #include "absl/base/config.h"
 #include "absl/strings/internal/cord_internal.h"
@@ -24,11 +25,10 @@ namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 namespace cord_internal {
 
-CordRepCrc* CordRepCrc::New(CordRep* child, uint32_t crc) {
-  assert(child != nullptr);
-  if (child->IsCrc()) {
+CordRepCrc* CordRepCrc::New(CordRep* child, crc_internal::CrcCordState state) {
+  if (child != nullptr && child->IsCrc()) {
     if (child->refcount.IsOne()) {
-      child->crc()->crc = crc;
+      child->crc()->crc_cord_state = std::move(state);
       return child->crc();
     }
     CordRep* old = child;
@@ -37,15 +37,17 @@ CordRepCrc* CordRepCrc::New(CordRep* child, uint32_t crc) {
     CordRep::Unref(old);
   }
   auto* new_cordrep = new CordRepCrc;
-  new_cordrep->length = child->length;
+  new_cordrep->length = child != nullptr ? child->length : 0;
   new_cordrep->tag = cord_internal::CRC;
   new_cordrep->child = child;
-  new_cordrep->crc = crc;
+  new_cordrep->crc_cord_state = std::move(state);
   return new_cordrep;
 }
 
 void CordRepCrc::Destroy(CordRepCrc* node) {
-  CordRep::Unref(node->child);
+  if (node->child != nullptr) {
+    CordRep::Unref(node->child);
+  }
   delete node;
 }
 
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_crc.h b/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_crc.h
index 5294b0d1..379d7a60 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_crc.h
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_crc.h
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 
 #include "absl/base/config.h"
 #include "absl/base/optimization.h"
+#include "absl/crc/internal/crc_cord_state.h"
 #include "absl/strings/internal/cord_internal.h"
 
 namespace absl {
@@ -34,14 +35,14 @@ namespace cord_internal {
 // the contained checksum is the user's responsibility.
 struct CordRepCrc : public CordRep {
   CordRep* child;
-  uint32_t crc;
+  absl::crc_internal::CrcCordState crc_cord_state;
 
   // Consumes `child` and returns a CordRepCrc prefixed tree containing `child`.
   // If the specified `child` is itself a CordRepCrc node, then this method
-  // either replaces the existing node, or directly updates the crc value in it
+  // either replaces the existing node, or directly updates the crc state in it
   // depending on the node being shared or not, i.e.: refcount.IsOne().
-  // `child` must not be null. Never returns null.
-  static CordRepCrc* New(CordRep* child, uint32_t crc);
+  // `child` must only be null if the Cord is empty. Never returns null.
+  static CordRepCrc* New(CordRep* child, crc_internal::CrcCordState state);
 
   // Destroys (deletes) the provided node. `node` must not be null.
   static void Destroy(CordRepCrc* node);
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_crc_test.cc b/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_crc_test.cc
index 80f53485..3d27c33c 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_crc_test.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_crc_test.cc
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #include "gmock/gmock.h"
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
 #include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/crc/internal/crc_cord_state.h"
 #include "absl/strings/internal/cord_internal.h"
 #include "absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_test_util.h"
 
@@ -27,47 +28,51 @@ namespace {
 
 using ::absl::cordrep_testing::MakeFlat;
 using ::testing::Eq;
+using ::testing::IsNull;
 using ::testing::Ne;
 
 #if !defined(NDEBUG) && GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
 
-TEST(CordRepCrc, NewWithNullPtr) {
-  EXPECT_DEATH(CordRepCrc::New(nullptr, 0), "");
-}
-
 TEST(CordRepCrc, RemoveCrcWithNullptr) {
   EXPECT_DEATH(RemoveCrcNode(nullptr), "");
 }
 
 #endif  // !NDEBUG && GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
 
+absl::crc_internal::CrcCordState MakeCrcCordState(uint32_t crc) {
+  crc_internal::CrcCordState state;
+  state.mutable_rep()->prefix_crc.push_back(
+      crc_internal::CrcCordState::PrefixCrc(42, crc32c_t{crc}));
+  return state;
+}
+
 TEST(CordRepCrc, NewDestroy) {
   CordRep* rep = cordrep_testing::MakeFlat("Hello world");
-  CordRepCrc* crc = CordRepCrc::New(rep, 12345);
+  CordRepCrc* crc = CordRepCrc::New(rep, MakeCrcCordState(12345));
   EXPECT_TRUE(crc->refcount.IsOne());
   EXPECT_THAT(crc->child, Eq(rep));
-  EXPECT_THAT(crc->crc, Eq(12345));
+  EXPECT_THAT(crc->crc_cord_state.Checksum(), Eq(crc32c_t{12345u}));
   EXPECT_TRUE(rep->refcount.IsOne());
   CordRepCrc::Destroy(crc);
 }
 
 TEST(CordRepCrc, NewExistingCrcNotShared) {
   CordRep* rep = cordrep_testing::MakeFlat("Hello world");
-  CordRepCrc* crc = CordRepCrc::New(rep, 12345);
-  CordRepCrc* new_crc = CordRepCrc::New(crc, 54321);
+  CordRepCrc* crc = CordRepCrc::New(rep, MakeCrcCordState(12345));
+  CordRepCrc* new_crc = CordRepCrc::New(crc, MakeCrcCordState(54321));
   EXPECT_THAT(new_crc, Eq(crc));
   EXPECT_TRUE(new_crc->refcount.IsOne());
   EXPECT_THAT(new_crc->child, Eq(rep));
-  EXPECT_THAT(new_crc->crc, Eq(54321));
+  EXPECT_THAT(new_crc->crc_cord_state.Checksum(), Eq(crc32c_t{54321u}));
   EXPECT_TRUE(rep->refcount.IsOne());
   CordRepCrc::Destroy(new_crc);
 }
 
 TEST(CordRepCrc, NewExistingCrcShared) {
   CordRep* rep = cordrep_testing::MakeFlat("Hello world");
-  CordRepCrc* crc = CordRepCrc::New(rep, 12345);
+  CordRepCrc* crc = CordRepCrc::New(rep, MakeCrcCordState(12345));
   CordRep::Ref(crc);
-  CordRepCrc* new_crc = CordRepCrc::New(crc, 54321);
+  CordRepCrc* new_crc = CordRepCrc::New(crc, MakeCrcCordState(54321));
 
   EXPECT_THAT(new_crc, Ne(crc));
   EXPECT_TRUE(new_crc->refcount.IsOne());
@@ -75,13 +80,23 @@ TEST(CordRepCrc, NewExistingCrcShared) {
   EXPECT_FALSE(rep->refcount.IsOne());
   EXPECT_THAT(crc->child, Eq(rep));
   EXPECT_THAT(new_crc->child, Eq(rep));
-  EXPECT_THAT(crc->crc, Eq(12345));
-  EXPECT_THAT(new_crc->crc, Eq(54321));
+  EXPECT_THAT(crc->crc_cord_state.Checksum(), Eq(crc32c_t{12345u}));
+  EXPECT_THAT(new_crc->crc_cord_state.Checksum(), Eq(crc32c_t{54321u}));
 
   CordRep::Unref(crc);
   CordRep::Unref(new_crc);
 }
 
+TEST(CordRepCrc, NewEmpty) {
+  CordRepCrc* crc = CordRepCrc::New(nullptr, MakeCrcCordState(12345));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(crc->refcount.IsOne());
+  EXPECT_THAT(crc->child, IsNull());
+  EXPECT_THAT(crc->length, Eq(0u));
+  EXPECT_THAT(crc->crc_cord_state.Checksum(), Eq(crc32c_t{12345u}));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(crc->refcount.IsOne());
+  CordRepCrc::Destroy(crc);
+}
+
 TEST(CordRepCrc, RemoveCrcNotCrc) {
   CordRep* rep = cordrep_testing::MakeFlat("Hello world");
   CordRep* nocrc = RemoveCrcNode(rep);
@@ -91,7 +106,7 @@ TEST(CordRepCrc, RemoveCrcNotCrc) {
 
 TEST(CordRepCrc, RemoveCrcNotShared) {
   CordRep* rep = cordrep_testing::MakeFlat("Hello world");
-  CordRepCrc* crc = CordRepCrc::New(rep, 12345);
+  CordRepCrc* crc = CordRepCrc::New(rep, MakeCrcCordState(12345));
   CordRep* nocrc = RemoveCrcNode(crc);
   EXPECT_THAT(nocrc, Eq(rep));
   EXPECT_TRUE(rep->refcount.IsOne());
@@ -100,7 +115,7 @@ TEST(CordRepCrc, RemoveCrcNotShared) {
 
 TEST(CordRepCrc, RemoveCrcShared) {
   CordRep* rep = cordrep_testing::MakeFlat("Hello world");
-  CordRepCrc* crc = CordRepCrc::New(rep, 12345);
+  CordRepCrc* crc = CordRepCrc::New(rep, MakeCrcCordState(12345));
   CordRep::Ref(crc);
   CordRep* nocrc = RemoveCrcNode(crc);
   EXPECT_THAT(nocrc, Eq(rep));
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_flat.h b/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_flat.h
index e3e27fcd..27c4b21e 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_flat.h
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_flat.h
@@ -120,8 +120,16 @@ struct CordRepFlat : public CordRep {
     // Round size up so it matches a size we can exactly express in a tag.
     const size_t size = RoundUpForTag(len + kFlatOverhead);
     void* const raw_rep = ::operator new(size);
+    // GCC 13 has a false-positive -Wstringop-overflow warning here.
+    #if ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_MIN_GNUC_VERSION(13, 0)
+    #pragma GCC diagnostic push
+    #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wstringop-overflow"
+    #endif
     CordRepFlat* rep = new (raw_rep) CordRepFlat();
     rep->tag = AllocatedSizeToTag(size);
+    #if ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_MIN_GNUC_VERSION(13, 0)
+    #pragma GCC diagnostic pop
+    #endif
     return rep;
   }
 
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_ring.h b/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_ring.h
index 2000e21e..79a2fdb1 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_ring.h
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_ring.h
@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ class CordRepRing : public CordRep {
   // capacity to satisfy `extra` extra nodes, and unref the old `rep` instance.
   //
   // If a new CordRepRing can not be allocated, or the new capacity would exceed
-  // the maxmimum capacity, then the input is consumed only, and an exception is
+  // the maximum capacity, then the input is consumed only, and an exception is
   // thrown.
   static CordRepRing* Mutable(CordRepRing* rep, size_t extra);
 
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ class CordRepRing : public CordRep {
   // Increases the data offset for entry `index` by `n`.
   void AddDataOffset(index_type index, size_t n);
 
-  // Descreases the length for entry `index` by `n`.
+  // Decreases the length for entry `index` by `n`.
   void SubLength(index_type index, size_t n);
 
   index_type head_;
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/cordz_functions.h b/absl/strings/internal/cordz_functions.h
index c9ba1450..ed108bf1 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/cordz_functions.h
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/cordz_functions.h
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-#ifndef ABSL_STRINGS_CORDZ_FUNCTIONS_H_
-#define ABSL_STRINGS_CORDZ_FUNCTIONS_H_
+#ifndef ABSL_STRINGS_INTERNAL_CORDZ_FUNCTIONS_H_
+#define ABSL_STRINGS_INTERNAL_CORDZ_FUNCTIONS_H_
 
 #include <stdint.h>
 
@@ -32,18 +32,10 @@ int32_t get_cordz_mean_interval();
 // Sets the sample rate with the average interval between samples.
 void set_cordz_mean_interval(int32_t mean_interval);
 
-// Enable cordz unless any of the following applies:
-// - no thread local support
-// - MSVC build
-// - Android build
-// - Apple build
-// - DLL build
-// Hashtablez is turned off completely in opensource builds.
-// MSVC's static atomics are dynamically initialized in debug mode, which breaks
-// sampling.
-#if defined(ABSL_HAVE_THREAD_LOCAL) && !defined(_MSC_VER)  && \
-    !defined(ABSL_BUILD_DLL) && !defined(ABSL_CONSUME_DLL) && \
-    !defined(__ANDROID__) && !defined(__APPLE__)
+// Cordz is only enabled on Linux with thread_local support.
+#if defined(ABSL_INTERNAL_CORDZ_ENABLED)
+#error ABSL_INTERNAL_CORDZ_ENABLED cannot be set directly
+#elif defined(__linux__) && defined(ABSL_HAVE_THREAD_LOCAL)
 #define ABSL_INTERNAL_CORDZ_ENABLED 1
 #endif
 
@@ -82,4 +74,4 @@ inline void cordz_set_next_sample_for_testing(int64_t) {}
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
 }  // namespace absl
 
-#endif  // ABSL_STRINGS_CORDZ_FUNCTIONS_H_
+#endif  // ABSL_STRINGS_INTERNAL_CORDZ_FUNCTIONS_H_
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/cordz_functions_test.cc b/absl/strings/internal/cordz_functions_test.cc
index 350623c1..b70a685e 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/cordz_functions_test.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/cordz_functions_test.cc
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ TEST(CordzFunctionsTest, SampleRate) {
 }
 
 // Cordz is disabled when we don't have thread_local. All calls to
-// should_profile will return false when cordz is diabled, so we might want to
+// should_profile will return false when cordz is disabled, so we might want to
 // avoid those tests.
 #ifdef ABSL_INTERNAL_CORDZ_ENABLED
 
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/cordz_handle.cc b/absl/strings/internal/cordz_handle.cc
index a73fefed..a7061dbe 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/cordz_handle.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/cordz_handle.cc
@@ -16,34 +16,60 @@
 #include <atomic>
 
 #include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"  // For ABSL_RAW_CHECK
-#include "absl/base/internal/spinlock.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/mutex.h"
 
 namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 namespace cord_internal {
 
-using ::absl::base_internal::SpinLockHolder;
+namespace {
 
-ABSL_CONST_INIT CordzHandle::Queue CordzHandle::global_queue_(absl::kConstInit);
+struct Queue {
+  Queue() = default;
+
+  absl::Mutex mutex;
+  std::atomic<CordzHandle*> dq_tail ABSL_GUARDED_BY(mutex){nullptr};
+
+  // Returns true if this delete queue is empty. This method does not acquire
+  // the lock, but does a 'load acquire' observation on the delete queue tail.
+  // It is used inside Delete() to check for the presence of a delete queue
+  // without holding the lock. The assumption is that the caller is in the
+  // state of 'being deleted', and can not be newly discovered by a concurrent
+  // 'being constructed' snapshot instance. Practically, this means that any
+  // such discovery (`find`, 'first' or 'next', etc) must have proper 'happens
+  // before / after' semantics and atomic fences.
+  bool IsEmpty() const ABSL_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
+    return dq_tail.load(std::memory_order_acquire) == nullptr;
+  }
+};
+
+static Queue* GlobalQueue() {
+  static Queue* global_queue = new Queue;
+  return global_queue;
+}
+
+}  // namespace
 
 CordzHandle::CordzHandle(bool is_snapshot) : is_snapshot_(is_snapshot) {
+  Queue* global_queue = GlobalQueue();
   if (is_snapshot) {
-    SpinLockHolder lock(&queue_->mutex);
-    CordzHandle* dq_tail = queue_->dq_tail.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+    MutexLock lock(&global_queue->mutex);
+    CordzHandle* dq_tail =
+        global_queue->dq_tail.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
     if (dq_tail != nullptr) {
       dq_prev_ = dq_tail;
       dq_tail->dq_next_ = this;
     }
-    queue_->dq_tail.store(this, std::memory_order_release);
+    global_queue->dq_tail.store(this, std::memory_order_release);
   }
 }
 
 CordzHandle::~CordzHandle() {
-  ODRCheck();
+  Queue* global_queue = GlobalQueue();
   if (is_snapshot_) {
     std::vector<CordzHandle*> to_delete;
     {
-      SpinLockHolder lock(&queue_->mutex);
+      MutexLock lock(&global_queue->mutex);
       CordzHandle* next = dq_next_;
       if (dq_prev_ == nullptr) {
         // We were head of the queue, delete every CordzHandle until we reach
@@ -59,7 +85,7 @@ CordzHandle::~CordzHandle() {
       if (next) {
         next->dq_prev_ = dq_prev_;
       } else {
-        queue_->dq_tail.store(dq_prev_, std::memory_order_release);
+        global_queue->dq_tail.store(dq_prev_, std::memory_order_release);
       }
     }
     for (CordzHandle* handle : to_delete) {
@@ -69,16 +95,15 @@ CordzHandle::~CordzHandle() {
 }
 
 bool CordzHandle::SafeToDelete() const {
-  return is_snapshot_ || queue_->IsEmpty();
+  return is_snapshot_ || GlobalQueue()->IsEmpty();
 }
 
 void CordzHandle::Delete(CordzHandle* handle) {
   assert(handle);
   if (handle) {
-    handle->ODRCheck();
-    Queue* const queue = handle->queue_;
+    Queue* const queue = GlobalQueue();
     if (!handle->SafeToDelete()) {
-      SpinLockHolder lock(&queue->mutex);
+      MutexLock lock(&queue->mutex);
       CordzHandle* dq_tail = queue->dq_tail.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
       if (dq_tail != nullptr) {
         handle->dq_prev_ = dq_tail;
@@ -93,8 +118,9 @@ void CordzHandle::Delete(CordzHandle* handle) {
 
 std::vector<const CordzHandle*> CordzHandle::DiagnosticsGetDeleteQueue() {
   std::vector<const CordzHandle*> handles;
-  SpinLockHolder lock(&global_queue_.mutex);
-  CordzHandle* dq_tail = global_queue_.dq_tail.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
+  Queue* global_queue = GlobalQueue();
+  MutexLock lock(&global_queue->mutex);
+  CordzHandle* dq_tail = global_queue->dq_tail.load(std::memory_order_acquire);
   for (const CordzHandle* p = dq_tail; p; p = p->dq_prev_) {
     handles.push_back(p);
   }
@@ -103,13 +129,13 @@ std::vector<const CordzHandle*> CordzHandle::DiagnosticsGetDeleteQueue() {
 
 bool CordzHandle::DiagnosticsHandleIsSafeToInspect(
     const CordzHandle* handle) const {
-  ODRCheck();
   if (!is_snapshot_) return false;
   if (handle == nullptr) return true;
   if (handle->is_snapshot_) return false;
   bool snapshot_found = false;
-  SpinLockHolder lock(&queue_->mutex);
-  for (const CordzHandle* p = queue_->dq_tail; p; p = p->dq_prev_) {
+  Queue* global_queue = GlobalQueue();
+  MutexLock lock(&global_queue->mutex);
+  for (const CordzHandle* p = global_queue->dq_tail; p; p = p->dq_prev_) {
     if (p == handle) return !snapshot_found;
     if (p == this) snapshot_found = true;
   }
@@ -119,13 +145,13 @@ bool CordzHandle::DiagnosticsHandleIsSafeToInspect(
 
 std::vector<const CordzHandle*>
 CordzHandle::DiagnosticsGetSafeToInspectDeletedHandles() {
-  ODRCheck();
   std::vector<const CordzHandle*> handles;
   if (!is_snapshot()) {
     return handles;
   }
 
-  SpinLockHolder lock(&queue_->mutex);
+  Queue* global_queue = GlobalQueue();
+  MutexLock lock(&global_queue->mutex);
   for (const CordzHandle* p = dq_next_; p != nullptr; p = p->dq_next_) {
     if (!p->is_snapshot()) {
       handles.push_back(p);
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/cordz_handle.h b/absl/strings/internal/cordz_handle.h
index 5df53c78..08e3f0d3 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/cordz_handle.h
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/cordz_handle.h
@@ -12,16 +12,14 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-#ifndef ABSL_STRINGS_CORDZ_HANDLE_H_
-#define ABSL_STRINGS_CORDZ_HANDLE_H_
+#ifndef ABSL_STRINGS_INTERNAL_CORDZ_HANDLE_H_
+#define ABSL_STRINGS_INTERNAL_CORDZ_HANDLE_H_
 
 #include <atomic>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "absl/base/config.h"
 #include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
-#include "absl/base/internal/spinlock.h"
-#include "absl/synchronization/mutex.h"
 
 namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
@@ -34,7 +32,7 @@ namespace cord_internal {
 // has gained visibility into a CordzInfo object, that CordzInfo object will not
 // be deleted prematurely. This allows the profiler to inspect all CordzInfo
 // objects that are alive without needing to hold a global lock.
-class CordzHandle {
+class ABSL_DLL CordzHandle {
  public:
   CordzHandle() : CordzHandle(false) {}
 
@@ -79,37 +77,6 @@ class CordzHandle {
   virtual ~CordzHandle();
 
  private:
-  // Global queue data. CordzHandle stores a pointer to the global queue
-  // instance to harden against ODR violations.
-  struct Queue {
-    constexpr explicit Queue(absl::ConstInitType)
-        : mutex(absl::kConstInit,
-                absl::base_internal::SCHEDULE_COOPERATIVE_AND_KERNEL) {}
-
-    absl::base_internal::SpinLock mutex;
-    std::atomic<CordzHandle*> dq_tail ABSL_GUARDED_BY(mutex){nullptr};
-
-    // Returns true if this delete queue is empty. This method does not acquire
-    // the lock, but does a 'load acquire' observation on the delete queue tail.
-    // It is used inside Delete() to check for the presence of a delete queue
-    // without holding the lock. The assumption is that the caller is in the
-    // state of 'being deleted', and can not be newly discovered by a concurrent
-    // 'being constructed' snapshot instance. Practically, this means that any
-    // such discovery (`find`, 'first' or 'next', etc) must have proper 'happens
-    // before / after' semantics and atomic fences.
-    bool IsEmpty() const ABSL_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
-      return dq_tail.load(std::memory_order_acquire) == nullptr;
-    }
-  };
-
-  void ODRCheck() const {
-#ifndef NDEBUG
-    ABSL_RAW_CHECK(queue_ == &global_queue_, "ODR violation in Cord");
-#endif
-  }
-
-  ABSL_CONST_INIT static Queue global_queue_;
-  Queue* const queue_ = &global_queue_;
   const bool is_snapshot_;
 
   // dq_prev_ and dq_next_ require the global queue mutex to be held.
@@ -128,4 +95,4 @@ class CordzSnapshot : public CordzHandle {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
 }  // namespace absl
 
-#endif  // ABSL_STRINGS_CORDZ_HANDLE_H_
+#endif  // ABSL_STRINGS_INTERNAL_CORDZ_HANDLE_H_
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/cordz_info.cc b/absl/strings/internal/cordz_info.cc
index dac3fd8b..515dfafb 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/cordz_info.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/cordz_info.cc
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 #include "absl/strings/internal/cordz_statistics.h"
 #include "absl/strings/internal/cordz_update_tracker.h"
 #include "absl/synchronization/mutex.h"
+#include "absl/time/clock.h"
 #include "absl/types/span.h"
 
 namespace absl {
@@ -35,7 +36,7 @@ namespace cord_internal {
 using ::absl::base_internal::SpinLockHolder;
 
 #ifdef ABSL_INTERNAL_NEED_REDUNDANT_CONSTEXPR_DECL
-constexpr int CordzInfo::kMaxStackDepth;
+constexpr size_t CordzInfo::kMaxStackDepth;
 #endif
 
 ABSL_CONST_INIT CordzInfo::List CordzInfo::global_list_{absl::kConstInit};
@@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ namespace {
 // The top level node is treated specially: we assume the current thread
 // (typically called from the CordzHandler) to hold a reference purely to
 // perform a safe analysis, and not being part of the application. So we
-// substract 1 from the reference count of the top node to compute the
+// subtract 1 from the reference count of the top node to compute the
 // 'application fair share' excluding the reference of the current thread.
 //
 // An example of fair sharing, and why we multiply reference counts:
@@ -291,7 +292,7 @@ CordzInfo::MethodIdentifier CordzInfo::GetParentMethod(const CordzInfo* src) {
                                                            : src->method_;
 }
 
-int CordzInfo::FillParentStack(const CordzInfo* src, void** stack) {
+size_t CordzInfo::FillParentStack(const CordzInfo* src, void** stack) {
   assert(stack);
   if (src == nullptr) return 0;
   if (src->parent_stack_depth_) {
@@ -302,11 +303,14 @@ int CordzInfo::FillParentStack(const CordzInfo* src, void** stack) {
   return src->stack_depth_;
 }
 
-CordzInfo::CordzInfo(CordRep* rep, const CordzInfo* src,
+CordzInfo::CordzInfo(CordRep* rep,
+                     const CordzInfo* src,
                      MethodIdentifier method)
     : rep_(rep),
-      stack_depth_(absl::GetStackTrace(stack_, /*max_depth=*/kMaxStackDepth,
-                                       /*skip_count=*/1)),
+      stack_depth_(
+          static_cast<size_t>(absl::GetStackTrace(stack_,
+                                                  /*max_depth=*/kMaxStackDepth,
+                                                  /*skip_count=*/1))),
       parent_stack_depth_(FillParentStack(src, parent_stack_)),
       method_(method),
       parent_method_(GetParentMethod(src)),
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/cordz_info.h b/absl/strings/internal/cordz_info.h
index 026d5b99..17eaa91c 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/cordz_info.h
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/cordz_info.h
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
 
-#ifndef ABSL_STRINGS_CORDZ_INFO_H_
-#define ABSL_STRINGS_CORDZ_INFO_H_
+#ifndef ABSL_STRINGS_INTERNAL_CORDZ_INFO_H_
+#define ABSL_STRINGS_INTERNAL_CORDZ_INFO_H_
 
 #include <atomic>
 #include <cstdint>
@@ -196,7 +196,7 @@ class ABSL_LOCKABLE CordzInfo : public CordzHandle {
     std::atomic<CordzInfo*> head ABSL_GUARDED_BY(mutex){nullptr};
   };
 
-  static constexpr int kMaxStackDepth = 64;
+  static constexpr size_t kMaxStackDepth = 64;
 
   explicit CordzInfo(CordRep* rep, const CordzInfo* src,
                      MethodIdentifier method);
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ class ABSL_LOCKABLE CordzInfo : public CordzHandle {
   // `stack_` depending on `parent_stack_` being empty, returning the size of
   // the parent stack.
   // Returns 0 if `src` is null.
-  static int FillParentStack(const CordzInfo* src, void** stack);
+  static size_t FillParentStack(const CordzInfo* src, void** stack);
 
   void ODRCheck() const {
 #ifndef NDEBUG
@@ -244,8 +244,8 @@ class ABSL_LOCKABLE CordzInfo : public CordzHandle {
 
   void* stack_[kMaxStackDepth];
   void* parent_stack_[kMaxStackDepth];
-  const int stack_depth_;
-  const int parent_stack_depth_;
+  const size_t stack_depth_;
+  const size_t parent_stack_depth_;
   const MethodIdentifier method_;
   const MethodIdentifier parent_method_;
   CordzUpdateTracker update_tracker_;
@@ -295,4 +295,4 @@ inline CordRep* CordzInfo::RefCordRep() const ABSL_LOCKS_EXCLUDED(mutex_) {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
 }  // namespace absl
 
-#endif  // ABSL_STRINGS_CORDZ_INFO_H_
+#endif  // ABSL_STRINGS_INTERNAL_CORDZ_INFO_H_
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/cordz_info_statistics_test.cc b/absl/strings/internal/cordz_info_statistics_test.cc
index 476c38d2..53d2f2ea 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/cordz_info_statistics_test.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/cordz_info_statistics_test.cc
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include "gmock/gmock.h"
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
 #include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/crc/internal/crc_cord_state.h"
 #include "absl/strings/cord.h"
 #include "absl/strings/internal/cord_internal.h"
 #include "absl/strings/internal/cord_rep_btree.h"
@@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ CordRepFlat* Flat(size_t size) {
 }
 
 // Creates an external of the specified length
-CordRepExternal* External(int length = 512) {
+CordRepExternal* External(size_t length = 512) {
   return static_cast<CordRepExternal*>(
       NewExternalRep(absl::string_view("", length), [](absl::string_view) {}));
 }
@@ -352,7 +353,7 @@ TEST(CordzInfoStatisticsTest, SharedSubstringRing) {
 }
 
 TEST(CordzInfoStatisticsTest, BtreeLeaf) {
-  ASSERT_THAT(CordRepBtree::kMaxCapacity, Ge(3));
+  ASSERT_THAT(CordRepBtree::kMaxCapacity, Ge(3u));
   RefHelper ref;
   auto* flat1 = Flat(2000);
   auto* flat2 = Flat(200);
@@ -392,7 +393,7 @@ TEST(CordzInfoStatisticsTest, BtreeNodeShared) {
   RefHelper ref;
   static constexpr int leaf_count = 3;
   const size_t flat3_count = CordRepBtree::kMaxCapacity - 3;
-  ASSERT_THAT(flat3_count, Ge(0));
+  ASSERT_THAT(flat3_count, Ge(0u));
 
   CordRepBtree* tree = nullptr;
   size_t mem_size = 0;
@@ -451,7 +452,8 @@ TEST(CordzInfoStatisticsTest, BtreeNodeShared) {
 TEST(CordzInfoStatisticsTest, Crc) {
   RefHelper ref;
   auto* left = Flat(1000);
-  auto* crc = ref.NeedsUnref(CordRepCrc::New(left, 12345));
+  auto* crc =
+      ref.NeedsUnref(CordRepCrc::New(left, crc_internal::CrcCordState()));
 
   CordzStatistics expected;
   expected.size = left->length;
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/cordz_info_test.cc b/absl/strings/internal/cordz_info_test.cc
index b98343ae..cd226c3e 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/cordz_info_test.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/cordz_info_test.cc
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ TEST(CordzInfoTest, UntrackCord) {
   CordzInfo* info = data.data.cordz_info();
 
   info->Untrack();
-  EXPECT_THAT(DeleteQueue(), SizeIs(0));
+  EXPECT_THAT(DeleteQueue(), SizeIs(0u));
 }
 
 TEST(CordzInfoTest, UntrackCordWithSnapshot) {
@@ -263,8 +263,9 @@ TEST(CordzInfoTest, StackV2) {
   // resultant formatted stack will be "", but that still equals the stack
   // recorded in CordzInfo, which is also empty. The skip_count is 1 so that the
   // line number of the current stack isn't included in the HasSubstr check.
-  local_stack.resize(absl::GetStackTrace(local_stack.data(), kMaxStackDepth,
-                                         /*skip_count=*/1));
+  local_stack.resize(static_cast<size_t>(
+      absl::GetStackTrace(local_stack.data(), kMaxStackDepth,
+                          /*skip_count=*/1)));
 
   std::string got_stack = FormatStack(info->GetStack());
   std::string expected_stack = FormatStack(local_stack);
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/cordz_sample_token.h b/absl/strings/internal/cordz_sample_token.h
index 28a1d70c..2a86bc3b 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/cordz_sample_token.h
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/cordz_sample_token.h
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@
 #include "absl/strings/internal/cordz_handle.h"
 #include "absl/strings/internal/cordz_info.h"
 
-#ifndef ABSL_STRINGS_CORDZ_SAMPLE_TOKEN_H_
-#define ABSL_STRINGS_CORDZ_SAMPLE_TOKEN_H_
+#ifndef ABSL_STRINGS_INTERNAL_CORDZ_SAMPLE_TOKEN_H_
+#define ABSL_STRINGS_INTERNAL_CORDZ_SAMPLE_TOKEN_H_
 
 namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
@@ -33,11 +33,11 @@ namespace cord_internal {
 //   ST1 <- CH1 <- CH2 <- ST2 <- CH3 <- global_delete_queue_tail
 //
 // This list tracks that CH1 and CH2 were created after ST1, so the thread
-// holding ST1 might have a referece to CH1, CH2, ST2, and CH3. However, ST2 was
-// created later, so the thread holding the ST2 token cannot have a reference to
-// ST1, CH1, or CH2. If ST1 is cleaned up first, that thread will delete ST1,
-// CH1, and CH2. If instead ST2 is cleaned up first, that thread will only
-// delete ST2.
+// holding ST1 might have a reference to CH1, CH2, ST2, and CH3. However, ST2
+// was created later, so the thread holding the ST2 token cannot have a
+// reference to ST1, CH1, or CH2. If ST1 is cleaned up first, that thread will
+// delete ST1, CH1, and CH2. If instead ST2 is cleaned up first, that thread
+// will only delete ST2.
 //
 // If ST1 is cleaned up first, the new list will be:
 //   ST2 <- CH3 <- global_delete_queue_tail
@@ -94,4 +94,4 @@ class CordzSampleToken : public CordzSnapshot {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
 }  // namespace absl
 
-#endif  // ABSL_STRINGS_CORDZ_SAMPLE_TOKEN_H_
+#endif  // ABSL_STRINGS_INTERNAL_CORDZ_SAMPLE_TOKEN_H_
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/cordz_statistics.h b/absl/strings/internal/cordz_statistics.h
index 57071905..9f558df4 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/cordz_statistics.h
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/cordz_statistics.h
@@ -45,12 +45,12 @@ struct CordzStatistics {
   };
 
   // The size of the cord in bytes. This matches the result of Cord::size().
-  int64_t size = 0;
+  size_t size = 0;
 
   // The estimated memory used by the sampled cord. This value matches the
   // value as reported by Cord::EstimatedMemoryUsage().
   // A value of 0 implies the property has not been recorded.
-  int64_t estimated_memory_usage = 0;
+  size_t estimated_memory_usage = 0;
 
   // The effective memory used by the sampled cord, inversely weighted by the
   // effective indegree of each allocated node. This is a representation of the
@@ -59,14 +59,14 @@ struct CordzStatistics {
   // by multiple Cord instances, and for cases where a Cord includes the same
   // node multiple times (either directly or indirectly).
   // A value of 0 implies the property has not been recorded.
-  int64_t estimated_fair_share_memory_usage = 0;
+  size_t estimated_fair_share_memory_usage = 0;
 
   // The total number of nodes referenced by this cord.
   // For ring buffer Cords, this includes the 'ring buffer' node.
   // For btree Cords, this includes all 'CordRepBtree' tree nodes as well as all
   // the substring, flat and external nodes referenced by the tree.
   // A value of 0 implies the property has not been recorded.
-  int64_t node_count = 0;
+  size_t node_count = 0;
 
   // Detailed node counts per type
   NodeCounts node_counts;
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/damerau_levenshtein_distance.cc b/absl/strings/internal/damerau_levenshtein_distance.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a084568f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/damerau_levenshtein_distance.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/strings/internal/damerau_levenshtein_distance.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <array>
+#include <numeric>
+
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace strings_internal {
+// Calculate DamerauLevenshtein (adjacent transpositions) distance
+// between two strings,
+// https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damerau%E2%80%93Levenshtein_distance. The
+// algorithm follows the condition that no substring is edited more than once.
+// While this can reduce is larger distance, it's a) a much simpler algorithm
+// and b) more realistic for the case that typographic mistakes should be
+// detected.
+// When the distance is larger than cutoff, or one of the strings has more
+// than MAX_SIZE=100 characters, the code returns min(MAX_SIZE, cutoff) + 1.
+uint8_t CappedDamerauLevenshteinDistance(absl::string_view s1,
+                                         absl::string_view s2, uint8_t cutoff) {
+  const uint8_t MAX_SIZE = 100;
+  const uint8_t _cutoff = std::min(MAX_SIZE, cutoff);
+  const uint8_t cutoff_plus_1 = static_cast<uint8_t>(_cutoff + 1);
+
+  if (s1.size() > s2.size()) std::swap(s1, s2);
+  if (s1.size() + _cutoff < s2.size() || s2.size() > MAX_SIZE)
+    return cutoff_plus_1;
+
+  if (s1.empty())
+    return static_cast<uint8_t>(s2.size());
+
+  // Lower diagonal bound: y = x - lower_diag
+  const uint8_t lower_diag =
+      _cutoff - static_cast<uint8_t>(s2.size() - s1.size());
+  // Upper diagonal bound: y = x + upper_diag
+  const uint8_t upper_diag = _cutoff;
+
+  // d[i][j] is the number of edits required to convert s1[0, i] to s2[0, j]
+  std::array<std::array<uint8_t, MAX_SIZE + 2>, MAX_SIZE + 2> d;
+  std::iota(d[0].begin(), d[0].begin() + upper_diag + 1, 0);
+  d[0][cutoff_plus_1] = cutoff_plus_1;
+  for (size_t i = 1; i <= s1.size(); ++i) {
+    // Deduce begin of relevant window.
+    size_t j_begin = 1;
+    if (i > lower_diag) {
+      j_begin = i - lower_diag;
+      d[i][j_begin - 1] = cutoff_plus_1;
+    } else {
+      d[i][0] = static_cast<uint8_t>(i);
+    }
+
+    // Deduce end of relevant window.
+    size_t j_end = i + upper_diag;
+    if (j_end > s2.size()) {
+      j_end = s2.size();
+    } else {
+      d[i][j_end + 1] = cutoff_plus_1;
+    }
+
+    for (size_t j = j_begin; j <= j_end; ++j) {
+      const uint8_t deletion_distance = d[i - 1][j] + 1;
+      const uint8_t insertion_distance = d[i][j - 1] + 1;
+      const uint8_t mismatched_tail_cost = s1[i - 1] == s2[j - 1] ? 0 : 1;
+      const uint8_t mismatch_distance = d[i - 1][j - 1] + mismatched_tail_cost;
+      uint8_t transposition_distance = _cutoff + 1;
+      if (i > 1 && j > 1 && s1[i - 1] == s2[j - 2] && s1[i - 2] == s2[j - 1])
+        transposition_distance = d[i - 2][j - 2] + 1;
+      d[i][j] = std::min({cutoff_plus_1, deletion_distance, insertion_distance,
+                          mismatch_distance, transposition_distance});
+    }
+  }
+  return d[s1.size()][s2.size()];
+}
+
+}  // namespace strings_internal
+
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/damerau_levenshtein_distance.h b/absl/strings/internal/damerau_levenshtein_distance.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7a4bd644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/damerau_levenshtein_distance.h
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_STRINGS_INTERNAL_DAMERAU_LEVENSHTEIN_DISTANCE_H_
+#define ABSL_STRINGS_INTERNAL_DAMERAU_LEVENSHTEIN_DISTANCE_H_
+
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace strings_internal {
+// Calculate DamerauLevenshtein distance between two strings.
+// When the distance is larger than cutoff, the code just returns cutoff + 1.
+uint8_t CappedDamerauLevenshteinDistance(absl::string_view s1,
+                                         absl::string_view s2, uint8_t cutoff);
+
+}  // namespace strings_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_STRINGS_INTERNAL_DAMERAU_LEVENSHTEIN_DISTANCE_H_
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/damerau_levenshtein_distance_test.cc b/absl/strings/internal/damerau_levenshtein_distance_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..49dd105b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/damerau_levenshtein_distance_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/strings/internal/damerau_levenshtein_distance.h"
+
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#include "gmock/gmock.h"
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+
+namespace {
+
+using absl::strings_internal::CappedDamerauLevenshteinDistance;
+
+TEST(Distance, TestDistances) {
+  EXPECT_THAT(CappedDamerauLevenshteinDistance("ab", "ab", 6), uint8_t{0});
+  EXPECT_THAT(CappedDamerauLevenshteinDistance("a", "b", 6), uint8_t{1});
+  EXPECT_THAT(CappedDamerauLevenshteinDistance("ca", "abc", 6), uint8_t{3});
+  EXPECT_THAT(CappedDamerauLevenshteinDistance("abcd", "ad", 6), uint8_t{2});
+  EXPECT_THAT(CappedDamerauLevenshteinDistance("abcd", "cadb", 6), uint8_t{4});
+  EXPECT_THAT(CappedDamerauLevenshteinDistance("abcd", "bdac", 6), uint8_t{4});
+  EXPECT_THAT(CappedDamerauLevenshteinDistance("ab", "ab", 0), uint8_t{0});
+  EXPECT_THAT(CappedDamerauLevenshteinDistance("", "", 0), uint8_t{0});
+  // combinations for 3-character strings:
+  // 1, 2, 3 removals, insertions or replacements and transpositions
+  EXPECT_THAT(CappedDamerauLevenshteinDistance("abc", "abc", 6), uint8_t{0});
+  for (auto res :
+       {"", "ca", "efg", "ea", "ce", "ceb", "eca", "cae", "cea", "bea"}) {
+    EXPECT_THAT(CappedDamerauLevenshteinDistance("abc", res, 6), uint8_t{3});
+    EXPECT_THAT(CappedDamerauLevenshteinDistance(res, "abc", 6), uint8_t{3});
+  }
+  for (auto res :
+       {"a",   "b",   "c",   "ba",  "cb",  "bca", "cab", "cba", "ace",
+        "efc", "ebf", "aef", "ae",  "be",  "eb",  "ec",  "ecb", "bec",
+        "bce", "cbe", "ace", "eac", "aeb", "bae", "eab", "eba"}) {
+    EXPECT_THAT(CappedDamerauLevenshteinDistance("abc", res, 6), uint8_t{2});
+    EXPECT_THAT(CappedDamerauLevenshteinDistance(res, "abc", 6), uint8_t{2});
+  }
+  for (auto res : {"ab", "ac", "bc", "acb", "bac", "ebc", "aec", "abe"}) {
+    EXPECT_THAT(CappedDamerauLevenshteinDistance("abc", res, 6), uint8_t{1});
+    EXPECT_THAT(CappedDamerauLevenshteinDistance(res, "abc", 6), uint8_t{1});
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(Distance, TestCutoff) {
+  // Returning cutoff + 1 if the value is larger than cutoff or string longer
+  // than MAX_SIZE.
+  EXPECT_THAT(CappedDamerauLevenshteinDistance("abcd", "a", 3), uint8_t{3});
+  EXPECT_THAT(CappedDamerauLevenshteinDistance("abcd", "a", 2), uint8_t{3});
+  EXPECT_THAT(CappedDamerauLevenshteinDistance("abcd", "a", 1), uint8_t{2});
+  EXPECT_THAT(CappedDamerauLevenshteinDistance("abcdefg", "a", 2), uint8_t{3});
+  EXPECT_THAT(CappedDamerauLevenshteinDistance("a", "abcde", 2), uint8_t{3});
+  EXPECT_THAT(CappedDamerauLevenshteinDistance(std::string(102, 'a'),
+                                               std::string(102, 'a'), 105),
+              uint8_t{101});
+  EXPECT_THAT(CappedDamerauLevenshteinDistance(std::string(100, 'a'),
+                                               std::string(100, 'a'), 100),
+              uint8_t{0});
+  EXPECT_THAT(CappedDamerauLevenshteinDistance(std::string(100, 'a'),
+                                               std::string(100, 'b'), 100),
+              uint8_t{100});
+  EXPECT_THAT(CappedDamerauLevenshteinDistance(std::string(100, 'a'),
+                                               std::string(99, 'a'), 2),
+              uint8_t{1});
+  EXPECT_THAT(CappedDamerauLevenshteinDistance(std::string(100, 'a'),
+                                               std::string(101, 'a'), 2),
+              uint8_t{3});
+  EXPECT_THAT(CappedDamerauLevenshteinDistance(std::string(100, 'a'),
+                                               std::string(101, 'a'), 2),
+              uint8_t{3});
+  EXPECT_THAT(CappedDamerauLevenshteinDistance(std::string(UINT8_MAX + 1, 'a'),
+                                               std::string(UINT8_MAX + 1, 'b'),
+                                               UINT8_MAX),
+              uint8_t{101});
+  EXPECT_THAT(CappedDamerauLevenshteinDistance(std::string(UINT8_MAX - 1, 'a'),
+                                               std::string(UINT8_MAX - 1, 'b'),
+                                               UINT8_MAX),
+              uint8_t{101});
+  EXPECT_THAT(
+      CappedDamerauLevenshteinDistance(std::string(UINT8_MAX, 'a'),
+                                       std::string(UINT8_MAX, 'b'), UINT8_MAX),
+      uint8_t{101});
+  EXPECT_THAT(CappedDamerauLevenshteinDistance(std::string(UINT8_MAX - 1, 'a'),
+                                               std::string(UINT8_MAX - 1, 'a'),
+                                               UINT8_MAX),
+              uint8_t{101});
+}
+}  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/escaping.cc b/absl/strings/internal/escaping.cc
index cfea0961..56a4cbed 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/escaping.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/escaping.cc
@@ -21,26 +21,26 @@ namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 namespace strings_internal {
 
+// The two strings below provide maps from normal 6-bit characters to their
+// base64-escaped equivalent.
+// For the inverse case, see kUn(WebSafe)Base64 in the external
+// escaping.cc.
 ABSL_CONST_INIT const char kBase64Chars[] =
     "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/";
 
+ABSL_CONST_INIT const char kWebSafeBase64Chars[] =
+    "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789-_";
+
+
 size_t CalculateBase64EscapedLenInternal(size_t input_len, bool do_padding) {
   // Base64 encodes three bytes of input at a time. If the input is not
   // divisible by three, we pad as appropriate.
   //
-  // (from https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3548)
-  // Special processing is performed if fewer than 24 bits are available
-  // at the end of the data being encoded.  A full encoding quantum is
-  // always completed at the end of a quantity.  When fewer than 24 input
-  // bits are available in an input group, zero bits are added (on the
-  // right) to form an integral number of 6-bit groups.  Padding at the
-  // end of the data is performed using the '=' character.  Since all base
-  // 64 input is an integral number of octets, only the following cases
-  // can arise:
-
   // Base64 encodes each three bytes of input into four bytes of output.
   size_t len = (input_len / 3) * 4;
 
+  // Since all base 64 input is an integral number of octets, only the following
+  // cases can arise:
   if (input_len % 3 == 0) {
     // (from https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3548)
     // (1) the final quantum of encoding input is an integral multiple of 24
@@ -70,6 +70,21 @@ size_t CalculateBase64EscapedLenInternal(size_t input_len, bool do_padding) {
   return len;
 }
 
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
+//   Take the input in groups of 4 characters and turn each
+//   character into a code 0 to 63 thus:
+//           A-Z map to 0 to 25
+//           a-z map to 26 to 51
+//           0-9 map to 52 to 61
+//           +(- for WebSafe) maps to 62
+//           /(_ for WebSafe) maps to 63
+//   There will be four numbers, all less than 64 which can be represented
+//   by a 6 digit binary number (aaaaaa, bbbbbb, cccccc, dddddd respectively).
+//   Arrange the 6 digit binary numbers into three bytes as such:
+//   aaaaaabb bbbbcccc ccdddddd
+//   Equals signs (one or two) are used at the end of the encoded block to
+//   indicate that the text was not an integer multiple of three bytes long.
+// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 size_t Base64EscapeInternal(const unsigned char* src, size_t szsrc, char* dest,
                             size_t szdest, const char* base64,
                             bool do_padding) {
@@ -83,6 +98,16 @@ size_t Base64EscapeInternal(const unsigned char* src, size_t szsrc, char* dest,
   char* const limit_dest = dest + szdest;
   const unsigned char* const limit_src = src + szsrc;
 
+  // (from https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3548)
+  // Special processing is performed if fewer than 24 bits are available
+  // at the end of the data being encoded.  A full encoding quantum is
+  // always completed at the end of a quantity.  When fewer than 24 input
+  // bits are available in an input group, zero bits are added (on the
+  // right) to form an integral number of 6-bit groups.
+  //
+  // If do_padding is true, padding at the end of the data is performed. This
+  // output padding uses the '=' character.
+
   // Three bytes of data encodes to four characters of cyphertext.
   // So we can pump through three-byte chunks atomically.
   if (szsrc >= 3) {                    // "limit_src - 3" is UB if szsrc < 3.
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/escaping.h b/absl/strings/internal/escaping.h
index 6a9ce602..2186f778 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/escaping.h
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/escaping.h
@@ -24,20 +24,19 @@ ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 namespace strings_internal {
 
 ABSL_CONST_INIT extern const char kBase64Chars[];
+ABSL_CONST_INIT extern const char kWebSafeBase64Chars[];
 
-// Calculates how long a string will be when it is base64 encoded given its
-// length and whether or not the result should be padded.
+// Calculates the length of a Base64 encoding (RFC 4648) of a string of length
+// `input_len`, with or without padding per `do_padding`. Note that 'web-safe'
+// encoding (section 5 of the RFC) does not change this length.
 size_t CalculateBase64EscapedLenInternal(size_t input_len, bool do_padding);
 
-// Base64-encodes `src` using the alphabet provided in `base64` and writes the
-// result to `dest`. If `do_padding` is true, `dest` is padded with '=' chars
-// until its length is a multiple of 3. Returns the length of `dest`.
+// Base64-encodes `src` using the alphabet provided in `base64` (which
+// determines whether to do web-safe encoding or not) and writes the result to
+// `dest`. If `do_padding` is true, `dest` is padded with '=' chars until its
+// length is a multiple of 3. Returns the length of `dest`.
 size_t Base64EscapeInternal(const unsigned char* src, size_t szsrc, char* dest,
                             size_t szdest, const char* base64, bool do_padding);
-
-// Base64-encodes `src` using the alphabet provided in `base64` and writes the
-// result to `dest`. If `do_padding` is true, `dest` is padded with '=' chars
-// until its length is a multiple of 3.
 template <typename String>
 void Base64EscapeInternal(const unsigned char* src, size_t szsrc, String* dest,
                           bool do_padding, const char* base64_chars) {
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/has_absl_stringify.h b/absl/strings/internal/has_absl_stringify.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..55a08508
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/has_absl_stringify.h
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_STRINGS_INTERNAL_HAS_ABSL_STRINGIFY_H_
+#define ABSL_STRINGS_INTERNAL_HAS_ABSL_STRINGIFY_H_
+#include <string>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+namespace strings_internal {
+
+// This is an empty class not intended to be used. It exists so that
+// `HasAbslStringify` can reference a universal class rather than needing to be
+// copied for each new sink.
+class UnimplementedSink {
+ public:
+  void Append(size_t count, char ch);
+
+  void Append(string_view v);
+
+  // Support `absl::Format(&sink, format, args...)`.
+  friend void AbslFormatFlush(UnimplementedSink* sink, absl::string_view v);
+};
+
+template <typename T, typename = void>
+struct HasAbslStringify : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename T>
+struct HasAbslStringify<
+    T, std::enable_if_t<std::is_void<decltype(AbslStringify(
+           std::declval<strings_internal::UnimplementedSink&>(),
+           std::declval<const T&>()))>::value>> : std::true_type {};
+
+}  // namespace strings_internal
+
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_STRINGS_INTERNAL_HAS_ABSL_STRINGIFY_H_
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/memutil.cc b/absl/strings/internal/memutil.cc
index 2519c688..e2e7347c 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/memutil.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/memutil.cc
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 
 #include <cstdlib>
 
+#include "absl/strings/ascii.h"
+
 namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 namespace strings_internal {
@@ -33,80 +35,6 @@ int memcasecmp(const char* s1, const char* s2, size_t len) {
   return 0;
 }
 
-char* memdup(const char* s, size_t slen) {
-  void* copy;
-  if ((copy = malloc(slen)) == nullptr) return nullptr;
-  memcpy(copy, s, slen);
-  return reinterpret_cast<char*>(copy);
-}
-
-char* memrchr(const char* s, int c, size_t slen) {
-  for (const char* e = s + slen - 1; e >= s; e--) {
-    if (*e == c) return const_cast<char*>(e);
-  }
-  return nullptr;
-}
-
-size_t memspn(const char* s, size_t slen, const char* accept) {
-  const char* p = s;
-  const char* spanp;
-  char c, sc;
-
-cont:
-  c = *p++;
-  if (slen-- == 0) return p - 1 - s;
-  for (spanp = accept; (sc = *spanp++) != '\0';)
-    if (sc == c) goto cont;
-  return p - 1 - s;
-}
-
-size_t memcspn(const char* s, size_t slen, const char* reject) {
-  const char* p = s;
-  const char* spanp;
-  char c, sc;
-
-  while (slen-- != 0) {
-    c = *p++;
-    for (spanp = reject; (sc = *spanp++) != '\0';)
-      if (sc == c) return p - 1 - s;
-  }
-  return p - s;
-}
-
-char* mempbrk(const char* s, size_t slen, const char* accept) {
-  const char* scanp;
-  int sc;
-
-  for (; slen; ++s, --slen) {
-    for (scanp = accept; (sc = *scanp++) != '\0';)
-      if (sc == *s) return const_cast<char*>(s);
-  }
-  return nullptr;
-}
-
-// This is significantly faster for case-sensitive matches with very
-// few possible matches.  See unit test for benchmarks.
-const char* memmatch(const char* phaystack, size_t haylen, const char* pneedle,
-                     size_t neelen) {
-  if (0 == neelen) {
-    return phaystack;  // even if haylen is 0
-  }
-  if (haylen < neelen) return nullptr;
-
-  const char* match;
-  const char* hayend = phaystack + haylen - neelen + 1;
-  // A static cast is used here to work around the fact that memchr returns
-  // a void* on Posix-compliant systems and const void* on Windows.
-  while ((match = static_cast<const char*>(
-              memchr(phaystack, pneedle[0], hayend - phaystack)))) {
-    if (memcmp(match, pneedle, neelen) == 0)
-      return match;
-    else
-      phaystack = match + 1;
-  }
-  return nullptr;
-}
-
 }  // namespace strings_internal
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
 }  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/memutil.h b/absl/strings/internal/memutil.h
index 9ad05358..b5911a01 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/memutil.h
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/memutil.h
@@ -14,51 +14,6 @@
 // limitations under the License.
 //
 
-// These routines provide mem versions of standard C string routines,
-// such as strpbrk.  They function exactly the same as the str versions,
-// so if you wonder what they are, replace the word "mem" by
-// "str" and check out the man page.  I could return void*, as the
-// strutil.h mem*() routines tend to do, but I return char* instead
-// since this is by far the most common way these functions are called.
-//
-// The difference between the mem and str versions is the mem version
-// takes a pointer and a length, rather than a '\0'-terminated string.
-// The memcase* routines defined here assume the locale is "C"
-// (they use absl::ascii_tolower instead of tolower).
-//
-// These routines are based on the BSD library.
-//
-// Here's a list of routines from string.h, and their mem analogues.
-// Functions in lowercase are defined in string.h; those in UPPERCASE
-// are defined here:
-//
-// strlen                  --
-// strcat strncat          MEMCAT
-// strcpy strncpy          memcpy
-// --                      memccpy   (very cool function, btw)
-// --                      memmove
-// --                      memset
-// strcmp strncmp          memcmp
-// strcasecmp strncasecmp  MEMCASECMP
-// strchr                  memchr
-// strcoll                 --
-// strxfrm                 --
-// strdup strndup          MEMDUP
-// strrchr                 MEMRCHR
-// strspn                  MEMSPN
-// strcspn                 MEMCSPN
-// strpbrk                 MEMPBRK
-// strstr                  MEMSTR MEMMEM
-// (g)strcasestr           MEMCASESTR MEMCASEMEM
-// strtok                  --
-// strprefix               MEMPREFIX      (strprefix is from strutil.h)
-// strcaseprefix           MEMCASEPREFIX  (strcaseprefix is from strutil.h)
-// strsuffix               MEMSUFFIX      (strsuffix is from strutil.h)
-// strcasesuffix           MEMCASESUFFIX  (strcasesuffix is from strutil.h)
-// --                      MEMIS
-// --                      MEMCASEIS
-// strcount                MEMCOUNT       (strcount is from strutil.h)
-
 #ifndef ABSL_STRINGS_INTERNAL_MEMUTIL_H_
 #define ABSL_STRINGS_INTERNAL_MEMUTIL_H_
 
@@ -72,74 +27,11 @@ namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 namespace strings_internal {
 
-inline char* memcat(char* dest, size_t destlen, const char* src,
-                    size_t srclen) {
-  return reinterpret_cast<char*>(memcpy(dest + destlen, src, srclen));
-}
-
+// Performs a byte-by-byte comparison of `len` bytes of the strings `s1` and
+// `s2`, ignoring the case of the characters. It returns an integer less than,
+// equal to, or greater than zero if `s1` is found, respectively, to be less
+// than, to match, or be greater than `s2`.
 int memcasecmp(const char* s1, const char* s2, size_t len);
-char* memdup(const char* s, size_t slen);
-char* memrchr(const char* s, int c, size_t slen);
-size_t memspn(const char* s, size_t slen, const char* accept);
-size_t memcspn(const char* s, size_t slen, const char* reject);
-char* mempbrk(const char* s, size_t slen, const char* accept);
-
-// This is for internal use only.  Don't call this directly
-template <bool case_sensitive>
-const char* int_memmatch(const char* haystack, size_t haylen,
-                         const char* needle, size_t neelen) {
-  if (0 == neelen) {
-    return haystack;  // even if haylen is 0
-  }
-  const char* hayend = haystack + haylen;
-  const char* needlestart = needle;
-  const char* needleend = needlestart + neelen;
-
-  for (; haystack < hayend; ++haystack) {
-    char hay = case_sensitive
-                   ? *haystack
-                   : absl::ascii_tolower(static_cast<unsigned char>(*haystack));
-    char nee = case_sensitive
-                   ? *needle
-                   : absl::ascii_tolower(static_cast<unsigned char>(*needle));
-    if (hay == nee) {
-      if (++needle == needleend) {
-        return haystack + 1 - neelen;
-      }
-    } else if (needle != needlestart) {
-      // must back up haystack in case a prefix matched (find "aab" in "aaab")
-      haystack -= needle - needlestart;  // for loop will advance one more
-      needle = needlestart;
-    }
-  }
-  return nullptr;
-}
-
-// These are the guys you can call directly
-inline const char* memstr(const char* phaystack, size_t haylen,
-                          const char* pneedle) {
-  return int_memmatch<true>(phaystack, haylen, pneedle, strlen(pneedle));
-}
-
-inline const char* memcasestr(const char* phaystack, size_t haylen,
-                              const char* pneedle) {
-  return int_memmatch<false>(phaystack, haylen, pneedle, strlen(pneedle));
-}
-
-inline const char* memmem(const char* phaystack, size_t haylen,
-                          const char* pneedle, size_t needlelen) {
-  return int_memmatch<true>(phaystack, haylen, pneedle, needlelen);
-}
-
-inline const char* memcasemem(const char* phaystack, size_t haylen,
-                              const char* pneedle, size_t needlelen) {
-  return int_memmatch<false>(phaystack, haylen, pneedle, needlelen);
-}
-
-// This is significantly faster for case-sensitive matches with very
-// few possible matches.  See unit test for benchmarks.
-const char* memmatch(const char* phaystack, size_t haylen, const char* pneedle,
-                     size_t neelen);
 
 }  // namespace strings_internal
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/memutil_benchmark.cc b/absl/strings/internal/memutil_benchmark.cc
index dc95c3e5..61e323a4 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/memutil_benchmark.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/memutil_benchmark.cc
@@ -25,62 +25,6 @@
 // - an easy search: 'b'
 // - a medium search: 'ab'.  That means every letter is a possible match.
 // - a pathological search: 'aaaaaa.......aaaaab' (half as many a's as haytack)
-// We benchmark case-sensitive and case-insensitive versions of
-// three memmem implementations:
-// - memmem() from memutil.h
-// - search() from STL
-// - memmatch(), a custom implementation using memchr and memcmp.
-// Here are sample results:
-//
-// Run on (12 X 3800 MHz CPU s)
-// CPU Caches:
-//   L1 Data 32K (x6)
-//   L1 Instruction 32K (x6)
-//   L2 Unified 256K (x6)
-//   L3 Unified 15360K (x1)
-// ----------------------------------------------------------------
-// Benchmark                           Time          CPU Iterations
-// ----------------------------------------------------------------
-// BM_Memmem                        3583 ns      3582 ns     196469  2.59966GB/s
-// BM_MemmemMedium                 13743 ns     13742 ns      50901  693.986MB/s
-// BM_MemmemPathological        13695030 ns  13693977 ns         51  713.133kB/s
-// BM_Memcasemem                    3299 ns      3299 ns     212942  2.82309GB/s
-// BM_MemcasememMedium             16407 ns     16406 ns      42170  581.309MB/s
-// BM_MemcasememPathological    17267745 ns  17266030 ns         41  565.598kB/s
-// BM_Search                        1610 ns      1609 ns     431321  5.78672GB/s
-// BM_SearchMedium                 11111 ns     11110 ns      63001  858.414MB/s
-// BM_SearchPathological        12117390 ns  12116397 ns         58  805.984kB/s
-// BM_Searchcase                    3081 ns      3081 ns     229949  3.02313GB/s
-// BM_SearchcaseMedium             16003 ns     16001 ns      44170  595.998MB/s
-// BM_SearchcasePathological    15823413 ns  15821909 ns         44  617.222kB/s
-// BM_Memmatch                       197 ns       197 ns    3584225  47.2951GB/s
-// BM_MemmatchMedium               52333 ns     52329 ns      13280  182.244MB/s
-// BM_MemmatchPathological        659799 ns    659727 ns       1058  14.4556MB/s
-// BM_Memcasematch                  5460 ns      5460 ns     127606  1.70586GB/s
-// BM_MemcasematchMedium           32861 ns     32857 ns      21258  290.248MB/s
-// BM_MemcasematchPathological  15154243 ns  15153089 ns         46  644.464kB/s
-// BM_MemmemStartup                    5 ns         5 ns  150821500
-// BM_SearchStartup                    5 ns         5 ns  150644203
-// BM_MemmatchStartup                  7 ns         7 ns   97068802
-//
-// Conclusions:
-//
-// The following recommendations are based on the sample results above. However,
-// we have found that the performance of STL search can vary significantly
-// depending on compiler and standard library implementation. We recommend you
-// run the benchmarks for yourself on relevant platforms.
-//
-// If you need case-insensitive, STL search is slightly better than memmem for
-// all cases.
-//
-// Case-sensitive is more subtle:
-// Custom memmatch is _very_ fast at scanning, so if you have very few possible
-// matches in your haystack, that's the way to go. Performance drops
-// significantly with more matches.
-//
-// STL search is slightly faster than memmem in the medium and pathological
-// benchmarks. However, the performance of memmem is currently more dependable
-// across platforms and build configurations.
 
 namespace {
 
@@ -94,96 +38,10 @@ const char* MakeHaystack() {
 }
 const char* const kHaystack = MakeHaystack();
 
-void BM_Memmem(benchmark::State& state) {
-  for (auto _ : state) {
-    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(
-        absl::strings_internal::memmem(kHaystack, kHaystackSize, "b", 1));
-  }
-  state.SetBytesProcessed(kHaystackSize64 * state.iterations());
-}
-BENCHMARK(BM_Memmem);
-
-void BM_MemmemMedium(benchmark::State& state) {
-  for (auto _ : state) {
-    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(
-        absl::strings_internal::memmem(kHaystack, kHaystackSize, "ab", 2));
-  }
-  state.SetBytesProcessed(kHaystackSize64 * state.iterations());
-}
-BENCHMARK(BM_MemmemMedium);
-
-void BM_MemmemPathological(benchmark::State& state) {
-  for (auto _ : state) {
-    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(absl::strings_internal::memmem(
-        kHaystack, kHaystackSize, kHaystack + kHaystackSize / 2,
-        kHaystackSize - kHaystackSize / 2));
-  }
-  state.SetBytesProcessed(kHaystackSize64 * state.iterations());
-}
-BENCHMARK(BM_MemmemPathological);
-
-void BM_Memcasemem(benchmark::State& state) {
-  for (auto _ : state) {
-    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(
-        absl::strings_internal::memcasemem(kHaystack, kHaystackSize, "b", 1));
-  }
-  state.SetBytesProcessed(kHaystackSize64 * state.iterations());
-}
-BENCHMARK(BM_Memcasemem);
-
-void BM_MemcasememMedium(benchmark::State& state) {
-  for (auto _ : state) {
-    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(
-        absl::strings_internal::memcasemem(kHaystack, kHaystackSize, "ab", 2));
-  }
-  state.SetBytesProcessed(kHaystackSize64 * state.iterations());
-}
-BENCHMARK(BM_MemcasememMedium);
-
-void BM_MemcasememPathological(benchmark::State& state) {
-  for (auto _ : state) {
-    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(absl::strings_internal::memcasemem(
-        kHaystack, kHaystackSize, kHaystack + kHaystackSize / 2,
-        kHaystackSize - kHaystackSize / 2));
-  }
-  state.SetBytesProcessed(kHaystackSize64 * state.iterations());
-}
-BENCHMARK(BM_MemcasememPathological);
-
 bool case_eq(const char a, const char b) {
   return absl::ascii_tolower(a) == absl::ascii_tolower(b);
 }
 
-void BM_Search(benchmark::State& state) {
-  for (auto _ : state) {
-    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(std::search(kHaystack, kHaystack + kHaystackSize,
-                                         kHaystack + kHaystackSize - 1,
-                                         kHaystack + kHaystackSize));
-  }
-  state.SetBytesProcessed(kHaystackSize64 * state.iterations());
-}
-BENCHMARK(BM_Search);
-
-void BM_SearchMedium(benchmark::State& state) {
-  for (auto _ : state) {
-    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(std::search(kHaystack, kHaystack + kHaystackSize,
-                                         kHaystack + kHaystackSize - 2,
-                                         kHaystack + kHaystackSize));
-  }
-  state.SetBytesProcessed(kHaystackSize64 * state.iterations());
-}
-BENCHMARK(BM_SearchMedium);
-
-void BM_SearchPathological(benchmark::State& state) {
-  for (auto _ : state) {
-    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(std::search(kHaystack, kHaystack + kHaystackSize,
-                                         kHaystack + kHaystackSize / 2,
-                                         kHaystack + kHaystackSize));
-  }
-  state.SetBytesProcessed(kHaystackSize64 * state.iterations());
-}
-BENCHMARK(BM_SearchPathological);
-
 void BM_Searchcase(benchmark::State& state) {
   for (auto _ : state) {
     benchmark::DoNotOptimize(std::search(kHaystack, kHaystack + kHaystackSize,
@@ -241,34 +99,6 @@ const char* memcasematch(const char* phaystack, size_t haylen,
   return nullptr;
 }
 
-void BM_Memmatch(benchmark::State& state) {
-  for (auto _ : state) {
-    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(
-        absl::strings_internal::memmatch(kHaystack, kHaystackSize, "b", 1));
-  }
-  state.SetBytesProcessed(kHaystackSize64 * state.iterations());
-}
-BENCHMARK(BM_Memmatch);
-
-void BM_MemmatchMedium(benchmark::State& state) {
-  for (auto _ : state) {
-    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(
-        absl::strings_internal::memmatch(kHaystack, kHaystackSize, "ab", 2));
-  }
-  state.SetBytesProcessed(kHaystackSize64 * state.iterations());
-}
-BENCHMARK(BM_MemmatchMedium);
-
-void BM_MemmatchPathological(benchmark::State& state) {
-  for (auto _ : state) {
-    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(absl::strings_internal::memmatch(
-        kHaystack, kHaystackSize, kHaystack + kHaystackSize / 2,
-        kHaystackSize - kHaystackSize / 2));
-  }
-  state.SetBytesProcessed(kHaystackSize64 * state.iterations());
-}
-BENCHMARK(BM_MemmatchPathological);
-
 void BM_Memcasematch(benchmark::State& state) {
   for (auto _ : state) {
     benchmark::DoNotOptimize(memcasematch(kHaystack, kHaystackSize, "b", 1));
@@ -295,29 +125,4 @@ void BM_MemcasematchPathological(benchmark::State& state) {
 }
 BENCHMARK(BM_MemcasematchPathological);
 
-void BM_MemmemStartup(benchmark::State& state) {
-  for (auto _ : state) {
-    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(absl::strings_internal::memmem(
-        kHaystack + kHaystackSize - 10, 10, kHaystack + kHaystackSize - 1, 1));
-  }
-}
-BENCHMARK(BM_MemmemStartup);
-
-void BM_SearchStartup(benchmark::State& state) {
-  for (auto _ : state) {
-    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(
-        std::search(kHaystack + kHaystackSize - 10, kHaystack + kHaystackSize,
-                    kHaystack + kHaystackSize - 1, kHaystack + kHaystackSize));
-  }
-}
-BENCHMARK(BM_SearchStartup);
-
-void BM_MemmatchStartup(benchmark::State& state) {
-  for (auto _ : state) {
-    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(absl::strings_internal::memmatch(
-        kHaystack + kHaystackSize - 10, 10, kHaystack + kHaystackSize - 1, 1));
-  }
-}
-BENCHMARK(BM_MemmatchStartup);
-
 }  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/memutil_test.cc b/absl/strings/internal/memutil_test.cc
index d8681ddf..277be2c4 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/memutil_test.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/memutil_test.cc
@@ -19,42 +19,12 @@
 #include <cstdlib>
 
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
-#include "absl/strings/ascii.h"
 
 namespace {
 
-static char* memcasechr(const char* s, int c, size_t slen) {
-  c = absl::ascii_tolower(c);
-  for (; slen; ++s, --slen) {
-    if (absl::ascii_tolower(*s) == c) return const_cast<char*>(s);
-  }
-  return nullptr;
-}
-
-static const char* memcasematch(const char* phaystack, size_t haylen,
-                                const char* pneedle, size_t neelen) {
-  if (0 == neelen) {
-    return phaystack;  // even if haylen is 0
-  }
-  if (haylen < neelen) return nullptr;
-
-  const char* match;
-  const char* hayend = phaystack + haylen - neelen + 1;
-  while ((match = static_cast<char*>(
-              memcasechr(phaystack, pneedle[0], hayend - phaystack)))) {
-    if (absl::strings_internal::memcasecmp(match, pneedle, neelen) == 0)
-      return match;
-    else
-      phaystack = match + 1;
-  }
-  return nullptr;
-}
-
-TEST(MemUtilTest, AllTests) {
+TEST(MemUtil, memcasecmp) {
   // check memutil functions
-  char a[1000];
-  absl::strings_internal::memcat(a, 0, "hello", sizeof("hello") - 1);
-  absl::strings_internal::memcat(a, 5, " there", sizeof(" there") - 1);
+  const char a[] = "hello there";
 
   EXPECT_EQ(absl::strings_internal::memcasecmp(a, "heLLO there",
                                                sizeof("hello there") - 1),
@@ -66,114 +36,6 @@ TEST(MemUtilTest, AllTests) {
                                                sizeof("hello there") - 2),
             0);
   EXPECT_EQ(absl::strings_internal::memcasecmp(a, "whatever", 0), 0);
-
-  char* p = absl::strings_internal::memdup("hello", 5);
-  free(p);
-
-  p = absl::strings_internal::memrchr("hello there", 'e',
-                                      sizeof("hello there") - 1);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(p && p[-1] == 'r');
-  p = absl::strings_internal::memrchr("hello there", 'e',
-                                      sizeof("hello there") - 2);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(p && p[-1] == 'h');
-  p = absl::strings_internal::memrchr("hello there", 'u',
-                                      sizeof("hello there") - 1);
-  EXPECT_TRUE(p == nullptr);
-
-  int len = absl::strings_internal::memspn("hello there",
-                                           sizeof("hello there") - 1, "hole");
-  EXPECT_EQ(len, sizeof("hello") - 1);
-  len = absl::strings_internal::memspn("hello there", sizeof("hello there") - 1,
-                                       "u");
-  EXPECT_EQ(len, 0);
-  len = absl::strings_internal::memspn("hello there", sizeof("hello there") - 1,
-                                       "");
-  EXPECT_EQ(len, 0);
-  len = absl::strings_internal::memspn("hello there", sizeof("hello there") - 1,
-                                       "trole h");
-  EXPECT_EQ(len, sizeof("hello there") - 1);
-  len = absl::strings_internal::memspn("hello there!",
-                                       sizeof("hello there!") - 1, "trole h");
-  EXPECT_EQ(len, sizeof("hello there") - 1);
-  len = absl::strings_internal::memspn("hello there!",
-                                       sizeof("hello there!") - 2, "trole h!");
-  EXPECT_EQ(len, sizeof("hello there!") - 2);
-
-  len = absl::strings_internal::memcspn("hello there",
-                                        sizeof("hello there") - 1, "leho");
-  EXPECT_EQ(len, 0);
-  len = absl::strings_internal::memcspn("hello there",
-                                        sizeof("hello there") - 1, "u");
-  EXPECT_EQ(len, sizeof("hello there") - 1);
-  len = absl::strings_internal::memcspn("hello there",
-                                        sizeof("hello there") - 1, "");
-  EXPECT_EQ(len, sizeof("hello there") - 1);
-  len = absl::strings_internal::memcspn("hello there",
-                                        sizeof("hello there") - 1, " ");
-  EXPECT_EQ(len, 5);
-
-  p = absl::strings_internal::mempbrk("hello there", sizeof("hello there") - 1,
-                                      "leho");
-  EXPECT_TRUE(p && p[1] == 'e' && p[2] == 'l');
-  p = absl::strings_internal::mempbrk("hello there", sizeof("hello there") - 1,
-                                      "nu");
-  EXPECT_TRUE(p == nullptr);
-  p = absl::strings_internal::mempbrk("hello there!",
-                                      sizeof("hello there!") - 2, "!");
-  EXPECT_TRUE(p == nullptr);
-  p = absl::strings_internal::mempbrk("hello there", sizeof("hello there") - 1,
-                                      " t ");
-  EXPECT_TRUE(p && p[-1] == 'o' && p[1] == 't');
-
-  {
-    const char kHaystack[] = "0123456789";
-    EXPECT_EQ(absl::strings_internal::memmem(kHaystack, 0, "", 0), kHaystack);
-    EXPECT_EQ(absl::strings_internal::memmem(kHaystack, 10, "012", 3),
-              kHaystack);
-    EXPECT_EQ(absl::strings_internal::memmem(kHaystack, 10, "0xx", 1),
-              kHaystack);
-    EXPECT_EQ(absl::strings_internal::memmem(kHaystack, 10, "789", 3),
-              kHaystack + 7);
-    EXPECT_EQ(absl::strings_internal::memmem(kHaystack, 10, "9xx", 1),
-              kHaystack + 9);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(absl::strings_internal::memmem(kHaystack, 10, "9xx", 3) ==
-                nullptr);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(absl::strings_internal::memmem(kHaystack, 10, "xxx", 1) ==
-                nullptr);
-  }
-  {
-    const char kHaystack[] = "aBcDeFgHiJ";
-    EXPECT_EQ(absl::strings_internal::memcasemem(kHaystack, 0, "", 0),
-              kHaystack);
-    EXPECT_EQ(absl::strings_internal::memcasemem(kHaystack, 10, "Abc", 3),
-              kHaystack);
-    EXPECT_EQ(absl::strings_internal::memcasemem(kHaystack, 10, "Axx", 1),
-              kHaystack);
-    EXPECT_EQ(absl::strings_internal::memcasemem(kHaystack, 10, "hIj", 3),
-              kHaystack + 7);
-    EXPECT_EQ(absl::strings_internal::memcasemem(kHaystack, 10, "jxx", 1),
-              kHaystack + 9);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(absl::strings_internal::memcasemem(kHaystack, 10, "jxx", 3) ==
-                nullptr);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(absl::strings_internal::memcasemem(kHaystack, 10, "xxx", 1) ==
-                nullptr);
-  }
-  {
-    const char kHaystack[] = "0123456789";
-    EXPECT_EQ(absl::strings_internal::memmatch(kHaystack, 0, "", 0), kHaystack);
-    EXPECT_EQ(absl::strings_internal::memmatch(kHaystack, 10, "012", 3),
-              kHaystack);
-    EXPECT_EQ(absl::strings_internal::memmatch(kHaystack, 10, "0xx", 1),
-              kHaystack);
-    EXPECT_EQ(absl::strings_internal::memmatch(kHaystack, 10, "789", 3),
-              kHaystack + 7);
-    EXPECT_EQ(absl::strings_internal::memmatch(kHaystack, 10, "9xx", 1),
-              kHaystack + 9);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(absl::strings_internal::memmatch(kHaystack, 10, "9xx", 3) ==
-                nullptr);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(absl::strings_internal::memmatch(kHaystack, 10, "xxx", 1) ==
-                nullptr);
-  }
 }
 
 }  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/ostringstream.cc b/absl/strings/internal/ostringstream.cc
index dc6cfe16..a0e5ec08 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/ostringstream.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/ostringstream.cc
@@ -14,20 +14,27 @@
 
 #include "absl/strings/internal/ostringstream.h"
 
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <ios>
+#include <streambuf>
+
 namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 namespace strings_internal {
 
-OStringStream::Buf::int_type OStringStream::overflow(int c) {
-  assert(s_);
-  if (!Buf::traits_type::eq_int_type(c, Buf::traits_type::eof()))
-    s_->push_back(static_cast<char>(c));
+OStringStream::Streambuf::int_type OStringStream::Streambuf::overflow(int c) {
+  assert(str_);
+  if (!std::streambuf::traits_type::eq_int_type(
+          c, std::streambuf::traits_type::eof()))
+    str_->push_back(static_cast<char>(c));
   return 1;
 }
 
-std::streamsize OStringStream::xsputn(const char* s, std::streamsize n) {
-  assert(s_);
-  s_->append(s, static_cast<size_t>(n));
+std::streamsize OStringStream::Streambuf::xsputn(const char* s,
+                                                 std::streamsize n) {
+  assert(str_);
+  str_->append(s, static_cast<size_t>(n));
   return n;
 }
 
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/ostringstream.h b/absl/strings/internal/ostringstream.h
index d25d6047..c0e237db 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/ostringstream.h
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/ostringstream.h
@@ -16,11 +16,13 @@
 #define ABSL_STRINGS_INTERNAL_OSTRINGSTREAM_H_
 
 #include <cassert>
+#include <ios>
 #include <ostream>
 #include <streambuf>
 #include <string>
+#include <utility>
 
-#include "absl/base/port.h"
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
 
 namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
@@ -60,26 +62,49 @@ namespace strings_internal {
 //   strm << 3.14;
 //
 // Note: flush() has no effect. No reason to call it.
-class OStringStream : private std::basic_streambuf<char>, public std::ostream {
+class OStringStream final : public std::ostream {
  public:
   // The argument can be null, in which case you'll need to call str(p) with a
   // non-null argument before you can write to the stream.
   //
   // The destructor of OStringStream doesn't use the std::string. It's OK to
   // destroy the std::string before the stream.
-  explicit OStringStream(std::string* s) : std::ostream(this), s_(s) {}
+  explicit OStringStream(std::string* str)
+      : std::ostream(&buf_), buf_(str) {}
+  OStringStream(OStringStream&& that)
+      : std::ostream(std::move(static_cast<std::ostream&>(that))),
+        buf_(that.buf_) {
+    rdbuf(&buf_);
+  }
+  OStringStream& operator=(OStringStream&& that) {
+    std::ostream::operator=(std::move(static_cast<std::ostream&>(that)));
+    buf_ = that.buf_;
+    rdbuf(&buf_);
+    return *this;
+  }
 
-  std::string* str() { return s_; }
-  const std::string* str() const { return s_; }
-  void str(std::string* s) { s_ = s; }
+  std::string* str() { return buf_.str(); }
+  const std::string* str() const { return buf_.str(); }
+  void str(std::string* str) { buf_.str(str); }
 
  private:
-  using Buf = std::basic_streambuf<char>;
+  class Streambuf final : public std::streambuf {
+   public:
+    explicit Streambuf(std::string* str) : str_(str) {}
+    Streambuf(const Streambuf&) = default;
+    Streambuf& operator=(const Streambuf&) = default;
 
-  Buf::int_type overflow(int c) override;
-  std::streamsize xsputn(const char* s, std::streamsize n) override;
+    std::string* str() { return str_; }
+    const std::string* str() const { return str_; }
+    void str(std::string* str) { str_ = str; }
 
-  std::string* s_;
+   protected:
+    int_type overflow(int c) override;
+    std::streamsize xsputn(const char* s, std::streamsize n) override;
+
+   private:
+    std::string* str_;
+  } buf_;
 };
 
 }  // namespace strings_internal
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/ostringstream_test.cc b/absl/strings/internal/ostringstream_test.cc
index 2879e50e..ef3ad573 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/ostringstream_test.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/ostringstream_test.cc
@@ -14,10 +14,12 @@
 
 #include "absl/strings/internal/ostringstream.h"
 
+#include <ios>
 #include <memory>
 #include <ostream>
 #include <string>
 #include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
 
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
 
@@ -29,24 +31,51 @@ TEST(OStringStream, IsOStream) {
       "");
 }
 
-TEST(OStringStream, ConstructDestroy) {
+TEST(OStringStream, ConstructNullptr) {
+  absl::strings_internal::OStringStream strm(nullptr);
+  EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, strm.str());
+}
+
+TEST(OStringStream, ConstructStr) {
+  std::string s = "abc";
   {
-    absl::strings_internal::OStringStream strm(nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, strm.str());
+    absl::strings_internal::OStringStream strm(&s);
+    EXPECT_EQ(&s, strm.str());
   }
+  EXPECT_EQ("abc", s);
+}
+
+TEST(OStringStream, Destroy) {
+  std::unique_ptr<std::string> s(new std::string);
+  absl::strings_internal::OStringStream strm(s.get());
+  s.reset();
+}
+
+TEST(OStringStream, MoveConstruct) {
+  std::string s = "abc";
   {
-    std::string s = "abc";
-    {
-      absl::strings_internal::OStringStream strm(&s);
-      EXPECT_EQ(&s, strm.str());
-    }
-    EXPECT_EQ("abc", s);
+    absl::strings_internal::OStringStream strm1(&s);
+    strm1 << std::hex << 16;
+    EXPECT_EQ(&s, strm1.str());
+    absl::strings_internal::OStringStream strm2(std::move(strm1));
+    strm2 << 16;  // We should still be in base 16.
+    EXPECT_EQ(&s, strm2.str());
   }
+  EXPECT_EQ("abc1010", s);
+}
+
+TEST(OStringStream, MoveAssign) {
+  std::string s = "abc";
   {
-    std::unique_ptr<std::string> s(new std::string);
-    absl::strings_internal::OStringStream strm(s.get());
-    s.reset();
+    absl::strings_internal::OStringStream strm1(&s);
+    strm1 << std::hex << 16;
+    EXPECT_EQ(&s, strm1.str());
+    absl::strings_internal::OStringStream strm2(nullptr);
+    strm2 = std::move(strm1);
+    strm2 << 16;  // We should still be in base 16.
+    EXPECT_EQ(&s, strm2.str());
   }
+  EXPECT_EQ("abc1010", s);
 }
 
 TEST(OStringStream, Str) {
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/stl_type_traits.h b/absl/strings/internal/stl_type_traits.h
index 6035ca45..e50468b0 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/stl_type_traits.h
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/stl_type_traits.h
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 // limitations under the License.
 //
 
-// Thie file provides the IsStrictlyBaseOfAndConvertibleToSTLContainer type
+// The file provides the IsStrictlyBaseOfAndConvertibleToSTLContainer type
 // trait metafunction to assist in working with the _GLIBCXX_DEBUG debug
 // wrappers of STL containers.
 //
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/str_format/arg.cc b/absl/strings/internal/str_format/arg.cc
index 02aeeebe..c0a9a28e 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/str_format/arg.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/str_format/arg.cc
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class IntDigits {
       v >>= 3;
     } while (v);
     start_ = p;
-    size_ = storage_ + sizeof(storage_) - p;
+    size_ = static_cast<size_t>(storage_ + sizeof(storage_) - p);
   }
 
   // Print the signed or unsigned integer as decimal.
@@ -86,7 +86,8 @@ class IntDigits {
   void PrintAsDec(T v) {
     static_assert(std::is_integral<T>::value, "");
     start_ = storage_;
-    size_ = numbers_internal::FastIntToBuffer(v, storage_) - storage_;
+    size_ = static_cast<size_t>(numbers_internal::FastIntToBuffer(v, storage_) -
+                                storage_);
   }
 
   void PrintAsDec(int128 v) {
@@ -105,7 +106,7 @@ class IntDigits {
     char *p = storage_ + sizeof(storage_);
     do {
       p -= 2;
-      numbers_internal::PutTwoDigits(static_cast<size_t>(v % 100), p);
+      numbers_internal::PutTwoDigits(static_cast<uint32_t>(v % 100), p);
       v /= 100;
     } while (v);
     if (p[0] == '0') {
@@ -115,7 +116,7 @@ class IntDigits {
     if (add_neg) {
       *--p = '-';
     }
-    size_ = storage_ + sizeof(storage_) - p;
+    size_ = static_cast<size_t>(storage_ + sizeof(storage_) - p);
     start_ = p;
   }
 
@@ -138,7 +139,7 @@ class IntDigits {
       ++p;
     }
     start_ = p;
-    size_ = storage_ + sizeof(storage_) - p;
+    size_ = static_cast<size_t>(storage_ + sizeof(storage_) - p);
   }
 
   // Print the unsigned integer as hex using uppercase.
@@ -154,7 +155,7 @@ class IntDigits {
       v >>= 4;
     } while (v);
     start_ = p;
-    size_ = storage_ + sizeof(storage_) - p;
+    size_ = static_cast<size_t>(storage_ + sizeof(storage_) - p);
   }
 
   // The printed value including the '-' sign if available.
@@ -208,10 +209,12 @@ string_view SignColumn(bool neg, const FormatConversionSpecImpl conv) {
   return {};
 }
 
-bool ConvertCharImpl(unsigned char v, const FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
-                     FormatSinkImpl *sink) {
+bool ConvertCharImpl(char v,
+                     const FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
+                     FormatSinkImpl* sink) {
   size_t fill = 0;
-  if (conv.width() >= 0) fill = conv.width();
+  if (conv.width() >= 0)
+    fill = static_cast<size_t>(conv.width());
   ReducePadding(1, &fill);
   if (!conv.has_left_flag()) sink->Append(fill, ' ');
   sink->Append(1, v);
@@ -225,7 +228,8 @@ bool ConvertIntImplInnerSlow(const IntDigits &as_digits,
   // Print as a sequence of Substrings:
   //   [left_spaces][sign][base_indicator][zeroes][formatted][right_spaces]
   size_t fill = 0;
-  if (conv.width() >= 0) fill = conv.width();
+  if (conv.width() >= 0)
+    fill = static_cast<size_t>(conv.width());
 
   string_view formatted = as_digits.without_neg_or_zero();
   ReducePadding(formatted, &fill);
@@ -236,10 +240,9 @@ bool ConvertIntImplInnerSlow(const IntDigits &as_digits,
   string_view base_indicator = BaseIndicator(as_digits, conv);
   ReducePadding(base_indicator, &fill);
 
-  int precision = conv.precision();
-  bool precision_specified = precision >= 0;
-  if (!precision_specified)
-    precision = 1;
+  bool precision_specified = conv.precision() >= 0;
+  size_t precision =
+      precision_specified ? static_cast<size_t>(conv.precision()) : size_t{1};
 
   if (conv.has_alt_flag() &&
       conv.conversion_char() == FormatConversionCharInternal::o) {
@@ -247,7 +250,7 @@ bool ConvertIntImplInnerSlow(const IntDigits &as_digits,
     //   "For o conversion, it increases the precision (if necessary) to
     //   force the first digit of the result to be zero."
     if (formatted.empty() || *formatted.begin() != '0') {
-      int needed = static_cast<int>(formatted.size()) + 1;
+      size_t needed = formatted.size() + 1;
       precision = std::max(precision, needed);
     }
   }
@@ -276,8 +279,38 @@ bool ConvertIntImplInnerSlow(const IntDigits &as_digits,
 }
 
 template <typename T>
-bool ConvertIntArg(T v, const FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
-                   FormatSinkImpl *sink) {
+bool ConvertFloatArg(T v, FormatConversionSpecImpl conv, FormatSinkImpl *sink) {
+  if (conv.conversion_char() == FormatConversionCharInternal::v) {
+    conv.set_conversion_char(FormatConversionCharInternal::g);
+  }
+
+  return FormatConversionCharIsFloat(conv.conversion_char()) &&
+         ConvertFloatImpl(v, conv, sink);
+}
+
+inline bool ConvertStringArg(string_view v, const FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
+                             FormatSinkImpl *sink) {
+  if (conv.is_basic()) {
+    sink->Append(v);
+    return true;
+  }
+  return sink->PutPaddedString(v, conv.width(), conv.precision(),
+                               conv.has_left_flag());
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+bool ConvertBoolArg(bool v, FormatSinkImpl *sink) {
+  if (v) {
+    sink->Append("true");
+  } else {
+    sink->Append("false");
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+bool ConvertIntArg(T v, FormatConversionSpecImpl conv, FormatSinkImpl *sink) {
   using U = typename MakeUnsigned<T>::type;
   IntDigits as_digits;
 
@@ -287,7 +320,7 @@ bool ConvertIntArg(T v, const FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
   // FormatConversionChar is declared, but not defined.
   switch (static_cast<uint8_t>(conv.conversion_char())) {
     case static_cast<uint8_t>(FormatConversionCharInternal::c):
-      return ConvertCharImpl(static_cast<unsigned char>(v), conv, sink);
+      return ConvertCharImpl(static_cast<char>(v), conv, sink);
 
     case static_cast<uint8_t>(FormatConversionCharInternal::o):
       as_digits.PrintAsOct(static_cast<U>(v));
@@ -306,6 +339,7 @@ bool ConvertIntArg(T v, const FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
 
     case static_cast<uint8_t>(FormatConversionCharInternal::d):
     case static_cast<uint8_t>(FormatConversionCharInternal::i):
+    case static_cast<uint8_t>(FormatConversionCharInternal::v):
       as_digits.PrintAsDec(v);
       break;
 
@@ -320,7 +354,7 @@ bool ConvertIntArg(T v, const FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
       return ConvertFloatImpl(static_cast<double>(v), conv, sink);
 
     default:
-       ABSL_ASSUME(false);
+      ABSL_ASSUME(false);
   }
 
   if (conv.is_basic()) {
@@ -330,24 +364,37 @@ bool ConvertIntArg(T v, const FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
   return ConvertIntImplInnerSlow(as_digits, conv, sink);
 }
 
-template <typename T>
-bool ConvertFloatArg(T v, const FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
-                     FormatSinkImpl *sink) {
-  return FormatConversionCharIsFloat(conv.conversion_char()) &&
-         ConvertFloatImpl(v, conv, sink);
-}
-
-inline bool ConvertStringArg(string_view v, const FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
-                             FormatSinkImpl *sink) {
-  if (conv.is_basic()) {
-    sink->Append(v);
-    return true;
-  }
-  return sink->PutPaddedString(v, conv.width(), conv.precision(),
-                               conv.has_left_flag());
-}
-
-}  // namespace
+template bool ConvertIntArg<char>(char v, FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
+                                  FormatSinkImpl *sink);
+template bool ConvertIntArg<signed char>(signed char v,
+                                         FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
+                                         FormatSinkImpl *sink);
+template bool ConvertIntArg<unsigned char>(unsigned char v,
+                                           FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
+                                           FormatSinkImpl *sink);
+template bool ConvertIntArg<short>(short v,  // NOLINT
+                                   FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
+                                   FormatSinkImpl *sink);
+template bool ConvertIntArg<unsigned short>(unsigned short v,  // NOLINT
+                                            FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
+                                            FormatSinkImpl *sink);
+template bool ConvertIntArg<int>(int v, FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
+                                 FormatSinkImpl *sink);
+template bool ConvertIntArg<unsigned int>(unsigned int v,
+                                          FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
+                                          FormatSinkImpl *sink);
+template bool ConvertIntArg<long>(long v,  // NOLINT
+                                  FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
+                                  FormatSinkImpl *sink);
+template bool ConvertIntArg<unsigned long>(unsigned long v,  // NOLINT
+                                           FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
+                                           FormatSinkImpl *sink);
+template bool ConvertIntArg<long long>(long long v,  // NOLINT
+                                       FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
+                                       FormatSinkImpl *sink);
+template bool ConvertIntArg<unsigned long long>(unsigned long long v,  // NOLINT
+                                                FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
+                                                FormatSinkImpl *sink);
 
 // ==================== Strings ====================
 StringConvertResult FormatConvertImpl(const std::string &v,
@@ -375,7 +422,7 @@ FormatConvertImpl(const char *v, const FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
     len = std::strlen(v);
   } else {
     // If precision is set, we look for the NUL-terminator on the valid range.
-    len = std::find(v, v + conv.precision(), '\0') - v;
+    len = static_cast<size_t>(std::find(v, v + conv.precision(), '\0') - v);
   }
   return {ConvertStringArg(string_view(v, len), conv, sink)};
 }
@@ -410,11 +457,12 @@ FloatingConvertResult FormatConvertImpl(long double v,
 }
 
 // ==================== Chars ====================
-IntegralConvertResult FormatConvertImpl(char v,
-                                        const FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
-                                        FormatSinkImpl *sink) {
+CharConvertResult FormatConvertImpl(char v, const FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
+                                    FormatSinkImpl *sink) {
   return {ConvertIntArg(v, conv, sink)};
 }
+
+// ==================== Ints ====================
 IntegralConvertResult FormatConvertImpl(signed char v,
                                         const FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
                                         FormatSinkImpl *sink) {
@@ -425,8 +473,6 @@ IntegralConvertResult FormatConvertImpl(unsigned char v,
                                         FormatSinkImpl *sink) {
   return {ConvertIntArg(v, conv, sink)};
 }
-
-// ==================== Ints ====================
 IntegralConvertResult FormatConvertImpl(short v,  // NOLINT
                                         const FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
                                         FormatSinkImpl *sink) {
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/str_format/arg.h b/absl/strings/internal/str_format/arg.h
index b9dda909..3ce30feb 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/str_format/arg.h
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/str_format/arg.h
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include <string.h>
 #include <wchar.h>
 
+#include <algorithm>
 #include <cstdio>
 #include <iomanip>
 #include <limits>
@@ -25,10 +26,12 @@
 #include <sstream>
 #include <string>
 #include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
 
 #include "absl/base/port.h"
 #include "absl/meta/type_traits.h"
 #include "absl/numeric/int128.h"
+#include "absl/strings/internal/has_absl_stringify.h"
 #include "absl/strings/internal/str_format/extension.h"
 #include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
 
@@ -45,6 +48,24 @@ class FormatConversionSpec;
 
 namespace str_format_internal {
 
+template <FormatConversionCharSet C>
+struct ArgConvertResult {
+  bool value;
+};
+
+using IntegralConvertResult = ArgConvertResult<FormatConversionCharSetUnion(
+    FormatConversionCharSetInternal::c,
+    FormatConversionCharSetInternal::kNumeric,
+    FormatConversionCharSetInternal::kStar,
+    FormatConversionCharSetInternal::v)>;
+using FloatingConvertResult = ArgConvertResult<FormatConversionCharSetUnion(
+    FormatConversionCharSetInternal::kFloating,
+    FormatConversionCharSetInternal::v)>;
+using CharConvertResult = ArgConvertResult<FormatConversionCharSetUnion(
+    FormatConversionCharSetInternal::c,
+    FormatConversionCharSetInternal::kNumeric,
+    FormatConversionCharSetInternal::kStar)>;
+
 template <typename T, typename = void>
 struct HasUserDefinedConvert : std::false_type {};
 
@@ -55,7 +76,50 @@ struct HasUserDefinedConvert<T, void_t<decltype(AbslFormatConvert(
                                     std::declval<FormatSink*>()))>>
     : std::true_type {};
 
-void AbslFormatConvert();  // Stops the lexical name lookup
+// These declarations prevent ADL lookup from continuing in absl namespaces,
+// we are deliberately using these as ADL hooks and want them to consider
+// non-absl namespaces only.
+void AbslFormatConvert();
+void AbslStringify();
+
+template <typename T>
+bool ConvertIntArg(T v, FormatConversionSpecImpl conv, FormatSinkImpl* sink);
+
+// Forward declarations of internal `ConvertIntArg` function template
+// instantiations are here to avoid including the template body in the headers
+// and instantiating it in large numbers of translation units. Explicit
+// instantiations can be found in "absl/strings/internal/str_format/arg.cc"
+extern template bool ConvertIntArg<char>(char v, FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
+                                         FormatSinkImpl* sink);
+extern template bool ConvertIntArg<signed char>(signed char v,
+                                                FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
+                                                FormatSinkImpl* sink);
+extern template bool ConvertIntArg<unsigned char>(unsigned char v,
+                                                  FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
+                                                  FormatSinkImpl* sink);
+extern template bool ConvertIntArg<short>(short v,  // NOLINT
+                                          FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
+                                          FormatSinkImpl* sink);
+extern template bool ConvertIntArg<unsigned short>(   // NOLINT
+    unsigned short v, FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,  // NOLINT
+    FormatSinkImpl* sink);
+extern template bool ConvertIntArg<int>(int v, FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
+                                        FormatSinkImpl* sink);
+extern template bool ConvertIntArg<unsigned int>(unsigned int v,
+                                                 FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
+                                                 FormatSinkImpl* sink);
+extern template bool ConvertIntArg<long>(                           // NOLINT
+    long v, FormatConversionSpecImpl conv, FormatSinkImpl* sink);   // NOLINT
+extern template bool ConvertIntArg<unsigned long>(unsigned long v,  // NOLINT
+                                                  FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
+                                                  FormatSinkImpl* sink);
+extern template bool ConvertIntArg<long long>(long long v,  // NOLINT
+                                              FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
+                                              FormatSinkImpl* sink);
+extern template bool ConvertIntArg<unsigned long long>(   // NOLINT
+    unsigned long long v, FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,  // NOLINT
+    FormatSinkImpl* sink);
+
 template <typename T>
 auto FormatConvertImpl(const T& v, FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
                        FormatSinkImpl* sink)
@@ -72,6 +136,39 @@ auto FormatConvertImpl(const T& v, FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
 }
 
 template <typename T>
+auto FormatConvertImpl(const T& v, FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
+                       FormatSinkImpl* sink)
+    -> std::enable_if_t<std::is_enum<T>::value &&
+                            std::is_void<decltype(AbslStringify(
+                                std::declval<FormatSink&>(), v))>::value,
+                        IntegralConvertResult> {
+  if (conv.conversion_char() == FormatConversionCharInternal::v) {
+    using FormatSinkT =
+        absl::enable_if_t<sizeof(const T& (*)()) != 0, FormatSink>;
+    auto fs = sink->Wrap<FormatSinkT>();
+    AbslStringify(fs, v);
+    return {true};
+  } else {
+    return {ConvertIntArg(
+        static_cast<typename std::underlying_type<T>::type>(v), conv, sink)};
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+auto FormatConvertImpl(const T& v, FormatConversionSpecImpl,
+                       FormatSinkImpl* sink)
+    -> std::enable_if_t<!std::is_enum<T>::value &&
+                            std::is_void<decltype(AbslStringify(
+                                std::declval<FormatSink&>(), v))>::value,
+                        ArgConvertResult<FormatConversionCharSetInternal::v>> {
+  using FormatSinkT =
+      absl::enable_if_t<sizeof(const T& (*)()) != 0, FormatSink>;
+  auto fs = sink->Wrap<FormatSinkT>();
+  AbslStringify(fs, v);
+  return {true};
+}
+
+template <typename T>
 class StreamedWrapper;
 
 // If 'v' can be converted (in the printf sense) according to 'conv',
@@ -96,11 +193,6 @@ struct VoidPtr {
 };
 
 template <FormatConversionCharSet C>
-struct ArgConvertResult {
-  bool value;
-};
-
-template <FormatConversionCharSet C>
 constexpr FormatConversionCharSet ExtractCharSet(FormatConvertResult<C>) {
   return C;
 }
@@ -110,8 +202,8 @@ constexpr FormatConversionCharSet ExtractCharSet(ArgConvertResult<C>) {
   return C;
 }
 
-using StringConvertResult =
-    ArgConvertResult<FormatConversionCharSetInternal::s>;
+using StringConvertResult = ArgConvertResult<FormatConversionCharSetUnion(
+    FormatConversionCharSetInternal::s, FormatConversionCharSetInternal::v)>;
 ArgConvertResult<FormatConversionCharSetInternal::p> FormatConvertImpl(
     VoidPtr v, FormatConversionSpecImpl conv, FormatSinkImpl* sink);
 
@@ -173,12 +265,7 @@ StringConvertResult FormatConvertImpl(const AbslCord& value,
   return {true};
 }
 
-using IntegralConvertResult = ArgConvertResult<FormatConversionCharSetUnion(
-    FormatConversionCharSetInternal::c,
-    FormatConversionCharSetInternal::kNumeric,
-    FormatConversionCharSetInternal::kStar)>;
-using FloatingConvertResult =
-    ArgConvertResult<FormatConversionCharSetInternal::kFloating>;
+bool ConvertBoolArg(bool v, FormatSinkImpl* sink);
 
 // Floats.
 FloatingConvertResult FormatConvertImpl(float v, FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
@@ -190,16 +277,16 @@ FloatingConvertResult FormatConvertImpl(long double v,
                                         FormatSinkImpl* sink);
 
 // Chars.
-IntegralConvertResult FormatConvertImpl(char v, FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
-                                        FormatSinkImpl* sink);
+CharConvertResult FormatConvertImpl(char v, FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
+                                    FormatSinkImpl* sink);
+
+// Ints.
 IntegralConvertResult FormatConvertImpl(signed char v,
                                         FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
                                         FormatSinkImpl* sink);
 IntegralConvertResult FormatConvertImpl(unsigned char v,
                                         FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
                                         FormatSinkImpl* sink);
-
-// Ints.
 IntegralConvertResult FormatConvertImpl(short v,  // NOLINT
                                         FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
                                         FormatSinkImpl* sink);
@@ -228,9 +315,16 @@ IntegralConvertResult FormatConvertImpl(int128 v, FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
 IntegralConvertResult FormatConvertImpl(uint128 v,
                                         FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
                                         FormatSinkImpl* sink);
+
+// This function needs to be a template due to ambiguity regarding type
+// conversions.
 template <typename T, enable_if_t<std::is_same<T, bool>::value, int> = 0>
 IntegralConvertResult FormatConvertImpl(T v, FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
                                         FormatSinkImpl* sink) {
+  if (conv.conversion_char() == FormatConversionCharInternal::v) {
+    return {ConvertBoolArg(v, sink)};
+  }
+
   return FormatConvertImpl(static_cast<int>(v), conv, sink);
 }
 
@@ -238,7 +332,8 @@ IntegralConvertResult FormatConvertImpl(T v, FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
 // FormatArgImpl will use the underlying Convert functions instead.
 template <typename T>
 typename std::enable_if<std::is_enum<T>::value &&
-                            !HasUserDefinedConvert<T>::value,
+                            !HasUserDefinedConvert<T>::value &&
+                            !strings_internal::HasAbslStringify<T>::value,
                         IntegralConvertResult>::type
 FormatConvertImpl(T v, FormatConversionSpecImpl conv, FormatSinkImpl* sink);
 
@@ -301,11 +396,11 @@ struct FormatArgImplFriend {
 
 template <typename Arg>
 constexpr FormatConversionCharSet ArgumentToConv() {
-  return absl::str_format_internal::ExtractCharSet(
-      decltype(str_format_internal::FormatConvertImpl(
-          std::declval<const Arg&>(),
-          std::declval<const FormatConversionSpecImpl&>(),
-          std::declval<FormatSinkImpl*>())){});
+  using ConvResult = decltype(str_format_internal::FormatConvertImpl(
+      std::declval<const Arg&>(),
+      std::declval<const FormatConversionSpecImpl&>(),
+      std::declval<FormatSinkImpl*>()));
+  return absl::str_format_internal::ExtractCharSet(ConvResult{});
 }
 
 // A type-erased handle to a format argument.
@@ -346,12 +441,13 @@ class FormatArgImpl {
   // For everything else:
   //   - Decay char* and char arrays into `const char*`
   //   - Decay any other pointer to `const void*`
-  //   - Decay all enums to their underlying type.
+  //   - Decay all enums to the integral promotion of their underlying type.
   //   - Decay function pointers to void*.
   template <typename T, typename = void>
   struct DecayType {
     static constexpr bool kHasUserDefined =
-        str_format_internal::HasUserDefinedConvert<T>::value;
+        str_format_internal::HasUserDefinedConvert<T>::value ||
+        strings_internal::HasAbslStringify<T>::value;
     using type = typename std::conditional<
         !kHasUserDefined && std::is_convertible<T, const char*>::value,
         const char*,
@@ -363,8 +459,9 @@ class FormatArgImpl {
   struct DecayType<T,
                    typename std::enable_if<
                        !str_format_internal::HasUserDefinedConvert<T>::value &&
+                       !strings_internal::HasAbslStringify<T>::value &&
                        std::is_enum<T>::value>::type> {
-    using type = typename std::underlying_type<T>::type;
+    using type = decltype(+typename std::underlying_type<T>::type());
   };
 
  public:
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/str_format/bind.cc b/absl/strings/internal/str_format/bind.cc
index c988ba8f..77a42223 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/str_format/bind.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/str_format/bind.cc
@@ -32,7 +32,8 @@ inline bool BindFromPosition(int position, int* value,
     return false;
   }
   // -1 because positions are 1-based
-  return FormatArgImplFriend::ToInt(pack[position - 1], value);
+  return FormatArgImplFriend::ToInt(pack[static_cast<size_t>(position) - 1],
+                                    value);
 }
 
 class ArgContext {
@@ -56,7 +57,7 @@ inline bool ArgContext::Bind(const UnboundConversion* unbound,
   const FormatArgImpl* arg = nullptr;
   int arg_position = unbound->arg_position;
   if (static_cast<size_t>(arg_position - 1) >= pack_.size()) return false;
-  arg = &pack_[arg_position - 1];  // 1-based
+  arg = &pack_[static_cast<size_t>(arg_position - 1)];  // 1-based
 
   if (unbound->flags != Flags::kBasic) {
     int width = unbound->width.value();
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/str_format/bind.h b/absl/strings/internal/str_format/bind.h
index 80f29654..5e2a43d5 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/str_format/bind.h
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/str_format/bind.h
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include <string>
 
 #include "absl/base/port.h"
+#include "absl/container/inlined_vector.h"
 #include "absl/strings/internal/str_format/arg.h"
 #include "absl/strings/internal/str_format/checker.h"
 #include "absl/strings/internal/str_format/parser.h"
@@ -177,17 +178,7 @@ class Streamable {
  public:
   Streamable(const UntypedFormatSpecImpl& format,
              absl::Span<const FormatArgImpl> args)
-      : format_(format) {
-    if (args.size() <= ABSL_ARRAYSIZE(few_args_)) {
-      for (size_t i = 0; i < args.size(); ++i) {
-        few_args_[i] = args[i];
-      }
-      args_ = absl::MakeSpan(few_args_, args.size());
-    } else {
-      many_args_.assign(args.begin(), args.end());
-      args_ = many_args_;
-    }
-  }
+      : format_(format), args_(args.begin(), args.end()) {}
 
   std::ostream& Print(std::ostream& os) const;
 
@@ -197,12 +188,7 @@ class Streamable {
 
  private:
   const UntypedFormatSpecImpl& format_;
-  absl::Span<const FormatArgImpl> args_;
-  // if args_.size() is 4 or less:
-  FormatArgImpl few_args_[4] = {FormatArgImpl(0), FormatArgImpl(0),
-                                FormatArgImpl(0), FormatArgImpl(0)};
-  // if args_.size() is more than 4:
-  std::vector<FormatArgImpl> many_args_;
+  absl::InlinedVector<FormatArgImpl, 4> args_;
 };
 
 // for testing
@@ -211,8 +197,7 @@ std::string Summarize(UntypedFormatSpecImpl format,
 bool BindWithPack(const UnboundConversion* props,
                   absl::Span<const FormatArgImpl> pack, BoundConversion* bound);
 
-bool FormatUntyped(FormatRawSinkImpl raw_sink,
-                   UntypedFormatSpecImpl format,
+bool FormatUntyped(FormatRawSinkImpl raw_sink, UntypedFormatSpecImpl format,
                    absl::Span<const FormatArgImpl> args);
 
 std::string& AppendPack(std::string* out, UntypedFormatSpecImpl format,
@@ -231,13 +216,14 @@ int SnprintF(char* output, size_t size, UntypedFormatSpecImpl format,
 template <typename T>
 class StreamedWrapper {
  public:
-  explicit StreamedWrapper(const T& v) : v_(v) { }
+  explicit StreamedWrapper(const T& v) : v_(v) {}
 
  private:
   template <typename S>
-  friend ArgConvertResult<FormatConversionCharSetInternal::s> FormatConvertImpl(
-      const StreamedWrapper<S>& v, FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
-      FormatSinkImpl* out);
+  friend ArgConvertResult<FormatConversionCharSetUnion(
+      FormatConversionCharSetInternal::s, FormatConversionCharSetInternal::v)>
+  FormatConvertImpl(const StreamedWrapper<S>& v, FormatConversionSpecImpl conv,
+                    FormatSinkImpl* out);
   const T& v_;
 };
 
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/str_format/checker.h b/absl/strings/internal/str_format/checker.h
index 4fd19d13..eab6ab9d 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/str_format/checker.h
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/str_format/checker.h
@@ -15,8 +15,11 @@
 #ifndef ABSL_STRINGS_INTERNAL_STR_FORMAT_CHECKER_H_
 #define ABSL_STRINGS_INTERNAL_STR_FORMAT_CHECKER_H_
 
+#include <algorithm>
+
 #include "absl/base/attributes.h"
 #include "absl/strings/internal/str_format/arg.h"
+#include "absl/strings/internal/str_format/constexpr_parser.h"
 #include "absl/strings/internal/str_format/extension.h"
 
 // Compile time check support for entry points.
@@ -36,297 +39,56 @@ namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 namespace str_format_internal {
 
-constexpr bool AllOf() { return true; }
-
-template <typename... T>
-constexpr bool AllOf(bool b, T... t) {
-  return b && AllOf(t...);
-}
-
 #ifdef ABSL_INTERNAL_ENABLE_FORMAT_CHECKER
 
-constexpr bool ContainsChar(const char* chars, char c) {
-  return *chars == c || (*chars && ContainsChar(chars + 1, c));
-}
-
-// A constexpr compatible list of Convs.
-struct ConvList {
-  const FormatConversionCharSet* array;
-  int count;
-
-  // We do the bound check here to avoid having to do it on the callers.
-  // Returning an empty FormatConversionCharSet has the same effect as
-  // short circuiting because it will never match any conversion.
-  constexpr FormatConversionCharSet operator[](int i) const {
-    return i < count ? array[i] : FormatConversionCharSet{};
-  }
-
-  constexpr ConvList without_front() const {
-    return count != 0 ? ConvList{array + 1, count - 1} : *this;
-  }
-};
-
-template <size_t count>
-struct ConvListT {
-  // Make sure the array has size > 0.
-  FormatConversionCharSet list[count ? count : 1];
-};
-
-constexpr char GetChar(string_view str, size_t index) {
-  return index < str.size() ? str[index] : char{};
-}
-
-constexpr string_view ConsumeFront(string_view str, size_t len = 1) {
-  return len <= str.size() ? string_view(str.data() + len, str.size() - len)
-                           : string_view();
-}
-
-constexpr string_view ConsumeAnyOf(string_view format, const char* chars) {
-  return ContainsChar(chars, GetChar(format, 0))
-             ? ConsumeAnyOf(ConsumeFront(format), chars)
-             : format;
-}
-
-constexpr bool IsDigit(char c) { return c >= '0' && c <= '9'; }
-
-// Helper class for the ParseDigits function.
-// It encapsulates the two return values we need there.
-struct Integer {
-  string_view format;
-  int value;
-
-  // If the next character is a '$', consume it.
-  // Otherwise, make `this` an invalid positional argument.
-  constexpr Integer ConsumePositionalDollar() const {
-    return GetChar(format, 0) == '$' ? Integer{ConsumeFront(format), value}
-                                     : Integer{format, 0};
-  }
-};
-
-constexpr Integer ParseDigits(string_view format, int value = 0) {
-  return IsDigit(GetChar(format, 0))
-             ? ParseDigits(ConsumeFront(format),
-                           10 * value + GetChar(format, 0) - '0')
-             : Integer{format, value};
-}
-
-// Parse digits for a positional argument.
-// The parsing also consumes the '$'.
-constexpr Integer ParsePositional(string_view format) {
-  return ParseDigits(format).ConsumePositionalDollar();
-}
-
-// Parses a single conversion specifier.
-// See ConvParser::Run() for post conditions.
-class ConvParser {
-  constexpr ConvParser SetFormat(string_view format) const {
-    return ConvParser(format, args_, error_, arg_position_, is_positional_);
-  }
-
-  constexpr ConvParser SetArgs(ConvList args) const {
-    return ConvParser(format_, args, error_, arg_position_, is_positional_);
-  }
-
-  constexpr ConvParser SetError(bool error) const {
-    return ConvParser(format_, args_, error_ || error, arg_position_,
-                      is_positional_);
-  }
-
-  constexpr ConvParser SetArgPosition(int arg_position) const {
-    return ConvParser(format_, args_, error_, arg_position, is_positional_);
-  }
-
-  // Consumes the next arg and verifies that it matches `conv`.
-  // `error_` is set if there is no next arg or if it doesn't match `conv`.
-  constexpr ConvParser ConsumeNextArg(char conv) const {
-    return SetArgs(args_.without_front()).SetError(!Contains(args_[0], conv));
-  }
-
-  // Verify that positional argument `i.value` matches `conv`.
-  // `error_` is set if `i.value` is not a valid argument or if it doesn't
-  // match.
-  constexpr ConvParser VerifyPositional(Integer i, char conv) const {
-    return SetFormat(i.format).SetError(!Contains(args_[i.value - 1], conv));
-  }
-
-  // Parse the position of the arg and store it in `arg_position_`.
-  constexpr ConvParser ParseArgPosition(Integer arg) const {
-    return SetFormat(arg.format).SetArgPosition(arg.value);
-  }
-
-  // Consume the flags.
-  constexpr ConvParser ParseFlags() const {
-    return SetFormat(ConsumeAnyOf(format_, "-+ #0"));
-  }
-
-  // Consume the width.
-  // If it is '*', we verify that it matches `args_`. `error_` is set if it
-  // doesn't match.
-  constexpr ConvParser ParseWidth() const {
-    return IsDigit(GetChar(format_, 0))
-               ? SetFormat(ParseDigits(format_).format)
-               : GetChar(format_, 0) == '*'
-                     ? is_positional_
-                           ? VerifyPositional(
-                                 ParsePositional(ConsumeFront(format_)), '*')
-                           : SetFormat(ConsumeFront(format_))
-                                 .ConsumeNextArg('*')
-                     : *this;
-  }
-
-  // Consume the precision.
-  // If it is '*', we verify that it matches `args_`. `error_` is set if it
-  // doesn't match.
-  constexpr ConvParser ParsePrecision() const {
-    return GetChar(format_, 0) != '.'
-               ? *this
-               : GetChar(format_, 1) == '*'
-                     ? is_positional_
-                           ? VerifyPositional(
-                                 ParsePositional(ConsumeFront(format_, 2)), '*')
-                           : SetFormat(ConsumeFront(format_, 2))
-                                 .ConsumeNextArg('*')
-                     : SetFormat(ParseDigits(ConsumeFront(format_)).format);
-  }
-
-  // Consume the length characters.
-  constexpr ConvParser ParseLength() const {
-    return SetFormat(ConsumeAnyOf(format_, "lLhjztq"));
-  }
-
-  // Consume the conversion character and verify that it matches `args_`.
-  // `error_` is set if it doesn't match.
-  constexpr ConvParser ParseConversion() const {
-    return is_positional_
-               ? VerifyPositional({ConsumeFront(format_), arg_position_},
-                                  GetChar(format_, 0))
-               : ConsumeNextArg(GetChar(format_, 0))
-                     .SetFormat(ConsumeFront(format_));
-  }
-
-  constexpr ConvParser(string_view format, ConvList args, bool error,
-                       int arg_position, bool is_positional)
-      : format_(format),
-        args_(args),
-        error_(error),
-        arg_position_(arg_position),
-        is_positional_(is_positional) {}
-
- public:
-  constexpr ConvParser(string_view format, ConvList args, bool is_positional)
-      : format_(format),
-        args_(args),
-        error_(false),
-        arg_position_(0),
-        is_positional_(is_positional) {}
-
-  // Consume the whole conversion specifier.
-  // `format()` will be set to the character after the conversion character.
-  // `error()` will be set if any of the arguments do not match.
-  constexpr ConvParser Run() const {
-    return (is_positional_ ? ParseArgPosition(ParsePositional(format_)) : *this)
-        .ParseFlags()
-        .ParseWidth()
-        .ParsePrecision()
-        .ParseLength()
-        .ParseConversion();
-  }
-
-  constexpr string_view format() const { return format_; }
-  constexpr ConvList args() const { return args_; }
-  constexpr bool error() const { return error_; }
-  constexpr bool is_positional() const { return is_positional_; }
-
- private:
-  string_view format_;
-  // Current list of arguments. If we are not in positional mode we will consume
-  // from the front.
-  ConvList args_;
-  bool error_;
-  // Holds the argument position of the conversion character, if we are in
-  // positional mode. Otherwise, it is unspecified.
-  int arg_position_;
-  // Whether we are in positional mode.
-  // It changes the behavior of '*' and where to find the converted argument.
-  bool is_positional_;
-};
-
-// Parses a whole format expression.
-// See FormatParser::Run().
-class FormatParser {
-  static constexpr bool FoundPercent(string_view format) {
-    return format.empty() ||
-           (GetChar(format, 0) == '%' && GetChar(format, 1) != '%');
-  }
-
-  // We use an inner function to increase the recursion limit.
-  // The inner function consumes up to `limit` characters on every run.
-  // This increases the limit from 512 to ~512*limit.
-  static constexpr string_view ConsumeNonPercentInner(string_view format,
-                                                      int limit = 20) {
-    return FoundPercent(format) || !limit
-               ? format
-               : ConsumeNonPercentInner(
-                     ConsumeFront(format, GetChar(format, 0) == '%' &&
-                                                  GetChar(format, 1) == '%'
-                                              ? 2
-                                              : 1),
-                     limit - 1);
-  }
-
-  // Consume characters until the next conversion spec %.
-  // It skips %%.
-  static constexpr string_view ConsumeNonPercent(string_view format) {
-    return FoundPercent(format)
-               ? format
-               : ConsumeNonPercent(ConsumeNonPercentInner(format));
-  }
-
-  static constexpr bool IsPositional(string_view format) {
-    return IsDigit(GetChar(format, 0)) ? IsPositional(ConsumeFront(format))
-                                       : GetChar(format, 0) == '$';
-  }
-
-  constexpr bool RunImpl(bool is_positional) const {
-    // In non-positional mode we require all arguments to be consumed.
-    // In positional mode just reaching the end of the format without errors is
-    // enough.
-    return (format_.empty() && (is_positional || args_.count == 0)) ||
-           (!format_.empty() &&
-            ValidateArg(
-                ConvParser(ConsumeFront(format_), args_, is_positional).Run()));
-  }
-
-  constexpr bool ValidateArg(ConvParser conv) const {
-    return !conv.error() && FormatParser(conv.format(), conv.args())
-                                .RunImpl(conv.is_positional());
-  }
-
- public:
-  constexpr FormatParser(string_view format, ConvList args)
-      : format_(ConsumeNonPercent(format)), args_(args) {}
-
-  // Runs the parser for `format` and `args`.
-  // It verifies that the format is valid and that all conversion specifiers
-  // match the arguments passed.
-  // In non-positional mode it also verfies that all arguments are consumed.
-  constexpr bool Run() const {
-    return RunImpl(!format_.empty() && IsPositional(ConsumeFront(format_)));
-  }
-
- private:
-  string_view format_;
-  // Current list of arguments.
-  // If we are not in positional mode we will consume from the front and will
-  // have to be empty in the end.
-  ConvList args_;
-};
-
 template <FormatConversionCharSet... C>
 constexpr bool ValidFormatImpl(string_view format) {
-  return FormatParser(format,
-                      {ConvListT<sizeof...(C)>{{C...}}.list, sizeof...(C)})
-      .Run();
+  int next_arg = 0;
+  const char* p = format.data();
+  const char* const end = p + format.size();
+  constexpr FormatConversionCharSet
+      kAllowedConvs[(std::max)(sizeof...(C), size_t{1})] = {C...};
+  bool used[(std::max)(sizeof...(C), size_t{1})]{};
+  constexpr int kNumArgs = sizeof...(C);
+  while (p != end) {
+    while (p != end && *p != '%') ++p;
+    if (p == end) {
+      break;
+    }
+    if (p + 1 >= end) return false;
+    if (p[1] == '%') {
+      // %%
+      p += 2;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    UnboundConversion conv(absl::kConstInit);
+    p = ConsumeUnboundConversion(p + 1, end, &conv, &next_arg);
+    if (p == nullptr) return false;
+    if (conv.arg_position <= 0 || conv.arg_position > kNumArgs) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    if (!Contains(kAllowedConvs[conv.arg_position - 1], conv.conv)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    used[conv.arg_position - 1] = true;
+    for (auto extra : {conv.width, conv.precision}) {
+      if (extra.is_from_arg()) {
+        int pos = extra.get_from_arg();
+        if (pos <= 0 || pos > kNumArgs) return false;
+        used[pos - 1] = true;
+        if (!Contains(kAllowedConvs[pos - 1], '*')) {
+          return false;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  if (sizeof...(C) != 0) {
+    for (bool b : used) {
+      if (!b) return false;
+    }
+  }
+  return true;
 }
 
 #endif  // ABSL_INTERNAL_ENABLE_FORMAT_CHECKER
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/str_format/checker_test.cc b/absl/strings/internal/str_format/checker_test.cc
index 7c70f47d..a86bed38 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/str_format/checker_test.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/str_format/checker_test.cc
@@ -39,16 +39,16 @@ std::string ConvToString(FormatConversionCharSet conv) {
 
 TEST(StrFormatChecker, ArgumentToConv) {
   FormatConversionCharSet conv = ArgumentToConv<std::string>();
-  EXPECT_EQ(ConvToString(conv), "s");
+  EXPECT_EQ(ConvToString(conv), "sv");
 
   conv = ArgumentToConv<const char*>();
   EXPECT_EQ(ConvToString(conv), "sp");
 
   conv = ArgumentToConv<double>();
-  EXPECT_EQ(ConvToString(conv), "fFeEgGaA");
+  EXPECT_EQ(ConvToString(conv), "fFeEgGaAv");
 
   conv = ArgumentToConv<int>();
-  EXPECT_EQ(ConvToString(conv), "cdiouxXfFeEgGaA*");
+  EXPECT_EQ(ConvToString(conv), "cdiouxXfFeEgGaAv*");
 
   conv = ArgumentToConv<std::string*>();
   EXPECT_EQ(ConvToString(conv), "p");
@@ -93,6 +93,7 @@ TEST(StrFormatChecker, ValidFormat) {
       ValidFormat<void (*)(), volatile int*>("%p %p"),  //
       ValidFormat<string_view, const char*, double, void*>(
           "string_view=%s const char*=%s double=%f void*=%p)"),
+      ValidFormat<int>("%v"),  //
 
       ValidFormat<int>("%% %1$d"),               //
       ValidFormat<int>("%1$ld"),                 //
@@ -109,7 +110,9 @@ TEST(StrFormatChecker, ValidFormat) {
       ValidFormat<int, double>("%2$.*1$f"),      //
       ValidFormat<void*, string_view, const char*, double>(
           "string_view=%2$s const char*=%3$s double=%4$f void*=%1$p "
-          "repeat=%3$s)")};
+          "repeat=%3$s)"),
+      ValidFormat<std::string>("%1$v"),
+  };
 
   for (Case c : trues) {
     EXPECT_TRUE(c.result) << c.format;
@@ -130,6 +133,8 @@ TEST(StrFormatChecker, ValidFormat) {
       ValidFormat<int>("%*d"),               //
       ValidFormat<std::string>("%p"),        //
       ValidFormat<int (*)(int)>("%d"),       //
+      ValidFormat<int>("%1v"),               //
+      ValidFormat<int>("%.1v"),              //
 
       ValidFormat<>("%3$d"),                     //
       ValidFormat<>("%1$r"),                     //
@@ -138,13 +143,14 @@ TEST(StrFormatChecker, ValidFormat) {
       ValidFormat<int>("%1$*2$1d"),              //
       ValidFormat<int>("%1$1-d"),                //
       ValidFormat<std::string, int>("%2$*1$s"),  //
-      ValidFormat<std::string>("%1$p"),
+      ValidFormat<std::string>("%1$p"),          //
+      ValidFormat<int>("%1$*2$v"),               //
 
       ValidFormat<int, int>("%d %2$d"),  //
   };
 
   for (Case c : falses) {
-    EXPECT_FALSE(c.result) << c.format;
+    EXPECT_FALSE(c.result) << "format<" << c.format << ">";
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/str_format/constexpr_parser.h b/absl/strings/internal/str_format/constexpr_parser.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b70a16e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/str_format/constexpr_parser.h
@@ -0,0 +1,352 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_STRINGS_INTERNAL_STR_FORMAT_CONSTEXPR_PARSER_H_
+#define ABSL_STRINGS_INTERNAL_STR_FORMAT_CONSTEXPR_PARSER_H_
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <limits>
+
+#include "absl/base/const_init.h"
+#include "absl/strings/internal/str_format/extension.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace str_format_internal {
+
+enum class LengthMod : std::uint8_t { h, hh, l, ll, L, j, z, t, q, none };
+
+// The analyzed properties of a single specified conversion.
+struct UnboundConversion {
+  // This is a user defined default constructor on purpose to skip the
+  // initialization of parts of the object that are not necessary.
+  UnboundConversion() {}  // NOLINT
+
+  // This constructor is provided for the static checker. We don't want to do
+  // the unnecessary initialization in the normal case.
+  explicit constexpr UnboundConversion(absl::ConstInitType)
+      : arg_position{}, width{}, precision{} {}
+
+  class InputValue {
+   public:
+    constexpr void set_value(int value) {
+      assert(value >= 0);
+      value_ = value;
+    }
+    constexpr int value() const { return value_; }
+
+    // Marks the value as "from arg". aka the '*' format.
+    // Requires `value >= 1`.
+    // When set, is_from_arg() return true and get_from_arg() returns the
+    // original value.
+    // `value()`'s return value is unspecified in this state.
+    constexpr void set_from_arg(int value) {
+      assert(value > 0);
+      value_ = -value - 1;
+    }
+    constexpr bool is_from_arg() const { return value_ < -1; }
+    constexpr int get_from_arg() const {
+      assert(is_from_arg());
+      return -value_ - 1;
+    }
+
+   private:
+    int value_ = -1;
+  };
+
+  // No need to initialize. It will always be set in the parser.
+  int arg_position;
+
+  InputValue width;
+  InputValue precision;
+
+  Flags flags = Flags::kBasic;
+  LengthMod length_mod = LengthMod::none;
+  FormatConversionChar conv = FormatConversionCharInternal::kNone;
+};
+
+// Helper tag class for the table below.
+// It allows fast `char -> ConversionChar/LengthMod/Flags` checking and
+// conversions.
+class ConvTag {
+ public:
+  constexpr ConvTag(FormatConversionChar conversion_char)  // NOLINT
+      : tag_(static_cast<uint8_t>(conversion_char)) {}
+  constexpr ConvTag(LengthMod length_mod)  // NOLINT
+      : tag_(0x80 | static_cast<uint8_t>(length_mod)) {}
+  constexpr ConvTag(Flags flags)  // NOLINT
+      : tag_(0xc0 | static_cast<uint8_t>(flags)) {}
+  constexpr ConvTag() : tag_(0xFF) {}
+
+  constexpr bool is_conv() const { return (tag_ & 0x80) == 0; }
+  constexpr bool is_length() const { return (tag_ & 0xC0) == 0x80; }
+  constexpr bool is_flags() const { return (tag_ & 0xE0) == 0xC0; }
+
+  constexpr FormatConversionChar as_conv() const {
+    assert(is_conv());
+    assert(!is_length());
+    assert(!is_flags());
+    return static_cast<FormatConversionChar>(tag_);
+  }
+  constexpr LengthMod as_length() const {
+    assert(!is_conv());
+    assert(is_length());
+    assert(!is_flags());
+    return static_cast<LengthMod>(tag_ & 0x3F);
+  }
+  constexpr Flags as_flags() const {
+    assert(!is_conv());
+    assert(!is_length());
+    assert(is_flags());
+    return static_cast<Flags>(tag_ & 0x1F);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  uint8_t tag_;
+};
+
+struct ConvTagHolder {
+  using CC = FormatConversionCharInternal;
+  using LM = LengthMod;
+
+  // Abbreviations to fit in the table below.
+  static constexpr auto kFSign = Flags::kSignCol;
+  static constexpr auto kFAlt = Flags::kAlt;
+  static constexpr auto kFPos = Flags::kShowPos;
+  static constexpr auto kFLeft = Flags::kLeft;
+  static constexpr auto kFZero = Flags::kZero;
+
+  static constexpr ConvTag value[256] = {
+      {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // 00-07
+      {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // 08-0f
+      {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // 10-17
+      {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // 18-1f
+      kFSign, {},    {},    kFAlt, {},    {},     {},    {},     //  !"#$%&'
+      {},     {},    {},    kFPos, {},    kFLeft, {},    {},     // ()*+,-./
+      kFZero, {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // 01234567
+      {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // 89:;<=>?
+      {},     CC::A, {},    {},    {},    CC::E,  CC::F, CC::G,  // @ABCDEFG
+      {},     {},    {},    {},    LM::L, {},     {},    {},     // HIJKLMNO
+      {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // PQRSTUVW
+      CC::X,  {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // XYZ[\]^_
+      {},     CC::a, {},    CC::c, CC::d, CC::e,  CC::f, CC::g,  // `abcdefg
+      LM::h,  CC::i, LM::j, {},    LM::l, {},     CC::n, CC::o,  // hijklmno
+      CC::p,  LM::q, {},    CC::s, LM::t, CC::u,  CC::v, {},     // pqrstuvw
+      CC::x,  {},    LM::z, {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // xyz{|}!
+      {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // 80-87
+      {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // 88-8f
+      {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // 90-97
+      {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // 98-9f
+      {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // a0-a7
+      {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // a8-af
+      {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // b0-b7
+      {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // b8-bf
+      {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // c0-c7
+      {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // c8-cf
+      {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // d0-d7
+      {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // d8-df
+      {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // e0-e7
+      {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // e8-ef
+      {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // f0-f7
+      {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // f8-ff
+  };
+};
+
+// Keep a single table for all the conversion chars and length modifiers.
+constexpr ConvTag GetTagForChar(char c) {
+  return ConvTagHolder::value[static_cast<unsigned char>(c)];
+}
+
+constexpr bool CheckFastPathSetting(const UnboundConversion& conv) {
+  bool width_precision_needed =
+      conv.width.value() >= 0 || conv.precision.value() >= 0;
+  if (width_precision_needed && conv.flags == Flags::kBasic) {
+#if defined(__clang__)
+    // Some compilers complain about this in constexpr even when not executed,
+    // so only enable the error dump in clang.
+    fprintf(stderr,
+            "basic=%d left=%d show_pos=%d sign_col=%d alt=%d zero=%d "
+            "width=%d precision=%d\n",
+            conv.flags == Flags::kBasic ? 1 : 0,
+            FlagsContains(conv.flags, Flags::kLeft) ? 1 : 0,
+            FlagsContains(conv.flags, Flags::kShowPos) ? 1 : 0,
+            FlagsContains(conv.flags, Flags::kSignCol) ? 1 : 0,
+            FlagsContains(conv.flags, Flags::kAlt) ? 1 : 0,
+            FlagsContains(conv.flags, Flags::kZero) ? 1 : 0, conv.width.value(),
+            conv.precision.value());
+#endif  // defined(__clang__)
+    return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+constexpr int ParseDigits(char& c, const char*& pos, const char* const end) {
+  int digits = c - '0';
+  // We do not want to overflow `digits` so we consume at most digits10
+  // digits. If there are more digits the parsing will fail later on when the
+  // digit doesn't match the expected characters.
+  int num_digits = std::numeric_limits<int>::digits10;
+  for (;;) {
+    if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(pos == end)) break;
+    c = *pos++;
+    if ('0' > c || c > '9') break;
+    --num_digits;
+    if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(!num_digits)) break;
+    digits = 10 * digits + c - '0';
+  }
+  return digits;
+}
+
+template <bool is_positional>
+constexpr const char* ConsumeConversion(const char* pos, const char* const end,
+                                        UnboundConversion* conv,
+                                        int* next_arg) {
+  const char* const original_pos = pos;
+  char c = 0;
+  // Read the next char into `c` and update `pos`. Returns false if there are
+  // no more chars to read.
+#define ABSL_FORMAT_PARSER_INTERNAL_GET_CHAR()          \
+  do {                                                  \
+    if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(pos == end)) return nullptr; \
+    c = *pos++;                                         \
+  } while (0)
+
+  if (is_positional) {
+    ABSL_FORMAT_PARSER_INTERNAL_GET_CHAR();
+    if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(c < '1' || c > '9')) return nullptr;
+    conv->arg_position = ParseDigits(c, pos, end);
+    assert(conv->arg_position > 0);
+    if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(c != '$')) return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  ABSL_FORMAT_PARSER_INTERNAL_GET_CHAR();
+
+  // We should start with the basic flag on.
+  assert(conv->flags == Flags::kBasic);
+
+  // Any non alpha character makes this conversion not basic.
+  // This includes flags (-+ #0), width (1-9, *) or precision (.).
+  // All conversion characters and length modifiers are alpha characters.
+  if (c < 'A') {
+    while (c <= '0') {
+      auto tag = GetTagForChar(c);
+      if (tag.is_flags()) {
+        conv->flags = conv->flags | tag.as_flags();
+        ABSL_FORMAT_PARSER_INTERNAL_GET_CHAR();
+      } else {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (c <= '9') {
+      if (c >= '0') {
+        int maybe_width = ParseDigits(c, pos, end);
+        if (!is_positional && c == '$') {
+          if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(*next_arg != 0)) return nullptr;
+          // Positional conversion.
+          *next_arg = -1;
+          return ConsumeConversion<true>(original_pos, end, conv, next_arg);
+        }
+        conv->flags = conv->flags | Flags::kNonBasic;
+        conv->width.set_value(maybe_width);
+      } else if (c == '*') {
+        conv->flags = conv->flags | Flags::kNonBasic;
+        ABSL_FORMAT_PARSER_INTERNAL_GET_CHAR();
+        if (is_positional) {
+          if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(c < '1' || c > '9')) return nullptr;
+          conv->width.set_from_arg(ParseDigits(c, pos, end));
+          if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(c != '$')) return nullptr;
+          ABSL_FORMAT_PARSER_INTERNAL_GET_CHAR();
+        } else {
+          conv->width.set_from_arg(++*next_arg);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (c == '.') {
+      conv->flags = conv->flags | Flags::kNonBasic;
+      ABSL_FORMAT_PARSER_INTERNAL_GET_CHAR();
+      if ('0' <= c && c <= '9') {
+        conv->precision.set_value(ParseDigits(c, pos, end));
+      } else if (c == '*') {
+        ABSL_FORMAT_PARSER_INTERNAL_GET_CHAR();
+        if (is_positional) {
+          if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(c < '1' || c > '9')) return nullptr;
+          conv->precision.set_from_arg(ParseDigits(c, pos, end));
+          if (c != '$') return nullptr;
+          ABSL_FORMAT_PARSER_INTERNAL_GET_CHAR();
+        } else {
+          conv->precision.set_from_arg(++*next_arg);
+        }
+      } else {
+        conv->precision.set_value(0);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  auto tag = GetTagForChar(c);
+
+  if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(c == 'v' && conv->flags != Flags::kBasic)) {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(!tag.is_conv())) {
+    if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(!tag.is_length())) return nullptr;
+
+    // It is a length modifier.
+    using str_format_internal::LengthMod;
+    LengthMod length_mod = tag.as_length();
+    ABSL_FORMAT_PARSER_INTERNAL_GET_CHAR();
+    if (c == 'h' && length_mod == LengthMod::h) {
+      conv->length_mod = LengthMod::hh;
+      ABSL_FORMAT_PARSER_INTERNAL_GET_CHAR();
+    } else if (c == 'l' && length_mod == LengthMod::l) {
+      conv->length_mod = LengthMod::ll;
+      ABSL_FORMAT_PARSER_INTERNAL_GET_CHAR();
+    } else {
+      conv->length_mod = length_mod;
+    }
+    tag = GetTagForChar(c);
+
+    if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(c == 'v')) return nullptr;
+    if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(!tag.is_conv())) return nullptr;
+  }
+#undef ABSL_FORMAT_PARSER_INTERNAL_GET_CHAR
+
+  assert(CheckFastPathSetting(*conv));
+  (void)(&CheckFastPathSetting);
+
+  conv->conv = tag.as_conv();
+  if (!is_positional) conv->arg_position = ++*next_arg;
+  return pos;
+}
+
+// Consume conversion spec prefix (not including '%') of [p, end) if valid.
+// Examples of valid specs would be e.g.: "s", "d", "-12.6f".
+// If valid, it returns the first character following the conversion spec,
+// and the spec part is broken down and returned in 'conv'.
+// If invalid, returns nullptr.
+constexpr const char* ConsumeUnboundConversion(const char* p, const char* end,
+                                               UnboundConversion* conv,
+                                               int* next_arg) {
+  if (*next_arg < 0) return ConsumeConversion<true>(p, end, conv, next_arg);
+  return ConsumeConversion<false>(p, end, conv, next_arg);
+}
+
+}  // namespace str_format_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_STRINGS_INTERNAL_STR_FORMAT_CONSTEXPR_PARSER_H_
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/str_format/convert_test.cc b/absl/strings/internal/str_format/convert_test.cc
index 300612b7..16ff9879 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/str_format/convert_test.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/str_format/convert_test.cc
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
 #include "absl/base/attributes.h"
 #include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
+#include "absl/log/log.h"
 #include "absl/strings/internal/str_format/bind.h"
 #include "absl/strings/match.h"
 #include "absl/types/optional.h"
@@ -264,7 +265,7 @@ MATCHER_P(MatchesPointerString, ptr, "") {
   }
   void* parsed = nullptr;
   if (sscanf(arg.c_str(), "%p", &parsed) != 1) {
-    ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "Could not parse %s", arg.c_str());
+    LOG(FATAL) << "Could not parse " << arg;
   }
   return ptr == parsed;
 }
@@ -1241,9 +1242,9 @@ TEST_F(FormatConvertTest, GlibcHasCorrectTraits) {
   const NativePrintfTraits &native_traits = VerifyNativeImplementation();
   // If one of the following tests break then it is either because the above PP
   // macro guards failed to exclude a new platform (likely) or because something
-  // has changed in the implemention of glibc sprintf float formatting behavior.
-  // If the latter, then the code that computes these flags needs to be
-  // revisited and/or possibly the StrFormat implementation.
+  // has changed in the implementation of glibc sprintf float formatting
+  // behavior.  If the latter, then the code that computes these flags needs to
+  // be revisited and/or possibly the StrFormat implementation.
   EXPECT_TRUE(native_traits.hex_float_has_glibc_rounding);
   EXPECT_TRUE(native_traits.hex_float_prefers_denormal_repr);
   EXPECT_TRUE(
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/str_format/extension.cc b/absl/strings/internal/str_format/extension.cc
index f93153d5..2a0ceb13 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/str_format/extension.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/str_format/extension.cc
@@ -58,7 +58,8 @@ constexpr FormatConversionCharSet FormatConversionCharSetInternal::kPointer;
 bool FormatSinkImpl::PutPaddedString(string_view value, int width,
                                      int precision, bool left) {
   size_t space_remaining = 0;
-  if (width >= 0) space_remaining = width;
+  if (width >= 0)
+    space_remaining = static_cast<size_t>(width);
   size_t n = value.size();
   if (precision >= 0) n = std::min(n, static_cast<size_t>(precision));
   string_view shown(value.data(), n);
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/str_format/extension.h b/absl/strings/internal/str_format/extension.h
index 55e8ac88..8de42d2c 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/str_format/extension.h
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/str_format/extension.h
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, Flags v) {
   X_VAL(f) X_SEP X_VAL(F) X_SEP X_VAL(e) X_SEP X_VAL(E) X_SEP \
   X_VAL(g) X_SEP X_VAL(G) X_SEP X_VAL(a) X_SEP X_VAL(A) X_SEP \
   /* misc */ \
-  X_VAL(n) X_SEP X_VAL(p)
+  X_VAL(n) X_SEP X_VAL(p) X_SEP X_VAL(v)
 // clang-format on
 
 // This type should not be referenced, it exists only to provide labels
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ struct FormatConversionCharInternal {
     c, s,                    // text
     d, i, o, u, x, X,        // int
     f, F, e, E, g, G, a, A,  // float
-    n, p,                    // misc
+    n, p, v,                    // misc
     kNone
   };
   // clang-format on
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ struct FormatConversionSpecImplFriend;
 
 class FormatConversionSpecImpl {
  public:
-  // Width and precison are not specified, no flags are set.
+  // Width and precision are not specified, no flags are set.
   bool is_basic() const { return flags_ == Flags::kBasic; }
   bool has_left_flag() const { return FlagsContains(flags_, Flags::kLeft); }
   bool has_show_pos_flag() const {
@@ -292,6 +292,8 @@ class FormatConversionSpecImpl {
     return conv_;
   }
 
+  void set_conversion_char(FormatConversionChar c) { conv_ = c; }
+
   // Returns the specified width. If width is unspecfied, it returns a negative
   // value.
   int width() const { return width_; }
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/str_format/extension_test.cc b/absl/strings/internal/str_format/extension_test.cc
index 1c93fdb1..694c1264 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/str_format/extension_test.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/str_format/extension_test.cc
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <random>
 #include <string>
 
+#include "gmock/gmock.h"
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
 #include "absl/strings/str_format.h"
 #include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
@@ -95,4 +96,14 @@ TEST(FormatExtensionTest, VerifyEnumEquality) {
 #undef X_VAL
 }
 
+TEST(FormatExtensionTest, SetConversionChar) {
+  absl::str_format_internal::FormatConversionSpecImpl spec;
+  EXPECT_EQ(spec.conversion_char(),
+            absl::str_format_internal::FormatConversionCharInternal::kNone);
+  spec.set_conversion_char(
+      absl::str_format_internal::FormatConversionCharInternal::d);
+  EXPECT_EQ(spec.conversion_char(),
+            absl::str_format_internal::FormatConversionCharInternal::d);
+}
+
 }  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/str_format/float_conversion.cc b/absl/strings/internal/str_format/float_conversion.cc
index b1c40684..8edf520d 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/str_format/float_conversion.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/str_format/float_conversion.cc
@@ -92,27 +92,30 @@ class StackArray {
 
 // Calculates `10 * (*v) + carry` and stores the result in `*v` and returns
 // the carry.
+// Requires: `0 <= carry <= 9`
 template <typename Int>
-inline Int MultiplyBy10WithCarry(Int *v, Int carry) {
+inline char MultiplyBy10WithCarry(Int* v, char carry) {
   using BiggerInt = absl::conditional_t<sizeof(Int) == 4, uint64_t, uint128>;
-  BiggerInt tmp = 10 * static_cast<BiggerInt>(*v) + carry;
+  BiggerInt tmp =
+      10 * static_cast<BiggerInt>(*v) + static_cast<BiggerInt>(carry);
   *v = static_cast<Int>(tmp);
-  return static_cast<Int>(tmp >> (sizeof(Int) * 8));
+  return static_cast<char>(tmp >> (sizeof(Int) * 8));
 }
 
 // Calculates `(2^64 * carry + *v) / 10`.
 // Stores the quotient in `*v` and returns the remainder.
 // Requires: `0 <= carry <= 9`
-inline uint64_t DivideBy10WithCarry(uint64_t *v, uint64_t carry) {
+inline char DivideBy10WithCarry(uint64_t* v, char carry) {
   constexpr uint64_t divisor = 10;
   // 2^64 / divisor = chunk_quotient + chunk_remainder / divisor
   constexpr uint64_t chunk_quotient = (uint64_t{1} << 63) / (divisor / 2);
   constexpr uint64_t chunk_remainder = uint64_t{} - chunk_quotient * divisor;
 
+  const uint64_t carry_u64 = static_cast<uint64_t>(carry);
   const uint64_t mod = *v % divisor;
-  const uint64_t next_carry = chunk_remainder * carry + mod;
-  *v = *v / divisor + carry * chunk_quotient + next_carry / divisor;
-  return next_carry % divisor;
+  const uint64_t next_carry = chunk_remainder * carry_u64 + mod;
+  *v = *v / divisor + carry_u64 * chunk_quotient + next_carry / divisor;
+  return static_cast<char>(next_carry % divisor);
 }
 
 using MaxFloatType =
@@ -125,11 +128,11 @@ using MaxFloatType =
 //
 // Requires `0 <= exp` and `exp <= numeric_limits<MaxFloatType>::max_exponent`.
 class BinaryToDecimal {
-  static constexpr int ChunksNeeded(int exp) {
+  static constexpr size_t ChunksNeeded(int exp) {
     // We will left shift a uint128 by `exp` bits, so we need `128+exp` total
     // bits. Round up to 32.
     // See constructor for details about adding `10%` to the value.
-    return (128 + exp + 31) / 32 * 11 / 10;
+    return static_cast<size_t>((128 + exp + 31) / 32 * 11 / 10);
   }
 
  public:
@@ -140,7 +143,7 @@ class BinaryToDecimal {
     assert(exp > 0);
     assert(exp <= std::numeric_limits<MaxFloatType>::max_exponent);
     static_assert(
-        static_cast<int>(StackArray::kMaxCapacity) >=
+        StackArray::kMaxCapacity >=
             ChunksNeeded(std::numeric_limits<MaxFloatType>::max_exponent),
         "");
 
@@ -149,9 +152,9 @@ class BinaryToDecimal {
         [=](absl::Span<uint32_t> input) { f(BinaryToDecimal(input, v, exp)); });
   }
 
-  int TotalDigits() const {
-    return static_cast<int>((decimal_end_ - decimal_start_) * kDigitsPerChunk +
-                            CurrentDigits().size());
+  size_t TotalDigits() const {
+    return (decimal_end_ - decimal_start_) * kDigitsPerChunk +
+           CurrentDigits().size();
   }
 
   // See the current block of digits.
@@ -190,30 +193,31 @@ class BinaryToDecimal {
     // the decimal representation is around 7% less efficient in space than the
     // binary one. We allocate an extra 10% memory to account for this. See
     // ChunksNeeded for this calculation.
-    int chunk_index = exp / 32;
+    size_t after_chunk_index = static_cast<size_t>(exp / 32 + 1);
     decimal_start_ = decimal_end_ = ChunksNeeded(exp);
     const int offset = exp % 32;
     // Left shift v by exp bits.
-    data_[chunk_index] = static_cast<uint32_t>(v << offset);
+    data_[after_chunk_index - 1] = static_cast<uint32_t>(v << offset);
     for (v >>= (32 - offset); v; v >>= 32)
-      data_[++chunk_index] = static_cast<uint32_t>(v);
+      data_[++after_chunk_index - 1] = static_cast<uint32_t>(v);
 
-    while (chunk_index >= 0) {
+    while (after_chunk_index > 0) {
       // While we have more than one chunk available, go in steps of 1e9.
-      // `data_[chunk_index]` holds the highest non-zero binary chunk, so keep
-      // the variable updated.
+      // `data_[after_chunk_index - 1]` holds the highest non-zero binary chunk,
+      // so keep the variable updated.
       uint32_t carry = 0;
-      for (int i = chunk_index; i >= 0; --i) {
-        uint64_t tmp = uint64_t{data_[i]} + (uint64_t{carry} << 32);
-        data_[i] = static_cast<uint32_t>(tmp / uint64_t{1000000000});
+      for (size_t i = after_chunk_index; i > 0; --i) {
+        uint64_t tmp = uint64_t{data_[i - 1]} + (uint64_t{carry} << 32);
+        data_[i - 1] = static_cast<uint32_t>(tmp / uint64_t{1000000000});
         carry = static_cast<uint32_t>(tmp % uint64_t{1000000000});
       }
 
       // If the highest chunk is now empty, remove it from view.
-      if (data_[chunk_index] == 0) --chunk_index;
+      if (data_[after_chunk_index - 1] == 0)
+        --after_chunk_index;
 
       --decimal_start_;
-      assert(decimal_start_ != chunk_index);
+      assert(decimal_start_ != after_chunk_index - 1);
       data_[decimal_start_] = carry;
     }
 
@@ -225,13 +229,13 @@ class BinaryToDecimal {
   }
 
  private:
-  static constexpr int kDigitsPerChunk = 9;
+  static constexpr size_t kDigitsPerChunk = 9;
 
-  int decimal_start_;
-  int decimal_end_;
+  size_t decimal_start_;
+  size_t decimal_end_;
 
   char digits_[kDigitsPerChunk];
-  int size_ = 0;
+  size_t size_ = 0;
 
   absl::Span<uint32_t> data_;
 };
@@ -251,25 +255,26 @@ class FractionalDigitGenerator {
     static_assert(StackArray::kMaxCapacity >=
                       (Limits::digits + 128 - Limits::min_exponent + 31) / 32,
                   "");
-    StackArray::RunWithCapacity((Limits::digits + exp + 31) / 32,
-                                [=](absl::Span<uint32_t> input) {
-                                  f(FractionalDigitGenerator(input, v, exp));
-                                });
+    StackArray::RunWithCapacity(
+        static_cast<size_t>((Limits::digits + exp + 31) / 32),
+        [=](absl::Span<uint32_t> input) {
+          f(FractionalDigitGenerator(input, v, exp));
+        });
   }
 
   // Returns true if there are any more non-zero digits left.
-  bool HasMoreDigits() const { return next_digit_ != 0 || chunk_index_ >= 0; }
+  bool HasMoreDigits() const { return next_digit_ != 0 || after_chunk_index_; }
 
   // Returns true if the remainder digits are greater than 5000...
   bool IsGreaterThanHalf() const {
-    return next_digit_ > 5 || (next_digit_ == 5 && chunk_index_ >= 0);
+    return next_digit_ > 5 || (next_digit_ == 5 && after_chunk_index_);
   }
   // Returns true if the remainder digits are exactly 5000...
-  bool IsExactlyHalf() const { return next_digit_ == 5 && chunk_index_ < 0; }
+  bool IsExactlyHalf() const { return next_digit_ == 5 && !after_chunk_index_; }
 
   struct Digits {
-    int digit_before_nine;
-    int num_nines;
+    char digit_before_nine;
+    size_t num_nines;
   };
 
   // Get the next set of digits.
@@ -288,35 +293,37 @@ class FractionalDigitGenerator {
 
  private:
   // Return the next digit.
-  int GetOneDigit() {
-    if (chunk_index_ < 0) return 0;
+  char GetOneDigit() {
+    if (!after_chunk_index_)
+      return 0;
 
-    uint32_t carry = 0;
-    for (int i = chunk_index_; i >= 0; --i) {
-      carry = MultiplyBy10WithCarry(&data_[i], carry);
+    char carry = 0;
+    for (size_t i = after_chunk_index_; i > 0; --i) {
+      carry = MultiplyBy10WithCarry(&data_[i - 1], carry);
     }
     // If the lowest chunk is now empty, remove it from view.
-    if (data_[chunk_index_] == 0) --chunk_index_;
+    if (data_[after_chunk_index_ - 1] == 0)
+      --after_chunk_index_;
     return carry;
   }
 
   FractionalDigitGenerator(absl::Span<uint32_t> data, uint128 v, int exp)
-      : chunk_index_(exp / 32), data_(data) {
+      : after_chunk_index_(static_cast<size_t>(exp / 32 + 1)), data_(data) {
     const int offset = exp % 32;
     // Right shift `v` by `exp` bits.
-    data_[chunk_index_] = static_cast<uint32_t>(v << (32 - offset));
+    data_[after_chunk_index_ - 1] = static_cast<uint32_t>(v << (32 - offset));
     v >>= offset;
     // Make sure we don't overflow the data. We already calculated that
     // non-zero bits fit, so we might not have space for leading zero bits.
-    for (int pos = chunk_index_; v; v >>= 32)
+    for (size_t pos = after_chunk_index_ - 1; v; v >>= 32)
       data_[--pos] = static_cast<uint32_t>(v);
 
     // Fill next_digit_, as GetDigits expects it to be populated always.
     next_digit_ = GetOneDigit();
   }
 
-  int next_digit_;
-  int chunk_index_;
+  char next_digit_;
+  size_t after_chunk_index_;
   absl::Span<uint32_t> data_;
 };
 
@@ -362,7 +369,7 @@ char *PrintIntegralDigitsFromRightFast(uint128 v, char *p) {
   auto low = static_cast<uint64_t>(v);
 
   while (high != 0) {
-    uint64_t carry = DivideBy10WithCarry(&high, 0);
+    char carry = DivideBy10WithCarry(&high, 0);
     carry = DivideBy10WithCarry(&low, carry);
     *--p = carry + '0';
   }
@@ -373,13 +380,15 @@ char *PrintIntegralDigitsFromRightFast(uint128 v, char *p) {
 // shifting.
 // Performs rounding if necessary to fit within `precision`.
 // Returns the pointer to one after the last character written.
-char *PrintFractionalDigitsFast(uint64_t v, char *start, int exp,
-                                int precision) {
+char* PrintFractionalDigitsFast(uint64_t v,
+                                char* start,
+                                int exp,
+                                size_t precision) {
   char *p = start;
   v <<= (64 - exp);
   while (precision > 0) {
     if (!v) return p;
-    *p++ = MultiplyBy10WithCarry(&v, uint64_t{0}) + '0';
+    *p++ = MultiplyBy10WithCarry(&v, 0) + '0';
     --precision;
   }
 
@@ -393,8 +402,6 @@ char *PrintFractionalDigitsFast(uint64_t v, char *start, int exp,
     RoundToEven(p - 1);
   }
 
-  assert(precision == 0);
-  // Precision can only be zero here.
   return p;
 }
 
@@ -402,8 +409,10 @@ char *PrintFractionalDigitsFast(uint64_t v, char *start, int exp,
 // after shifting.
 // Performs rounding if necessary to fit within `precision`.
 // Returns the pointer to one after the last character written.
-char *PrintFractionalDigitsFast(uint128 v, char *start, int exp,
-                                int precision) {
+char* PrintFractionalDigitsFast(uint128 v,
+                                char* start,
+                                int exp,
+                                size_t precision) {
   char *p = start;
   v <<= (128 - exp);
   auto high = static_cast<uint64_t>(v >> 64);
@@ -412,7 +421,7 @@ char *PrintFractionalDigitsFast(uint128 v, char *start, int exp,
   // While we have digits to print and `low` is not empty, do the long
   // multiplication.
   while (precision > 0 && low != 0) {
-    uint64_t carry = MultiplyBy10WithCarry(&low, uint64_t{0});
+    char carry = MultiplyBy10WithCarry(&low, 0);
     carry = MultiplyBy10WithCarry(&high, carry);
 
     *p++ = carry + '0';
@@ -424,7 +433,7 @@ char *PrintFractionalDigitsFast(uint128 v, char *start, int exp,
   // above.
   while (precision > 0) {
     if (!high) return p;
-    *p++ = MultiplyBy10WithCarry(&high, uint64_t{0}) + '0';
+    *p++ = MultiplyBy10WithCarry(&high, 0) + '0';
     --precision;
   }
 
@@ -438,14 +447,12 @@ char *PrintFractionalDigitsFast(uint128 v, char *start, int exp,
     RoundToEven(p - 1);
   }
 
-  assert(precision == 0);
-  // Precision can only be zero here.
   return p;
 }
 
 struct FormatState {
   char sign_char;
-  int precision;
+  size_t precision;
   const FormatConversionSpecImpl &conv;
   FormatSinkImpl *sink;
 
@@ -455,9 +462,9 @@ struct FormatState {
 };
 
 struct Padding {
-  int left_spaces;
-  int zeros;
-  int right_spaces;
+  size_t left_spaces;
+  size_t zeros;
+  size_t right_spaces;
 };
 
 Padding ExtraWidthToPadding(size_t total_size, const FormatState &state) {
@@ -465,7 +472,7 @@ Padding ExtraWidthToPadding(size_t total_size, const FormatState &state) {
       static_cast<size_t>(state.conv.width()) <= total_size) {
     return {0, 0, 0};
   }
-  int missing_chars = state.conv.width() - total_size;
+  size_t missing_chars = static_cast<size_t>(state.conv.width()) - total_size;
   if (state.conv.has_left_flag()) {
     return {0, 0, missing_chars};
   } else if (state.conv.has_zero_flag()) {
@@ -475,8 +482,10 @@ Padding ExtraWidthToPadding(size_t total_size, const FormatState &state) {
   }
 }
 
-void FinalPrint(const FormatState &state, absl::string_view data,
-                int padding_offset, int trailing_zeros,
+void FinalPrint(const FormatState& state,
+                absl::string_view data,
+                size_t padding_offset,
+                size_t trailing_zeros,
                 absl::string_view data_postfix) {
   if (state.conv.width() < 0) {
     // No width specified. Fast-path.
@@ -487,10 +496,10 @@ void FinalPrint(const FormatState &state, absl::string_view data,
     return;
   }
 
-  auto padding = ExtraWidthToPadding((state.sign_char != '\0' ? 1 : 0) +
-                                         data.size() + data_postfix.size() +
-                                         static_cast<size_t>(trailing_zeros),
-                                     state);
+  auto padding =
+      ExtraWidthToPadding((state.sign_char != '\0' ? 1 : 0) + data.size() +
+                              data_postfix.size() + trailing_zeros,
+                          state);
 
   state.sink->Append(padding.left_spaces, ' ');
   if (state.sign_char != '\0') state.sink->Append(1, state.sign_char);
@@ -547,15 +556,16 @@ void FormatFFast(Int v, int exp, const FormatState &state) {
     if (integral_digits_start[-1] != '0') --integral_digits_start;
   }
 
-  size_t size = fractional_digits_end - integral_digits_start;
+  size_t size =
+      static_cast<size_t>(fractional_digits_end - integral_digits_start);
 
   // In `alt` mode (flag #) we keep the `.` even if there are no fractional
   // digits. In non-alt mode, we strip it.
   if (!state.ShouldPrintDot()) --size;
   FinalPrint(state, absl::string_view(integral_digits_start, size),
              /*padding_offset=*/0,
-             static_cast<int>(state.precision - (fractional_digits_end -
-                                                 fractional_digits_start)),
+             state.precision - static_cast<size_t>(fractional_digits_end -
+                                                   fractional_digits_start),
              /*data_postfix=*/"");
 }
 
@@ -567,21 +577,22 @@ void FormatFFast(Int v, int exp, const FormatState &state) {
 void FormatFPositiveExpSlow(uint128 v, int exp, const FormatState &state) {
   BinaryToDecimal::RunConversion(v, exp, [&](BinaryToDecimal btd) {
     const size_t total_digits =
-        btd.TotalDigits() +
-        (state.ShouldPrintDot() ? static_cast<size_t>(state.precision) + 1 : 0);
+        btd.TotalDigits() + (state.ShouldPrintDot() ? state.precision + 1 : 0);
 
     const auto padding = ExtraWidthToPadding(
         total_digits + (state.sign_char != '\0' ? 1 : 0), state);
 
     state.sink->Append(padding.left_spaces, ' ');
-    if (state.sign_char != '\0') state.sink->Append(1, state.sign_char);
+    if (state.sign_char != '\0')
+      state.sink->Append(1, state.sign_char);
     state.sink->Append(padding.zeros, '0');
 
     do {
       state.sink->Append(btd.CurrentDigits());
     } while (btd.AdvanceDigits());
 
-    if (state.ShouldPrintDot()) state.sink->Append(1, '.');
+    if (state.ShouldPrintDot())
+      state.sink->Append(1, '.');
     state.sink->Append(state.precision, '0');
     state.sink->Append(padding.right_spaces, ' ');
   });
@@ -594,8 +605,7 @@ void FormatFPositiveExpSlow(uint128 v, int exp, const FormatState &state) {
 // digits.
 void FormatFNegativeExpSlow(uint128 v, int exp, const FormatState &state) {
   const size_t total_digits =
-      /* 0 */ 1 +
-      (state.ShouldPrintDot() ? static_cast<size_t>(state.precision) + 1 : 0);
+      /* 0 */ 1 + (state.ShouldPrintDot() ? state.precision + 1 : 0);
   auto padding =
       ExtraWidthToPadding(total_digits + (state.sign_char ? 1 : 0), state);
   padding.zeros += 1;
@@ -606,7 +616,7 @@ void FormatFNegativeExpSlow(uint128 v, int exp, const FormatState &state) {
   if (state.ShouldPrintDot()) state.sink->Append(1, '.');
 
   // Print digits
-  int digits_to_go = state.precision;
+  size_t digits_to_go = state.precision;
 
   FractionalDigitGenerator::RunConversion(
       v, exp, [&](FractionalDigitGenerator digit_gen) {
@@ -666,7 +676,8 @@ void FormatFNegativeExpSlow(uint128 v, int exp, const FormatState &state) {
 template <typename Int>
 void FormatF(Int mantissa, int exp, const FormatState &state) {
   if (exp >= 0) {
-    const int total_bits = sizeof(Int) * 8 - LeadingZeros(mantissa) + exp;
+    const int total_bits =
+        static_cast<int>(sizeof(Int) * 8) - LeadingZeros(mantissa) + exp;
 
     // Fallback to the slow stack-based approach if we can't do it in a 64 or
     // 128 bit state.
@@ -686,9 +697,9 @@ void FormatF(Int mantissa, int exp, const FormatState &state) {
 // Grab the group of four bits (nibble) from `n`. E.g., nibble 1 corresponds to
 // bits 4-7.
 template <typename Int>
-uint8_t GetNibble(Int n, int nibble_index) {
+uint8_t GetNibble(Int n, size_t nibble_index) {
   constexpr Int mask_low_nibble = Int{0xf};
-  int shift = nibble_index * 4;
+  int shift = static_cast<int>(nibble_index * 4);
   n &= mask_low_nibble << shift;
   return static_cast<uint8_t>((n >> shift) & 0xf);
 }
@@ -696,38 +707,42 @@ uint8_t GetNibble(Int n, int nibble_index) {
 // Add one to the given nibble, applying carry to higher nibbles. Returns true
 // if overflow, false otherwise.
 template <typename Int>
-bool IncrementNibble(int nibble_index, Int *n) {
-  constexpr int kShift = sizeof(Int) * 8 - 1;
-  constexpr int kNumNibbles = sizeof(Int) * 8 / 4;
+bool IncrementNibble(size_t nibble_index, Int* n) {
+  constexpr size_t kShift = sizeof(Int) * 8 - 1;
+  constexpr size_t kNumNibbles = sizeof(Int) * 8 / 4;
   Int before = *n >> kShift;
-  // Here we essentially want to take the number 1 and move it into the requsted
-  // nibble, then add it to *n to effectively increment the nibble. However,
-  // ASan will complain if we try to shift the 1 beyond the limits of the Int,
-  // i.e., if the nibble_index is out of range. So therefore we check for this
-  // and if we are out of range we just add 0 which leaves *n unchanged, which
-  // seems like the reasonable thing to do in that case.
-  *n += ((nibble_index >= kNumNibbles) ? 0 : (Int{1} << (nibble_index * 4)));
+  // Here we essentially want to take the number 1 and move it into the
+  // requested nibble, then add it to *n to effectively increment the nibble.
+  // However, ASan will complain if we try to shift the 1 beyond the limits of
+  // the Int, i.e., if the nibble_index is out of range. So therefore we check
+  // for this and if we are out of range we just add 0 which leaves *n
+  // unchanged, which seems like the reasonable thing to do in that case.
+  *n += ((nibble_index >= kNumNibbles)
+             ? 0
+             : (Int{1} << static_cast<int>(nibble_index * 4)));
   Int after = *n >> kShift;
   return (before && !after) || (nibble_index >= kNumNibbles);
 }
 
 // Return a mask with 1's in the given nibble and all lower nibbles.
 template <typename Int>
-Int MaskUpToNibbleInclusive(int nibble_index) {
-  constexpr int kNumNibbles = sizeof(Int) * 8 / 4;
+Int MaskUpToNibbleInclusive(size_t nibble_index) {
+  constexpr size_t kNumNibbles = sizeof(Int) * 8 / 4;
   static const Int ones = ~Int{0};
-  return ones >> std::max(0, 4 * (kNumNibbles - nibble_index - 1));
+  ++nibble_index;
+  return ones >> static_cast<int>(
+                     4 * (std::max(kNumNibbles, nibble_index) - nibble_index));
 }
 
 // Return a mask with 1's below the given nibble.
 template <typename Int>
-Int MaskUpToNibbleExclusive(int nibble_index) {
-  return nibble_index <= 0 ? 0 : MaskUpToNibbleInclusive<Int>(nibble_index - 1);
+Int MaskUpToNibbleExclusive(size_t nibble_index) {
+  return nibble_index == 0 ? 0 : MaskUpToNibbleInclusive<Int>(nibble_index - 1);
 }
 
 template <typename Int>
-Int MoveToNibble(uint8_t nibble, int nibble_index) {
-  return Int{nibble} << (4 * nibble_index);
+Int MoveToNibble(uint8_t nibble, size_t nibble_index) {
+  return Int{nibble} << static_cast<int>(4 * nibble_index);
 }
 
 // Given mantissa size, find optimal # of mantissa bits to put in initial digit.
@@ -744,10 +759,10 @@ Int MoveToNibble(uint8_t nibble, int nibble_index) {
 // a multiple of four. Once again, the goal is to have all fractional digits
 // represent real precision.
 template <typename Float>
-constexpr int HexFloatLeadingDigitSizeInBits() {
+constexpr size_t HexFloatLeadingDigitSizeInBits() {
   return std::numeric_limits<Float>::digits % 4 > 0
-             ? std::numeric_limits<Float>::digits % 4
-             : 4;
+             ? static_cast<size_t>(std::numeric_limits<Float>::digits % 4)
+             : size_t{4};
 }
 
 // This function captures the rounding behavior of glibc for hex float
@@ -757,16 +772,17 @@ constexpr int HexFloatLeadingDigitSizeInBits() {
 // point that is not followed by 800000..., it disregards the parity and rounds
 // up if > 8 and rounds down if < 8.
 template <typename Int>
-bool HexFloatNeedsRoundUp(Int mantissa, int final_nibble_displayed,
+bool HexFloatNeedsRoundUp(Int mantissa,
+                          size_t final_nibble_displayed,
                           uint8_t leading) {
   // If the last nibble (hex digit) to be displayed is the lowest on in the
   // mantissa then that means that we don't have any further nibbles to inform
   // rounding, so don't round.
-  if (final_nibble_displayed <= 0) {
+  if (final_nibble_displayed == 0) {
     return false;
   }
-  int rounding_nibble_idx = final_nibble_displayed - 1;
-  constexpr int kTotalNibbles = sizeof(Int) * 8 / 4;
+  size_t rounding_nibble_idx = final_nibble_displayed - 1;
+  constexpr size_t kTotalNibbles = sizeof(Int) * 8 / 4;
   assert(final_nibble_displayed <= kTotalNibbles);
   Int mantissa_up_to_rounding_nibble_inclusive =
       mantissa & MaskUpToNibbleInclusive<Int>(rounding_nibble_idx);
@@ -793,7 +809,7 @@ struct HexFloatTypeParams {
   }
 
   int min_exponent;
-  int leading_digit_size_bits;
+  size_t leading_digit_size_bits;
 };
 
 // Hex Float Rounding. First check if we need to round; if so, then we do that
@@ -803,10 +819,12 @@ struct HexFloatTypeParams {
 template <typename Int>
 void FormatARound(bool precision_specified, const FormatState &state,
                   uint8_t *leading, Int *mantissa, int *exp) {
-  constexpr int kTotalNibbles = sizeof(Int) * 8 / 4;
+  constexpr size_t kTotalNibbles = sizeof(Int) * 8 / 4;
   // Index of the last nibble that we could display given precision.
-  int final_nibble_displayed =
-      precision_specified ? std::max(0, (kTotalNibbles - state.precision)) : 0;
+  size_t final_nibble_displayed =
+      precision_specified
+          ? (std::max(kTotalNibbles, state.precision) - state.precision)
+          : 0;
   if (HexFloatNeedsRoundUp(*mantissa, final_nibble_displayed, *leading)) {
     // Need to round up.
     bool overflow = IncrementNibble(final_nibble_displayed, mantissa);
@@ -830,9 +848,9 @@ void FormatARound(bool precision_specified, const FormatState &state,
 template <typename Int>
 void FormatANormalize(const HexFloatTypeParams float_traits, uint8_t *leading,
                       Int *mantissa, int *exp) {
-  constexpr int kIntBits = sizeof(Int) * 8;
+  constexpr size_t kIntBits = sizeof(Int) * 8;
   static const Int kHighIntBit = Int{1} << (kIntBits - 1);
-  const int kLeadDigitBitsCount = float_traits.leading_digit_size_bits;
+  const size_t kLeadDigitBitsCount = float_traits.leading_digit_size_bits;
   // Normalize mantissa so that highest bit set is in MSB position, unless we
   // get interrupted by the exponent threshold.
   while (*mantissa && !(*mantissa & kHighIntBit)) {
@@ -846,18 +864,18 @@ void FormatANormalize(const HexFloatTypeParams float_traits, uint8_t *leading,
   }
   // Extract bits for leading digit then shift them away leaving the
   // fractional part.
-  *leading =
-      static_cast<uint8_t>(*mantissa >> (kIntBits - kLeadDigitBitsCount));
-  *exp -= (*mantissa != 0) ? kLeadDigitBitsCount : *exp;
-  *mantissa <<= kLeadDigitBitsCount;
+  *leading = static_cast<uint8_t>(
+      *mantissa >> static_cast<int>(kIntBits - kLeadDigitBitsCount));
+  *exp -= (*mantissa != 0) ? static_cast<int>(kLeadDigitBitsCount) : *exp;
+  *mantissa <<= static_cast<int>(kLeadDigitBitsCount);
 }
 
 template <typename Int>
 void FormatA(const HexFloatTypeParams float_traits, Int mantissa, int exp,
              bool uppercase, const FormatState &state) {
   // Int properties.
-  constexpr int kIntBits = sizeof(Int) * 8;
-  constexpr int kTotalNibbles = sizeof(Int) * 8 / 4;
+  constexpr size_t kIntBits = sizeof(Int) * 8;
+  constexpr size_t kTotalNibbles = sizeof(Int) * 8 / 4;
   // Did the user specify a precision explicitly?
   const bool precision_specified = state.conv.precision() >= 0;
 
@@ -903,20 +921,23 @@ void FormatA(const HexFloatTypeParams float_traits, Int mantissa, int exp,
   }
 
   // ============ Fractional Digits ============
-  int digits_emitted = 0;
+  size_t digits_emitted = 0;
   while (mantissa > 0) {
     *digits_iter++ = digits[GetNibble(mantissa, kTotalNibbles - 1)];
     mantissa <<= 4;
     ++digits_emitted;
   }
-  int trailing_zeros =
-      precision_specified ? state.precision - digits_emitted : 0;
-  assert(trailing_zeros >= 0);
-  auto digits_result = string_view(digits_buffer, digits_iter - digits_buffer);
+  size_t trailing_zeros = 0;
+  if (precision_specified) {
+    assert(state.precision >= digits_emitted);
+    trailing_zeros = state.precision - digits_emitted;
+  }
+  auto digits_result = string_view(
+      digits_buffer, static_cast<size_t>(digits_iter - digits_buffer));
 
   // =============== Exponent ==================
   constexpr size_t kBufSizeForExpDecRepr =
-      numbers_internal::kFastToBufferSize  // requred for FastIntToBuffer
+      numbers_internal::kFastToBufferSize  // required for FastIntToBuffer
       + 1                                  // 'p' or 'P'
       + 1;                                 // '+' or '-'
   char exp_buffer[kBufSizeForExpDecRepr];
@@ -925,11 +946,11 @@ void FormatA(const HexFloatTypeParams float_traits, Int mantissa, int exp,
   numbers_internal::FastIntToBuffer(exp < 0 ? -exp : exp, exp_buffer + 2);
 
   // ============ Assemble Result ==============
-  FinalPrint(state,           //
-             digits_result,   // 0xN.NNN...
-             2,               // offset in `data` to start padding if needed.
-             trailing_zeros,  // num remaining mantissa padding zeros
-             exp_buffer);     // exponent
+  FinalPrint(state,
+             digits_result,                        // 0xN.NNN...
+             2,                                    // offset of any padding
+             static_cast<size_t>(trailing_zeros),  // remaining mantissa padding
+             exp_buffer);                          // exponent
 }
 
 char *CopyStringTo(absl::string_view v, char *out) {
@@ -961,10 +982,10 @@ bool FallbackToSnprintf(const Float v, const FormatConversionSpecImpl &conv,
     int n = snprintf(&space[0], space.size(), fmt, w, p, v);
     if (n < 0) return false;
     if (static_cast<size_t>(n) < space.size()) {
-      result = absl::string_view(space.data(), n);
+      result = absl::string_view(space.data(), static_cast<size_t>(n));
       break;
     }
-    space.resize(n + 1);
+    space.resize(static_cast<size_t>(n) + 1);
   }
   sink->Append(result);
   return true;
@@ -972,13 +993,13 @@ bool FallbackToSnprintf(const Float v, const FormatConversionSpecImpl &conv,
 
 // 128-bits in decimal: ceil(128*log(2)/log(10))
 //   or std::numeric_limits<__uint128_t>::digits10
-constexpr int kMaxFixedPrecision = 39;
+constexpr size_t kMaxFixedPrecision = 39;
 
-constexpr int kBufferLength = /*sign*/ 1 +
-                              /*integer*/ kMaxFixedPrecision +
-                              /*point*/ 1 +
-                              /*fraction*/ kMaxFixedPrecision +
-                              /*exponent e+123*/ 5;
+constexpr size_t kBufferLength = /*sign*/ 1 +
+                                 /*integer*/ kMaxFixedPrecision +
+                                 /*point*/ 1 +
+                                 /*fraction*/ kMaxFixedPrecision +
+                                 /*exponent e+123*/ 5;
 
 struct Buffer {
   void push_front(char c) {
@@ -994,14 +1015,14 @@ struct Buffer {
     --end;
   }
 
-  char &back() {
+  char &back() const {
     assert(begin < end);
     return end[-1];
   }
 
   char last_digit() const { return end[-1] == '.' ? end[-2] : end[-1]; }
 
-  int size() const { return static_cast<int>(end - begin); }
+  size_t size() const { return static_cast<size_t>(end - begin); }
 
   char data[kBufferLength];
   char *begin;
@@ -1030,8 +1051,9 @@ bool ConvertNonNumericFloats(char sign_char, Float v,
     return false;
   }
 
-  return sink->PutPaddedString(string_view(text, ptr - text), conv.width(), -1,
-                               conv.has_left_flag());
+  return sink->PutPaddedString(
+      string_view(text, static_cast<size_t>(ptr - text)), conv.width(), -1,
+      conv.has_left_flag());
 }
 
 // Round up the last digit of the value.
@@ -1068,19 +1090,19 @@ void PrintExponent(int exp, char e, Buffer *out) {
   }
   // Exponent digits.
   if (exp > 99) {
-    out->push_back(exp / 100 + '0');
-    out->push_back(exp / 10 % 10 + '0');
-    out->push_back(exp % 10 + '0');
+    out->push_back(static_cast<char>(exp / 100 + '0'));
+    out->push_back(static_cast<char>(exp / 10 % 10 + '0'));
+    out->push_back(static_cast<char>(exp % 10 + '0'));
   } else {
-    out->push_back(exp / 10 + '0');
-    out->push_back(exp % 10 + '0');
+    out->push_back(static_cast<char>(exp / 10 + '0'));
+    out->push_back(static_cast<char>(exp % 10 + '0'));
   }
 }
 
 template <typename Float, typename Int>
 constexpr bool CanFitMantissa() {
   return
-#if defined(__clang__) && !defined(__SSE3__)
+#if defined(__clang__) && (__clang_major__ < 9) && !defined(__SSE3__)
       // Workaround for clang bug: https://bugs.llvm.org/show_bug.cgi?id=38289
       // Casting from long double to uint64_t is miscompiled and drops bits.
       (!std::is_same<Float, long double>::value ||
@@ -1115,8 +1137,8 @@ Decomposed<Float> Decompose(Float v) {
 // In Fixed mode, we add a '.' at the end.
 // In Precision mode, we add a '.' after the first digit.
 template <FormatStyle mode, typename Int>
-int PrintIntegralDigits(Int digits, Buffer *out) {
-  int printed = 0;
+size_t PrintIntegralDigits(Int digits, Buffer* out) {
+  size_t printed = 0;
   if (digits) {
     for (; digits; digits /= 10) out->push_front(digits % 10 + '0');
     printed = out->size();
@@ -1135,10 +1157,10 @@ int PrintIntegralDigits(Int digits, Buffer *out) {
 }
 
 // Back out 'extra_digits' digits and round up if necessary.
-bool RemoveExtraPrecision(int extra_digits, bool has_leftover_value,
-                          Buffer *out, int *exp_out) {
-  if (extra_digits <= 0) return false;
-
+void RemoveExtraPrecision(size_t extra_digits,
+                          bool has_leftover_value,
+                          Buffer* out,
+                          int* exp_out) {
   // Back out the extra digits
   out->end -= extra_digits;
 
@@ -1158,15 +1180,17 @@ bool RemoveExtraPrecision(int extra_digits, bool has_leftover_value,
   if (needs_to_round_up) {
     RoundUp<FormatStyle::Precision>(out, exp_out);
   }
-  return true;
 }
 
 // Print the value into the buffer.
 // This will not include the exponent, which will be returned in 'exp_out' for
 // Precision mode.
 template <typename Int, typename Float, FormatStyle mode>
-bool FloatToBufferImpl(Int int_mantissa, int exp, int precision, Buffer *out,
-                       int *exp_out) {
+bool FloatToBufferImpl(Int int_mantissa,
+                       int exp,
+                       size_t precision,
+                       Buffer* out,
+                       int* exp_out) {
   assert((CanFitMantissa<Float, Int>()));
 
   const int int_bits = std::numeric_limits<Int>::digits;
@@ -1182,14 +1206,16 @@ bool FloatToBufferImpl(Int int_mantissa, int exp, int precision, Buffer *out,
       // The value will overflow the Int
       return false;
     }
-    int digits_printed = PrintIntegralDigits<mode>(int_mantissa << exp, out);
-    int digits_to_zero_pad = precision;
+    size_t digits_printed = PrintIntegralDigits<mode>(int_mantissa << exp, out);
+    size_t digits_to_zero_pad = precision;
     if (mode == FormatStyle::Precision) {
-      *exp_out = digits_printed - 1;
-      digits_to_zero_pad -= digits_printed - 1;
-      if (RemoveExtraPrecision(-digits_to_zero_pad, false, out, exp_out)) {
+      *exp_out = static_cast<int>(digits_printed - 1);
+      if (digits_to_zero_pad < digits_printed - 1) {
+        RemoveExtraPrecision(digits_printed - 1 - digits_to_zero_pad, false,
+                             out, exp_out);
         return true;
       }
+      digits_to_zero_pad -= digits_printed - 1;
     }
     for (; digits_to_zero_pad-- > 0;) out->push_back('0');
     return true;
@@ -1203,10 +1229,10 @@ bool FloatToBufferImpl(Int int_mantissa, int exp, int precision, Buffer *out,
   const Int mask = (Int{1} << exp) - 1;
 
   // Print the integral part first.
-  int digits_printed = PrintIntegralDigits<mode>(int_mantissa >> exp, out);
+  size_t digits_printed = PrintIntegralDigits<mode>(int_mantissa >> exp, out);
   int_mantissa &= mask;
 
-  int fractional_count = precision;
+  size_t fractional_count = precision;
   if (mode == FormatStyle::Precision) {
     if (digits_printed == 0) {
       // Find the first non-zero digit, when in Precision mode.
@@ -1222,20 +1248,21 @@ bool FloatToBufferImpl(Int int_mantissa, int exp, int precision, Buffer *out,
       int_mantissa &= mask;
     } else {
       // We already have a digit, and a '.'
-      *exp_out = digits_printed - 1;
-      fractional_count -= *exp_out;
-      if (RemoveExtraPrecision(-fractional_count, int_mantissa != 0, out,
-                               exp_out)) {
+      *exp_out = static_cast<int>(digits_printed - 1);
+      if (fractional_count < digits_printed - 1) {
         // If we had enough digits, return right away.
         // The code below will try to round again otherwise.
+        RemoveExtraPrecision(digits_printed - 1 - fractional_count,
+                             int_mantissa != 0, out, exp_out);
         return true;
       }
+      fractional_count -= digits_printed - 1;
     }
   }
 
   auto get_next_digit = [&] {
     int_mantissa *= 10;
-    int digit = static_cast<int>(int_mantissa >> exp);
+    char digit = static_cast<char>(int_mantissa >> exp);
     int_mantissa &= mask;
     return digit;
   };
@@ -1245,7 +1272,7 @@ bool FloatToBufferImpl(Int int_mantissa, int exp, int precision, Buffer *out,
     out->push_back(get_next_digit() + '0');
   }
 
-  int next_digit = get_next_digit();
+  char next_digit = get_next_digit();
   if (next_digit > 5 ||
       (next_digit == 5 && (int_mantissa || out->last_digit() % 2 == 1))) {
     RoundUp<mode>(out, exp_out);
@@ -1255,24 +1282,25 @@ bool FloatToBufferImpl(Int int_mantissa, int exp, int precision, Buffer *out,
 }
 
 template <FormatStyle mode, typename Float>
-bool FloatToBuffer(Decomposed<Float> decomposed, int precision, Buffer *out,
-                   int *exp) {
+bool FloatToBuffer(Decomposed<Float> decomposed,
+                   size_t precision,
+                   Buffer* out,
+                   int* exp) {
   if (precision > kMaxFixedPrecision) return false;
 
   // Try with uint64_t.
   if (CanFitMantissa<Float, std::uint64_t>() &&
       FloatToBufferImpl<std::uint64_t, Float, mode>(
-          static_cast<std::uint64_t>(decomposed.mantissa),
-          static_cast<std::uint64_t>(decomposed.exponent), precision, out, exp))
+          static_cast<std::uint64_t>(decomposed.mantissa), decomposed.exponent,
+          precision, out, exp))
     return true;
 
 #if defined(ABSL_HAVE_INTRINSIC_INT128)
   // If that is not enough, try with __uint128_t.
   return CanFitMantissa<Float, __uint128_t>() &&
          FloatToBufferImpl<__uint128_t, Float, mode>(
-             static_cast<__uint128_t>(decomposed.mantissa),
-             static_cast<__uint128_t>(decomposed.exponent), precision, out,
-             exp);
+             static_cast<__uint128_t>(decomposed.mantissa), decomposed.exponent,
+             precision, out, exp);
 #endif
   return false;
 }
@@ -1280,12 +1308,15 @@ bool FloatToBuffer(Decomposed<Float> decomposed, int precision, Buffer *out,
 void WriteBufferToSink(char sign_char, absl::string_view str,
                        const FormatConversionSpecImpl &conv,
                        FormatSinkImpl *sink) {
-  int left_spaces = 0, zeros = 0, right_spaces = 0;
-  int missing_chars =
-      conv.width() >= 0 ? std::max(conv.width() - static_cast<int>(str.size()) -
-                                       static_cast<int>(sign_char != 0),
-                                   0)
-                        : 0;
+  size_t left_spaces = 0, zeros = 0, right_spaces = 0;
+  size_t missing_chars = 0;
+  if (conv.width() >= 0) {
+    const size_t conv_width_size_t = static_cast<size_t>(conv.width());
+    const size_t existing_chars =
+        str.size() + static_cast<size_t>(sign_char != 0);
+    if (conv_width_size_t > existing_chars)
+      missing_chars = conv_width_size_t - existing_chars;
+  }
   if (conv.has_left_flag()) {
     right_spaces = missing_chars;
   } else if (conv.has_zero_flag()) {
@@ -1321,7 +1352,8 @@ bool FloatToSink(const Float v, const FormatConversionSpecImpl &conv,
     return true;
   }
 
-  int precision = conv.precision() < 0 ? 6 : conv.precision();
+  size_t precision =
+      conv.precision() < 0 ? 6 : static_cast<size_t>(conv.precision());
 
   int exp = 0;
 
@@ -1348,12 +1380,12 @@ bool FloatToSink(const Float v, const FormatConversionSpecImpl &conv,
         &buffer);
   } else if (c == FormatConversionCharInternal::g ||
              c == FormatConversionCharInternal::G) {
-    precision = std::max(0, precision - 1);
+    precision = std::max(precision, size_t{1}) - 1;
     if (!FloatToBuffer<FormatStyle::Precision>(decomposed, precision, &buffer,
                                                &exp)) {
       return FallbackToSnprintf(v, conv, sink);
     }
-    if (precision + 1 > exp && exp >= -4) {
+    if ((exp < 0 || precision + 1 > static_cast<size_t>(exp)) && exp >= -4) {
       if (exp < 0) {
         // Have 1.23456, needs 0.00123456
         // Move the first digit
@@ -1388,9 +1420,11 @@ bool FloatToSink(const Float v, const FormatConversionSpecImpl &conv,
     return false;
   }
 
-  WriteBufferToSink(sign_char,
-                    absl::string_view(buffer.begin, buffer.end - buffer.begin),
-                    conv, sink);
+  WriteBufferToSink(
+      sign_char,
+      absl::string_view(buffer.begin,
+                        static_cast<size_t>(buffer.end - buffer.begin)),
+      conv, sink);
 
   return true;
 }
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/str_format/parser.cc b/absl/strings/internal/str_format/parser.cc
index 2c9c07da..5aaab698 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/str_format/parser.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/str_format/parser.cc
@@ -31,207 +31,14 @@ namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 namespace str_format_internal {
 
-using CC = FormatConversionCharInternal;
-using LM = LengthMod;
+// Define the array for non-constexpr uses.
+constexpr ConvTag ConvTagHolder::value[256];
 
-// Abbreviations to fit in the table below.
-constexpr auto f_sign = Flags::kSignCol;
-constexpr auto f_alt = Flags::kAlt;
-constexpr auto f_pos = Flags::kShowPos;
-constexpr auto f_left = Flags::kLeft;
-constexpr auto f_zero = Flags::kZero;
-
-ABSL_CONST_INIT const ConvTag kTags[256] = {
-    {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // 00-07
-    {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // 08-0f
-    {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // 10-17
-    {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // 18-1f
-    f_sign, {},    {},    f_alt, {},    {},     {},    {},     //  !"#$%&'
-    {},     {},    {},    f_pos, {},    f_left, {},    {},     // ()*+,-./
-    f_zero, {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // 01234567
-    {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // 89:;<=>?
-    {},     CC::A, {},    {},    {},    CC::E,  CC::F, CC::G,  // @ABCDEFG
-    {},     {},    {},    {},    LM::L, {},     {},    {},     // HIJKLMNO
-    {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // PQRSTUVW
-    CC::X,  {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // XYZ[\]^_
-    {},     CC::a, {},    CC::c, CC::d, CC::e,  CC::f, CC::g,  // `abcdefg
-    LM::h,  CC::i, LM::j, {},    LM::l, {},     CC::n, CC::o,  // hijklmno
-    CC::p,  LM::q, {},    CC::s, LM::t, CC::u,  {},    {},     // pqrstuvw
-    CC::x,  {},    LM::z, {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // xyz{|}!
-    {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // 80-87
-    {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // 88-8f
-    {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // 90-97
-    {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // 98-9f
-    {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // a0-a7
-    {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // a8-af
-    {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // b0-b7
-    {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // b8-bf
-    {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // c0-c7
-    {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // c8-cf
-    {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // d0-d7
-    {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // d8-df
-    {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // e0-e7
-    {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // e8-ef
-    {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // f0-f7
-    {},     {},    {},    {},    {},    {},     {},    {},     // f8-ff
-};
-
-namespace {
-
-bool CheckFastPathSetting(const UnboundConversion& conv) {
-  bool width_precision_needed =
-      conv.width.value() >= 0 || conv.precision.value() >= 0;
-  if (width_precision_needed && conv.flags == Flags::kBasic) {
-    fprintf(stderr,
-            "basic=%d left=%d show_pos=%d sign_col=%d alt=%d zero=%d "
-            "width=%d precision=%d\n",
-            conv.flags == Flags::kBasic ? 1 : 0,
-            FlagsContains(conv.flags, Flags::kLeft) ? 1 : 0,
-            FlagsContains(conv.flags, Flags::kShowPos) ? 1 : 0,
-            FlagsContains(conv.flags, Flags::kSignCol) ? 1 : 0,
-            FlagsContains(conv.flags, Flags::kAlt) ? 1 : 0,
-            FlagsContains(conv.flags, Flags::kZero) ? 1 : 0, conv.width.value(),
-            conv.precision.value());
-    return false;
-  }
-  return true;
-}
-
-template <bool is_positional>
-const char *ConsumeConversion(const char *pos, const char *const end,
-                              UnboundConversion *conv, int *next_arg) {
-  const char* const original_pos = pos;
-  char c;
-  // Read the next char into `c` and update `pos`. Returns false if there are
-  // no more chars to read.
-#define ABSL_FORMAT_PARSER_INTERNAL_GET_CHAR()          \
-  do {                                                  \
-    if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(pos == end)) return nullptr; \
-    c = *pos++;                                         \
-  } while (0)
-
-  const auto parse_digits = [&] {
-    int digits = c - '0';
-    // We do not want to overflow `digits` so we consume at most digits10
-    // digits. If there are more digits the parsing will fail later on when the
-    // digit doesn't match the expected characters.
-    int num_digits = std::numeric_limits<int>::digits10;
-    for (;;) {
-      if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(pos == end)) break;
-      c = *pos++;
-      if (!std::isdigit(c)) break;
-      --num_digits;
-      if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(!num_digits)) break;
-      digits = 10 * digits + c - '0';
-    }
-    return digits;
-  };
-
-  if (is_positional) {
-    ABSL_FORMAT_PARSER_INTERNAL_GET_CHAR();
-    if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(c < '1' || c > '9')) return nullptr;
-    conv->arg_position = parse_digits();
-    assert(conv->arg_position > 0);
-    if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(c != '$')) return nullptr;
-  }
-
-  ABSL_FORMAT_PARSER_INTERNAL_GET_CHAR();
-
-  // We should start with the basic flag on.
-  assert(conv->flags == Flags::kBasic);
-
-  // Any non alpha character makes this conversion not basic.
-  // This includes flags (-+ #0), width (1-9, *) or precision (.).
-  // All conversion characters and length modifiers are alpha characters.
-  if (c < 'A') {
-    while (c <= '0') {
-      auto tag = GetTagForChar(c);
-      if (tag.is_flags()) {
-        conv->flags = conv->flags | tag.as_flags();
-        ABSL_FORMAT_PARSER_INTERNAL_GET_CHAR();
-      } else {
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (c <= '9') {
-      if (c >= '0') {
-        int maybe_width = parse_digits();
-        if (!is_positional && c == '$') {
-          if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(*next_arg != 0)) return nullptr;
-          // Positional conversion.
-          *next_arg = -1;
-          return ConsumeConversion<true>(original_pos, end, conv, next_arg);
-        }
-        conv->flags = conv->flags | Flags::kNonBasic;
-        conv->width.set_value(maybe_width);
-      } else if (c == '*') {
-        conv->flags = conv->flags | Flags::kNonBasic;
-        ABSL_FORMAT_PARSER_INTERNAL_GET_CHAR();
-        if (is_positional) {
-          if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(c < '1' || c > '9')) return nullptr;
-          conv->width.set_from_arg(parse_digits());
-          if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(c != '$')) return nullptr;
-          ABSL_FORMAT_PARSER_INTERNAL_GET_CHAR();
-        } else {
-          conv->width.set_from_arg(++*next_arg);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (c == '.') {
-      conv->flags = conv->flags | Flags::kNonBasic;
-      ABSL_FORMAT_PARSER_INTERNAL_GET_CHAR();
-      if (std::isdigit(c)) {
-        conv->precision.set_value(parse_digits());
-      } else if (c == '*') {
-        ABSL_FORMAT_PARSER_INTERNAL_GET_CHAR();
-        if (is_positional) {
-          if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(c < '1' || c > '9')) return nullptr;
-          conv->precision.set_from_arg(parse_digits());
-          if (c != '$') return nullptr;
-          ABSL_FORMAT_PARSER_INTERNAL_GET_CHAR();
-        } else {
-          conv->precision.set_from_arg(++*next_arg);
-        }
-      } else {
-        conv->precision.set_value(0);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  auto tag = GetTagForChar(c);
-
-  if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(!tag.is_conv())) {
-    if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(!tag.is_length())) return nullptr;
-
-    // It is a length modifier.
-    using str_format_internal::LengthMod;
-    LengthMod length_mod = tag.as_length();
-    ABSL_FORMAT_PARSER_INTERNAL_GET_CHAR();
-    if (c == 'h' && length_mod == LengthMod::h) {
-      conv->length_mod = LengthMod::hh;
-      ABSL_FORMAT_PARSER_INTERNAL_GET_CHAR();
-    } else if (c == 'l' && length_mod == LengthMod::l) {
-      conv->length_mod = LengthMod::ll;
-      ABSL_FORMAT_PARSER_INTERNAL_GET_CHAR();
-    } else {
-      conv->length_mod = length_mod;
-    }
-    tag = GetTagForChar(c);
-    if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(!tag.is_conv())) return nullptr;
-  }
-
-  assert(CheckFastPathSetting(*conv));
-  (void)(&CheckFastPathSetting);
-
-  conv->conv = tag.as_conv();
-  if (!is_positional) conv->arg_position = ++*next_arg;
-  return pos;
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE const char* ConsumeUnboundConversionNoInline(
+    const char* p, const char* end, UnboundConversion* conv, int* next_arg) {
+  return ConsumeUnboundConversion(p, end, conv, next_arg);
 }
 
-}  // namespace
-
 std::string LengthModToString(LengthMod v) {
   switch (v) {
     case LengthMod::h:
@@ -258,12 +65,6 @@ std::string LengthModToString(LengthMod v) {
   return "";
 }
 
-const char *ConsumeUnboundConversion(const char *p, const char *end,
-                                     UnboundConversion *conv, int *next_arg) {
-  if (*next_arg < 0) return ConsumeConversion<true>(p, end, conv, next_arg);
-  return ConsumeConversion<false>(p, end, conv, next_arg);
-}
-
 struct ParsedFormatBase::ParsedFormatConsumer {
   explicit ParsedFormatConsumer(ParsedFormatBase *parsedformat)
       : parsed(parsedformat), data_pos(parsedformat->data_.get()) {}
@@ -312,11 +113,11 @@ bool ParsedFormatBase::MatchesConversions(
     std::initializer_list<FormatConversionCharSet> convs) const {
   std::unordered_set<int> used;
   auto add_if_valid_conv = [&](int pos, char c) {
-      if (static_cast<size_t>(pos) > convs.size() ||
-          !Contains(convs.begin()[pos - 1], c))
-        return false;
-      used.insert(pos);
-      return true;
+    if (static_cast<size_t>(pos) > convs.size() ||
+        !Contains(convs.begin()[pos - 1], c))
+      return false;
+    used.insert(pos);
+    return true;
   };
   for (const ConversionItem &item : items_) {
     if (!item.is_conversion) continue;
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/str_format/parser.h b/absl/strings/internal/str_format/parser.h
index 32b91d03..35b6d49c 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/str_format/parser.h
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/str_format/parser.h
@@ -29,111 +29,18 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "absl/strings/internal/str_format/checker.h"
+#include "absl/strings/internal/str_format/constexpr_parser.h"
 #include "absl/strings/internal/str_format/extension.h"
 
 namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 namespace str_format_internal {
 
-enum class LengthMod : std::uint8_t { h, hh, l, ll, L, j, z, t, q, none };
-
 std::string LengthModToString(LengthMod v);
 
-// The analyzed properties of a single specified conversion.
-struct UnboundConversion {
-  UnboundConversion() {}
-
-  class InputValue {
-   public:
-    void set_value(int value) {
-      assert(value >= 0);
-      value_ = value;
-    }
-    int value() const { return value_; }
-
-    // Marks the value as "from arg". aka the '*' format.
-    // Requires `value >= 1`.
-    // When set, is_from_arg() return true and get_from_arg() returns the
-    // original value.
-    // `value()`'s return value is unspecfied in this state.
-    void set_from_arg(int value) {
-      assert(value > 0);
-      value_ = -value - 1;
-    }
-    bool is_from_arg() const { return value_ < -1; }
-    int get_from_arg() const {
-      assert(is_from_arg());
-      return -value_ - 1;
-    }
-
-   private:
-    int value_ = -1;
-  };
-
-  // No need to initialize. It will always be set in the parser.
-  int arg_position;
-
-  InputValue width;
-  InputValue precision;
-
-  Flags flags = Flags::kBasic;
-  LengthMod length_mod = LengthMod::none;
-  FormatConversionChar conv = FormatConversionCharInternal::kNone;
-};
-
-// Consume conversion spec prefix (not including '%') of [p, end) if valid.
-// Examples of valid specs would be e.g.: "s", "d", "-12.6f".
-// If valid, it returns the first character following the conversion spec,
-// and the spec part is broken down and returned in 'conv'.
-// If invalid, returns nullptr.
-const char* ConsumeUnboundConversion(const char* p, const char* end,
-                                     UnboundConversion* conv, int* next_arg);
-
-// Helper tag class for the table below.
-// It allows fast `char -> ConversionChar/LengthMod/Flags` checking and
-// conversions.
-class ConvTag {
- public:
-  constexpr ConvTag(FormatConversionChar conversion_char)  // NOLINT
-      : tag_(static_cast<uint8_t>(conversion_char)) {}
-  constexpr ConvTag(LengthMod length_mod)  // NOLINT
-      : tag_(0x80 | static_cast<uint8_t>(length_mod)) {}
-  constexpr ConvTag(Flags flags)  // NOLINT
-      : tag_(0xc0 | static_cast<uint8_t>(flags)) {}
-  constexpr ConvTag() : tag_(0xFF) {}
-
-  bool is_conv() const { return (tag_ & 0x80) == 0; }
-  bool is_length() const { return (tag_ & 0xC0) == 0x80; }
-  bool is_flags() const { return (tag_ & 0xE0) == 0xC0; }
-
-  FormatConversionChar as_conv() const {
-    assert(is_conv());
-    assert(!is_length());
-    assert(!is_flags());
-    return static_cast<FormatConversionChar>(tag_);
-  }
-  LengthMod as_length() const {
-    assert(!is_conv());
-    assert(is_length());
-    assert(!is_flags());
-    return static_cast<LengthMod>(tag_ & 0x3F);
-  }
-  Flags as_flags() const {
-    assert(!is_conv());
-    assert(!is_length());
-    assert(is_flags());
-    return static_cast<Flags>(tag_ & 0x1F);
-  }
-
- private:
-  uint8_t tag_;
-};
-
-extern const ConvTag kTags[256];
-// Keep a single table for all the conversion chars and length modifiers.
-inline ConvTag GetTagForChar(char c) {
-  return kTags[static_cast<unsigned char>(c)];
-}
+const char* ConsumeUnboundConversionNoInline(const char* p, const char* end,
+                                             UnboundConversion* conv,
+                                             int* next_arg);
 
 // Parse the format string provided in 'src' and pass the identified items into
 // 'consumer'.
@@ -155,10 +62,11 @@ bool ParseFormatString(string_view src, Consumer consumer) {
         static_cast<const char*>(memchr(p, '%', static_cast<size_t>(end - p)));
     if (!percent) {
       // We found the last substring.
-      return consumer.Append(string_view(p, end - p));
+      return consumer.Append(string_view(p, static_cast<size_t>(end - p)));
     }
     // We found a percent, so push the text run then process the percent.
-    if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(!consumer.Append(string_view(p, percent - p)))) {
+    if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(!consumer.Append(
+            string_view(p, static_cast<size_t>(percent - p))))) {
       return false;
     }
     if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(percent + 1 >= end)) return false;
@@ -186,10 +94,11 @@ bool ParseFormatString(string_view src, Consumer consumer) {
       }
     } else if (percent[1] != '%') {
       UnboundConversion conv;
-      p = ConsumeUnboundConversion(percent + 1, end, &conv, &next_arg);
+      p = ConsumeUnboundConversionNoInline(percent + 1, end, &conv, &next_arg);
       if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(p == nullptr)) return false;
       if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(!consumer.ConvertOne(
-          conv, string_view(percent + 1, p - (percent + 1))))) {
+              conv, string_view(percent + 1,
+                                static_cast<size_t>(p - (percent + 1)))))) {
         return false;
       }
     } else {
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/str_format/parser_test.cc b/absl/strings/internal/str_format/parser_test.cc
index fe0d2963..021f6a87 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/str_format/parser_test.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/str_format/parser_test.cc
@@ -110,10 +110,14 @@ TEST_F(ConsumeUnboundConversionTest, ConsumeSpecification) {
     {__LINE__, "ba",   "",     "ba"},  // 'b' is invalid
     {__LINE__, "l",    "",     "l" },  // just length mod isn't okay
     {__LINE__, "d",    "d",    ""  },  // basic
+    {__LINE__, "v",    "v",    ""  },  // basic
     {__LINE__, "d ",   "d",    " " },  // leave suffix
     {__LINE__, "dd",   "d",    "d" },  // don't be greedy
     {__LINE__, "d9",   "d",    "9" },  // leave non-space suffix
     {__LINE__, "dzz",  "d",    "zz"},  // length mod as suffix
+    {__LINE__, "3v",   "",     "3v"},  // 'v' cannot have modifiers
+    {__LINE__, "hv",   "",     "hv"},  // 'v' cannot have modifiers
+    {__LINE__, "1$v",   "1$v",     ""},  // 'v' can have use posix syntax
     {__LINE__, "1$*2$d", "1$*2$d", ""  },  // arg indexing and * allowed.
     {__LINE__, "0-14.3hhd", "0-14.3hhd", ""},  // precision, width
     {__LINE__, " 0-+#14.3hhd", " 0-+#14.3hhd", ""},  // flags
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/str_split_internal.h b/absl/strings/internal/str_split_internal.h
index e7664216..081ad85a 100644
--- a/absl/strings/internal/str_split_internal.h
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/str_split_internal.h
@@ -132,7 +132,8 @@ class SplitIterator {
       const absl::string_view text = splitter_->text();
       const absl::string_view d = delimiter_.Find(text, pos_);
       if (d.data() == text.data() + text.size()) state_ = kLastState;
-      curr_ = text.substr(pos_, d.data() - (text.data() + pos_));
+      curr_ = text.substr(pos_,
+                          static_cast<size_t>(d.data() - (text.data() + pos_)));
       pos_ += curr_.size() + d.size();
     } while (!predicate_(curr_));
     return *this;
@@ -234,6 +235,24 @@ struct SplitterIsConvertibleTo
           HasMappedType<C>::value> {
 };
 
+template <typename StringType, typename Container, typename = void>
+struct ShouldUseLifetimeBound : std::false_type {};
+
+template <typename StringType, typename Container>
+struct ShouldUseLifetimeBound<
+    StringType, Container,
+    std::enable_if_t<
+        std::is_same<StringType, std::string>::value &&
+        std::is_same<typename Container::value_type, absl::string_view>::value>>
+    : std::true_type {};
+
+template <typename StringType, typename First, typename Second>
+using ShouldUseLifetimeBoundForPair = std::integral_constant<
+    bool, std::is_same<StringType, std::string>::value &&
+              (std::is_same<First, absl::string_view>::value ||
+               std::is_same<Second, absl::string_view>::value)>;
+
+
 // This class implements the range that is returned by absl::StrSplit(). This
 // class has templated conversion operators that allow it to be implicitly
 // converted to a variety of types that the caller may have specified on the
@@ -280,10 +299,24 @@ class Splitter {
 
   // An implicit conversion operator that is restricted to only those containers
   // that the splitter is convertible to.
-  template <typename Container,
-            typename = typename std::enable_if<
-                SplitterIsConvertibleTo<Container>::value>::type>
-  operator Container() const {  // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
+  template <
+      typename Container,
+      std::enable_if_t<ShouldUseLifetimeBound<StringType, Container>::value &&
+                           SplitterIsConvertibleTo<Container>::value,
+                       std::nullptr_t> = nullptr>
+  // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor)
+  operator Container() const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return ConvertToContainer<Container, typename Container::value_type,
+                              HasMappedType<Container>::value>()(*this);
+  }
+
+  template <
+      typename Container,
+      std::enable_if_t<!ShouldUseLifetimeBound<StringType, Container>::value &&
+                           SplitterIsConvertibleTo<Container>::value,
+                       std::nullptr_t> = nullptr>
+  // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor)
+  operator Container() const {
     return ConvertToContainer<Container, typename Container::value_type,
                               HasMappedType<Container>::value>()(*this);
   }
@@ -292,8 +325,27 @@ class Splitter {
   // strings returned by the begin() iterator. Either/both of .first and .second
   // will be constructed with empty strings if the iterator doesn't have a
   // corresponding value.
+  template <typename First, typename Second,
+            std::enable_if_t<
+                ShouldUseLifetimeBoundForPair<StringType, First, Second>::value,
+                std::nullptr_t> = nullptr>
+  // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor)
+  operator std::pair<First, Second>() const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
+    return ConvertToPair<First, Second>();
+  }
+
+  template <typename First, typename Second,
+            std::enable_if_t<!ShouldUseLifetimeBoundForPair<StringType, First,
+                                                            Second>::value,
+                             std::nullptr_t> = nullptr>
+  // NOLINTNEXTLINE(google-explicit-constructor)
+  operator std::pair<First, Second>() const {
+    return ConvertToPair<First, Second>();
+  }
+
+ private:
   template <typename First, typename Second>
-  operator std::pair<First, Second>() const {  // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
+  std::pair<First, Second> ConvertToPair() const {
     absl::string_view first, second;
     auto it = begin();
     if (it != end()) {
@@ -305,7 +357,6 @@ class Splitter {
     return {First(first), Second(second)};
   }
 
- private:
   // ConvertToContainer is a functor converting a Splitter to the requested
   // Container of ValueType. It is specialized below to optimize splitting to
   // certain combinations of Container and ValueType.
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/stringify_sink.cc b/absl/strings/internal/stringify_sink.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7c6995ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/stringify_sink.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/strings/internal/stringify_sink.h"
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace strings_internal {
+
+void StringifySink::Append(size_t count, char ch) { buffer_.append(count, ch); }
+
+void StringifySink::Append(string_view v) {
+  buffer_.append(v.data(), v.size());
+}
+
+}  // namespace strings_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/strings/internal/stringify_sink.h b/absl/strings/internal/stringify_sink.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fc3747bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/strings/internal/stringify_sink.h
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#ifndef ABSL_STRINGS_INTERNAL_STRINGIFY_SINK_H_
+#define ABSL_STRINGS_INTERNAL_STRINGIFY_SINK_H_
+
+#include <string>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+namespace strings_internal {
+class StringifySink {
+ public:
+  void Append(size_t count, char ch);
+
+  void Append(string_view v);
+
+  // Support `absl::Format(&sink, format, args...)`.
+  friend void AbslFormatFlush(StringifySink* sink, absl::string_view v) {
+    sink->Append(v);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  template <typename T>
+  friend string_view ExtractStringification(StringifySink& sink, const T& v);
+
+  std::string buffer_;
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+string_view ExtractStringification(StringifySink& sink, const T& v) {
+  AbslStringify(sink, v);
+  return sink.buffer_;
+}
+
+}  // namespace strings_internal
+
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_STRINGS_INTERNAL_STRINGIFY_SINK_H_
diff --git a/absl/strings/match.cc b/absl/strings/match.cc
index 2d672509..3b81b2c0 100644
--- a/absl/strings/match.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/match.cc
@@ -14,6 +14,12 @@
 
 #include "absl/strings/match.h"
 
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#include "absl/base/internal/endian.h"
+#include "absl/numeric/bits.h"
+#include "absl/strings/ascii.h"
 #include "absl/strings/internal/memutil.h"
 
 namespace absl {
@@ -27,6 +33,27 @@ bool EqualsIgnoreCase(absl::string_view piece1,
   // memcasecmp uses absl::ascii_tolower().
 }
 
+bool StrContainsIgnoreCase(absl::string_view haystack,
+                           absl::string_view needle) noexcept {
+  while (haystack.size() >= needle.size()) {
+    if (StartsWithIgnoreCase(haystack, needle)) return true;
+    haystack.remove_prefix(1);
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+bool StrContainsIgnoreCase(absl::string_view haystack,
+                           char needle) noexcept {
+  char upper_needle = absl::ascii_toupper(static_cast<unsigned char>(needle));
+  char lower_needle = absl::ascii_tolower(static_cast<unsigned char>(needle));
+  if (upper_needle == lower_needle) {
+    return StrContains(haystack, needle);
+  } else {
+    const char both_cstr[3] = {lower_needle, upper_needle, '\0'};
+    return haystack.find_first_of(both_cstr) != absl::string_view::npos;
+  }
+}
+
 bool StartsWithIgnoreCase(absl::string_view text,
                           absl::string_view prefix) noexcept {
   return (text.size() >= prefix.size()) &&
@@ -39,5 +66,65 @@ bool EndsWithIgnoreCase(absl::string_view text,
          EqualsIgnoreCase(text.substr(text.size() - suffix.size()), suffix);
 }
 
+absl::string_view FindLongestCommonPrefix(absl::string_view a,
+                                          absl::string_view b) {
+  const absl::string_view::size_type limit = std::min(a.size(), b.size());
+  const char* const pa = a.data();
+  const char* const pb = b.data();
+  absl::string_view::size_type count = (unsigned) 0;
+
+  if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(limit < 8)) {
+    while (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(count + 2 <= limit)) {
+      uint16_t xor_bytes = absl::little_endian::Load16(pa + count) ^
+                           absl::little_endian::Load16(pb + count);
+      if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(xor_bytes != 0)) {
+        if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE((xor_bytes & 0xff) == 0)) ++count;
+        return absl::string_view(pa, count);
+      }
+      count += 2;
+    }
+    if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(count != limit)) {
+      if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(pa[count] == pb[count])) ++count;
+    }
+    return absl::string_view(pa, count);
+  }
+
+  do {
+    uint64_t xor_bytes = absl::little_endian::Load64(pa + count) ^
+                         absl::little_endian::Load64(pb + count);
+    if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(xor_bytes != 0)) {
+      count += static_cast<uint64_t>(absl::countr_zero(xor_bytes) >> 3);
+      return absl::string_view(pa, count);
+    }
+    count += 8;
+  } while (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(count + 8 < limit));
+
+  count = limit - 8;
+  uint64_t xor_bytes = absl::little_endian::Load64(pa + count) ^
+                       absl::little_endian::Load64(pb + count);
+  if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE(xor_bytes != 0)) {
+    count += static_cast<uint64_t>(absl::countr_zero(xor_bytes) >> 3);
+    return absl::string_view(pa, count);
+  }
+  return absl::string_view(pa, limit);
+}
+
+absl::string_view FindLongestCommonSuffix(absl::string_view a,
+                                          absl::string_view b) {
+  const absl::string_view::size_type limit = std::min(a.size(), b.size());
+  if (limit == 0) return absl::string_view();
+
+  const char* pa = a.data() + a.size() - 1;
+  const char* pb = b.data() + b.size() - 1;
+  absl::string_view::size_type count = (unsigned) 0;
+  while (count < limit && *pa == *pb) {
+    --pa;
+    --pb;
+    ++count;
+  }
+
+  return absl::string_view(++pa, count);
+}
+
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
 }  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/strings/match.h b/absl/strings/match.h
index 038cbb3f..1eeafbbf 100644
--- a/absl/strings/match.h
+++ b/absl/strings/match.h
@@ -72,6 +72,15 @@ inline bool EndsWith(absl::string_view text,
           memcmp(text.data() + (text.size() - suffix.size()), suffix.data(),
                  suffix.size()) == 0);
 }
+// StrContainsIgnoreCase()
+//
+// Returns whether a given ASCII string `haystack` contains the ASCII substring
+// `needle`, ignoring case in the comparison.
+bool StrContainsIgnoreCase(absl::string_view haystack,
+                           absl::string_view needle) noexcept;
+
+bool StrContainsIgnoreCase(absl::string_view haystack,
+                           char needle) noexcept;
 
 // EqualsIgnoreCase()
 //
@@ -94,6 +103,16 @@ bool StartsWithIgnoreCase(absl::string_view text,
 bool EndsWithIgnoreCase(absl::string_view text,
                         absl::string_view suffix) noexcept;
 
+// Yields the longest prefix in common between both input strings.
+// Pointer-wise, the returned result is a subset of input "a".
+absl::string_view FindLongestCommonPrefix(absl::string_view a,
+                                          absl::string_view b);
+
+// Yields the longest suffix in common between both input strings.
+// Pointer-wise, the returned result is a subset of input "a".
+absl::string_view FindLongestCommonSuffix(absl::string_view a,
+                                          absl::string_view b);
+
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
 }  // namespace absl
 
diff --git a/absl/strings/match_test.cc b/absl/strings/match_test.cc
index 5841bc1b..71618f71 100644
--- a/absl/strings/match_test.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/match_test.cc
@@ -124,4 +124,165 @@ TEST(MatchTest, EndsWithIgnoreCase) {
   EXPECT_FALSE(absl::EndsWithIgnoreCase("", "fo"));
 }
 
+TEST(MatchTest, ContainsIgnoreCase) {
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::StrContainsIgnoreCase("foo", "foo"));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::StrContainsIgnoreCase("FOO", "Foo"));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::StrContainsIgnoreCase("--FOO", "Foo"));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::StrContainsIgnoreCase("FOO--", "Foo"));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::StrContainsIgnoreCase("BAR", "Foo"));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::StrContainsIgnoreCase("BAR", "Foo"));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::StrContainsIgnoreCase("123456", "123456"));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::StrContainsIgnoreCase("123456", "234"));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::StrContainsIgnoreCase("", ""));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::StrContainsIgnoreCase("abc", ""));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::StrContainsIgnoreCase("", "a"));
+}
+
+TEST(MatchTest, ContainsCharIgnoreCase) {
+  absl::string_view a("AaBCdefg!");
+  absl::string_view b("AaBCd!");
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::StrContainsIgnoreCase(a, 'a'));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::StrContainsIgnoreCase(a, 'A'));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::StrContainsIgnoreCase(a, 'b'));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::StrContainsIgnoreCase(a, 'B'));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::StrContainsIgnoreCase(a, 'e'));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::StrContainsIgnoreCase(a, 'E'));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::StrContainsIgnoreCase(a, 'h'));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::StrContainsIgnoreCase(a, 'H'));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::StrContainsIgnoreCase(a, '!'));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::StrContainsIgnoreCase(a, '?'));
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::StrContainsIgnoreCase(b, 'a'));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::StrContainsIgnoreCase(b, 'A'));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::StrContainsIgnoreCase(b, 'b'));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::StrContainsIgnoreCase(b, 'B'));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::StrContainsIgnoreCase(b, 'e'));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::StrContainsIgnoreCase(b, 'E'));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::StrContainsIgnoreCase(b, 'h'));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::StrContainsIgnoreCase(b, 'H'));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::StrContainsIgnoreCase(b, '!'));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::StrContainsIgnoreCase(b, '?'));
+
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::StrContainsIgnoreCase("", 'a'));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::StrContainsIgnoreCase("", 'A'));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::StrContainsIgnoreCase("", '0'));
+}
+
+TEST(MatchTest, FindLongestCommonPrefix) {
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonPrefix("", ""), "");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonPrefix("", "abc"), "");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonPrefix("abc", ""), "");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonPrefix("ab", "abc"), "ab");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonPrefix("abc", "ab"), "ab");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonPrefix("abc", "abd"), "ab");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonPrefix("abc", "abcd"), "abc");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonPrefix("abcd", "abcd"), "abcd");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonPrefix("abcd", "efgh"), "");
+
+  // "abcde" v. "abc" but in the middle of other data
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonPrefix(
+                absl::string_view("1234 abcdef").substr(5, 5),
+                absl::string_view("5678 abcdef").substr(5, 3)),
+            "abc");
+}
+
+// Since the little-endian implementation involves a bit of if-else and various
+// return paths, the following tests aims to provide full test coverage of the
+// implementation.
+TEST(MatchTest, FindLongestCommonPrefixLoad16Mismatch) {
+  const std::string x1 = "abcdefgh";
+  const std::string x2 = "abcde_";
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonPrefix(x1, x2), "abcde");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonPrefix(x2, x1), "abcde");
+}
+
+TEST(MatchTest, FindLongestCommonPrefixLoad16MatchesNoLast) {
+  const std::string x1 = "abcdef";
+  const std::string x2 = "abcdef";
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonPrefix(x1, x2), "abcdef");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonPrefix(x2, x1), "abcdef");
+}
+
+TEST(MatchTest, FindLongestCommonPrefixLoad16MatchesLastCharMismatches) {
+  const std::string x1 = "abcdefg";
+  const std::string x2 = "abcdef_h";
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonPrefix(x1, x2), "abcdef");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonPrefix(x2, x1), "abcdef");
+}
+
+TEST(MatchTest, FindLongestCommonPrefixLoad16MatchesLastMatches) {
+  const std::string x1 = "abcde";
+  const std::string x2 = "abcdefgh";
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonPrefix(x1, x2), "abcde");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonPrefix(x2, x1), "abcde");
+}
+
+TEST(MatchTest, FindLongestCommonPrefixSize8Load64Mismatches) {
+  const std::string x1 = "abcdefghijk";
+  const std::string x2 = "abcde_g_";
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonPrefix(x1, x2), "abcde");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonPrefix(x2, x1), "abcde");
+}
+
+TEST(MatchTest, FindLongestCommonPrefixSize8Load64Matches) {
+  const std::string x1 = "abcdefgh";
+  const std::string x2 = "abcdefgh";
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonPrefix(x1, x2), "abcdefgh");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonPrefix(x2, x1), "abcdefgh");
+}
+
+TEST(MatchTest, FindLongestCommonPrefixSize15Load64Mismatches) {
+  const std::string x1 = "012345670123456";
+  const std::string x2 = "0123456701_34_6";
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonPrefix(x1, x2), "0123456701");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonPrefix(x2, x1), "0123456701");
+}
+
+TEST(MatchTest, FindLongestCommonPrefixSize15Load64Matches) {
+  const std::string x1 = "012345670123456";
+  const std::string x2 = "0123456701234567";
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonPrefix(x1, x2), "012345670123456");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonPrefix(x2, x1), "012345670123456");
+}
+
+TEST(MatchTest, FindLongestCommonPrefixSizeFirstByteOfLast8BytesMismatch) {
+  const std::string x1 = "012345670123456701234567";
+  const std::string x2 = "0123456701234567_1234567";
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonPrefix(x1, x2), "0123456701234567");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonPrefix(x2, x1), "0123456701234567");
+}
+
+TEST(MatchTest, FindLongestCommonPrefixLargeLastCharMismatches) {
+  const std::string x1(300, 'x');
+  std::string x2 = x1;
+  x2.back() = '#';
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonPrefix(x1, x2), std::string(299, 'x'));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonPrefix(x2, x1), std::string(299, 'x'));
+}
+
+TEST(MatchTest, FindLongestCommonPrefixLargeFullMatch) {
+  const std::string x1(300, 'x');
+  const std::string x2 = x1;
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonPrefix(x1, x2), std::string(300, 'x'));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonPrefix(x2, x1), std::string(300, 'x'));
+}
+
+TEST(MatchTest, FindLongestCommonSuffix) {
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonSuffix("", ""), "");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonSuffix("", "abc"), "");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonSuffix("abc", ""), "");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonSuffix("bc", "abc"), "bc");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonSuffix("abc", "bc"), "bc");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonSuffix("abc", "dbc"), "bc");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonSuffix("bcd", "abcd"), "bcd");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonSuffix("abcd", "abcd"), "abcd");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonSuffix("abcd", "efgh"), "");
+
+  // "abcde" v. "cde" but in the middle of other data
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::FindLongestCommonSuffix(
+                absl::string_view("1234 abcdef").substr(5, 5),
+                absl::string_view("5678 abcdef").substr(7, 3)),
+            "cde");
+}
+
 }  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/strings/numbers.cc b/absl/strings/numbers.cc
index e798fc69..c43c6bcc 100644
--- a/absl/strings/numbers.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/numbers.cc
@@ -31,7 +31,9 @@
 #include <utility>
 
 #include "absl/base/attributes.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/endian.h"
 #include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
+#include "absl/base/optimization.h"
 #include "absl/numeric/bits.h"
 #include "absl/strings/ascii.h"
 #include "absl/strings/charconv.h"
@@ -136,90 +138,140 @@ bool SimpleAtob(absl::string_view str, bool* out) {
 
 namespace {
 
-// Used to optimize printing a decimal number's final digit.
-const char one_ASCII_final_digits[10][2] {
-  {'0', 0}, {'1', 0}, {'2', 0}, {'3', 0}, {'4', 0},
-  {'5', 0}, {'6', 0}, {'7', 0}, {'8', 0}, {'9', 0},
-};
+// Various routines to encode integers to strings.
+
+// We split data encodings into a group of 2 digits, 4 digits, 8 digits as
+// it's easier to combine powers of two into scalar arithmetic.
+
+// Previous implementation used a lookup table of 200 bytes for every 2 bytes
+// and it was memory bound, any L1 cache miss would result in a much slower
+// result. When benchmarking with a cache eviction rate of several percent,
+// this implementation proved to be better.
+
+// These constants represent '00', '0000' and '00000000' as ascii strings in
+// integers. We can add these numbers if we encode to bytes from 0 to 9. as
+// 'i' = '0' + i for 0 <= i <= 9.
+constexpr uint32_t kTwoZeroBytes = 0x0101 * '0';
+constexpr uint64_t kFourZeroBytes = 0x01010101 * '0';
+constexpr uint64_t kEightZeroBytes = 0x0101010101010101ull * '0';
+
+// * 103 / 1024 is a division by 10 for values from 0 to 99. It's also a
+// division of a structure [k takes 2 bytes][m takes 2 bytes], then * 103 / 1024
+// will be [k / 10][m / 10]. It allows parallel division.
+constexpr uint64_t kDivisionBy10Mul = 103u;
+constexpr uint64_t kDivisionBy10Div = 1 << 10;
+
+// * 10486 / 1048576 is a division by 100 for values from 0 to 9999.
+constexpr uint64_t kDivisionBy100Mul = 10486u;
+constexpr uint64_t kDivisionBy100Div = 1 << 20;
+
+// Encode functions write the ASCII output of input `n` to `out_str`.
+inline char* EncodeHundred(uint32_t n, char* out_str) {
+  int num_digits = static_cast<int>(n - 10) >> 8;
+  uint32_t base = kTwoZeroBytes;
+  uint32_t div10 = (n * kDivisionBy10Mul) / kDivisionBy10Div;
+  uint32_t mod10 = n - 10u * div10;
+  base += div10 + (mod10 << 8);
+  base >>= num_digits & 8;
+  little_endian::Store16(out_str, static_cast<uint16_t>(base));
+  return out_str + 2 + num_digits;
+}
 
-}  // namespace
+inline char* EncodeTenThousand(uint32_t n, char* out_str) {
+  // We split lower 2 digits and upper 2 digits of n into 2 byte consecutive
+  // blocks. 123 ->  [\0\1][\0\23]. We divide by 10 both blocks
+  // (it's 1 division + zeroing upper bits), and compute modulo 10 as well "in
+  // parallel". Then we combine both results to have both ASCII digits,
+  // strip trailing zeros, add ASCII '0000' and return.
+  uint32_t div100 = (n * kDivisionBy100Mul) / kDivisionBy100Div;
+  uint32_t mod100 = n - 100ull * div100;
+  uint32_t hundreds = (mod100 << 16) + div100;
+  uint32_t tens = (hundreds * kDivisionBy10Mul) / kDivisionBy10Div;
+  tens &= (0xFull << 16) | 0xFull;
+  tens += (hundreds - 10ull * tens) << 8;
+  ABSL_ASSUME(tens != 0);
+  // The result can contain trailing zero bits, we need to strip them to a first
+  // significant byte in a final representation. For example, for n = 123, we
+  // have tens to have representation \0\1\2\3. We do `& -8` to round
+  // to a multiple to 8 to strip zero bytes, not all zero bits.
+  // countr_zero to help.
+  // 0 minus 8 to make MSVC happy.
+  uint32_t zeroes = static_cast<uint32_t>(absl::countr_zero(tens)) & (0 - 8ull);
+  tens += kFourZeroBytes;
+  tens >>= zeroes;
+  little_endian::Store32(out_str, tens);
+  return out_str + sizeof(tens) - zeroes / 8;
+}
 
-char* numbers_internal::FastIntToBuffer(uint32_t i, char* buffer) {
-  uint32_t digits;
-  // The idea of this implementation is to trim the number of divides to as few
-  // as possible, and also reducing memory stores and branches, by going in
-  // steps of two digits at a time rather than one whenever possible.
-  // The huge-number case is first, in the hopes that the compiler will output
-  // that case in one branch-free block of code, and only output conditional
-  // branches into it from below.
-  if (i >= 1000000000) {     // >= 1,000,000,000
-    digits = i / 100000000;  //      100,000,000
-    i -= digits * 100000000;
-    PutTwoDigits(digits, buffer);
-    buffer += 2;
-  lt100_000_000:
-    digits = i / 1000000;  // 1,000,000
-    i -= digits * 1000000;
-    PutTwoDigits(digits, buffer);
-    buffer += 2;
-  lt1_000_000:
-    digits = i / 10000;  // 10,000
-    i -= digits * 10000;
-    PutTwoDigits(digits, buffer);
-    buffer += 2;
-  lt10_000:
-    digits = i / 100;
-    i -= digits * 100;
-    PutTwoDigits(digits, buffer);
-    buffer += 2;
- lt100:
-    digits = i;
-    PutTwoDigits(digits, buffer);
-    buffer += 2;
-    *buffer = 0;
-    return buffer;
-  }
+// Prepare functions return an integer that should be written to out_str
+// (but possibly include trailing zeros).
+// For hi < 10000, lo < 10000 returns uint64_t as encoded in ASCII with
+// possibly trailing zeroes of the number hi * 10000 + lo.
+inline uint64_t PrepareTenThousands(uint64_t hi, uint64_t lo) {
+  uint64_t merged = hi | (lo << 32);
+  uint64_t div100 = ((merged * kDivisionBy100Mul) / kDivisionBy100Div) &
+                    ((0x7Full << 32) | 0x7Full);
+  uint64_t mod100 = merged - 100ull * div100;
+  uint64_t hundreds = (mod100 << 16) + div100;
+  uint64_t tens = (hundreds * kDivisionBy10Mul) / kDivisionBy10Div;
+  tens &= (0xFull << 48) | (0xFull << 32) | (0xFull << 16) | 0xFull;
+  tens += (hundreds - 10ull * tens) << 8;
+  return tens;
+}
 
-  if (i < 100) {
-    digits = i;
-    if (i >= 10) goto lt100;
-    memcpy(buffer, one_ASCII_final_digits[i], 2);
-    return buffer + 1;
-  }
-  if (i < 10000) {  //    10,000
-    if (i >= 1000) goto lt10_000;
-    digits = i / 100;
-    i -= digits * 100;
-    *buffer++ = '0' + digits;
-    goto lt100;
+inline char* EncodeFullU32(uint32_t n, char* out_str) {
+  if (n < 100'000'000) {
+    uint64_t bottom = PrepareTenThousands(n / 10000, n % 10000);
+    ABSL_ASSUME(bottom != 0);
+    // 0 minus 8 to make MSVC happy.
+    uint32_t zeroes = static_cast<uint32_t>(absl::countr_zero(bottom))
+        & (0 - 8ull);
+    uint64_t bottom_res = bottom + kEightZeroBytes;
+    bottom_res >>= zeroes;
+    little_endian::Store64(out_str, bottom_res);
+    return out_str + sizeof(bottom) - zeroes / 8;
   }
-  if (i < 1000000) {  //    1,000,000
-    if (i >= 100000) goto lt1_000_000;
-    digits = i / 10000;  //    10,000
-    i -= digits * 10000;
-    *buffer++ = '0' + digits;
-    goto lt10_000;
+  uint32_t top = n / 100'000'000;
+  n %= 100'000'000;
+  uint64_t bottom = PrepareTenThousands(n / 10000, n % 10000);
+  uint64_t bottom_res = bottom + kEightZeroBytes;
+  out_str = EncodeHundred(top, out_str);
+  little_endian::Store64(out_str, bottom_res);
+  return out_str + sizeof(bottom);
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+void numbers_internal::PutTwoDigits(uint32_t i, char* buf) {
+  assert(i < 100);
+  uint32_t base = kTwoZeroBytes;
+  uint32_t div10 = (i * kDivisionBy10Mul) / kDivisionBy10Div;
+  uint32_t mod10 = i - 10u * div10;
+  base += div10 + (mod10 << 8);
+  little_endian::Store16(buf, static_cast<uint16_t>(base));
+}
+
+char* numbers_internal::FastIntToBuffer(uint32_t n, char* out_str) {
+  if (n < 100) {
+    out_str = EncodeHundred(n, out_str);
+    goto set_last_zero;
   }
-  if (i < 100000000) {  //    100,000,000
-    if (i >= 10000000) goto lt100_000_000;
-    digits = i / 1000000;  //   1,000,000
-    i -= digits * 1000000;
-    *buffer++ = '0' + digits;
-    goto lt1_000_000;
+  if (n < 10000) {
+    out_str = EncodeTenThousand(n, out_str);
+    goto set_last_zero;
   }
-  // we already know that i < 1,000,000,000
-  digits = i / 100000000;  //   100,000,000
-  i -= digits * 100000000;
-  *buffer++ = '0' + digits;
-  goto lt100_000_000;
+  out_str = EncodeFullU32(n, out_str);
+set_last_zero:
+  *out_str = '\0';
+  return out_str;
 }
 
 char* numbers_internal::FastIntToBuffer(int32_t i, char* buffer) {
-  uint32_t u = i;
+  uint32_t u = static_cast<uint32_t>(i);
   if (i < 0) {
     *buffer++ = '-';
     // We need to do the negation in modular (i.e., "unsigned")
-    // arithmetic; MSVC++ apprently warns for plain "-u", so
+    // arithmetic; MSVC++ apparently warns for plain "-u", so
     // we write the equivalent expression "0 - u" instead.
     u = 0 - u;
   }
@@ -230,45 +282,44 @@ char* numbers_internal::FastIntToBuffer(uint64_t i, char* buffer) {
   uint32_t u32 = static_cast<uint32_t>(i);
   if (u32 == i) return numbers_internal::FastIntToBuffer(u32, buffer);
 
-  // Here we know i has at least 10 decimal digits.
-  uint64_t top_1to11 = i / 1000000000;
-  u32 = static_cast<uint32_t>(i - top_1to11 * 1000000000);
-  uint32_t top_1to11_32 = static_cast<uint32_t>(top_1to11);
+  // 10**9 < 2**32 <= i < 10**10, we can do 2+8
+  uint64_t div08 = i / 100'000'000ull;
+  uint64_t mod08 = i % 100'000'000ull;
+  uint64_t mod_result =
+      PrepareTenThousands(mod08 / 10000, mod08 % 10000) + kEightZeroBytes;
+  if (i < 10'000'000'000ull) {
+    buffer = EncodeHundred(static_cast<uint32_t>(div08), buffer);
+    little_endian::Store64(buffer, mod_result);
+    buffer += 8;
+    goto set_last_zero;
+  }
 
-  if (top_1to11_32 == top_1to11) {
-    buffer = numbers_internal::FastIntToBuffer(top_1to11_32, buffer);
+  // i < 10**16, in this case 8+8
+  if (i < 10'000'000'000'000'000ull) {
+    buffer = EncodeFullU32(static_cast<uint32_t>(div08), buffer);
+    little_endian::Store64(buffer, mod_result);
+    buffer += 8;
+    goto set_last_zero;
   } else {
-    // top_1to11 has more than 32 bits too; print it in two steps.
-    uint32_t top_8to9 = static_cast<uint32_t>(top_1to11 / 100);
-    uint32_t mid_2 = static_cast<uint32_t>(top_1to11 - top_8to9 * 100);
-    buffer = numbers_internal::FastIntToBuffer(top_8to9, buffer);
-    PutTwoDigits(mid_2, buffer);
-    buffer += 2;
+    // 4 + 8 + 8
+    uint64_t div016 = i / 10'000'000'000'000'000ull;
+    buffer = EncodeTenThousand(static_cast<uint32_t>(div016), buffer);
+    uint64_t mid_result = div08 - div016 * 100'000'000ull;
+    mid_result = PrepareTenThousands(mid_result / 10000, mid_result % 10000) +
+                 kEightZeroBytes;
+    little_endian::Store64(buffer, mid_result);
+    buffer += 8;
+    little_endian::Store64(buffer, mod_result);
+    buffer += 8;
+    goto set_last_zero;
   }
-
-  // We have only 9 digits now, again the maximum uint32_t can handle fully.
-  uint32_t digits = u32 / 10000000;  // 10,000,000
-  u32 -= digits * 10000000;
-  PutTwoDigits(digits, buffer);
-  buffer += 2;
-  digits = u32 / 100000;  // 100,000
-  u32 -= digits * 100000;
-  PutTwoDigits(digits, buffer);
-  buffer += 2;
-  digits = u32 / 1000;  // 1,000
-  u32 -= digits * 1000;
-  PutTwoDigits(digits, buffer);
-  buffer += 2;
-  digits = u32 / 10;
-  u32 -= digits * 10;
-  PutTwoDigits(digits, buffer);
-  buffer += 2;
-  memcpy(buffer, one_ASCII_final_digits[u32], 2);
-  return buffer + 1;
+set_last_zero:
+  *buffer = '\0';
+  return buffer;
 }
 
 char* numbers_internal::FastIntToBuffer(int64_t i, char* buffer) {
-  uint64_t u = i;
+  uint64_t u = static_cast<uint64_t>(i);
   if (i < 0) {
     *buffer++ = '-';
     u = 0 - u;
@@ -329,7 +380,7 @@ static std::pair<uint64_t, uint64_t> PowFive(uint64_t num, int expfive) {
     result = Mul32(result, 5 * 5 * 5 * 5 * 5 * 5 * 5 * 5 * 5 * 5 * 5 * 5 * 5);
     expfive -= 13;
   }
-  constexpr int powers_of_five[13] = {
+  constexpr uint32_t powers_of_five[13] = {
       1,
       5,
       5 * 5,
@@ -404,14 +455,14 @@ static ExpDigits SplitToSix(const double value) {
   // we multiply it by 65536 and see if the fractional part is close to 32768.
   // (The number doesn't have to be a power of two,but powers of two are faster)
   uint64_t d64k = d * 65536;
-  int dddddd;  // A 6-digit decimal integer.
+  uint32_t dddddd;  // A 6-digit decimal integer.
   if ((d64k % 65536) == 32767 || (d64k % 65536) == 32768) {
     // OK, it's fairly likely that precision was lost above, which is
     // not a surprise given only 52 mantissa bits are available.  Therefore
     // redo the calculation using 128-bit numbers.  (64 bits are not enough).
 
     // Start out with digits rounded down; maybe add one below.
-    dddddd = static_cast<int>(d64k / 65536);
+    dddddd = static_cast<uint32_t>(d64k / 65536);
 
     // mantissa is a 64-bit integer representing M.mmm... * 2^63.  The actual
     // value we're representing, of course, is M.mmm... * 2^exp2.
@@ -461,7 +512,7 @@ static ExpDigits SplitToSix(const double value) {
     }
   } else {
     // Here, we are not close to the edge.
-    dddddd = static_cast<int>((d64k + 32768) / 65536);
+    dddddd = static_cast<uint32_t>((d64k + 32768) / 65536);
   }
   if (dddddd == 1000000) {
     dddddd = 100000;
@@ -469,7 +520,7 @@ static ExpDigits SplitToSix(const double value) {
   }
   exp_dig.exponent = exp;
 
-  int two_digits = dddddd / 10000;
+  uint32_t two_digits = dddddd / 10000;
   dddddd -= two_digits * 10000;
   numbers_internal::PutTwoDigits(two_digits, &exp_dig.digits[0]);
 
@@ -499,7 +550,7 @@ size_t numbers_internal::SixDigitsToBuffer(double d, char* const buffer) {
     if (std::signbit(d)) *out++ = '-';
     *out++ = '0';
     *out = 0;
-    return out - buffer;
+    return static_cast<size_t>(out - buffer);
   }
   if (d < 0) {
     *out++ = '-';
@@ -507,7 +558,7 @@ size_t numbers_internal::SixDigitsToBuffer(double d, char* const buffer) {
   }
   if (d > std::numeric_limits<double>::max()) {
     strcpy(out, "inf");  // NOLINT(runtime/printf)
-    return out + 3 - buffer;
+    return static_cast<size_t>(out + 3 - buffer);
   }
 
   auto exp_dig = SplitToSix(d);
@@ -519,7 +570,7 @@ size_t numbers_internal::SixDigitsToBuffer(double d, char* const buffer) {
     case 5:
       memcpy(out, &digits[0], 6), out += 6;
       *out = 0;
-      return out - buffer;
+      return static_cast<size_t>(out - buffer);
     case 4:
       memcpy(out, &digits[0], 5), out += 5;
       if (digits[5] != '0') {
@@ -527,7 +578,7 @@ size_t numbers_internal::SixDigitsToBuffer(double d, char* const buffer) {
         *out++ = digits[5];
       }
       *out = 0;
-      return out - buffer;
+      return static_cast<size_t>(out - buffer);
     case 3:
       memcpy(out, &digits[0], 4), out += 4;
       if ((digits[5] | digits[4]) != '0') {
@@ -536,7 +587,7 @@ size_t numbers_internal::SixDigitsToBuffer(double d, char* const buffer) {
         if (digits[5] != '0') *out++ = digits[5];
       }
       *out = 0;
-      return out - buffer;
+      return static_cast<size_t>(out - buffer);
     case 2:
       memcpy(out, &digits[0], 3), out += 3;
       *out++ = '.';
@@ -545,7 +596,7 @@ size_t numbers_internal::SixDigitsToBuffer(double d, char* const buffer) {
       while (out[-1] == '0') --out;
       if (out[-1] == '.') --out;
       *out = 0;
-      return out - buffer;
+      return static_cast<size_t>(out - buffer);
     case 1:
       memcpy(out, &digits[0], 2), out += 2;
       *out++ = '.';
@@ -554,7 +605,7 @@ size_t numbers_internal::SixDigitsToBuffer(double d, char* const buffer) {
       while (out[-1] == '0') --out;
       if (out[-1] == '.') --out;
       *out = 0;
-      return out - buffer;
+      return static_cast<size_t>(out - buffer);
     case 0:
       memcpy(out, &digits[0], 1), out += 1;
       *out++ = '.';
@@ -563,7 +614,7 @@ size_t numbers_internal::SixDigitsToBuffer(double d, char* const buffer) {
       while (out[-1] == '0') --out;
       if (out[-1] == '.') --out;
       *out = 0;
-      return out - buffer;
+      return static_cast<size_t>(out - buffer);
     case -4:
       out[2] = '0';
       ++out;
@@ -582,7 +633,7 @@ size_t numbers_internal::SixDigitsToBuffer(double d, char* const buffer) {
       out += 6;
       while (out[-1] == '0') --out;
       *out = 0;
-      return out - buffer;
+      return static_cast<size_t>(out - buffer);
   }
   assert(exp < -4 || exp >= 6);
   out[0] = digits[0];
@@ -601,12 +652,12 @@ size_t numbers_internal::SixDigitsToBuffer(double d, char* const buffer) {
   if (exp > 99) {
     int dig1 = exp / 100;
     exp -= dig1 * 100;
-    *out++ = '0' + dig1;
+    *out++ = '0' + static_cast<char>(dig1);
   }
-  PutTwoDigits(exp, out);
+  PutTwoDigits(static_cast<uint32_t>(exp), out);
   out += 2;
   *out = 0;
-  return out - buffer;
+  return static_cast<size_t>(out - buffer);
 }
 
 namespace {
@@ -642,10 +693,12 @@ inline bool safe_parse_sign_and_base(absl::string_view* text /*inout*/,
   int base = *base_ptr;
 
   // Consume whitespace.
-  while (start < end && absl::ascii_isspace(start[0])) {
+  while (start < end &&
+         absl::ascii_isspace(static_cast<unsigned char>(start[0]))) {
     ++start;
   }
-  while (start < end && absl::ascii_isspace(end[-1])) {
+  while (start < end &&
+         absl::ascii_isspace(static_cast<unsigned char>(end[-1]))) {
     --end;
   }
   if (start >= end) {
@@ -694,7 +747,7 @@ inline bool safe_parse_sign_and_base(absl::string_view* text /*inout*/,
   } else {
     return false;
   }
-  *text = absl::string_view(start, end - start);
+  *text = absl::string_view(start, static_cast<size_t>(end - start));
   *base_ptr = base;
   return true;
 }
@@ -920,17 +973,18 @@ inline bool safe_parse_positive_int(absl::string_view text, int base,
   const IntType vmax = std::numeric_limits<IntType>::max();
   assert(vmax > 0);
   assert(base >= 0);
-  assert(vmax >= static_cast<IntType>(base));
+  const IntType base_inttype = static_cast<IntType>(base);
+  assert(vmax >= base_inttype);
   const IntType vmax_over_base = LookupTables<IntType>::kVmaxOverBase[base];
   assert(base < 2 ||
-         std::numeric_limits<IntType>::max() / base == vmax_over_base);
+         std::numeric_limits<IntType>::max() / base_inttype == vmax_over_base);
   const char* start = text.data();
   const char* end = start + text.size();
   // loop over digits
   for (; start < end; ++start) {
     unsigned char c = static_cast<unsigned char>(start[0]);
-    int digit = kAsciiToInt[c];
-    if (digit >= base) {
+    IntType digit = static_cast<IntType>(kAsciiToInt[c]);
+    if (digit >= base_inttype) {
       *value_p = value;
       return false;
     }
@@ -938,7 +992,7 @@ inline bool safe_parse_positive_int(absl::string_view text, int base,
       *value_p = vmax;
       return false;
     }
-    value *= base;
+    value *= base_inttype;
     if (value > vmax - digit) {
       *value_p = vmax;
       return false;
@@ -1045,25 +1099,6 @@ ABSL_CONST_INIT ABSL_DLL const char kHexTable[513] =
     "e0e1e2e3e4e5e6e7e8e9eaebecedeeef"
     "f0f1f2f3f4f5f6f7f8f9fafbfcfdfeff";
 
-ABSL_CONST_INIT ABSL_DLL const char two_ASCII_digits[100][2] = {
-    {'0', '0'}, {'0', '1'}, {'0', '2'}, {'0', '3'}, {'0', '4'}, {'0', '5'},
-    {'0', '6'}, {'0', '7'}, {'0', '8'}, {'0', '9'}, {'1', '0'}, {'1', '1'},
-    {'1', '2'}, {'1', '3'}, {'1', '4'}, {'1', '5'}, {'1', '6'}, {'1', '7'},
-    {'1', '8'}, {'1', '9'}, {'2', '0'}, {'2', '1'}, {'2', '2'}, {'2', '3'},
-    {'2', '4'}, {'2', '5'}, {'2', '6'}, {'2', '7'}, {'2', '8'}, {'2', '9'},
-    {'3', '0'}, {'3', '1'}, {'3', '2'}, {'3', '3'}, {'3', '4'}, {'3', '5'},
-    {'3', '6'}, {'3', '7'}, {'3', '8'}, {'3', '9'}, {'4', '0'}, {'4', '1'},
-    {'4', '2'}, {'4', '3'}, {'4', '4'}, {'4', '5'}, {'4', '6'}, {'4', '7'},
-    {'4', '8'}, {'4', '9'}, {'5', '0'}, {'5', '1'}, {'5', '2'}, {'5', '3'},
-    {'5', '4'}, {'5', '5'}, {'5', '6'}, {'5', '7'}, {'5', '8'}, {'5', '9'},
-    {'6', '0'}, {'6', '1'}, {'6', '2'}, {'6', '3'}, {'6', '4'}, {'6', '5'},
-    {'6', '6'}, {'6', '7'}, {'6', '8'}, {'6', '9'}, {'7', '0'}, {'7', '1'},
-    {'7', '2'}, {'7', '3'}, {'7', '4'}, {'7', '5'}, {'7', '6'}, {'7', '7'},
-    {'7', '8'}, {'7', '9'}, {'8', '0'}, {'8', '1'}, {'8', '2'}, {'8', '3'},
-    {'8', '4'}, {'8', '5'}, {'8', '6'}, {'8', '7'}, {'8', '8'}, {'8', '9'},
-    {'9', '0'}, {'9', '1'}, {'9', '2'}, {'9', '3'}, {'9', '4'}, {'9', '5'},
-    {'9', '6'}, {'9', '7'}, {'9', '8'}, {'9', '9'}};
-
 bool safe_strto32_base(absl::string_view text, int32_t* value, int base) {
   return safe_int_internal<int32_t>(text, value, base);
 }
diff --git a/absl/strings/numbers.h b/absl/strings/numbers.h
index 86c84ed3..d7630cef 100644
--- a/absl/strings/numbers.h
+++ b/absl/strings/numbers.h
@@ -125,8 +125,6 @@ namespace numbers_internal {
 ABSL_DLL extern const char kHexChar[17];  // 0123456789abcdef
 ABSL_DLL extern const char
     kHexTable[513];  // 000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f1011...
-ABSL_DLL extern const char
-    two_ASCII_digits[100][2];  // 00, 01, 02, 03...
 
 // Writes a two-character representation of 'i' to 'buf'. 'i' must be in the
 // range 0 <= i < 100, and buf must have space for two characters. Example:
@@ -134,10 +132,7 @@ ABSL_DLL extern const char
 //   PutTwoDigits(42, buf);
 //   // buf[0] == '4'
 //   // buf[1] == '2'
-inline void PutTwoDigits(size_t i, char* buf) {
-  assert(i < 100);
-  memcpy(buf, two_ASCII_digits[i], 2);
-}
+void PutTwoDigits(uint32_t i, char* buf);
 
 // safe_strto?() functions for implementing SimpleAtoi()
 
diff --git a/absl/strings/numbers_test.cc b/absl/strings/numbers_test.cc
index 498c210d..2864bda2 100644
--- a/absl/strings/numbers_test.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/numbers_test.cc
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 #include <sys/types.h>
 
 #include <cfenv>  // NOLINT(build/c++11)
+#include <cfloat>
 #include <cinttypes>
 #include <climits>
 #include <cmath>
@@ -36,7 +37,7 @@
 
 #include "gmock/gmock.h"
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
-#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
+#include "absl/log/log.h"
 #include "absl/random/distributions.h"
 #include "absl/random/random.h"
 #include "absl/strings/internal/numbers_test_common.h"
@@ -388,9 +389,209 @@ TEST(NumbersTest, Atoi) {
 }
 
 TEST(NumbersTest, Atod) {
+  // DBL_TRUE_MIN and FLT_TRUE_MIN were not mandated in <cfloat> before C++17.
+#if !defined(DBL_TRUE_MIN)
+  static constexpr double DBL_TRUE_MIN =
+      4.940656458412465441765687928682213723650598026143247644255856825e-324;
+#endif
+#if !defined(FLT_TRUE_MIN)
+  static constexpr float FLT_TRUE_MIN =
+      1.401298464324817070923729583289916131280261941876515771757068284e-45f;
+#endif
+
   double d;
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtod("nan", &d));
+  float f;
+
+  // NaN can be spelled in multiple ways.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtod("NaN", &d));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(std::isnan(d));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtod("nAN", &d));
   EXPECT_TRUE(std::isnan(d));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtod("-nan", &d));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(std::isnan(d));
+
+  // Likewise for Infinity.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtod("inf", &d));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(std::isinf(d) && (d > 0));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtod("+Infinity", &d));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(std::isinf(d) && (d > 0));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtod("-INF", &d));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(std::isinf(d) && (d < 0));
+
+  // Parse DBL_MAX. Parsing something more than twice as big should also
+  // produce infinity.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtod("1.7976931348623157e+308", &d));
+  EXPECT_EQ(d, 1.7976931348623157e+308);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtod("5e308", &d));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(std::isinf(d) && (d > 0));
+  // Ditto, but for FLT_MAX.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtof("3.4028234663852886e+38", &f));
+  EXPECT_EQ(f, 3.4028234663852886e+38f);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtof("7e38", &f));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(std::isinf(f) && (f > 0));
+
+  // Parse the largest N such that parsing 1eN produces a finite value and the
+  // smallest M = N + 1 such that parsing 1eM produces infinity.
+  //
+  // The 309 exponent (and 39) confirms the "definition of
+  // kEiselLemireMaxExclExp10" comment in charconv.cc.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtod("1e308", &d));
+  EXPECT_EQ(d, 1e308);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(std::isinf(d));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtod("1e309", &d));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(std::isinf(d));
+  // Ditto, but for Atof instead of Atod.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtof("1e38", &f));
+  EXPECT_EQ(f, 1e38f);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(std::isinf(f));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtof("1e39", &f));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(std::isinf(f));
+
+  // Parse the largest N such that parsing 9.999999999999999999eN, with 19
+  // nines, produces a finite value.
+  //
+  // 9999999999999999999, with 19 nines but no decimal point, is the largest
+  // "repeated nines" integer that fits in a uint64_t.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtod("9.999999999999999999e307", &d));
+  EXPECT_EQ(d, 9.999999999999999999e307);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(std::isinf(d));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtod("9.999999999999999999e308", &d));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(std::isinf(d));
+  // Ditto, but for Atof instead of Atod.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtof("9.999999999999999999e37", &f));
+  EXPECT_EQ(f, 9.999999999999999999e37f);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(std::isinf(f));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtof("9.999999999999999999e38", &f));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(std::isinf(f));
+
+  // Parse DBL_MIN (normal), DBL_TRUE_MIN (subnormal) and (DBL_TRUE_MIN / 10)
+  // (effectively zero).
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtod("2.2250738585072014e-308", &d));
+  EXPECT_EQ(d, 2.2250738585072014e-308);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtod("4.9406564584124654e-324", &d));
+  EXPECT_EQ(d, 4.9406564584124654e-324);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtod("4.9406564584124654e-325", &d));
+  EXPECT_EQ(d, 0);
+  // Ditto, but for FLT_MIN, FLT_TRUE_MIN and (FLT_TRUE_MIN / 10).
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtof("1.1754943508222875e-38", &f));
+  EXPECT_EQ(f, 1.1754943508222875e-38f);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtof("1.4012984643248171e-45", &f));
+  EXPECT_EQ(f, 1.4012984643248171e-45f);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtof("1.4012984643248171e-46", &f));
+  EXPECT_EQ(f, 0);
+
+  // Parse the largest N (the most negative -N) such that parsing 1e-N produces
+  // a normal or subnormal (but still positive) or zero value.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtod("1e-307", &d));
+  EXPECT_EQ(d, 1e-307);
+  EXPECT_GE(d, DBL_MIN);
+  EXPECT_LT(d, DBL_MIN * 10);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtod("1e-323", &d));
+  EXPECT_EQ(d, 1e-323);
+  EXPECT_GE(d, DBL_TRUE_MIN);
+  EXPECT_LT(d, DBL_TRUE_MIN * 10);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtod("1e-324", &d));
+  EXPECT_EQ(d, 0);
+  // Ditto, but for Atof instead of Atod.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtof("1e-37", &f));
+  EXPECT_EQ(f, 1e-37f);
+  EXPECT_GE(f, FLT_MIN);
+  EXPECT_LT(f, FLT_MIN * 10);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtof("1e-45", &f));
+  EXPECT_EQ(f, 1e-45f);
+  EXPECT_GE(f, FLT_TRUE_MIN);
+  EXPECT_LT(f, FLT_TRUE_MIN * 10);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtof("1e-46", &f));
+  EXPECT_EQ(f, 0);
+
+  // Parse the largest N (the most negative -N) such that parsing
+  // 9.999999999999999999e-N, with 19 nines, produces a normal or subnormal
+  // (but still positive) or zero value.
+  //
+  // 9999999999999999999, with 19 nines but no decimal point, is the largest
+  // "repeated nines" integer that fits in a uint64_t.
+  //
+  // The -324/-325 exponents (and -46/-47) confirms the "definition of
+  // kEiselLemireMinInclExp10" comment in charconv.cc.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtod("9.999999999999999999e-308", &d));
+  EXPECT_EQ(d, 9.999999999999999999e-308);
+  EXPECT_GE(d, DBL_MIN);
+  EXPECT_LT(d, DBL_MIN * 10);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtod("9.999999999999999999e-324", &d));
+  EXPECT_EQ(d, 9.999999999999999999e-324);
+  EXPECT_GE(d, DBL_TRUE_MIN);
+  EXPECT_LT(d, DBL_TRUE_MIN * 10);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtod("9.999999999999999999e-325", &d));
+  EXPECT_EQ(d, 0);
+  // Ditto, but for Atof instead of Atod.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtof("9.999999999999999999e-38", &f));
+  EXPECT_EQ(f, 9.999999999999999999e-38f);
+  EXPECT_GE(f, FLT_MIN);
+  EXPECT_LT(f, FLT_MIN * 10);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtof("9.999999999999999999e-46", &f));
+  EXPECT_EQ(f, 9.999999999999999999e-46f);
+  EXPECT_GE(f, FLT_TRUE_MIN);
+  EXPECT_LT(f, FLT_TRUE_MIN * 10);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtof("9.999999999999999999e-47", &f));
+  EXPECT_EQ(f, 0);
+
+  // Leading and/or trailing whitespace is OK.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtod("  \t\r\n  2.718", &d));
+  EXPECT_EQ(d, 2.718);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtod("  3.141  ", &d));
+  EXPECT_EQ(d, 3.141);
+
+  // Leading or trailing not-whitespace is not OK.
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::SimpleAtod("n 0", &d));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::SimpleAtod("0n ", &d));
+
+  // Multiple leading 0s are OK.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtod("000123", &d));
+  EXPECT_EQ(d, 123);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtod("000.456", &d));
+  EXPECT_EQ(d, 0.456);
+
+  // An absent leading 0 (for a fraction < 1) is OK.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtod(".5", &d));
+  EXPECT_EQ(d, 0.5);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtod("-.707", &d));
+  EXPECT_EQ(d, -0.707);
+
+  // Unary + is OK.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtod("+6.0221408e+23", &d));
+  EXPECT_EQ(d, 6.0221408e+23);
+
+  // Underscores are not OK.
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::SimpleAtod("123_456", &d));
+
+  // The decimal separator must be '.' and is never ','.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtod("8.9", &d));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::SimpleAtod("8,9", &d));
+
+  // These examples are called out in the EiselLemire function's comments.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtod("4503599627370497.5", &d));
+  EXPECT_EQ(d, 4503599627370497.5);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtod("1e+23", &d));
+  EXPECT_EQ(d, 1e+23);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtod("9223372036854775807", &d));
+  EXPECT_EQ(d, 9223372036854775807);
+  // Ditto, but for Atof instead of Atod.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtof("0.0625", &f));
+  EXPECT_EQ(f, 0.0625f);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtof("20040229.0", &f));
+  EXPECT_EQ(f, 20040229.0f);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtof("2147483647.0", &f));
+  EXPECT_EQ(f, 2147483647.0f);
+
+  // Some parsing algorithms don't always round correctly (but absl::SimpleAtod
+  // should). This test case comes from
+  // https://github.com/serde-rs/json/issues/707
+  //
+  // See also atod_manual_test.cc for running many more test cases.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtod("122.416294033786585", &d));
+  EXPECT_EQ(d, 122.416294033786585);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::SimpleAtof("122.416294033786585", &f));
+  EXPECT_EQ(f, 122.416294033786585f);
 }
 
 TEST(NumbersTest, Prefixes) {
@@ -1136,11 +1337,9 @@ TEST_F(SimpleDtoaTest, ExhaustiveDoubleToSixDigits) {
     if (strcmp(sixdigitsbuf, snprintfbuf) != 0) {
       mismatches.push_back(d);
       if (mismatches.size() < 10) {
-        ABSL_RAW_LOG(ERROR, "%s",
-                     absl::StrCat("Six-digit failure with double.  ", "d=", d,
-                                  "=", d, " sixdigits=", sixdigitsbuf,
-                                  " printf(%g)=", snprintfbuf)
-                         .c_str());
+        LOG(ERROR) << "Six-digit failure with double.  d=" << d
+                   << " sixdigits=" << sixdigitsbuf
+                   << " printf(%g)=" << snprintfbuf;
       }
     }
   };
@@ -1188,12 +1387,10 @@ TEST_F(SimpleDtoaTest, ExhaustiveDoubleToSixDigits) {
       if (kFloatNumCases >= 1e9) {
         // The exhaustive test takes a very long time, so log progress.
         char buf[kSixDigitsToBufferSize];
-        ABSL_RAW_LOG(
-            INFO, "%s",
-            absl::StrCat("Exp ", exponent, " powten=", powten, "(", powten,
-                         ") (",
-                         std::string(buf, SixDigitsToBuffer(powten, buf)), ")")
-                .c_str());
+        LOG(INFO) << "Exp " << exponent << " powten=" << powten << "(" << powten
+                  << ") ("
+                  << absl::string_view(buf, SixDigitsToBuffer(powten, buf))
+                  << ")";
       }
       for (int digits : digit_testcases) {
         if (exponent == 308 && digits >= 179769) break;  // don't overflow!
@@ -1218,20 +1415,17 @@ TEST_F(SimpleDtoaTest, ExhaustiveDoubleToSixDigits) {
       double before = nextafter(d, 0.0);
       double after = nextafter(d, 1.7976931348623157e308);
       char b1[32], b2[kSixDigitsToBufferSize];
-      ABSL_RAW_LOG(
-          ERROR, "%s",
-          absl::StrCat(
-              "Mismatch #", i, "  d=", d, " (", ToNineDigits(d), ")",
-              " sixdigits='", sixdigitsbuf, "'", " snprintf='", snprintfbuf,
-              "'", " Before.=", PerfectDtoa(before), " ",
-              (SixDigitsToBuffer(before, b2), b2),
-              " vs snprintf=", (snprintf(b1, sizeof(b1), "%g", before), b1),
-              " Perfect=", PerfectDtoa(d), " ", (SixDigitsToBuffer(d, b2), b2),
-              " vs snprintf=", (snprintf(b1, sizeof(b1), "%g", d), b1),
-              " After.=.", PerfectDtoa(after), " ",
-              (SixDigitsToBuffer(after, b2), b2),
-              " vs snprintf=", (snprintf(b1, sizeof(b1), "%g", after), b1))
-              .c_str());
+      LOG(ERROR) << "Mismatch #" << i << "  d=" << d << " (" << ToNineDigits(d)
+                 << ") sixdigits='" << sixdigitsbuf << "' snprintf='"
+                 << snprintfbuf << "' Before.=" << PerfectDtoa(before) << " "
+                 << (SixDigitsToBuffer(before, b2), b2) << " vs snprintf="
+                 << (snprintf(b1, sizeof(b1), "%g", before), b1)
+                 << " Perfect=" << PerfectDtoa(d) << " "
+                 << (SixDigitsToBuffer(d, b2), b2)
+                 << " vs snprintf=" << (snprintf(b1, sizeof(b1), "%g", d), b1)
+                 << " After.=." << PerfectDtoa(after) << " "
+                 << (SixDigitsToBuffer(after, b2), b2) << " vs snprintf="
+                 << (snprintf(b1, sizeof(b1), "%g", after), b1);
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/absl/strings/str_cat.cc b/absl/strings/str_cat.cc
index f4a77493..2e49c31b 100644
--- a/absl/strings/str_cat.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/str_cat.cc
@@ -17,65 +17,19 @@
 #include <assert.h>
 
 #include <algorithm>
+#include <cstddef>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <cstring>
+#include <string>
 
 #include "absl/strings/ascii.h"
 #include "absl/strings/internal/resize_uninitialized.h"
 #include "absl/strings/numbers.h"
+#include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
 
 namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 
-AlphaNum::AlphaNum(Hex hex) {
-  static_assert(numbers_internal::kFastToBufferSize >= 32,
-                "This function only works when output buffer >= 32 bytes long");
-  char* const end = &digits_[numbers_internal::kFastToBufferSize];
-  auto real_width =
-      absl::numbers_internal::FastHexToBufferZeroPad16(hex.value, end - 16);
-  if (real_width >= hex.width) {
-    piece_ = absl::string_view(end - real_width, real_width);
-  } else {
-    // Pad first 16 chars because FastHexToBufferZeroPad16 pads only to 16 and
-    // max pad width can be up to 20.
-    std::memset(end - 32, hex.fill, 16);
-    // Patch up everything else up to the real_width.
-    std::memset(end - real_width - 16, hex.fill, 16);
-    piece_ = absl::string_view(end - hex.width, hex.width);
-  }
-}
-
-AlphaNum::AlphaNum(Dec dec) {
-  assert(dec.width <= numbers_internal::kFastToBufferSize);
-  char* const end = &digits_[numbers_internal::kFastToBufferSize];
-  char* const minfill = end - dec.width;
-  char* writer = end;
-  uint64_t value = dec.value;
-  bool neg = dec.neg;
-  while (value > 9) {
-    *--writer = '0' + (value % 10);
-    value /= 10;
-  }
-  *--writer = '0' + value;
-  if (neg) *--writer = '-';
-
-  ptrdiff_t fillers = writer - minfill;
-  if (fillers > 0) {
-    // Tricky: if the fill character is ' ', then it's <fill><+/-><digits>
-    // But...: if the fill character is '0', then it's <+/-><fill><digits>
-    bool add_sign_again = false;
-    if (neg && dec.fill == '0') {  // If filling with '0',
-      ++writer;                    // ignore the sign we just added
-      add_sign_again = true;       // and re-add the sign later.
-    }
-    writer -= fillers;
-    std::fill_n(writer, fillers, dec.fill);
-    if (add_sign_again) *--writer = '-';
-  }
-
-  piece_ = absl::string_view(writer, end - writer);
-}
-
 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 // StrCat()
 //    This merges the given strings or integers, with no delimiter. This
@@ -141,12 +95,12 @@ namespace strings_internal {
 std::string CatPieces(std::initializer_list<absl::string_view> pieces) {
   std::string result;
   size_t total_size = 0;
-  for (const absl::string_view& piece : pieces) total_size += piece.size();
+  for (absl::string_view piece : pieces) total_size += piece.size();
   strings_internal::STLStringResizeUninitialized(&result, total_size);
 
   char* const begin = &result[0];
   char* out = begin;
-  for (const absl::string_view& piece : pieces) {
+  for (absl::string_view piece : pieces) {
     const size_t this_size = piece.size();
     if (this_size != 0) {
       memcpy(out, piece.data(), this_size);
@@ -170,7 +124,7 @@ void AppendPieces(std::string* dest,
                   std::initializer_list<absl::string_view> pieces) {
   size_t old_size = dest->size();
   size_t total_size = old_size;
-  for (const absl::string_view& piece : pieces) {
+  for (absl::string_view piece : pieces) {
     ASSERT_NO_OVERLAP(*dest, piece);
     total_size += piece.size();
   }
@@ -178,7 +132,7 @@ void AppendPieces(std::string* dest,
 
   char* const begin = &(*dest)[0];
   char* out = begin + old_size;
-  for (const absl::string_view& piece : pieces) {
+  for (absl::string_view piece : pieces) {
     const size_t this_size = piece.size();
     if (this_size != 0) {
       memcpy(out, piece.data(), this_size);
@@ -192,7 +146,13 @@ void AppendPieces(std::string* dest,
 
 void StrAppend(std::string* dest, const AlphaNum& a) {
   ASSERT_NO_OVERLAP(*dest, a);
-  dest->append(a.data(), a.size());
+  std::string::size_type old_size = dest->size();
+  strings_internal::STLStringResizeUninitializedAmortized(dest,
+                                                          old_size + a.size());
+  char* const begin = &(*dest)[0];
+  char* out = begin + old_size;
+  out = Append(out, a);
+  assert(out == begin + dest->size());
 }
 
 void StrAppend(std::string* dest, const AlphaNum& a, const AlphaNum& b) {
diff --git a/absl/strings/str_cat.h b/absl/strings/str_cat.h
index a94bc5df..d5f71ff0 100644
--- a/absl/strings/str_cat.h
+++ b/absl/strings/str_cat.h
@@ -48,18 +48,58 @@
 // `StrCat()` or `StrAppend()`. You may specify a minimum hex field width using
 // a `PadSpec` enum.
 //
+// User-defined types can be formatted with the `AbslStringify()` customization
+// point. The API relies on detecting an overload in the user-defined type's
+// namespace of a free (non-member) `AbslStringify()` function as a definition
+// (typically declared as a friend and implemented in-line.
+// with the following signature:
+//
+// class MyClass { ... };
+//
+// template <typename Sink>
+// void AbslStringify(Sink& sink, const MyClass& value);
+//
+// An `AbslStringify()` overload for a type should only be declared in the same
+// file and namespace as said type.
+//
+// Note that `AbslStringify()` also supports use with `absl::StrFormat()` and
+// `absl::Substitute()`.
+//
+// Example:
+//
+// struct Point {
+//   // To add formatting support to `Point`, we simply need to add a free
+//   // (non-member) function `AbslStringify()`. This method specifies how
+//   // Point should be printed when absl::StrCat() is called on it. You can add
+//   // such a free function using a friend declaration within the body of the
+//   // class. The sink parameter is a templated type to avoid requiring
+//   // dependencies.
+//   template <typename Sink> friend void AbslStringify(Sink&
+//   sink, const Point& p) {
+//     absl::Format(&sink, "(%v, %v)", p.x, p.y);
+//   }
+//
+//   int x;
+//   int y;
+// };
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 #ifndef ABSL_STRINGS_STR_CAT_H_
 #define ABSL_STRINGS_STR_CAT_H_
 
+#include <algorithm>
 #include <array>
 #include <cstdint>
+#include <cstring>
 #include <string>
 #include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
 #include "absl/base/port.h"
+#include "absl/strings/internal/has_absl_stringify.h"
+#include "absl/strings/internal/stringify_sink.h"
 #include "absl/strings/numbers.h"
 #include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
 
@@ -164,6 +204,27 @@ struct Hex {
   explicit Hex(Pointee* v, PadSpec spec = absl::kNoPad)
       : Hex(spec, reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(v)) {}
 
+  template <typename S>
+  friend void AbslStringify(S& sink, Hex hex) {
+    static_assert(
+        numbers_internal::kFastToBufferSize >= 32,
+        "This function only works when output buffer >= 32 bytes long");
+    char buffer[numbers_internal::kFastToBufferSize];
+    char* const end = &buffer[numbers_internal::kFastToBufferSize];
+    auto real_width =
+        absl::numbers_internal::FastHexToBufferZeroPad16(hex.value, end - 16);
+    if (real_width >= hex.width) {
+      sink.Append(absl::string_view(end - real_width, real_width));
+    } else {
+      // Pad first 16 chars because FastHexToBufferZeroPad16 pads only to 16 and
+      // max pad width can be up to 20.
+      std::memset(end - 32, hex.fill, 16);
+      // Patch up everything else up to the real_width.
+      std::memset(end - real_width - 16, hex.fill, 16);
+      sink.Append(absl::string_view(end - hex.width, hex.width));
+    }
+  }
+
  private:
   Hex(PadSpec spec, uint64_t v)
       : value(v),
@@ -198,6 +259,38 @@ struct Dec {
                                              : spec - absl::kZeroPad2 + 2),
         fill(spec >= absl::kSpacePad2 ? ' ' : '0'),
         neg(v < 0) {}
+
+  template <typename S>
+  friend void AbslStringify(S& sink, Dec dec) {
+    assert(dec.width <= numbers_internal::kFastToBufferSize);
+    char buffer[numbers_internal::kFastToBufferSize];
+    char* const end = &buffer[numbers_internal::kFastToBufferSize];
+    char* const minfill = end - dec.width;
+    char* writer = end;
+    uint64_t val = dec.value;
+    while (val > 9) {
+      *--writer = '0' + (val % 10);
+      val /= 10;
+    }
+    *--writer = '0' + static_cast<char>(val);
+    if (dec.neg) *--writer = '-';
+
+    ptrdiff_t fillers = writer - minfill;
+    if (fillers > 0) {
+      // Tricky: if the fill character is ' ', then it's <fill><+/-><digits>
+      // But...: if the fill character is '0', then it's <+/-><fill><digits>
+      bool add_sign_again = false;
+      if (dec.neg && dec.fill == '0') {  // If filling with '0',
+        ++writer;                    // ignore the sign we just added
+        add_sign_again = true;       // and re-add the sign later.
+      }
+      writer -= fillers;
+      std::fill_n(writer, fillers, dec.fill);
+      if (add_sign_again) *--writer = '-';
+    }
+
+    sink.Append(absl::string_view(writer, static_cast<size_t>(end - writer)));
+  }
 };
 
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -205,8 +298,10 @@ struct Dec {
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 //
 // The `AlphaNum` class acts as the main parameter type for `StrCat()` and
-// `StrAppend()`, providing efficient conversion of numeric, boolean, and
-// hexadecimal values (through the `Hex` type) into strings.
+// `StrAppend()`, providing efficient conversion of numeric, boolean, decimal,
+// and hexadecimal values (through the `Dec` and `Hex` types) into strings.
+// `AlphaNum` should only be used as a function parameter. Do not instantiate
+//  `AlphaNum` directly as a stack variable.
 
 class AlphaNum {
  public:
@@ -243,21 +338,30 @@ class AlphaNum {
   AlphaNum(double f)  // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
       : piece_(digits_, numbers_internal::SixDigitsToBuffer(f, digits_)) {}
 
-  AlphaNum(Hex hex);  // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
-  AlphaNum(Dec dec);  // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
-
   template <size_t size>
   AlphaNum(  // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
-      const strings_internal::AlphaNumBuffer<size>& buf)
+      const strings_internal::AlphaNumBuffer<size>& buf
+          ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND)
       : piece_(&buf.data[0], buf.size) {}
 
-  AlphaNum(const char* c_str)                     // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
-      : piece_(NullSafeStringView(c_str)) {}      // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
-  AlphaNum(absl::string_view pc) : piece_(pc) {}  // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
+  AlphaNum(const char* c_str  // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
+               ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND)
+      : piece_(NullSafeStringView(c_str)) {}
+  AlphaNum(absl::string_view pc  // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
+               ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND)
+      : piece_(pc) {}
+
+  template <typename T, typename = typename std::enable_if<
+                            strings_internal::HasAbslStringify<T>::value>::type>
+  AlphaNum(  // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
+      const T& v ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND,
+      strings_internal::StringifySink&& sink ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND = {})
+      : piece_(strings_internal::ExtractStringification(sink, v)) {}
 
   template <typename Allocator>
   AlphaNum(  // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
-      const std::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, Allocator>& str)
+      const std::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, Allocator>& str
+          ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND)
       : piece_(str) {}
 
   // Use string literals ":" instead of character literals ':'.
@@ -270,13 +374,24 @@ class AlphaNum {
   const char* data() const { return piece_.data(); }
   absl::string_view Piece() const { return piece_; }
 
-  // Normal enums are already handled by the integer formatters.
-  // This overload matches only scoped enums.
+  // Match unscoped enums.  Use integral promotion so that a `char`-backed
+  // enum becomes a wider integral type AlphaNum will accept.
   template <typename T,
             typename = typename std::enable_if<
-                std::is_enum<T>{} && !std::is_convertible<T, int>{}>::type>
+                std::is_enum<T>{} && std::is_convertible<T, int>{} &&
+                !strings_internal::HasAbslStringify<T>::value>::type>
+  AlphaNum(T e)  // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
+      : AlphaNum(+e) {}
+
+  // This overload matches scoped enums.  We must explicitly cast to the
+  // underlying type, but use integral promotion for the same reason as above.
+  template <typename T,
+            typename std::enable_if<
+                std::is_enum<T>{} && !std::is_convertible<T, int>{} &&
+                    !strings_internal::HasAbslStringify<T>::value,
+                char*>::type = nullptr>
   AlphaNum(T e)  // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
-      : AlphaNum(static_cast<typename std::underlying_type<T>::type>(e)) {}
+      : AlphaNum(+static_cast<typename std::underlying_type<T>::type>(e)) {}
 
   // vector<bool>::reference and const_reference require special help to
   // convert to `AlphaNum` because it requires two user defined conversions.
diff --git a/absl/strings/str_cat_test.cc b/absl/strings/str_cat_test.cc
index 69df2502..2d74245e 100644
--- a/absl/strings/str_cat_test.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/str_cat_test.cc
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_format.h"
 #include "absl/strings/substitute.h"
 
 #ifdef __ANDROID__
@@ -442,7 +443,7 @@ TEST(StrCat, AvoidsMemcpyWithNullptr) {
   EXPECT_EQ(result, "12345");
 }
 
-#ifdef GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
+#if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
 TEST(StrAppend, Death) {
   std::string s = "self";
   // on linux it's "assertion", on mac it's "Assertion",
@@ -612,4 +613,53 @@ TEST(Numbers, TestFunctionsMovedOverFromNumbersMain) {
   TestFastPrints();
 }
 
+struct PointStringify {
+  template <typename FormatSink>
+  friend void AbslStringify(FormatSink& sink, const PointStringify& p) {
+    sink.Append("(");
+    sink.Append(absl::StrCat(p.x));
+    sink.Append(", ");
+    sink.Append(absl::StrCat(p.y));
+    sink.Append(")");
+  }
+
+  double x = 10.0;
+  double y = 20.0;
+};
+
+TEST(StrCat, AbslStringifyExample) {
+  PointStringify p;
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrCat(p), "(10, 20)");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrCat("a ", p, " z"), "a (10, 20) z");
+}
+
+struct PointStringifyUsingFormat {
+  template <typename FormatSink>
+  friend void AbslStringify(FormatSink& sink,
+                            const PointStringifyUsingFormat& p) {
+    absl::Format(&sink, "(%g, %g)", p.x, p.y);
+  }
+
+  double x = 10.0;
+  double y = 20.0;
+};
+
+TEST(StrCat, AbslStringifyExampleUsingFormat) {
+  PointStringifyUsingFormat p;
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrCat(p), "(10, 20)");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrCat("a ", p, " z"), "a (10, 20) z");
+}
+
+enum class EnumWithStringify { Many = 0, Choices = 1 };
+
+template <typename Sink>
+void AbslStringify(Sink& sink, EnumWithStringify e) {
+  absl::Format(&sink, "%s", e == EnumWithStringify::Many ? "Many" : "Choices");
+}
+
+TEST(StrCat, AbslStringifyWithEnum) {
+  const auto e = EnumWithStringify::Choices;
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrCat(e), "Choices");
+}
+
 }  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/strings/str_format.h b/absl/strings/str_format.h
index 4b05c70c..023e4350 100644
--- a/absl/strings/str_format.h
+++ b/absl/strings/str_format.h
@@ -36,10 +36,12 @@
 //   * `absl::StreamFormat()` to more efficiently write a format string to a
 //     stream, such as`std::cout`.
 //   * `absl::PrintF()`, `absl::FPrintF()` and `absl::SNPrintF()` as
-//     replacements for `std::printf()`, `std::fprintf()` and `std::snprintf()`.
+//     drop-in replacements for `std::printf()`, `std::fprintf()` and
+//     `std::snprintf()`.
 //
-//     Note: a version of `std::sprintf()` is not supported as it is
-//     generally unsafe due to buffer overflows.
+//     Note: An `absl::SPrintF()` drop-in replacement is not supported as it
+//     is generally unsafe due to buffer overflows. Use `absl::StrFormat` which
+//     returns the string as output instead of expecting a pre-allocated buffer.
 //
 // Additionally, you can provide a format string (and its associated arguments)
 // using one of the following abstractions:
@@ -191,9 +193,9 @@ class FormatCountCapture {
 //   absl::StrFormat(formatString, "TheVillage", 6);
 //
 // A format string generally follows the POSIX syntax as used within the POSIX
-// `printf` specification.
+// `printf` specification. (Exceptions are noted below.)
 //
-// (See http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/fprintf.html.)
+// (See http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/fprintf.html)
 //
 // In specific, the `FormatSpec` supports the following type specifiers:
 //   * `c` for characters
@@ -211,6 +213,10 @@ class FormatCountCapture {
 //   * `n` for the special case of writing out the number of characters
 //     written to this point. The resulting value must be captured within an
 //     `absl::FormatCountCapture` type.
+//   * `v` for values using the default format for a deduced type. These deduced
+//     types include many of the primitive types denoted here as well as
+//     user-defined types containing the proper extensions. (See below for more
+//     information.)
 //
 // Implementation-defined behavior:
 //   * A null pointer provided to "%s" or "%p" is output as "(nil)".
@@ -239,11 +245,21 @@ class FormatCountCapture {
 //         "%s%d%n", "hello", 123, absl::FormatCountCapture(&n));
 //     EXPECT_EQ(8, n);
 //
+// NOTE: the `v` specifier (for "value") is a type specifier not present in the
+// POSIX specification. %v will format values according to their deduced type.
+// `v` uses `d` for signed integer values, `u` for unsigned integer values, `g`
+// for floating point values, and formats boolean values as "true"/"false"
+// (instead of 1 or 0 for booleans formatted using d). `const char*` is not
+// supported; please use `std:string` and `string_view`. `char` is also not
+// supported due to ambiguity of the type. This specifier does not support
+// modifiers.
+//
 // The `FormatSpec` intrinsically supports all of these fundamental C++ types:
 //
 // *   Characters: `char`, `signed char`, `unsigned char`
 // *   Integers: `int`, `short`, `unsigned short`, `unsigned`, `long`,
 //         `unsigned long`, `long long`, `unsigned long long`
+// *   Enums: printed as their underlying integral value
 // *   Floating-point: `float`, `double`, `long double`
 //
 // However, in the `str_format` library, a format conversion specifies a broader
@@ -570,6 +586,41 @@ ABSL_MUST_USE_RESULT inline bool FormatUntyped(
 // StrFormat Extensions
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 //
+// AbslStringify()
+//
+// A simpler customization API for formatting user-defined types using
+// absl::StrFormat(). The API relies on detecting an overload in the
+// user-defined type's namespace of a free (non-member) `AbslStringify()`
+// function as a friend definition with the following signature:
+//
+// template <typename Sink>
+// void AbslStringify(Sink& sink, const X& value);
+//
+// An `AbslStringify()` overload for a type should only be declared in the same
+// file and namespace as said type.
+//
+// Note that unlike with AbslFormatConvert(), AbslStringify() does not allow
+// customization of allowed conversion characters. AbslStringify() uses `%v` as
+// the underlying conversion specififer. Additionally, AbslStringify() supports
+// use with absl::StrCat while AbslFormatConvert() does not.
+//
+// Example:
+//
+// struct Point {
+//   // To add formatting support to `Point`, we simply need to add a free
+//   // (non-member) function `AbslStringify()`. This method prints in the
+//   // request format using the underlying `%v` specifier. You can add such a
+//   // free function using a friend declaration within the body of the class.
+//   // The sink parameter is a templated type to avoid requiring dependencies.
+//   template <typename Sink>
+//   friend void AbslStringify(Sink& sink, const Point& p) {
+//     absl::Format(&sink, "(%v, %v)", p.x, p.y);
+//   }
+//
+//   int x;
+//   int y;
+// };
+//
 // AbslFormatConvert()
 //
 // The StrFormat library provides a customization API for formatting
@@ -616,9 +667,9 @@ ABSL_MUST_USE_RESULT inline bool FormatUntyped(
 //   AbslFormatConvert(const Point& p, const absl::FormatConversionSpec& spec,
 //                     absl::FormatSink* s) {
 //     if (spec.conversion_char() == absl::FormatConversionChar::s) {
-//       s->Append(absl::StrCat("x=", p.x, " y=", p.y));
+//       absl::Format(s, "x=%vy=%v", p.x, p.y);
 //     } else {
-//       s->Append(absl::StrCat(p.x, ",", p.y));
+//       absl::Format(s, "%v,%v", p.x, p.y);
 //     }
 //     return {true};
 //   }
@@ -637,7 +688,7 @@ enum class FormatConversionChar : uint8_t {
   c, s,                    // text
   d, i, o, u, x, X,        // int
   f, F, e, E, g, G, a, A,  // float
-  n, p                     // misc
+  n, p, v                  // misc
 };
 // clang-format on
 
@@ -757,6 +808,7 @@ enum class FormatConversionCharSet : uint64_t {
   // misc
   n = str_format_internal::FormatConversionCharToConvInt('n'),
   p = str_format_internal::FormatConversionCharToConvInt('p'),
+  v = str_format_internal::FormatConversionCharToConvInt('v'),
 
   // Used for width/precision '*' specification.
   kStar = static_cast<uint64_t>(
@@ -771,23 +823,36 @@ enum class FormatConversionCharSet : uint64_t {
 
 // FormatSink
 //
-// An abstraction to which conversions write their string data.
+// A format sink is a generic abstraction to which conversions may write their
+// formatted string data. `absl::FormatConvert()` uses this sink to write its
+// formatted string.
 //
 class FormatSink {
  public:
-  // Appends `count` copies of `ch`.
+  // FormatSink::Append()
+  //
+  // Appends `count` copies of `ch` to the format sink.
   void Append(size_t count, char ch) { sink_->Append(count, ch); }
 
+  // Overload of FormatSink::Append() for appending the characters of a string
+  // view to a format sink.
   void Append(string_view v) { sink_->Append(v); }
 
-  // Appends the first `precision` bytes of `v`. If this is less than
-  // `width`, spaces will be appended first (if `left` is false), or
+  // FormatSink::PutPaddedString()
+  //
+  // Appends `precision` number of bytes of `v` to the format sink. If this is
+  // less than `width`, spaces will be appended first (if `left` is false), or
   // after (if `left` is true) to ensure the total amount appended is
   // at least `width`.
   bool PutPaddedString(string_view v, int width, int precision, bool left) {
     return sink_->PutPaddedString(v, width, precision, left);
   }
 
+  // Support `absl::Format(&sink, format, args...)`.
+  friend void AbslFormatFlush(FormatSink* sink, absl::string_view v) {
+    sink->Append(v);
+  }
+
  private:
   friend str_format_internal::FormatSinkImpl;
   explicit FormatSink(str_format_internal::FormatSinkImpl* s) : sink_(s) {}
diff --git a/absl/strings/str_format_test.cc b/absl/strings/str_format_test.cc
index 804e6c22..20fd0289 100644
--- a/absl/strings/str_format_test.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/str_format_test.cc
@@ -42,6 +42,18 @@ TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, Format) {
   EXPECT_TRUE(Format(&sink, pc, 123));
   EXPECT_EQ("A format 123", sink);
 }
+
+TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, FormatWithV) {
+  std::string sink;
+  EXPECT_TRUE(Format(&sink, "A format %v", 123));
+  EXPECT_EQ("A format 123", sink);
+  sink.clear();
+
+  ParsedFormat<'v'> pc("A format %v");
+  EXPECT_TRUE(Format(&sink, pc, 123));
+  EXPECT_EQ("A format 123", sink);
+}
+
 TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, UntypedFormat) {
   constexpr const char* formats[] = {
     "",
@@ -84,6 +96,14 @@ TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, StringFormat) {
   EXPECT_EQ("=123=", StrFormat(view, 123));
 }
 
+TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, StringFormatV) {
+  std::string hello = "hello";
+  EXPECT_EQ("hello", StrFormat("%v", hello));
+  EXPECT_EQ("123", StrFormat("%v", 123));
+  constexpr absl::string_view view("=%v=", 4);
+  EXPECT_EQ("=123=", StrFormat(view, 123));
+}
+
 TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, AppendFormat) {
   std::string s;
   std::string& r = StrAppendFormat(&s, "%d", 123);
@@ -91,6 +111,13 @@ TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, AppendFormat) {
   EXPECT_EQ("123", r);
 }
 
+TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, AppendFormatWithV) {
+  std::string s;
+  std::string& r = StrAppendFormat(&s, "%v", 123);
+  EXPECT_EQ(&s, &r);  // should be same object
+  EXPECT_EQ("123", r);
+}
+
 TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, AppendFormatFail) {
   std::string s = "orig";
 
@@ -103,15 +130,33 @@ TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, AppendFormatFail) {
                 {&arg, 1}));
 }
 
+TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, AppendFormatFailWithV) {
+  std::string s = "orig";
+
+  UntypedFormatSpec format(" more %v");
+  FormatArgImpl arg("not an int");
+
+  EXPECT_EQ("orig",
+            str_format_internal::AppendPack(
+                &s, str_format_internal::UntypedFormatSpecImpl::Extract(format),
+                {&arg, 1}));
+}
 
 TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, ManyArgs) {
-  EXPECT_EQ("24", StrFormat("%24$d", 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,
-                            14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24));
-  EXPECT_EQ("60", StrFormat("%60$d", 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,
-                            14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26,
-                            27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39,
-                            40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52,
-                            53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60));
+  EXPECT_EQ(
+      "60 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 "
+      "36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 "
+      "12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1",
+      StrFormat("%60$d %59$d %58$d %57$d %56$d %55$d %54$d %53$d %52$d %51$d "
+                "%50$d %49$d %48$d %47$d %46$d %45$d %44$d %43$d %42$d %41$d "
+                "%40$d %39$d %38$d %37$d %36$d %35$d %34$d %33$d %32$d %31$d "
+                "%30$d %29$d %28$d %27$d %26$d %25$d %24$d %23$d %22$d %21$d "
+                "%20$d %19$d %18$d %17$d %16$d %15$d %14$d %13$d %12$d %11$d "
+                "%10$d %9$d %8$d %7$d %6$d %5$d %4$d %3$d %2$d %1$d",
+                1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18,
+                19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34,
+                35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50,
+                51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60));
 }
 
 TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, Preparsed) {
@@ -123,6 +168,15 @@ TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, Preparsed) {
   EXPECT_EQ("=123=", StrFormat(ParsedFormat<'d'>(view), 123));
 }
 
+TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, PreparsedWithV) {
+  ParsedFormat<'v'> pc("%v");
+  EXPECT_EQ("123", StrFormat(pc, 123));
+  // rvalue ok?
+  EXPECT_EQ("123", StrFormat(ParsedFormat<'v'>("%v"), 123));
+  constexpr absl::string_view view("=%v=", 4);
+  EXPECT_EQ("=123=", StrFormat(ParsedFormat<'v'>(view), 123));
+}
+
 TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, FormatCountCapture) {
   int n = 0;
   EXPECT_EQ("", StrFormat("%n", FormatCountCapture(&n)));
@@ -131,6 +185,14 @@ TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, FormatCountCapture) {
   EXPECT_EQ(3, n);
 }
 
+TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, FormatCountCaptureWithV) {
+  int n = 0;
+  EXPECT_EQ("", StrFormat("%n", FormatCountCapture(&n)));
+  EXPECT_EQ(0, n);
+  EXPECT_EQ("123", StrFormat("%v%n", 123, FormatCountCapture(&n)));
+  EXPECT_EQ(3, n);
+}
+
 TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, FormatCountCaptureWrongType) {
   // Should reject int*.
   int n = 0;
@@ -143,6 +205,18 @@ TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, FormatCountCaptureWrongType) {
                     absl::MakeSpan(args)));
 }
 
+TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, FormatCountCaptureWrongTypeWithV) {
+  // Should reject int*.
+  int n = 0;
+  UntypedFormatSpec format("%v%n");
+  int i = 123, *ip = &n;
+  FormatArgImpl args[2] = {FormatArgImpl(i), FormatArgImpl(ip)};
+
+  EXPECT_EQ("", str_format_internal::FormatPack(
+                    str_format_internal::UntypedFormatSpecImpl::Extract(format),
+                    absl::MakeSpan(args)));
+}
+
 TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, FormatCountCaptureMultiple) {
   int n1 = 0;
   int n2 = 0;
@@ -165,6 +239,21 @@ TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, FormatCountCaptureExample) {
       s);
 }
 
+TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, FormatCountCaptureExampleWithV) {
+  int n;
+  std::string s;
+  std::string a1 = "(1,1)";
+  std::string a2 = "(1,2)";
+  std::string a3 = "(2,2)";
+  StrAppendFormat(&s, "%v: %n%v\n", a1, FormatCountCapture(&n), a2);
+  StrAppendFormat(&s, "%*s%v\n", n, "", a3);
+  EXPECT_EQ(7, n);
+  EXPECT_EQ(
+      "(1,1): (1,2)\n"
+      "       (2,2)\n",
+      s);
+}
+
 TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, Stream) {
   const std::string formats[] = {
     "",
@@ -183,7 +272,7 @@ TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, Stream) {
     std::ostringstream oss;
     oss << StreamFormat(*parsed, 123, 3, 49, "multistreaming!!!", 1.01, 1.01);
     int fmt_result = snprintf(&*buf.begin(), buf.size(), fmt.c_str(),  //
-                                 123, 3, 49, "multistreaming!!!", 1.01, 1.01);
+                              123, 3, 49, "multistreaming!!!", 1.01, 1.01);
     ASSERT_TRUE(oss) << fmt;
     ASSERT_TRUE(fmt_result >= 0 && static_cast<size_t>(fmt_result) < buf.size())
         << fmt_result;
@@ -191,6 +280,36 @@ TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, Stream) {
   }
 }
 
+TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, StreamWithV) {
+  const std::string formats[] = {
+      "",
+      "a",
+      "%v %u %c %v %f %v",
+  };
+
+  const std::string formats_for_buf[] = {
+      "",
+      "a",
+      "%d %u %c %s %f %g",
+  };
+
+  std::string buf(4096, '\0');
+  for (auto i = 0; i < ABSL_ARRAYSIZE(formats); ++i) {
+    const auto parsed =
+        ParsedFormat<'v', 'u', 'c', 'v', 'f', 'v'>::NewAllowIgnored(formats[i]);
+    std::ostringstream oss;
+    oss << StreamFormat(*parsed, 123, 3, 49,
+                        absl::string_view("multistreaming!!!"), 1.01, 1.01);
+    int fmt_result =
+        snprintf(&*buf.begin(), buf.size(), formats_for_buf[i].c_str(),  //
+                 123, 3, 49, "multistreaming!!!", 1.01, 1.01);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(oss) << formats[i];
+    ASSERT_TRUE(fmt_result >= 0 && static_cast<size_t>(fmt_result) < buf.size())
+        << fmt_result;
+    EXPECT_EQ(buf.c_str(), oss.str());
+  }
+}
+
 TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, StreamOk) {
   std::ostringstream oss;
   oss << StreamFormat("hello %d", 123);
@@ -198,6 +317,13 @@ TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, StreamOk) {
   EXPECT_TRUE(oss.good());
 }
 
+TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, StreamOkWithV) {
+  std::ostringstream oss;
+  oss << StreamFormat("hello %v", 123);
+  EXPECT_EQ("hello 123", oss.str());
+  EXPECT_TRUE(oss.good());
+}
+
 TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, StreamFail) {
   std::ostringstream oss;
   UntypedFormatSpec format("hello %d");
@@ -208,6 +334,16 @@ TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, StreamFail) {
   EXPECT_TRUE(oss.fail());
 }
 
+TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, StreamFailWithV) {
+  std::ostringstream oss;
+  UntypedFormatSpec format("hello %v");
+  FormatArgImpl arg("non-numeric");
+  oss << str_format_internal::Streamable(
+      str_format_internal::UntypedFormatSpecImpl::Extract(format), {&arg, 1});
+  EXPECT_EQ("hello ", oss.str());  // partial write
+  EXPECT_TRUE(oss.fail());
+}
+
 std::string WithSnprintf(const char* fmt, ...) {
   std::string buf;
   buf.resize(128);
@@ -249,6 +385,12 @@ TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, FormatStreamed) {
   EXPECT_EQ("123", StrFormat("%s", FormatStreamed(StreamFormat("%d", 123))));
 }
 
+TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, FormatStreamedWithV) {
+  EXPECT_EQ("123", StrFormat("%v", FormatStreamed(123)));
+  EXPECT_EQ("X", StrFormat("%v", FormatStreamed(streamed_test::X())));
+  EXPECT_EQ("123", StrFormat("%v", FormatStreamed(StreamFormat("%d", 123))));
+}
+
 // Helper class that creates a temporary file and exposes a FILE* to it.
 // It will close the file on destruction.
 class TempFile {
@@ -284,6 +426,14 @@ TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, FPrintF) {
   EXPECT_EQ(tmp.ReadFile(), "STRING: ABC NUMBER: -000000019");
 }
 
+TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, FPrintFWithV) {
+  TempFile tmp;
+  int result =
+      FPrintF(tmp.file(), "STRING: %v NUMBER: %010d", std::string("ABC"), -19);
+  EXPECT_EQ(result, 30);
+  EXPECT_EQ(tmp.ReadFile(), "STRING: ABC NUMBER: -000000019");
+}
+
 TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, FPrintFError) {
   errno = 0;
   int result = FPrintF(stdin, "ABC");
@@ -318,6 +468,23 @@ TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, PrintF) {
   EXPECT_EQ(result, 30);
   EXPECT_EQ(tmp.ReadFile(), "STRING: ABC NUMBER: -000000019");
 }
+
+TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, PrintFWithV) {
+  int stdout_tmp = dup(STDOUT_FILENO);
+
+  TempFile tmp;
+  std::fflush(stdout);
+  dup2(fileno(tmp.file()), STDOUT_FILENO);
+
+  int result = PrintF("STRING: %v NUMBER: %010d", std::string("ABC"), -19);
+
+  std::fflush(stdout);
+  dup2(stdout_tmp, STDOUT_FILENO);
+  close(stdout_tmp);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(result, 30);
+  EXPECT_EQ(tmp.ReadFile(), "STRING: ABC NUMBER: -000000019");
+}
 #endif  // __GLIBC__
 
 TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, SNPrintF) {
@@ -347,9 +514,41 @@ TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, SNPrintF) {
   EXPECT_EQ(result, 37);
 }
 
+TEST_F(FormatEntryPointTest, SNPrintFWithV) {
+  char buffer[16];
+  int result =
+      SNPrintF(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "STRING: %v", std::string("ABC"));
+  EXPECT_EQ(result, 11);
+  EXPECT_EQ(std::string(buffer), "STRING: ABC");
+
+  result = SNPrintF(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "NUMBER: %v", 123456);
+  EXPECT_EQ(result, 14);
+  EXPECT_EQ(std::string(buffer), "NUMBER: 123456");
+
+  result = SNPrintF(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "NUMBER: %v", 1234567);
+  EXPECT_EQ(result, 15);
+  EXPECT_EQ(std::string(buffer), "NUMBER: 1234567");
+
+  result = SNPrintF(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "NUMBER: %v", 12345678);
+  EXPECT_EQ(result, 16);
+  EXPECT_EQ(std::string(buffer), "NUMBER: 1234567");
+
+  result = SNPrintF(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "NUMBER: %v", 123456789);
+  EXPECT_EQ(result, 17);
+  EXPECT_EQ(std::string(buffer), "NUMBER: 1234567");
+
+  std::string size = "size";
+
+  result = SNPrintF(nullptr, 0, "Just checking the %v of the output.", size);
+  EXPECT_EQ(result, 37);
+}
+
 TEST(StrFormat, BehavesAsDocumented) {
   std::string s = absl::StrFormat("%s, %d!", "Hello", 123);
   EXPECT_EQ("Hello, 123!", s);
+  std::string hello = "Hello";
+  std::string s2 = absl::StrFormat("%v, %v!", hello, 123);
+  EXPECT_EQ("Hello, 123!", s2);
   // The format of a replacement is
   // '%'[position][flags][width['.'precision]][length_modifier][format]
   EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrFormat("%1$+3.2Lf", 1.1), "+1.10");
@@ -364,22 +563,31 @@ TEST(StrFormat, BehavesAsDocumented) {
   //     "s" - string       Eg: "C" -> "C", std::string("C++") -> "C++"
   //           Formats std::string, char*, string_view, and Cord.
   EXPECT_EQ(StrFormat("%s", "C"), "C");
+  EXPECT_EQ(StrFormat("%v", std::string("C")), "C");
   EXPECT_EQ(StrFormat("%s", std::string("C++")), "C++");
+  EXPECT_EQ(StrFormat("%v", std::string("C++")), "C++");
   EXPECT_EQ(StrFormat("%s", string_view("view")), "view");
+  EXPECT_EQ(StrFormat("%v", string_view("view")), "view");
   EXPECT_EQ(StrFormat("%s", absl::Cord("cord")), "cord");
+  EXPECT_EQ(StrFormat("%v", absl::Cord("cord")), "cord");
   // Integral Conversion
   //     These format integral types: char, int, long, uint64_t, etc.
   EXPECT_EQ(StrFormat("%d", char{10}), "10");
   EXPECT_EQ(StrFormat("%d", int{10}), "10");
   EXPECT_EQ(StrFormat("%d", long{10}), "10");  // NOLINT
   EXPECT_EQ(StrFormat("%d", uint64_t{10}), "10");
+  EXPECT_EQ(StrFormat("%v", int{10}), "10");
+  EXPECT_EQ(StrFormat("%v", long{10}), "10");  // NOLINT
+  EXPECT_EQ(StrFormat("%v", uint64_t{10}), "10");
   //     d,i - signed decimal          Eg: -10 -> "-10"
   EXPECT_EQ(StrFormat("%d", -10), "-10");
   EXPECT_EQ(StrFormat("%i", -10), "-10");
+  EXPECT_EQ(StrFormat("%v", -10), "-10");
   //      o  - octal                   Eg:  10 -> "12"
   EXPECT_EQ(StrFormat("%o", 10), "12");
   //      u  - unsigned decimal        Eg:  10 -> "10"
   EXPECT_EQ(StrFormat("%u", 10), "10");
+  EXPECT_EQ(StrFormat("%v", 10), "10");
   //     x/X - lower,upper case hex    Eg:  10 -> "a"/"A"
   EXPECT_EQ(StrFormat("%x", 10), "a");
   EXPECT_EQ(StrFormat("%X", 10), "A");
@@ -404,6 +612,8 @@ TEST(StrFormat, BehavesAsDocumented) {
   EXPECT_EQ(StrFormat("%g", .01), "0.01");
   EXPECT_EQ(StrFormat("%g", 1e10), "1e+10");
   EXPECT_EQ(StrFormat("%G", 1e10), "1E+10");
+  EXPECT_EQ(StrFormat("%v", .01), "0.01");
+  EXPECT_EQ(StrFormat("%v", 1e10), "1e+10");
   //     a/A - lower,upper case hex    Eg: -3.0 -> "-0x1.8p+1"/"-0X1.8P+1"
 
 // On Android platform <=21, there is a regression in hexfloat formatting.
@@ -428,6 +638,8 @@ TEST(StrFormat, BehavesAsDocumented) {
   EXPECT_EQ(StrFormat("%#o", 10), "012");
   EXPECT_EQ(StrFormat("%#x", 15), "0xf");
   EXPECT_EQ(StrFormat("%04d", 8), "0008");
+  EXPECT_EQ(StrFormat("%#04x", 0), "0000");
+  EXPECT_EQ(StrFormat("%#04x", 1), "0x01");
   // Posix positional substitution.
   EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrFormat("%2$s, %3$s, %1$s!", "vici", "veni", "vidi"),
             "veni, vidi, vici!");
@@ -441,6 +653,11 @@ TEST(StrFormat, BehavesAsDocumented) {
   EXPECT_EQ(StrFormat("%zd", int{1}), "1");
   EXPECT_EQ(StrFormat("%td", int{1}), "1");
   EXPECT_EQ(StrFormat("%qd", int{1}), "1");
+
+  // Bool is handled correctly depending on whether %v is used
+  EXPECT_EQ(StrFormat("%v", true), "true");
+  EXPECT_EQ(StrFormat("%v", false), "false");
+  EXPECT_EQ(StrFormat("%d", true), "1");
 }
 
 using str_format_internal::ExtendedParsedFormat;
@@ -490,6 +707,15 @@ TEST_F(ParsedFormatTest, SimpleChecked) {
             SummarizeParsedFormat(ParsedFormat<'s', '*', 'd'>("%s %.*d")));
 }
 
+TEST_F(ParsedFormatTest, SimpleCheckedWithV) {
+  EXPECT_EQ("[ABC]{v:1$v}[DEF]",
+            SummarizeParsedFormat(ParsedFormat<'v'>("ABC%vDEF")));
+  EXPECT_EQ("{v:1$v}[FFF]{v:2$v}[ZZZ]{f:3$f}",
+            SummarizeParsedFormat(ParsedFormat<'v', 'v', 'f'>("%vFFF%vZZZ%f")));
+  EXPECT_EQ("{v:1$v}[ ]{.*d:3$.2$*d}",
+            SummarizeParsedFormat(ParsedFormat<'v', '*', 'd'>("%v %.*d")));
+}
+
 TEST_F(ParsedFormatTest, SimpleUncheckedCorrect) {
   auto f = ParsedFormat<'d'>::New("ABC%dDEF");
   ASSERT_TRUE(f);
@@ -520,6 +746,23 @@ TEST_F(ParsedFormatTest, SimpleUncheckedCorrect) {
             SummarizeParsedFormat(*dollar));
 }
 
+TEST_F(ParsedFormatTest, SimpleUncheckedCorrectWithV) {
+  auto f = ParsedFormat<'v'>::New("ABC%vDEF");
+  ASSERT_TRUE(f);
+  EXPECT_EQ("[ABC]{v:1$v}[DEF]", SummarizeParsedFormat(*f));
+
+  std::string format = "%vFFF%vZZZ%f";
+  auto f2 = ParsedFormat<'v', 'v', 'f'>::New(format);
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(f2);
+  EXPECT_EQ("{v:1$v}[FFF]{v:2$v}[ZZZ]{f:3$f}", SummarizeParsedFormat(*f2));
+
+  f2 = ParsedFormat<'v', 'v', 'f'>::New("%v %v %f");
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(f2);
+  EXPECT_EQ("{v:1$v}[ ]{v:2$v}[ ]{f:3$f}", SummarizeParsedFormat(*f2));
+}
+
 TEST_F(ParsedFormatTest, SimpleUncheckedIgnoredArgs) {
   EXPECT_FALSE((ParsedFormat<'d', 's'>::New("ABC")));
   EXPECT_FALSE((ParsedFormat<'d', 's'>::New("%dABC")));
@@ -535,6 +778,18 @@ TEST_F(ParsedFormatTest, SimpleUncheckedIgnoredArgs) {
   EXPECT_EQ("[ABC]{2$s:2$s}", SummarizeParsedFormat(*f));
 }
 
+TEST_F(ParsedFormatTest, SimpleUncheckedIgnoredArgsWithV) {
+  EXPECT_FALSE((ParsedFormat<'v', 'v'>::New("ABC")));
+  EXPECT_FALSE((ParsedFormat<'v', 'v'>::New("%vABC")));
+  EXPECT_FALSE((ParsedFormat<'v', 's'>::New("ABC%2$s")));
+  auto f = ParsedFormat<'v', 'v'>::NewAllowIgnored("ABC");
+  ASSERT_TRUE(f);
+  EXPECT_EQ("[ABC]", SummarizeParsedFormat(*f));
+  f = ParsedFormat<'v', 'v'>::NewAllowIgnored("%vABC");
+  ASSERT_TRUE(f);
+  EXPECT_EQ("{v:1$v}[ABC]", SummarizeParsedFormat(*f));
+}
+
 TEST_F(ParsedFormatTest, SimpleUncheckedUnsupported) {
   EXPECT_FALSE(ParsedFormat<'d'>::New("%1$d %1$x"));
   EXPECT_FALSE(ParsedFormat<'x'>::New("%1$d %1$x"));
@@ -549,6 +804,15 @@ TEST_F(ParsedFormatTest, SimpleUncheckedIncorrect) {
   EXPECT_FALSE((ParsedFormat<'s', 'd', 'g'>::New(format)));
 }
 
+TEST_F(ParsedFormatTest, SimpleUncheckedIncorrectWithV) {
+  EXPECT_FALSE(ParsedFormat<'v'>::New(""));
+
+  EXPECT_FALSE(ParsedFormat<'v'>::New("ABC%vDEF%v"));
+
+  std::string format = "%vFFF%vZZZ%f";
+  EXPECT_FALSE((ParsedFormat<'v', 'v', 'g'>::New(format)));
+}
+
 #if defined(__cpp_nontype_template_parameter_auto)
 
 template <auto T>
@@ -595,6 +859,23 @@ TEST_F(ParsedFormatTest, ExtendedTyping) {
                          's'>::New("%s%s");
   ASSERT_TRUE(v4);
 }
+
+TEST_F(ParsedFormatTest, ExtendedTypingWithV) {
+  EXPECT_FALSE(ParsedFormat<FormatConversionCharSet::v>::New(""));
+  ASSERT_TRUE(ParsedFormat<absl::FormatConversionCharSet::v>::New("%v"));
+  auto v1 = ParsedFormat<'v', absl::FormatConversionCharSet::v>::New("%v%v");
+  ASSERT_TRUE(v1);
+  auto v2 = ParsedFormat<absl::FormatConversionCharSet::v, 'v'>::New("%v%v");
+  ASSERT_TRUE(v2);
+  auto v3 = ParsedFormat<absl::FormatConversionCharSet::v |
+                             absl::FormatConversionCharSet::v,
+                         'v'>::New("%v%v");
+  ASSERT_TRUE(v3);
+  auto v4 = ParsedFormat<absl::FormatConversionCharSet::v |
+                             absl::FormatConversionCharSet::v,
+                         'v'>::New("%v%v");
+  ASSERT_TRUE(v4);
+}
 #endif
 
 TEST_F(ParsedFormatTest, UncheckedCorrect) {
@@ -638,6 +919,28 @@ TEST_F(ParsedFormatTest, UncheckedCorrect) {
             SummarizeParsedFormat(*dollar));
 }
 
+TEST_F(ParsedFormatTest, UncheckedCorrectWithV) {
+  auto f =
+      ExtendedParsedFormat<absl::FormatConversionCharSet::v>::New("ABC%vDEF");
+  ASSERT_TRUE(f);
+  EXPECT_EQ("[ABC]{v:1$v}[DEF]", SummarizeParsedFormat(*f));
+
+  std::string format = "%vFFF%vZZZ%f";
+  auto f2 = ExtendedParsedFormat<
+      absl::FormatConversionCharSet::v, absl::FormatConversionCharSet::v,
+      absl::FormatConversionCharSet::kFloating>::New(format);
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(f2);
+  EXPECT_EQ("{v:1$v}[FFF]{v:2$v}[ZZZ]{f:3$f}", SummarizeParsedFormat(*f2));
+
+  f2 = ExtendedParsedFormat<
+      absl::FormatConversionCharSet::v, absl::FormatConversionCharSet::v,
+      absl::FormatConversionCharSet::kFloating>::New("%v %v %f");
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(f2);
+  EXPECT_EQ("{v:1$v}[ ]{v:2$v}[ ]{f:3$f}", SummarizeParsedFormat(*f2));
+}
+
 TEST_F(ParsedFormatTest, UncheckedIgnoredArgs) {
   EXPECT_FALSE(
       (ExtendedParsedFormat<absl::FormatConversionCharSet::d,
@@ -665,6 +968,28 @@ TEST_F(ParsedFormatTest, UncheckedIgnoredArgs) {
   EXPECT_EQ("[ABC]{2$s:2$s}", SummarizeParsedFormat(*f));
 }
 
+TEST_F(ParsedFormatTest, UncheckedIgnoredArgsWithV) {
+  EXPECT_FALSE(
+      (ExtendedParsedFormat<absl::FormatConversionCharSet::v,
+                            absl::FormatConversionCharSet::v>::New("ABC")));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(
+      (ExtendedParsedFormat<absl::FormatConversionCharSet::v,
+                            absl::FormatConversionCharSet::v>::New("%vABC")));
+  EXPECT_FALSE((ExtendedParsedFormat<absl::FormatConversionCharSet::v,
+                                     absl::FormatConversionCharSet::s>::
+                    New("ABC%2$s")));
+  auto f = ExtendedParsedFormat<
+      absl::FormatConversionCharSet::v,
+      absl::FormatConversionCharSet::v>::NewAllowIgnored("ABC");
+  ASSERT_TRUE(f);
+  EXPECT_EQ("[ABC]", SummarizeParsedFormat(*f));
+  f = ExtendedParsedFormat<
+      absl::FormatConversionCharSet::v,
+      absl::FormatConversionCharSet::v>::NewAllowIgnored("%vABC");
+  ASSERT_TRUE(f);
+  EXPECT_EQ("{v:1$v}[ABC]", SummarizeParsedFormat(*f));
+}
+
 TEST_F(ParsedFormatTest, UncheckedMultipleTypes) {
   auto dx =
       ExtendedParsedFormat<absl::FormatConversionCharSet::d |
@@ -691,12 +1016,35 @@ TEST_F(ParsedFormatTest, UncheckedIncorrect) {
                             absl::FormatConversionCharSet::g>::New(format)));
 }
 
+TEST_F(ParsedFormatTest, UncheckedIncorrectWithV) {
+  EXPECT_FALSE(ExtendedParsedFormat<absl::FormatConversionCharSet::v>::New(""));
+
+  EXPECT_FALSE(ExtendedParsedFormat<absl::FormatConversionCharSet::v>::New(
+      "ABC%vDEF%v"));
+
+  std::string format = "%vFFF%vZZZ%f";
+  EXPECT_FALSE(
+      (ExtendedParsedFormat<absl::FormatConversionCharSet::v,
+                            absl::FormatConversionCharSet::g>::New(format)));
+}
+
 TEST_F(ParsedFormatTest, RegressionMixPositional) {
   EXPECT_FALSE(
       (ExtendedParsedFormat<absl::FormatConversionCharSet::d,
                             absl::FormatConversionCharSet::o>::New("%1$d %o")));
 }
 
+TEST_F(ParsedFormatTest, DisallowModifiersWithV) {
+  auto f = ParsedFormat<'v'>::New("ABC%80vDEF");
+  EXPECT_EQ(f, nullptr);
+
+  f = ParsedFormat<'v'>::New("ABC%0vDEF");
+  EXPECT_EQ(f, nullptr);
+
+  f = ParsedFormat<'v'>::New("ABC%.1vDEF");
+  EXPECT_EQ(f, nullptr);
+}
+
 using FormatWrapperTest = ::testing::Test;
 
 // Plain wrapper for StrFormat.
@@ -710,11 +1058,22 @@ TEST_F(FormatWrapperTest, ConstexprStringFormat) {
   EXPECT_EQ(WrappedFormat("%s there", "hello"), "hello there");
 }
 
+TEST_F(FormatWrapperTest, ConstexprStringFormatWithV) {
+  std::string hello = "hello";
+  EXPECT_EQ(WrappedFormat("%v there", hello), "hello there");
+}
+
 TEST_F(FormatWrapperTest, ParsedFormat) {
   ParsedFormat<'s'> format("%s there");
   EXPECT_EQ(WrappedFormat(format, "hello"), "hello there");
 }
 
+TEST_F(FormatWrapperTest, ParsedFormatWithV) {
+  std::string hello = "hello";
+  ParsedFormat<'v'> format("%v there");
+  EXPECT_EQ(WrappedFormat(format, hello), "hello there");
+}
+
 }  // namespace
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
 }  // namespace absl
@@ -724,7 +1083,8 @@ using FormatExtensionTest = ::testing::Test;
 
 struct Point {
   friend absl::FormatConvertResult<absl::FormatConversionCharSet::kString |
-                                   absl::FormatConversionCharSet::kIntegral>
+                                   absl::FormatConversionCharSet::kIntegral |
+                                   absl::FormatConversionCharSet::v>
   AbslFormatConvert(const Point& p, const absl::FormatConversionSpec& spec,
                     absl::FormatSink* s) {
     if (spec.conversion_char() == absl::FormatConversionChar::s) {
@@ -743,6 +1103,7 @@ TEST_F(FormatExtensionTest, AbslFormatConvertExample) {
   Point p;
   EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrFormat("a %s z", p), "a x=10 y=20 z");
   EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrFormat("a %d z", p), "a 10,20 z");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrFormat("a %v z", p), "a 10,20 z");
 
   // Typed formatting will fail to compile an invalid format.
   // StrFormat("%f", p);  // Does not compile.
@@ -751,6 +1112,83 @@ TEST_F(FormatExtensionTest, AbslFormatConvertExample) {
   // FormatUntyped will return false for bad character.
   EXPECT_FALSE(absl::FormatUntyped(&actual, f1, {absl::FormatArg(p)}));
 }
+
+struct PointStringify {
+  template <typename FormatSink>
+  friend void AbslStringify(FormatSink& sink, const PointStringify& p) {
+    sink.Append(absl::StrCat("(", p.x, ", ", p.y, ")"));
+  }
+
+  double x = 10.0;
+  double y = 20.0;
+};
+
+TEST_F(FormatExtensionTest, AbslStringifyExample) {
+  PointStringify p;
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrFormat("a %v z", p), "a (10, 20) z");
+}
+
+struct PointStringifyUsingFormat {
+  template <typename FormatSink>
+  friend void AbslStringify(FormatSink& sink,
+                            const PointStringifyUsingFormat& p) {
+    absl::Format(&sink, "(%g, %g)", p.x, p.y);
+  }
+
+  double x = 10.0;
+  double y = 20.0;
+};
+
+TEST_F(FormatExtensionTest, AbslStringifyExampleUsingFormat) {
+  PointStringifyUsingFormat p;
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrFormat("a %v z", p), "a (10, 20) z");
+}
+
+enum class EnumClassWithStringify { Many = 0, Choices = 1 };
+
+template <typename Sink>
+void AbslStringify(Sink& sink, EnumClassWithStringify e) {
+  absl::Format(&sink, "%s",
+               e == EnumClassWithStringify::Many ? "Many" : "Choices");
+}
+
+enum EnumWithStringify { Many, Choices };
+
+template <typename Sink>
+void AbslStringify(Sink& sink, EnumWithStringify e) {
+  absl::Format(&sink, "%s", e == EnumWithStringify::Many ? "Many" : "Choices");
+}
+
+TEST_F(FormatExtensionTest, AbslStringifyWithEnumWithV) {
+  const auto e_class = EnumClassWithStringify::Choices;
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrFormat("My choice is %v", e_class),
+            "My choice is Choices");
+
+  const auto e = EnumWithStringify::Choices;
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrFormat("My choice is %v", e), "My choice is Choices");
+}
+
+TEST_F(FormatExtensionTest, AbslStringifyEnumWithD) {
+  const auto e_class = EnumClassWithStringify::Many;
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrFormat("My choice is %d", e_class), "My choice is 0");
+
+  const auto e = EnumWithStringify::Choices;
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrFormat("My choice is %d", e), "My choice is 1");
+}
+
+enum class EnumWithLargerValue { x = 32 };
+
+template <typename Sink>
+void AbslStringify(Sink& sink, EnumWithLargerValue e) {
+  absl::Format(&sink, "%s", "Many");
+}
+
+TEST_F(FormatExtensionTest, AbslStringifyEnumOtherSpecifiers) {
+  const auto e = EnumWithLargerValue::x;
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrFormat("My choice is %g", e), "My choice is 32");
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrFormat("My choice is %x", e), "My choice is 20");
+}
+
 }  // namespace
 
 // Some codegen thunks that we can use to easily dump the generated assembly for
diff --git a/absl/strings/str_split.cc b/absl/strings/str_split.cc
index e08c26b6..72ba7c02 100644
--- a/absl/strings/str_split.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/str_split.cc
@@ -60,19 +60,23 @@ absl::string_view GenericFind(absl::string_view text,
 // Finds using absl::string_view::find(), therefore the length of the found
 // delimiter is delimiter.length().
 struct LiteralPolicy {
-  size_t Find(absl::string_view text, absl::string_view delimiter, size_t pos) {
+  static size_t Find(absl::string_view text, absl::string_view delimiter,
+                     size_t pos) {
     return text.find(delimiter, pos);
   }
-  size_t Length(absl::string_view delimiter) { return delimiter.length(); }
+  static size_t Length(absl::string_view delimiter) {
+    return delimiter.length();
+  }
 };
 
 // Finds using absl::string_view::find_first_of(), therefore the length of the
 // found delimiter is 1.
 struct AnyOfPolicy {
-  size_t Find(absl::string_view text, absl::string_view delimiter, size_t pos) {
+  static size_t Find(absl::string_view text, absl::string_view delimiter,
+                     size_t pos) {
     return text.find_first_of(delimiter, pos);
   }
-  size_t Length(absl::string_view /* delimiter */) { return 1; }
+  static size_t Length(absl::string_view /* delimiter */) { return 1; }
 };
 
 }  // namespace
@@ -123,8 +127,7 @@ ByLength::ByLength(ptrdiff_t length) : length_(length) {
   ABSL_RAW_CHECK(length > 0, "");
 }
 
-absl::string_view ByLength::Find(absl::string_view text,
-                                      size_t pos) const {
+absl::string_view ByLength::Find(absl::string_view text, size_t pos) const {
   pos = std::min(pos, text.size());  // truncate `pos`
   absl::string_view substr = text.substr(pos);
   // If the string is shorter than the chunk size we say we
diff --git a/absl/strings/str_split_test.cc b/absl/strings/str_split_test.cc
index 1b4427b8..04a64a42 100644
--- a/absl/strings/str_split_test.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/str_split_test.cc
@@ -369,7 +369,7 @@ TEST(SplitIterator, EqualityAsEndCondition) {
 TEST(Splitter, RangeIterators) {
   auto splitter = absl::StrSplit("a,b,c", ',');
   std::vector<absl::string_view> output;
-  for (const absl::string_view& p : splitter) {
+  for (absl::string_view p : splitter) {
     output.push_back(p);
   }
   EXPECT_THAT(output, ElementsAre("a", "b", "c"));
diff --git a/absl/strings/string_view.cc b/absl/strings/string_view.cc
index adce3be9..f20ff530 100644
--- a/absl/strings/string_view.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/string_view.cc
@@ -21,18 +21,41 @@
 #include <cstring>
 #include <ostream>
 
-#include "absl/strings/internal/memutil.h"
-
 namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 
 namespace {
+
+// This is significantly faster for case-sensitive matches with very
+// few possible matches.
+const char* memmatch(const char* phaystack, size_t haylen, const char* pneedle,
+                     size_t neelen) {
+  if (0 == neelen) {
+    return phaystack;  // even if haylen is 0
+  }
+  if (haylen < neelen) return nullptr;
+
+  const char* match;
+  const char* hayend = phaystack + haylen - neelen + 1;
+  // A static cast is used here to work around the fact that memchr returns
+  // a void* on Posix-compliant systems and const void* on Windows.
+  while (
+      (match = static_cast<const char*>(memchr(
+           phaystack, pneedle[0], static_cast<size_t>(hayend - phaystack))))) {
+    if (memcmp(match, pneedle, neelen) == 0)
+      return match;
+    else
+      phaystack = match + 1;
+  }
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
 void WritePadding(std::ostream& o, size_t pad) {
   char fill_buf[32];
   memset(fill_buf, o.fill(), sizeof(fill_buf));
   while (pad) {
     size_t n = std::min(pad, sizeof(fill_buf));
-    o.write(fill_buf, n);
+    o.write(fill_buf, static_cast<std::streamsize>(n));
     pad -= n;
   }
 }
@@ -63,7 +86,7 @@ std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& o, string_view piece) {
     size_t lpad = 0;
     size_t rpad = 0;
     if (static_cast<size_t>(o.width()) > piece.size()) {
-      size_t pad = o.width() - piece.size();
+      size_t pad = static_cast<size_t>(o.width()) - piece.size();
       if ((o.flags() & o.adjustfield) == o.left) {
         rpad = pad;
       } else {
@@ -71,7 +94,7 @@ std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& o, string_view piece) {
       }
     }
     if (lpad) WritePadding(o, lpad);
-    o.write(piece.data(), piece.size());
+    o.write(piece.data(), static_cast<std::streamsize>(piece.size()));
     if (rpad) WritePadding(o, rpad);
     o.width(0);
   }
@@ -84,9 +107,8 @@ string_view::size_type string_view::find(string_view s,
     if (empty() && pos == 0 && s.empty()) return 0;
     return npos;
   }
-  const char* result =
-      strings_internal::memmatch(ptr_ + pos, length_ - pos, s.ptr_, s.length_);
-  return result ? result - ptr_ : npos;
+  const char* result = memmatch(ptr_ + pos, length_ - pos, s.ptr_, s.length_);
+  return result ? static_cast<size_type>(result - ptr_) : npos;
 }
 
 string_view::size_type string_view::find(char c, size_type pos) const noexcept {
@@ -95,7 +117,7 @@ string_view::size_type string_view::find(char c, size_type pos) const noexcept {
   }
   const char* result =
       static_cast<const char*>(memchr(ptr_ + pos, c, length_ - pos));
-  return result != nullptr ? result - ptr_ : npos;
+  return result != nullptr ? static_cast<size_type>(result - ptr_) : npos;
 }
 
 string_view::size_type string_view::rfind(string_view s,
@@ -104,7 +126,7 @@ string_view::size_type string_view::rfind(string_view s,
   if (s.empty()) return std::min(length_, pos);
   const char* last = ptr_ + std::min(length_ - s.length_, pos) + s.length_;
   const char* result = std::find_end(ptr_, last, s.ptr_, s.ptr_ + s.length_);
-  return result != last ? result - ptr_ : npos;
+  return result != last ? static_cast<size_type>(result - ptr_) : npos;
 }
 
 // Search range is [0..pos] inclusive.  If pos == npos, search everything.
diff --git a/absl/strings/string_view.h b/absl/strings/string_view.h
index e3239f57..eae11b2a 100644
--- a/absl/strings/string_view.h
+++ b/absl/strings/string_view.h
@@ -63,12 +63,6 @@ ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
 #define ABSL_INTERNAL_STRING_VIEW_MEMCMP memcmp
 #endif  // ABSL_HAVE_BUILTIN(__builtin_memcmp)
 
-#if defined(__cplusplus) && __cplusplus >= 201402L
-#define ABSL_INTERNAL_STRING_VIEW_CXX14_CONSTEXPR constexpr
-#else
-#define ABSL_INTERNAL_STRING_VIEW_CXX14_CONSTEXPR
-#endif
-
 namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 
@@ -341,7 +335,7 @@ class string_view {
   //
   // Removes the first `n` characters from the `string_view`. Note that the
   // underlying string is not changed, only the view.
-  ABSL_INTERNAL_STRING_VIEW_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void remove_prefix(size_type n) {
+  constexpr void remove_prefix(size_type n) {
     ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(n <= length_);
     ptr_ += n;
     length_ -= n;
@@ -351,7 +345,7 @@ class string_view {
   //
   // Removes the last `n` characters from the `string_view`. Note that the
   // underlying string is not changed, only the view.
-  ABSL_INTERNAL_STRING_VIEW_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void remove_suffix(size_type n) {
+  constexpr void remove_suffix(size_type n) {
     ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(n <= length_);
     length_ -= n;
   }
@@ -359,7 +353,7 @@ class string_view {
   // string_view::swap()
   //
   // Swaps this `string_view` with another `string_view`.
-  ABSL_INTERNAL_STRING_VIEW_CXX14_CONSTEXPR void swap(string_view& s) noexcept {
+  constexpr void swap(string_view& s) noexcept {
     auto t = *this;
     *this = s;
     s = t;
@@ -678,7 +672,6 @@ std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& o, string_view piece);
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
 }  // namespace absl
 
-#undef ABSL_INTERNAL_STRING_VIEW_CXX14_CONSTEXPR
 #undef ABSL_INTERNAL_STRING_VIEW_MEMCMP
 
 #endif  // ABSL_USES_STD_STRING_VIEW
diff --git a/absl/strings/string_view_test.cc b/absl/strings/string_view_test.cc
index 9d5463a1..990c211a 100644
--- a/absl/strings/string_view_test.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/string_view_test.cc
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ TEST(StringViewTest, Ctor) {
     // Null.
     absl::string_view s10;
     EXPECT_TRUE(s10.data() == nullptr);
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, s10.length());
+    EXPECT_EQ(0u, s10.length());
   }
 
   {
@@ -90,17 +90,17 @@ TEST(StringViewTest, Ctor) {
     const char* hello = "hello";
     absl::string_view s20(hello);
     EXPECT_TRUE(s20.data() == hello);
-    EXPECT_EQ(5, s20.length());
+    EXPECT_EQ(5u, s20.length());
 
     // const char* with length.
     absl::string_view s21(hello, 4);
     EXPECT_TRUE(s21.data() == hello);
-    EXPECT_EQ(4, s21.length());
+    EXPECT_EQ(4u, s21.length());
 
     // Not recommended, but valid C++
     absl::string_view s22(hello, 6);
     EXPECT_TRUE(s22.data() == hello);
-    EXPECT_EQ(6, s22.length());
+    EXPECT_EQ(6u, s22.length());
   }
 
   {
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ TEST(StringViewTest, Ctor) {
     std::string hola = "hola";
     absl::string_view s30(hola);
     EXPECT_TRUE(s30.data() == hola.data());
-    EXPECT_EQ(4, s30.length());
+    EXPECT_EQ(4u, s30.length());
 
     // std::string with embedded '\0'.
     hola.push_back('\0');
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ TEST(StringViewTest, Ctor) {
     hola.push_back('\0');
     absl::string_view s31(hola);
     EXPECT_TRUE(s31.data() == hola.data());
-    EXPECT_EQ(8, s31.length());
+    EXPECT_EQ(8u, s31.length());
   }
 
   {
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ TEST(StringViewTest, STLComparator) {
   map.insert(std::make_pair(p1, 0));
   map.insert(std::make_pair(p2, 1));
   map.insert(std::make_pair(p3, 2));
-  EXPECT_EQ(map.size(), 3);
+  EXPECT_EQ(map.size(), 3u);
 
   TestMap::const_iterator iter = map.begin();
   EXPECT_EQ(iter->second, 1);
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@ TEST(StringViewTest, STLComparator) {
   EXPECT_TRUE(new_iter != map.end());
 
   map.erase(new_iter);
-  EXPECT_EQ(map.size(), 2);
+  EXPECT_EQ(map.size(), 2u);
 
   iter = map.begin();
   EXPECT_EQ(iter->second, 2);
@@ -261,11 +261,11 @@ TEST(StringViewTest, ComparisonOperators) {
 
 TEST(StringViewTest, ComparisonOperatorsByCharacterPosition) {
   std::string x;
-  for (int i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
     x += 'a';
     std::string y = x;
     COMPARE(true, ==, x, y);
-    for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
+    for (size_t j = 0; j < i; j++) {
       std::string z = x;
       z[j] = 'b';       // Differs in position 'j'
       COMPARE(false, ==, x, z);
@@ -341,12 +341,12 @@ TEST(StringViewTest, STL1) {
   EXPECT_EQ(*(c.rend() - 1), 'x');
   EXPECT_TRUE(a.rbegin() + 26 == a.rend());
 
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.size(), 26);
-  EXPECT_EQ(b.size(), 3);
-  EXPECT_EQ(c.size(), 3);
-  EXPECT_EQ(d.size(), 6);
-  EXPECT_EQ(e.size(), 0);
-  EXPECT_EQ(f.size(), 7);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.size(), 26u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(b.size(), 3u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(c.size(), 3u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(d.size(), 6u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(e.size(), 0u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(f.size(), 7u);
 
   EXPECT_TRUE(!d.empty());
   EXPECT_TRUE(d.begin() != d.end());
@@ -356,17 +356,17 @@ TEST(StringViewTest, STL1) {
   EXPECT_TRUE(e.begin() == e.end());
 
   char buf[4] = { '%', '%', '%', '%' };
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.copy(buf, 4), 4);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.copy(buf, 4), 4u);
   EXPECT_EQ(buf[0], a[0]);
   EXPECT_EQ(buf[1], a[1]);
   EXPECT_EQ(buf[2], a[2]);
   EXPECT_EQ(buf[3], a[3]);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.copy(buf, 3, 7), 3);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.copy(buf, 3, 7), 3u);
   EXPECT_EQ(buf[0], a[7]);
   EXPECT_EQ(buf[1], a[8]);
   EXPECT_EQ(buf[2], a[9]);
   EXPECT_EQ(buf[3], a[3]);
-  EXPECT_EQ(c.copy(buf, 99), 3);
+  EXPECT_EQ(c.copy(buf, 99), 3u);
   EXPECT_EQ(buf[0], c[0]);
   EXPECT_EQ(buf[1], c[1]);
   EXPECT_EQ(buf[2], c[2]);
@@ -393,22 +393,22 @@ TEST(StringViewTest, STL2) {
       7);
 
   d = absl::string_view();
-  EXPECT_EQ(d.size(), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(d.size(), 0u);
   EXPECT_TRUE(d.empty());
   EXPECT_TRUE(d.data() == nullptr);
   EXPECT_TRUE(d.begin() == d.end());
 
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find(b), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find(b), 0u);
   EXPECT_EQ(a.find(b, 1), absl::string_view::npos);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find(c), 23);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find(c, 9), 23);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find(c), 23u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find(c, 9), 23u);
   EXPECT_EQ(a.find(c, absl::string_view::npos), absl::string_view::npos);
   EXPECT_EQ(b.find(c), absl::string_view::npos);
   EXPECT_EQ(b.find(c, absl::string_view::npos), absl::string_view::npos);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find(d), 0);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find(e), 0);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find(d, 12), 12);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find(e, 17), 17);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find(d), 0u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find(e), 0u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find(d, 12), 12u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find(e, 17), 17u);
   absl::string_view g("xx not found bb");
   EXPECT_EQ(a.find(g), absl::string_view::npos);
   // empty string nonsense
@@ -427,17 +427,17 @@ TEST(StringViewTest, STL2) {
   EXPECT_EQ(e.find(d, 4), std::string().find(std::string(), 4));
   EXPECT_EQ(e.find(e, 4), std::string().find(std::string(), 4));
 
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find('a'), 0);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find('c'), 2);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find('z'), 25);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find('a'), 0u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find('c'), 2u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find('z'), 25u);
   EXPECT_EQ(a.find('$'), absl::string_view::npos);
   EXPECT_EQ(a.find('\0'), absl::string_view::npos);
-  EXPECT_EQ(f.find('\0'), 3);
-  EXPECT_EQ(f.find('3'), 2);
-  EXPECT_EQ(f.find('5'), 5);
-  EXPECT_EQ(g.find('o'), 4);
-  EXPECT_EQ(g.find('o', 4), 4);
-  EXPECT_EQ(g.find('o', 5), 8);
+  EXPECT_EQ(f.find('\0'), 3u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(f.find('3'), 2u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(f.find('5'), 5u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(g.find('o'), 4u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(g.find('o', 4), 4u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(g.find('o', 5), 8u);
   EXPECT_EQ(a.find('b', 5), absl::string_view::npos);
   // empty string nonsense
   EXPECT_EQ(d.find('\0'), absl::string_view::npos);
@@ -449,8 +449,8 @@ TEST(StringViewTest, STL2) {
   EXPECT_EQ(d.find('x', 4), absl::string_view::npos);
   EXPECT_EQ(e.find('x', 7), absl::string_view::npos);
 
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find(b.data(), 1, 0), 1);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find(c.data(), 9, 0), 9);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find(b.data(), 1, 0), 1u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find(c.data(), 9, 0), 9u);
   EXPECT_EQ(a.find(c.data(), absl::string_view::npos, 0),
             absl::string_view::npos);
   EXPECT_EQ(b.find(c.data(), absl::string_view::npos, 0),
@@ -460,16 +460,16 @@ TEST(StringViewTest, STL2) {
   EXPECT_EQ(e.find(b.data(), 7, 0), absl::string_view::npos);
 
   EXPECT_EQ(a.find(b.data(), 1), absl::string_view::npos);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find(c.data(), 9), 23);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find(c.data(), 9), 23u);
   EXPECT_EQ(a.find(c.data(), absl::string_view::npos), absl::string_view::npos);
   EXPECT_EQ(b.find(c.data(), absl::string_view::npos), absl::string_view::npos);
   // empty string nonsense
   EXPECT_EQ(d.find(b.data(), 4), absl::string_view::npos);
   EXPECT_EQ(e.find(b.data(), 7), absl::string_view::npos);
 
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.rfind(b), 0);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.rfind(b, 1), 0);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.rfind(c), 23);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.rfind(b), 0u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.rfind(b, 1), 0u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.rfind(c), 23u);
   EXPECT_EQ(a.rfind(c, 22), absl::string_view::npos);
   EXPECT_EQ(a.rfind(c, 1), absl::string_view::npos);
   EXPECT_EQ(a.rfind(c, 0), absl::string_view::npos);
@@ -477,8 +477,8 @@ TEST(StringViewTest, STL2) {
   EXPECT_EQ(b.rfind(c, 0), absl::string_view::npos);
   EXPECT_EQ(a.rfind(d), std::string(a).rfind(std::string()));
   EXPECT_EQ(a.rfind(e), std::string(a).rfind(std::string()));
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.rfind(d, 12), 12);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.rfind(e, 17), 17);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.rfind(d, 12), 12u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.rfind(e, 17), 17u);
   EXPECT_EQ(a.rfind(g), absl::string_view::npos);
   EXPECT_EQ(d.rfind(b), absl::string_view::npos);
   EXPECT_EQ(e.rfind(b), absl::string_view::npos);
@@ -494,28 +494,28 @@ TEST(StringViewTest, STL2) {
   EXPECT_EQ(d.rfind(e), std::string().rfind(std::string()));
   EXPECT_EQ(e.rfind(e), std::string().rfind(std::string()));
 
-  EXPECT_EQ(g.rfind('o'), 8);
+  EXPECT_EQ(g.rfind('o'), 8u);
   EXPECT_EQ(g.rfind('q'), absl::string_view::npos);
-  EXPECT_EQ(g.rfind('o', 8), 8);
-  EXPECT_EQ(g.rfind('o', 7), 4);
+  EXPECT_EQ(g.rfind('o', 8), 8u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(g.rfind('o', 7), 4u);
   EXPECT_EQ(g.rfind('o', 3), absl::string_view::npos);
-  EXPECT_EQ(f.rfind('\0'), 3);
-  EXPECT_EQ(f.rfind('\0', 12), 3);
-  EXPECT_EQ(f.rfind('3'), 2);
-  EXPECT_EQ(f.rfind('5'), 5);
+  EXPECT_EQ(f.rfind('\0'), 3u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(f.rfind('\0', 12), 3u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(f.rfind('3'), 2u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(f.rfind('5'), 5u);
   // empty string nonsense
   EXPECT_EQ(d.rfind('o'), absl::string_view::npos);
   EXPECT_EQ(e.rfind('o'), absl::string_view::npos);
   EXPECT_EQ(d.rfind('o', 4), absl::string_view::npos);
   EXPECT_EQ(e.rfind('o', 7), absl::string_view::npos);
 
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.rfind(b.data(), 1, 0), 1);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.rfind(c.data(), 22, 0), 22);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.rfind(c.data(), 1, 0), 1);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.rfind(c.data(), 0, 0), 0);
-  EXPECT_EQ(b.rfind(c.data(), 0, 0), 0);
-  EXPECT_EQ(d.rfind(b.data(), 4, 0), 0);
-  EXPECT_EQ(e.rfind(b.data(), 7, 0), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.rfind(b.data(), 1, 0), 1u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.rfind(c.data(), 22, 0), 22u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.rfind(c.data(), 1, 0), 1u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.rfind(c.data(), 0, 0), 0u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(b.rfind(c.data(), 0, 0), 0u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(d.rfind(b.data(), 4, 0), 0u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(e.rfind(b.data(), 7, 0), 0u);
 }
 
 // Continued from STL2
@@ -533,18 +533,18 @@ TEST(StringViewTest, STL2FindFirst) {
   absl::string_view g("xx not found bb");
 
   d = absl::string_view();
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_first_of(b), 0);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_first_of(b, 0), 0);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_first_of(b, 1), 1);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_first_of(b, 2), 2);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_first_of(b), 0u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_first_of(b, 0), 0u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_first_of(b, 1), 1u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_first_of(b, 2), 2u);
   EXPECT_EQ(a.find_first_of(b, 3), absl::string_view::npos);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_first_of(c), 23);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_first_of(c, 23), 23);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_first_of(c, 24), 24);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_first_of(c, 25), 25);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_first_of(c), 23u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_first_of(c, 23), 23u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_first_of(c, 24), 24u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_first_of(c, 25), 25u);
   EXPECT_EQ(a.find_first_of(c, 26), absl::string_view::npos);
-  EXPECT_EQ(g.find_first_of(b), 13);
-  EXPECT_EQ(g.find_first_of(c), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(g.find_first_of(b), 13u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(g.find_first_of(c), 0u);
   EXPECT_EQ(a.find_first_of(f), absl::string_view::npos);
   EXPECT_EQ(f.find_first_of(a), absl::string_view::npos);
   // empty string nonsense
@@ -557,19 +557,19 @@ TEST(StringViewTest, STL2FindFirst) {
   EXPECT_EQ(d.find_first_of(e), absl::string_view::npos);
   EXPECT_EQ(e.find_first_of(e), absl::string_view::npos);
 
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_first_not_of(b), 3);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_first_not_of(c), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_first_not_of(b), 3u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_first_not_of(c), 0u);
   EXPECT_EQ(b.find_first_not_of(a), absl::string_view::npos);
   EXPECT_EQ(c.find_first_not_of(a), absl::string_view::npos);
-  EXPECT_EQ(f.find_first_not_of(a), 0);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_first_not_of(f), 0);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_first_not_of(d), 0);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_first_not_of(e), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(f.find_first_not_of(a), 0u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_first_not_of(f), 0u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_first_not_of(d), 0u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_first_not_of(e), 0u);
   // empty string nonsense
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_first_not_of(d), 0);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_first_not_of(e), 0);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_first_not_of(d, 1), 1);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_first_not_of(e, 1), 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_first_not_of(d), 0u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_first_not_of(e), 0u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_first_not_of(d, 1), 1u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_first_not_of(e, 1), 1u);
   EXPECT_EQ(a.find_first_not_of(d, a.size() - 1), a.size() - 1);
   EXPECT_EQ(a.find_first_not_of(e, a.size() - 1), a.size() - 1);
   EXPECT_EQ(a.find_first_not_of(d, a.size()), absl::string_view::npos);
@@ -588,11 +588,11 @@ TEST(StringViewTest, STL2FindFirst) {
   absl::string_view h("====");
   EXPECT_EQ(h.find_first_not_of('='), absl::string_view::npos);
   EXPECT_EQ(h.find_first_not_of('=', 3), absl::string_view::npos);
-  EXPECT_EQ(h.find_first_not_of('\0'), 0);
-  EXPECT_EQ(g.find_first_not_of('x'), 2);
-  EXPECT_EQ(f.find_first_not_of('\0'), 0);
-  EXPECT_EQ(f.find_first_not_of('\0', 3), 4);
-  EXPECT_EQ(f.find_first_not_of('\0', 2), 2);
+  EXPECT_EQ(h.find_first_not_of('\0'), 0u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(g.find_first_not_of('x'), 2u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(f.find_first_not_of('\0'), 0u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(f.find_first_not_of('\0', 3), 4u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(f.find_first_not_of('\0', 2), 2u);
   // empty string nonsense
   EXPECT_EQ(d.find_first_not_of('x'), absl::string_view::npos);
   EXPECT_EQ(e.find_first_not_of('x'), absl::string_view::npos);
@@ -618,20 +618,20 @@ TEST(StringViewTest, STL2FindLast) {
 
   d = absl::string_view();
   EXPECT_EQ(h.find_last_of(a), absl::string_view::npos);
-  EXPECT_EQ(g.find_last_of(a), g.size()-1);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_last_of(b), 2);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_last_of(c), a.size()-1);
-  EXPECT_EQ(f.find_last_of(i), 6);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_last_of('a'), 0);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_last_of('b'), 1);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_last_of('z'), 25);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_last_of('a', 5), 0);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_last_of('b', 5), 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(g.find_last_of(a), g.size() - 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_last_of(b), 2u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_last_of(c), a.size() - 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(f.find_last_of(i), 6u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_last_of('a'), 0u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_last_of('b'), 1u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_last_of('z'), 25u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_last_of('a', 5), 0u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_last_of('b', 5), 1u);
   EXPECT_EQ(a.find_last_of('b', 0), absl::string_view::npos);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_last_of('z', 25), 25);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_last_of('z', 25), 25u);
   EXPECT_EQ(a.find_last_of('z', 24), absl::string_view::npos);
-  EXPECT_EQ(f.find_last_of(i, 5), 5);
-  EXPECT_EQ(f.find_last_of(i, 6), 6);
+  EXPECT_EQ(f.find_last_of(i, 5), 5u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(f.find_last_of(i, 6), 6u);
   EXPECT_EQ(f.find_last_of(a, 4), absl::string_view::npos);
   // empty string nonsense
   EXPECT_EQ(f.find_last_of(d), absl::string_view::npos);
@@ -651,19 +651,19 @@ TEST(StringViewTest, STL2FindLast) {
   EXPECT_EQ(d.find_last_of(f, 4), absl::string_view::npos);
   EXPECT_EQ(e.find_last_of(f, 4), absl::string_view::npos);
 
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_last_not_of(b), a.size()-1);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_last_not_of(c), 22);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_last_not_of(b), a.size() - 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_last_not_of(c), 22u);
   EXPECT_EQ(b.find_last_not_of(a), absl::string_view::npos);
   EXPECT_EQ(b.find_last_not_of(b), absl::string_view::npos);
-  EXPECT_EQ(f.find_last_not_of(i), 4);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_last_not_of(c, 24), 22);
-  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_last_not_of(b, 3), 3);
+  EXPECT_EQ(f.find_last_not_of(i), 4u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_last_not_of(c, 24), 22u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(a.find_last_not_of(b, 3), 3u);
   EXPECT_EQ(a.find_last_not_of(b, 2), absl::string_view::npos);
   // empty string nonsense
-  EXPECT_EQ(f.find_last_not_of(d), f.size()-1);
-  EXPECT_EQ(f.find_last_not_of(e), f.size()-1);
-  EXPECT_EQ(f.find_last_not_of(d, 4), 4);
-  EXPECT_EQ(f.find_last_not_of(e, 4), 4);
+  EXPECT_EQ(f.find_last_not_of(d), f.size() - 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(f.find_last_not_of(e), f.size() - 1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(f.find_last_not_of(d, 4), 4u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(f.find_last_not_of(e, 4), 4u);
   EXPECT_EQ(d.find_last_not_of(d), absl::string_view::npos);
   EXPECT_EQ(d.find_last_not_of(e), absl::string_view::npos);
   EXPECT_EQ(e.find_last_not_of(d), absl::string_view::npos);
@@ -679,10 +679,10 @@ TEST(StringViewTest, STL2FindLast) {
 
   EXPECT_EQ(h.find_last_not_of('x'), h.size() - 1);
   EXPECT_EQ(h.find_last_not_of('='), absl::string_view::npos);
-  EXPECT_EQ(b.find_last_not_of('c'), 1);
-  EXPECT_EQ(h.find_last_not_of('x', 2), 2);
+  EXPECT_EQ(b.find_last_not_of('c'), 1u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(h.find_last_not_of('x', 2), 2u);
   EXPECT_EQ(h.find_last_not_of('=', 2), absl::string_view::npos);
-  EXPECT_EQ(b.find_last_not_of('b', 1), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(b.find_last_not_of('b', 1), 0u);
   // empty string nonsense
   EXPECT_EQ(d.find_last_not_of('x'), absl::string_view::npos);
   EXPECT_EQ(e.find_last_not_of('x'), absl::string_view::npos);
@@ -734,7 +734,7 @@ TEST(StringViewTest, TruncSubstr) {
 TEST(StringViewTest, UTF8) {
   std::string utf8 = "\u00E1";
   std::string utf8_twice = utf8 + " " + utf8;
-  int utf8_len = strlen(utf8.data());
+  size_t utf8_len = strlen(utf8.data());
   EXPECT_EQ(utf8_len, absl::string_view(utf8_twice).find_first_of(" "));
   EXPECT_EQ(utf8_len, absl::string_view(utf8_twice).find_first_of(" \t"));
 }
@@ -879,12 +879,12 @@ TEST(StringViewTest, FrontBackEmpty) {
 TEST(StringViewTest, NULLInput) {
   absl::string_view s;
   EXPECT_EQ(s.data(), nullptr);
-  EXPECT_EQ(s.size(), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(s.size(), 0u);
 
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_STRING_VIEW_FROM_NULLPTR
   s = absl::string_view(nullptr);
   EXPECT_EQ(s.data(), nullptr);
-  EXPECT_EQ(s.size(), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(s.size(), 0u);
 
   // .ToString() on a absl::string_view with nullptr should produce the empty
   // string.
@@ -959,7 +959,7 @@ TEST(StringViewTest, NullSafeStringView) {
   {
     absl::string_view s = absl::NullSafeStringView(nullptr);
     EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, s.data());
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, s.size());
+    EXPECT_EQ(0u, s.size());
     EXPECT_EQ(absl::string_view(), s);
   }
   {
@@ -975,7 +975,7 @@ TEST(StringViewTest, ConstexprNullSafeStringView) {
   {
     constexpr absl::string_view s = absl::NullSafeStringView(nullptr);
     EXPECT_EQ(nullptr, s.data());
-    EXPECT_EQ(0, s.size());
+    EXPECT_EQ(0u, s.size());
     EXPECT_EQ(absl::string_view(), s);
   }
 #if !defined(_MSC_VER) || _MSC_VER >= 1910
@@ -990,7 +990,7 @@ TEST(StringViewTest, ConstexprNullSafeStringView) {
   }
   {
     constexpr absl::string_view s = absl::NullSafeStringView("hello");
-    EXPECT_EQ(s.size(), 5);
+    EXPECT_EQ(s.size(), 5u);
     EXPECT_EQ("hello", s);
   }
 #endif
@@ -1036,7 +1036,7 @@ TEST(StringViewTest, ConstexprCompiles) {
 
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_CONSTEXPR_STRING_VIEW_FROM_CSTR
   constexpr absl::string_view cstr_strlen("foo");
-  EXPECT_EQ(cstr_strlen.length(), 3);
+  EXPECT_EQ(cstr_strlen.length(), 3u);
   constexpr absl::string_view cstr_strlen2 = "bar";
   EXPECT_EQ(cstr_strlen2, "bar");
 
@@ -1111,7 +1111,7 @@ TEST(StringViewTest, ConstexprCompiles) {
   EXPECT_NE(cstr_ptr, nullptr);
 
   constexpr size_t sp_npos = sp.npos;
-  EXPECT_EQ(sp_npos, -1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(sp_npos, static_cast<size_t>(-1));
 }
 
 constexpr char ConstexprMethodsHelper() {
@@ -1179,7 +1179,7 @@ TEST(StringViewTest, BoundsCheck) {
   // Abseil's string_view implementation has bounds-checking in debug mode.
   absl::string_view h = "hello";
   ABSL_EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(h[5], "");
-  ABSL_EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(h[-1], "");
+  ABSL_EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(h[static_cast<size_t>(-1)], "");
 #endif
 #endif
 }
@@ -1201,17 +1201,17 @@ TEST(FindOneCharTest, EdgeCases) {
   a.remove_prefix(1);
   a.remove_suffix(1);
 
-  EXPECT_EQ(0, a.find('x'));
-  EXPECT_EQ(0, a.find('x', 0));
-  EXPECT_EQ(4, a.find('x', 1));
-  EXPECT_EQ(4, a.find('x', 4));
+  EXPECT_EQ(0u, a.find('x'));
+  EXPECT_EQ(0u, a.find('x', 0));
+  EXPECT_EQ(4u, a.find('x', 1));
+  EXPECT_EQ(4u, a.find('x', 4));
   EXPECT_EQ(absl::string_view::npos, a.find('x', 5));
 
-  EXPECT_EQ(4, a.rfind('x'));
-  EXPECT_EQ(4, a.rfind('x', 5));
-  EXPECT_EQ(4, a.rfind('x', 4));
-  EXPECT_EQ(0, a.rfind('x', 3));
-  EXPECT_EQ(0, a.rfind('x', 0));
+  EXPECT_EQ(4u, a.rfind('x'));
+  EXPECT_EQ(4u, a.rfind('x', 5));
+  EXPECT_EQ(4u, a.rfind('x', 4));
+  EXPECT_EQ(0u, a.rfind('x', 3));
+  EXPECT_EQ(0u, a.rfind('x', 0));
 
   // Set a = "yyy".
   a.remove_prefix(1);
@@ -1239,8 +1239,8 @@ TEST(HugeStringView, TwoPointTwoGB) {
 
 #if !defined(NDEBUG) && !defined(ABSL_USES_STD_STRING_VIEW)
 TEST(NonNegativeLenTest, NonNegativeLen) {
-  ABSL_EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(absl::string_view("xyz", -1),
-                                 "len <= kMaxSize");
+  ABSL_EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(
+      absl::string_view("xyz", static_cast<size_t>(-1)), "len <= kMaxSize");
 }
 
 TEST(LenExceedsMaxSizeTest, LenExceedsMaxSize) {
diff --git a/absl/strings/substitute.cc b/absl/strings/substitute.cc
index 8980b198..33a39305 100644
--- a/absl/strings/substitute.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/substitute.cc
@@ -40,7 +40,8 @@ void SubstituteAndAppendArray(std::string* output, absl::string_view format,
                      absl::CEscape(format).c_str());
 #endif
         return;
-      } else if (absl::ascii_isdigit(format[i + 1])) {
+      } else if (absl::ascii_isdigit(
+                     static_cast<unsigned char>(format[i + 1]))) {
         int index = format[i + 1] - '0';
         if (static_cast<size_t>(index) >= num_args) {
 #ifndef NDEBUG
@@ -80,7 +81,7 @@ void SubstituteAndAppendArray(std::string* output, absl::string_view format,
   char* target = &(*output)[original_size];
   for (size_t i = 0; i < format.size(); i++) {
     if (format[i] == '$') {
-      if (absl::ascii_isdigit(format[i + 1])) {
+      if (absl::ascii_isdigit(static_cast<unsigned char>(format[i + 1]))) {
         const absl::string_view src = args_array[format[i + 1] - '0'];
         target = std::copy(src.begin(), src.end(), target);
         ++i;  // Skip next char.
@@ -110,7 +111,8 @@ Arg::Arg(const void* value) {
     } while (num != 0);
     *--ptr = 'x';
     *--ptr = '0';
-    piece_ = absl::string_view(ptr, scratch_ + sizeof(scratch_) - ptr);
+    piece_ = absl::string_view(
+        ptr, static_cast<size_t>(scratch_ + sizeof(scratch_) - ptr));
   }
 }
 
@@ -132,7 +134,7 @@ Arg::Arg(Hex hex) {
     beg = writer;
   }
 
-  piece_ = absl::string_view(beg, end - beg);
+  piece_ = absl::string_view(beg, static_cast<size_t>(end - beg));
 }
 
 // TODO(jorg): Don't duplicate so much code between here and str_cat.cc
@@ -147,7 +149,7 @@ Arg::Arg(Dec dec) {
     *--writer = '0' + (value % 10);
     value /= 10;
   }
-  *--writer = '0' + value;
+  *--writer = '0' + static_cast<char>(value);
   if (neg) *--writer = '-';
 
   ptrdiff_t fillers = writer - minfill;
@@ -164,7 +166,7 @@ Arg::Arg(Dec dec) {
     if (add_sign_again) *--writer = '-';
   }
 
-  piece_ = absl::string_view(writer, end - writer);
+  piece_ = absl::string_view(writer, static_cast<size_t>(end - writer));
 }
 
 }  // namespace substitute_internal
diff --git a/absl/strings/substitute.h b/absl/strings/substitute.h
index 6d2b08ab..d6a5a690 100644
--- a/absl/strings/substitute.h
+++ b/absl/strings/substitute.h
@@ -55,6 +55,8 @@
 //   * bool (Printed as "true" or "false")
 //   * pointer types other than char* (Printed as "0x<lower case hex string>",
 //     except that null is printed as "NULL")
+//   * user-defined types via the `AbslStringify()` customization point. See the
+//     documentation for `absl::StrCat` for an explanation on how to use this.
 //
 // If an invalid format string is provided, Substitute returns an empty string
 // and SubstituteAndAppend does not change the provided output string.
@@ -79,6 +81,7 @@
 #include "absl/base/port.h"
 #include "absl/strings/ascii.h"
 #include "absl/strings/escaping.h"
+#include "absl/strings/internal/stringify_sink.h"
 #include "absl/strings/numbers.h"
 #include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
 #include "absl/strings/str_split.h"
@@ -102,14 +105,14 @@ class Arg {
   // Overloads for string-y things
   //
   // Explicitly overload `const char*` so the compiler doesn't cast to `bool`.
-  Arg(const char* value)  // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
+  Arg(const char* value)  // NOLINT(google-explicit-constructor)
       : piece_(absl::NullSafeStringView(value)) {}
   template <typename Allocator>
   Arg(  // NOLINT
       const std::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, Allocator>&
           value) noexcept
       : piece_(value) {}
-  Arg(absl::string_view value)  // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
+  Arg(absl::string_view value)  // NOLINT(google-explicit-constructor)
       : piece_(value) {}
 
   // Overloads for primitives
@@ -119,45 +122,67 @@ class Arg {
   // probably using them as 8-bit integers and would probably prefer an integer
   // representation. However, we can't really know, so we make the caller decide
   // what to do.
-  Arg(char value)  // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
+  Arg(char value)  // NOLINT(google-explicit-constructor)
       : piece_(scratch_, 1) {
     scratch_[0] = value;
   }
   Arg(short value)  // NOLINT(*)
       : piece_(scratch_,
-               numbers_internal::FastIntToBuffer(value, scratch_) - scratch_) {}
+               static_cast<size_t>(
+                   numbers_internal::FastIntToBuffer(value, scratch_) -
+                   scratch_)) {}
   Arg(unsigned short value)  // NOLINT(*)
       : piece_(scratch_,
-               numbers_internal::FastIntToBuffer(value, scratch_) - scratch_) {}
-  Arg(int value)  // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
+               static_cast<size_t>(
+                   numbers_internal::FastIntToBuffer(value, scratch_) -
+                   scratch_)) {}
+  Arg(int value)  // NOLINT(google-explicit-constructor)
       : piece_(scratch_,
-               numbers_internal::FastIntToBuffer(value, scratch_) - scratch_) {}
-  Arg(unsigned int value)  // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
+               static_cast<size_t>(
+                   numbers_internal::FastIntToBuffer(value, scratch_) -
+                   scratch_)) {}
+  Arg(unsigned int value)  // NOLINT(google-explicit-constructor)
       : piece_(scratch_,
-               numbers_internal::FastIntToBuffer(value, scratch_) - scratch_) {}
+               static_cast<size_t>(
+                   numbers_internal::FastIntToBuffer(value, scratch_) -
+                   scratch_)) {}
   Arg(long value)  // NOLINT(*)
       : piece_(scratch_,
-               numbers_internal::FastIntToBuffer(value, scratch_) - scratch_) {}
+               static_cast<size_t>(
+                   numbers_internal::FastIntToBuffer(value, scratch_) -
+                   scratch_)) {}
   Arg(unsigned long value)  // NOLINT(*)
       : piece_(scratch_,
-               numbers_internal::FastIntToBuffer(value, scratch_) - scratch_) {}
+               static_cast<size_t>(
+                   numbers_internal::FastIntToBuffer(value, scratch_) -
+                   scratch_)) {}
   Arg(long long value)  // NOLINT(*)
       : piece_(scratch_,
-               numbers_internal::FastIntToBuffer(value, scratch_) - scratch_) {}
+               static_cast<size_t>(
+                   numbers_internal::FastIntToBuffer(value, scratch_) -
+                   scratch_)) {}
   Arg(unsigned long long value)  // NOLINT(*)
       : piece_(scratch_,
-               numbers_internal::FastIntToBuffer(value, scratch_) - scratch_) {}
-  Arg(float value)  // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
+               static_cast<size_t>(
+                   numbers_internal::FastIntToBuffer(value, scratch_) -
+                   scratch_)) {}
+  Arg(float value)  // NOLINT(google-explicit-constructor)
       : piece_(scratch_, numbers_internal::SixDigitsToBuffer(value, scratch_)) {
   }
-  Arg(double value)  // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
+  Arg(double value)  // NOLINT(google-explicit-constructor)
       : piece_(scratch_, numbers_internal::SixDigitsToBuffer(value, scratch_)) {
   }
-  Arg(bool value)  // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
+  Arg(bool value)  // NOLINT(google-explicit-constructor)
       : piece_(value ? "true" : "false") {}
 
-  Arg(Hex hex);  // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
-  Arg(Dec dec);  // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
+  template <typename T, typename = typename std::enable_if<
+                            strings_internal::HasAbslStringify<T>::value>::type>
+  Arg(  // NOLINT(google-explicit-constructor)
+      const T& v, strings_internal::StringifySink&& sink = {})
+      : piece_(strings_internal::ExtractStringification(sink, v)) {}
+
+  Arg(Hex hex);  // NOLINT(google-explicit-constructor)
+  Arg(Dec dec);  // NOLINT(google-explicit-constructor)
 
   // vector<bool>::reference and const_reference require special help to convert
   // to `Arg` because it requires two user defined conversions.
@@ -172,13 +197,14 @@ class Arg {
 
   // `void*` values, with the exception of `char*`, are printed as
   // "0x<hex value>". However, in the case of `nullptr`, "NULL" is printed.
-  Arg(const void* value);  // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
+  Arg(const void* value);  // NOLINT(google-explicit-constructor)
 
   // Normal enums are already handled by the integer formatters.
   // This overload matches only scoped enums.
   template <typename T,
             typename = typename std::enable_if<
-                std::is_enum<T>{} && !std::is_convertible<T, int>{}>::type>
+                std::is_enum<T>{} && !std::is_convertible<T, int>{} &&
+                !strings_internal::HasAbslStringify<T>::value>::type>
   Arg(T value)  // NOLINT(google-explicit-constructor)
       : Arg(static_cast<typename std::underlying_type<T>::type>(value)) {}
 
diff --git a/absl/strings/substitute_test.cc b/absl/strings/substitute_test.cc
index 9e6b9403..ecf78d6b 100644
--- a/absl/strings/substitute_test.cc
+++ b/absl/strings/substitute_test.cc
@@ -22,6 +22,16 @@
 
 namespace {
 
+struct MyStruct {
+  template <typename Sink>
+  friend void AbslStringify(Sink& sink, const MyStruct& s) {
+    sink.Append("MyStruct{.value = ");
+    sink.Append(absl::StrCat(s.value));
+    sink.Append("}");
+  }
+  int value;
+};
+
 TEST(SubstituteTest, Substitute) {
   // Basic.
   EXPECT_EQ("Hello, world!", absl::Substitute("$0, $1!", "Hello", "world"));
@@ -70,7 +80,7 @@ TEST(SubstituteTest, Substitute) {
   // Volatile Pointer.
   // Like C++ streamed I/O, such pointers implicitly become bool
   volatile int vol = 237;
-  volatile int *volatile volptr = &vol;
+  volatile int* volatile volptr = &vol;
   str = absl::Substitute("$0", volptr);
   EXPECT_EQ("true", str);
 
@@ -128,6 +138,11 @@ TEST(SubstituteTest, Substitute) {
 
   const char* null_cstring = nullptr;
   EXPECT_EQ("Text: ''", absl::Substitute("Text: '$0'", null_cstring));
+
+  MyStruct s1 = MyStruct{17};
+  MyStruct s2 = MyStruct{1043};
+  EXPECT_EQ("MyStruct{.value = 17}, MyStruct{.value = 1043}",
+            absl::Substitute("$0, $1", s1, s2));
 }
 
 TEST(SubstituteTest, SubstituteAndAppend) {
@@ -171,6 +186,12 @@ TEST(SubstituteTest, SubstituteAndAppend) {
   absl::SubstituteAndAppend(&str, "$0 $1 $2 $3 $4 $5 $6 $7 $8 $9", "a", "b",
                             "c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "h", "i", "j");
   EXPECT_EQ("a b c d e f g h i j", str);
+
+  str.clear();
+  MyStruct s1 = MyStruct{17};
+  MyStruct s2 = MyStruct{1043};
+  absl::SubstituteAndAppend(&str, "$0, $1", s1, s2);
+  EXPECT_EQ("MyStruct{.value = 17}, MyStruct{.value = 1043}", str);
 }
 
 TEST(SubstituteTest, VectorBoolRef) {
@@ -232,7 +253,19 @@ TEST(SubstituteTest, Enums) {
                                         ScopedEnumUInt16::kEnum1));
 }
 
-#ifdef GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
+enum class EnumWithStringify { Many = 0, Choices = 1 };
+
+template <typename Sink>
+void AbslStringify(Sink& sink, EnumWithStringify e) {
+  sink.Append(e == EnumWithStringify::Many ? "Many" : "Choices");
+}
+
+TEST(SubstituteTest, AbslStringifyWithEnum) {
+  const auto e = EnumWithStringify::Choices;
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::Substitute("$0", e), "Choices");
+}
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_DEATH_TEST
 
 TEST(SubstituteDeathTest, SubstituteDeath) {
   EXPECT_DEBUG_DEATH(
diff --git a/absl/synchronization/BUILD.bazel b/absl/synchronization/BUILD.bazel
index 64d3b929..0ca94e01 100644
--- a/absl/synchronization/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/absl/synchronization/BUILD.bazel
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ load(
     "ABSL_TEST_COPTS",
 )
 
-package(default_visibility = ["//visibility:public"])
+package(default_visibility = ["//visibility:private"])
 
 licenses(["notice"])
 
@@ -38,9 +38,6 @@ cc_library(
         "//conditions:default": [],
     }),
     linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
-    visibility = [
-        "//absl:__subpackages__",
-    ],
     deps = [
         "//absl/base",
         "//absl/base:base_internal",
@@ -53,27 +50,49 @@ cc_library(
 
 cc_library(
     name = "kernel_timeout_internal",
+    srcs = ["internal/kernel_timeout.cc"],
     hdrs = ["internal/kernel_timeout.h"],
     copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
     linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
     visibility = [
-        "//absl/synchronization:__pkg__",
     ],
     deps = [
+        "//absl/base",
+        "//absl/base:config",
         "//absl/base:core_headers",
         "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
         "//absl/time",
     ],
 )
 
+cc_test(
+    name = "kernel_timeout_internal_test",
+    srcs = ["internal/kernel_timeout_test.cc"],
+    copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    flaky = 1,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        ":kernel_timeout_internal",
+        "//absl/base:config",
+        "//absl/random",
+        "//absl/time",
+        "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
+
 cc_library(
     name = "synchronization",
     srcs = [
         "barrier.cc",
         "blocking_counter.cc",
         "internal/create_thread_identity.cc",
+        "internal/futex_waiter.cc",
         "internal/per_thread_sem.cc",
-        "internal/waiter.cc",
+        "internal/pthread_waiter.cc",
+        "internal/sem_waiter.cc",
+        "internal/stdcpp_waiter.cc",
+        "internal/waiter_base.cc",
+        "internal/win32_waiter.cc",
         "mutex.cc",
         "notification.cc",
     ],
@@ -82,8 +101,14 @@ cc_library(
         "blocking_counter.h",
         "internal/create_thread_identity.h",
         "internal/futex.h",
+        "internal/futex_waiter.h",
         "internal/per_thread_sem.h",
+        "internal/pthread_waiter.h",
+        "internal/sem_waiter.h",
+        "internal/stdcpp_waiter.h",
         "internal/waiter.h",
+        "internal/waiter_base.h",
+        "internal/win32_waiter.h",
         "mutex.h",
         "notification.h",
     ],
@@ -94,11 +119,12 @@ cc_library(
         "//absl:wasm": [],
         "//conditions:default": ["-pthread"],
     }) + ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    visibility = ["//visibility:public"],
     deps = [
         ":graphcycles_internal",
         ":kernel_timeout_internal",
-        "//absl/base:atomic_hook",
         "//absl/base",
+        "//absl/base:atomic_hook",
         "//absl/base:base_internal",
         "//absl/base:config",
         "//absl/base:core_headers",
@@ -120,7 +146,7 @@ cc_test(
     copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
     linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
     tags = [
-        "no_test_wasm",
+        "no_test_wasm",  # b/122473323
     ],
     deps = [
         ":synchronization",
@@ -136,7 +162,7 @@ cc_test(
     copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
     linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
     tags = [
-        "no_test_wasm",
+        "no_test_wasm",  # b/122473323
     ],
     deps = [
         ":synchronization",
@@ -152,7 +178,6 @@ cc_binary(
     copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
     linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
     tags = ["benchmark"],
-    visibility = ["//visibility:private"],
     deps = [
         ":synchronization",
         ":thread_pool",
@@ -169,7 +194,8 @@ cc_test(
     deps = [
         ":graphcycles_internal",
         "//absl/base:core_headers",
-        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
+        "//absl/log",
+        "//absl/log:check",
         "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
     ],
 )
@@ -200,6 +226,7 @@ cc_library(
     deps = [
         ":synchronization",
         "//absl/base:core_headers",
+        "//absl/functional:any_invocable",
     ],
 )
 
@@ -208,6 +235,7 @@ cc_test(
     size = "large",
     srcs = ["mutex_test.cc"],
     copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    flaky = 1,
     linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
     shard_count = 25,
     deps = [
@@ -216,13 +244,26 @@ cc_test(
         "//absl/base",
         "//absl/base:config",
         "//absl/base:core_headers",
-        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
+        "//absl/log",
+        "//absl/log:check",
         "//absl/memory",
         "//absl/time",
         "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
     ],
 )
 
+cc_test(
+    name = "mutex_method_pointer_test",
+    srcs = ["mutex_method_pointer_test.cc"],
+    copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        ":synchronization",
+        "//absl/base:config",
+        "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
+
 cc_library(
     name = "mutex_benchmark_common",
     testonly = 1,
@@ -230,7 +271,6 @@ cc_library(
     copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
     linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
     visibility = [
-        "//absl/synchronization:__pkg__",
     ],
     deps = [
         ":synchronization",
@@ -247,7 +287,6 @@ cc_binary(
     testonly = 1,
     copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
     linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
-    visibility = ["//visibility:private"],
     deps = [
         ":mutex_benchmark_common",
     ],
@@ -258,7 +297,9 @@ cc_test(
     size = "small",
     srcs = ["notification_test.cc"],
     copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    flaky = 1,
     linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    tags = ["no_test_lexan"],
     deps = [
         ":synchronization",
         "//absl/time",
@@ -272,6 +313,8 @@ cc_library(
     srcs = ["internal/per_thread_sem_test.cc"],
     copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
     linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    visibility = [
+    ],
     deps = [
         ":synchronization",
         "//absl/base",
@@ -285,7 +328,7 @@ cc_library(
 
 cc_test(
     name = "per_thread_sem_test",
-    size = "medium",
+    size = "large",
     copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
     linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
     tags = [
@@ -301,6 +344,23 @@ cc_test(
 )
 
 cc_test(
+    name = "waiter_test",
+    srcs = ["internal/waiter_test.cc"],
+    copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    flaky = 1,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        ":kernel_timeout_internal",
+        ":synchronization",
+        ":thread_pool",
+        "//absl/base:config",
+        "//absl/random",
+        "//absl/time",
+        "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_test(
     name = "lifetime_test",
     srcs = [
         "lifetime_test.cc",
@@ -314,6 +374,6 @@ cc_test(
     deps = [
         ":synchronization",
         "//absl/base:core_headers",
-        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
+        "//absl/log:check",
     ],
 )
diff --git a/absl/synchronization/CMakeLists.txt b/absl/synchronization/CMakeLists.txt
index 9335c264..a0f64e5c 100644
--- a/absl/synchronization/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/absl/synchronization/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -39,14 +39,33 @@ absl_cc_library(
     kernel_timeout_internal
   HDRS
     "internal/kernel_timeout.h"
+  SRCS
+    "internal/kernel_timeout.cc"
   COPTS
     ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
   DEPS
+    absl::base
+    absl::config
     absl::core_headers
     absl::raw_logging_internal
     absl::time
 )
 
+absl_cc_test(
+  NAME
+    kernel_timeout_internal_test
+  SRCS
+    "internal/kernel_timeout_test.cc"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::kernel_timeout_internal
+    absl::config
+    absl::random_random
+    absl::time
+    GTest::gmock_main
+)
+
 absl_cc_library(
   NAME
     synchronization
@@ -55,16 +74,27 @@ absl_cc_library(
     "blocking_counter.h"
     "internal/create_thread_identity.h"
     "internal/futex.h"
+    "internal/futex_waiter.h"
     "internal/per_thread_sem.h"
+    "internal/pthread_waiter.h"
+    "internal/sem_waiter.h"
+    "internal/stdcpp_waiter.h"
     "internal/waiter.h"
+    "internal/waiter_base.h"
+    "internal/win32_waiter.h"
     "mutex.h"
     "notification.h"
   SRCS
     "barrier.cc"
     "blocking_counter.cc"
     "internal/create_thread_identity.cc"
+    "internal/futex_waiter.cc"
     "internal/per_thread_sem.cc"
-    "internal/waiter.cc"
+    "internal/pthread_waiter.cc"
+    "internal/sem_waiter.cc"
+    "internal/stdcpp_waiter.cc"
+    "internal/waiter_base.cc"
+    "internal/win32_waiter.cc"
     "notification.cc"
     "mutex.cc"
   COPTS
@@ -121,9 +151,10 @@ absl_cc_test(
   COPTS
     ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
   DEPS
-    absl::graphcycles_internal
+    absl::check
     absl::core_headers
-    absl::raw_logging_internal
+    absl::graphcycles_internal
+    absl::log
     GTest::gmock_main
 )
 
@@ -136,8 +167,9 @@ absl_cc_library(
   COPTS
     ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
   DEPS
-    absl::synchronization
+    absl::any_invocable
     absl::core_headers
+    absl::synchronization
   TESTONLY
 )
 
@@ -152,16 +184,31 @@ absl_cc_test(
     absl::synchronization
     absl::thread_pool
     absl::base
+    absl::check
     absl::config
     absl::core_headers
+    absl::log
     absl::memory
-    absl::raw_logging_internal
     absl::time
     GTest::gmock_main
 )
 
 absl_cc_test(
   NAME
+    mutex_method_pointer_test
+  SRCS
+    "mutex_method_pointer_test.cc"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::base
+    absl::config
+    absl::synchronization
+    GTest::gmock_main
+)
+
+absl_cc_test(
+  NAME
     notification_test
   SRCS
     "notification_test.cc"
@@ -208,6 +255,23 @@ absl_cc_test(
 
 absl_cc_test(
   NAME
+    waiter_test
+  SRCS
+    "internal/waiter_test.cc"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::config
+    absl::kernel_timeout_internal
+    absl::random_random
+    absl::synchronization
+    absl::thread_pool
+    absl::time
+    GTest::gmock_main
+)
+
+absl_cc_test(
+  NAME
     lifetime_test
   SRCS
     "lifetime_test.cc"
@@ -216,5 +280,5 @@ absl_cc_test(
   DEPS
     absl::synchronization
     absl::core_headers
-    absl::raw_logging_internal
+    absl::check
 )
diff --git a/absl/synchronization/internal/create_thread_identity.cc b/absl/synchronization/internal/create_thread_identity.cc
index 44e6129b..eacaa28d 100644
--- a/absl/synchronization/internal/create_thread_identity.cc
+++ b/absl/synchronization/internal/create_thread_identity.cc
@@ -13,10 +13,12 @@
 // limitations under the License.
 
 #include <stdint.h>
+
 #include <new>
 
 // This file is a no-op if the required LowLevelAlloc support is missing.
 #include "absl/base/internal/low_level_alloc.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/waiter.h"
 #ifndef ABSL_LOW_LEVEL_ALLOC_MISSING
 
 #include <string.h>
@@ -71,6 +73,9 @@ static intptr_t RoundUp(intptr_t addr, intptr_t align) {
 
 void OneTimeInitThreadIdentity(base_internal::ThreadIdentity* identity) {
   PerThreadSem::Init(identity);
+  identity->ticker.store(0, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  identity->wait_start.store(0, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  identity->is_idle.store(false, std::memory_order_relaxed);
 }
 
 static void ResetThreadIdentityBetweenReuse(
diff --git a/absl/synchronization/internal/futex.h b/absl/synchronization/internal/futex.h
index 06fbd6d0..573c01b7 100644
--- a/absl/synchronization/internal/futex.h
+++ b/absl/synchronization/internal/futex.h
@@ -16,9 +16,7 @@
 
 #include "absl/base/config.h"
 
-#ifdef _WIN32
-#include <windows.h>
-#else
+#ifndef _WIN32
 #include <sys/time.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 #endif
@@ -34,6 +32,7 @@
 
 #include <atomic>
 #include <cstdint>
+#include <limits>
 
 #include "absl/base/optimization.h"
 #include "absl/synchronization/internal/kernel_timeout.h"
@@ -81,65 +80,89 @@ namespace synchronization_internal {
 
 #if defined(SYS_futex_time64) && !defined(SYS_futex)
 #define SYS_futex SYS_futex_time64
+using FutexTimespec = struct timespec;
+#else
+// Some libc implementations have switched to an unconditional 64-bit `time_t`
+// definition. This means that `struct timespec` may not match the layout
+// expected by the kernel ABI on 32-bit platforms. So we define the
+// FutexTimespec that matches the kernel timespec definition. It should be safe
+// to use this struct for 64-bit userspace builds too, since it will use another
+// SYS_futex kernel call with 64-bit tv_sec inside timespec.
+struct FutexTimespec {
+  long tv_sec;   // NOLINT
+  long tv_nsec;  // NOLINT
+};
 #endif
 
 class FutexImpl {
  public:
-  static int WaitUntil(std::atomic<int32_t> *v, int32_t val,
-                       KernelTimeout t) {
-    int err = 0;
-    if (t.has_timeout()) {
-      // https://locklessinc.com/articles/futex_cheat_sheet/
-      // Unlike FUTEX_WAIT, FUTEX_WAIT_BITSET uses absolute time.
-      struct timespec abs_timeout = t.MakeAbsTimespec();
-      // Atomically check that the futex value is still 0, and if it
-      // is, sleep until abs_timeout or until woken by FUTEX_WAKE.
-      err = syscall(
-          SYS_futex, reinterpret_cast<int32_t *>(v),
-          FUTEX_WAIT_BITSET | FUTEX_PRIVATE_FLAG | FUTEX_CLOCK_REALTIME, val,
-          &abs_timeout, nullptr, FUTEX_BITSET_MATCH_ANY);
-    } else {
-      // Atomically check that the futex value is still 0, and if it
-      // is, sleep until woken by FUTEX_WAKE.
-      err = syscall(SYS_futex, reinterpret_cast<int32_t *>(v),
-                    FUTEX_WAIT | FUTEX_PRIVATE_FLAG, val, nullptr);
-    }
-    if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(err != 0)) {
-      err = -errno;
+  // Atomically check that `*v == val`, and if it is, then sleep until the until
+  // woken by `Wake()`.
+  static int Wait(std::atomic<int32_t>* v, int32_t val) {
+    return WaitAbsoluteTimeout(v, val, nullptr);
+  }
+
+  // Atomically check that `*v == val`, and if it is, then sleep until
+  // CLOCK_REALTIME reaches `*abs_timeout`, or until woken by `Wake()`.
+  static int WaitAbsoluteTimeout(std::atomic<int32_t>* v, int32_t val,
+                                 const struct timespec* abs_timeout) {
+    FutexTimespec ts;
+    // https://locklessinc.com/articles/futex_cheat_sheet/
+    // Unlike FUTEX_WAIT, FUTEX_WAIT_BITSET uses absolute time.
+    auto err = syscall(
+        SYS_futex, reinterpret_cast<int32_t*>(v),
+        FUTEX_WAIT_BITSET | FUTEX_PRIVATE_FLAG | FUTEX_CLOCK_REALTIME, val,
+        ToFutexTimespec(abs_timeout, &ts), nullptr, FUTEX_BITSET_MATCH_ANY);
+    if (err != 0) {
+      return -errno;
     }
-    return err;
+    return 0;
   }
 
-  static int WaitBitsetAbsoluteTimeout(std::atomic<int32_t> *v, int32_t val,
-                                       int32_t bits,
-                                       const struct timespec *abstime) {
-    int err = syscall(SYS_futex, reinterpret_cast<int32_t *>(v),
-                      FUTEX_WAIT_BITSET | FUTEX_PRIVATE_FLAG, val, abstime,
-                      nullptr, bits);
-    if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(err != 0)) {
-      err = -errno;
+  // Atomically check that `*v == val`, and if it is, then sleep until
+  // `*rel_timeout` has elapsed, or until woken by `Wake()`.
+  static int WaitRelativeTimeout(std::atomic<int32_t>* v, int32_t val,
+                                 const struct timespec* rel_timeout) {
+    FutexTimespec ts;
+    // Atomically check that the futex value is still 0, and if it
+    // is, sleep until abs_timeout or until woken by FUTEX_WAKE.
+    auto err =
+        syscall(SYS_futex, reinterpret_cast<int32_t*>(v), FUTEX_PRIVATE_FLAG,
+                val, ToFutexTimespec(rel_timeout, &ts));
+    if (err != 0) {
+      return -errno;
     }
-    return err;
+    return 0;
   }
 
-  static int Wake(std::atomic<int32_t> *v, int32_t count) {
-    int err = syscall(SYS_futex, reinterpret_cast<int32_t *>(v),
-                      FUTEX_WAKE | FUTEX_PRIVATE_FLAG, count);
+  // Wakes at most `count` waiters that have entered the sleep state on `v`.
+  static int Wake(std::atomic<int32_t>* v, int32_t count) {
+    auto err = syscall(SYS_futex, reinterpret_cast<int32_t*>(v),
+                       FUTEX_WAKE | FUTEX_PRIVATE_FLAG, count);
     if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(err < 0)) {
-      err = -errno;
+      return -errno;
     }
-    return err;
+    return 0;
   }
 
-  // FUTEX_WAKE_BITSET
-  static int WakeBitset(std::atomic<int32_t> *v, int32_t count, int32_t bits) {
-    int err = syscall(SYS_futex, reinterpret_cast<int32_t *>(v),
-                      FUTEX_WAKE_BITSET | FUTEX_PRIVATE_FLAG, count, nullptr,
-                      nullptr, bits);
-    if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(err < 0)) {
-      err = -errno;
+ private:
+  static FutexTimespec* ToFutexTimespec(const struct timespec* userspace_ts,
+                                        FutexTimespec* futex_ts) {
+    if (userspace_ts == nullptr) {
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    using FutexSeconds = decltype(futex_ts->tv_sec);
+    using FutexNanoseconds = decltype(futex_ts->tv_nsec);
+
+    constexpr auto kMaxSeconds{(std::numeric_limits<FutexSeconds>::max)()};
+    if (userspace_ts->tv_sec > kMaxSeconds) {
+      futex_ts->tv_sec = kMaxSeconds;
+    } else {
+      futex_ts->tv_sec = static_cast<FutexSeconds>(userspace_ts->tv_sec);
     }
-    return err;
+    futex_ts->tv_nsec = static_cast<FutexNanoseconds>(userspace_ts->tv_nsec);
+    return futex_ts;
   }
 };
 
diff --git a/absl/synchronization/internal/futex_waiter.cc b/absl/synchronization/internal/futex_waiter.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..87eb3b23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/synchronization/internal/futex_waiter.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/futex_waiter.h"
+
+#ifdef ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_FUTEX_WAITER
+
+#include <atomic>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cerrno>
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/thread_identity.h"
+#include "absl/base/optimization.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/kernel_timeout.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/futex.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace synchronization_internal {
+
+#ifdef ABSL_INTERNAL_NEED_REDUNDANT_CONSTEXPR_DECL
+constexpr char FutexWaiter::kName[];
+#endif
+
+int FutexWaiter::WaitUntil(std::atomic<int32_t>* v, int32_t val,
+                           KernelTimeout t) {
+#ifdef CLOCK_MONOTONIC
+  constexpr bool kHasClockMonotonic = true;
+#else
+  constexpr bool kHasClockMonotonic = false;
+#endif
+
+  // We can't call Futex::WaitUntil() here because the prodkernel implementation
+  // does not know about KernelTimeout::SupportsSteadyClock().
+  if (!t.has_timeout()) {
+    return Futex::Wait(v, val);
+  } else if (kHasClockMonotonic && KernelTimeout::SupportsSteadyClock() &&
+             t.is_relative_timeout()) {
+    auto rel_timespec = t.MakeRelativeTimespec();
+    return Futex::WaitRelativeTimeout(v, val, &rel_timespec);
+  } else {
+    auto abs_timespec = t.MakeAbsTimespec();
+    return Futex::WaitAbsoluteTimeout(v, val, &abs_timespec);
+  }
+}
+
+bool FutexWaiter::Wait(KernelTimeout t) {
+  // Loop until we can atomically decrement futex from a positive
+  // value, waiting on a futex while we believe it is zero.
+  // Note that, since the thread ticker is just reset, we don't need to check
+  // whether the thread is idle on the very first pass of the loop.
+  bool first_pass = true;
+  while (true) {
+    int32_t x = futex_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    while (x != 0) {
+      if (!futex_.compare_exchange_weak(x, x - 1,
+                                        std::memory_order_acquire,
+                                        std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
+        continue;  // Raced with someone, retry.
+      }
+      return true;  // Consumed a wakeup, we are done.
+    }
+
+    if (!first_pass) MaybeBecomeIdle();
+    const int err = WaitUntil(&futex_, 0, t);
+    if (err != 0) {
+      if (err == -EINTR || err == -EWOULDBLOCK) {
+        // Do nothing, the loop will retry.
+      } else if (err == -ETIMEDOUT) {
+        return false;
+      } else {
+        ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "Futex operation failed with error %d\n", err);
+      }
+    }
+    first_pass = false;
+  }
+}
+
+void FutexWaiter::Post() {
+  if (futex_.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_release) == 0) {
+    // We incremented from 0, need to wake a potential waiter.
+    Poke();
+  }
+}
+
+void FutexWaiter::Poke() {
+  // Wake one thread waiting on the futex.
+  const int err = Futex::Wake(&futex_, 1);
+  if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(err < 0)) {
+    ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "Futex operation failed with error %d\n", err);
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace synchronization_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_FUTEX_WAITER
diff --git a/absl/synchronization/internal/futex_waiter.h b/absl/synchronization/internal/futex_waiter.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..11dfa93b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/synchronization/internal/futex_waiter.h
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+
+#ifndef ABSL_SYNCHRONIZATION_INTERNAL_FUTEX_WAITER_H_
+#define ABSL_SYNCHRONIZATION_INTERNAL_FUTEX_WAITER_H_
+
+#include <atomic>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/kernel_timeout.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/futex.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/waiter_base.h"
+
+#ifdef ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_FUTEX
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace synchronization_internal {
+
+#define ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_FUTEX_WAITER 1
+
+class FutexWaiter : public WaiterCrtp<FutexWaiter> {
+ public:
+  FutexWaiter() : futex_(0) {}
+
+  bool Wait(KernelTimeout t);
+  void Post();
+  void Poke();
+
+  static constexpr char kName[] = "FutexWaiter";
+
+ private:
+  // Atomically check that `*v == val`, and if it is, then sleep until the
+  // timeout `t` has been reached, or until woken by `Wake()`.
+  static int WaitUntil(std::atomic<int32_t>* v, int32_t val,
+                       KernelTimeout t);
+
+  // Futexes are defined by specification to be 32-bits.
+  // Thus std::atomic<int32_t> must be just an int32_t with lockfree methods.
+  std::atomic<int32_t> futex_;
+  static_assert(sizeof(int32_t) == sizeof(futex_), "Wrong size for futex");
+};
+
+}  // namespace synchronization_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_FUTEX
+
+#endif  // ABSL_SYNCHRONIZATION_INTERNAL_FUTEX_WAITER_H_
diff --git a/absl/synchronization/internal/graphcycles.cc b/absl/synchronization/internal/graphcycles.cc
index 27fec216..39b18482 100644
--- a/absl/synchronization/internal/graphcycles.cc
+++ b/absl/synchronization/internal/graphcycles.cc
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <array>
+#include <cinttypes>
 #include <limits>
 #include "absl/base/internal/hide_ptr.h"
 #include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
@@ -114,7 +115,7 @@ class Vec {
     if (src->ptr_ == src->space_) {
       // Need to actually copy
       resize(src->size_);
-      std::copy(src->ptr_, src->ptr_ + src->size_, ptr_);
+      std::copy_n(src->ptr_, src->size_, ptr_);
       src->size_ = 0;
     } else {
       Discard();
@@ -148,7 +149,7 @@ class Vec {
     size_t request = static_cast<size_t>(capacity_) * sizeof(T);
     T* copy = static_cast<T*>(
         base_internal::LowLevelAlloc::AllocWithArena(request, arena));
-    std::copy(ptr_, ptr_ + size_, copy);
+    std::copy_n(ptr_, size_, copy);
     Discard();
     ptr_ = copy;
   }
@@ -181,9 +182,9 @@ class NodeSet {
     return true;
   }
 
-  void erase(uint32_t v) {
+  void erase(int32_t v) {
     uint32_t i = FindIndex(v);
-    if (static_cast<uint32_t>(table_[i]) == v) {
+    if (table_[i] == v) {
       table_[i] = kDel;
     }
   }
@@ -195,7 +196,7 @@ class NodeSet {
   for (int32_t elem, _cursor = 0; (eset).Next(&_cursor, &elem); )
   bool Next(int32_t* cursor, int32_t* elem) {
     while (static_cast<uint32_t>(*cursor) < table_.size()) {
-      int32_t v = table_[*cursor];
+      int32_t v = table_[static_cast<uint32_t>(*cursor)];
       (*cursor)++;
       if (v >= 0) {
         *elem = v;
@@ -210,24 +211,26 @@ class NodeSet {
   Vec<int32_t> table_;
   uint32_t occupied_;     // Count of non-empty slots (includes deleted slots)
 
-  static uint32_t Hash(uint32_t a) { return a * 41; }
+  static uint32_t Hash(int32_t a) { return static_cast<uint32_t>(a * 41); }
 
   // Return index for storing v.  May return an empty index or deleted index
-  int FindIndex(int32_t v) const {
+  uint32_t FindIndex(int32_t v) const {
     // Search starting at hash index.
     const uint32_t mask = table_.size() - 1;
     uint32_t i = Hash(v) & mask;
-    int deleted_index = -1;  // If >= 0, index of first deleted element we see
+    uint32_t deleted_index = 0;  // index of first deleted element we see
+    bool seen_deleted_element = false;
     while (true) {
       int32_t e = table_[i];
       if (v == e) {
         return i;
       } else if (e == kEmpty) {
         // Return any previously encountered deleted slot.
-        return (deleted_index >= 0) ? deleted_index : i;
-      } else if (e == kDel && deleted_index < 0) {
+        return seen_deleted_element ? deleted_index : i;
+      } else if (e == kDel && !seen_deleted_element) {
         // Keep searching since v might be present later.
         deleted_index = i;
+        seen_deleted_element = true;
       }
       i = (i + 1) & mask;  // Linear probing; quadratic is slightly slower.
     }
@@ -268,7 +271,7 @@ inline GraphId MakeId(int32_t index, uint32_t version) {
 }
 
 inline int32_t NodeIndex(GraphId id) {
-  return static_cast<uint32_t>(id.handle & 0xfffffffful);
+  return static_cast<int32_t>(id.handle);
 }
 
 inline uint32_t NodeVersion(GraphId id) {
@@ -298,7 +301,7 @@ class PointerMap {
   int32_t Find(void* ptr) {
     auto masked = base_internal::HidePtr(ptr);
     for (int32_t i = table_[Hash(ptr)]; i != -1;) {
-      Node* n = (*nodes_)[i];
+      Node* n = (*nodes_)[static_cast<uint32_t>(i)];
       if (n->masked_ptr == masked) return i;
       i = n->next_hash;
     }
@@ -307,7 +310,7 @@ class PointerMap {
 
   void Add(void* ptr, int32_t i) {
     int32_t* head = &table_[Hash(ptr)];
-    (*nodes_)[i]->next_hash = *head;
+    (*nodes_)[static_cast<uint32_t>(i)]->next_hash = *head;
     *head = i;
   }
 
@@ -317,7 +320,7 @@ class PointerMap {
     auto masked = base_internal::HidePtr(ptr);
     for (int32_t* slot = &table_[Hash(ptr)]; *slot != -1; ) {
       int32_t index = *slot;
-      Node* n = (*nodes_)[index];
+      Node* n = (*nodes_)[static_cast<uint32_t>(index)];
       if (n->masked_ptr == masked) {
         *slot = n->next_hash;  // Remove n from linked list
         n->next_hash = -1;
@@ -358,7 +361,7 @@ struct GraphCycles::Rep {
 };
 
 static Node* FindNode(GraphCycles::Rep* rep, GraphId id) {
-  Node* n = rep->nodes_[NodeIndex(id)];
+  Node* n = rep->nodes_[static_cast<uint32_t>(NodeIndex(id))];
   return (n->version == NodeVersion(id)) ? n : nullptr;
 }
 
@@ -384,19 +387,22 @@ bool GraphCycles::CheckInvariants() const {
     Node* nx = r->nodes_[x];
     void* ptr = base_internal::UnhidePtr<void>(nx->masked_ptr);
     if (ptr != nullptr && static_cast<uint32_t>(r->ptrmap_.Find(ptr)) != x) {
-      ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "Did not find live node in hash table %u %p", x, ptr);
+      ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "Did not find live node in hash table %" PRIu32 " %p",
+                   x, ptr);
     }
     if (nx->visited) {
-      ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "Did not clear visited marker on node %u", x);
+      ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "Did not clear visited marker on node %" PRIu32, x);
     }
     if (!ranks.insert(nx->rank)) {
-      ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "Duplicate occurrence of rank %d", nx->rank);
+      ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "Duplicate occurrence of rank %" PRId32, nx->rank);
     }
     HASH_FOR_EACH(y, nx->out) {
-      Node* ny = r->nodes_[y];
+      Node* ny = r->nodes_[static_cast<uint32_t>(y)];
       if (nx->rank >= ny->rank) {
-        ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "Edge %u->%d has bad rank assignment %d->%d", x, y,
-                     nx->rank, ny->rank);
+        ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL,
+                     "Edge %" PRIu32 " ->%" PRId32
+                     " has bad rank assignment %" PRId32 "->%" PRId32,
+                     x, y, nx->rank, ny->rank);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -406,14 +412,14 @@ bool GraphCycles::CheckInvariants() const {
 GraphId GraphCycles::GetId(void* ptr) {
   int32_t i = rep_->ptrmap_.Find(ptr);
   if (i != -1) {
-    return MakeId(i, rep_->nodes_[i]->version);
+    return MakeId(i, rep_->nodes_[static_cast<uint32_t>(i)]->version);
   } else if (rep_->free_nodes_.empty()) {
     Node* n =
         new (base_internal::LowLevelAlloc::AllocWithArena(sizeof(Node), arena))
             Node;
     n->version = 1;  // Avoid 0 since it is used by InvalidGraphId()
     n->visited = false;
-    n->rank = rep_->nodes_.size();
+    n->rank = static_cast<int32_t>(rep_->nodes_.size());
     n->masked_ptr = base_internal::HidePtr(ptr);
     n->nstack = 0;
     n->priority = 0;
@@ -425,7 +431,7 @@ GraphId GraphCycles::GetId(void* ptr) {
     // a permutation of [0,rep_->nodes_.size()-1].
     int32_t r = rep_->free_nodes_.back();
     rep_->free_nodes_.pop_back();
-    Node* n = rep_->nodes_[r];
+    Node* n = rep_->nodes_[static_cast<uint32_t>(r)];
     n->masked_ptr = base_internal::HidePtr(ptr);
     n->nstack = 0;
     n->priority = 0;
@@ -439,12 +445,12 @@ void GraphCycles::RemoveNode(void* ptr) {
   if (i == -1) {
     return;
   }
-  Node* x = rep_->nodes_[i];
+  Node* x = rep_->nodes_[static_cast<uint32_t>(i)];
   HASH_FOR_EACH(y, x->out) {
-    rep_->nodes_[y]->in.erase(i);
+    rep_->nodes_[static_cast<uint32_t>(y)]->in.erase(i);
   }
   HASH_FOR_EACH(y, x->in) {
-    rep_->nodes_[y]->out.erase(i);
+    rep_->nodes_[static_cast<uint32_t>(y)]->out.erase(i);
   }
   x->in.clear();
   x->out.clear();
@@ -520,7 +526,7 @@ bool GraphCycles::InsertEdge(GraphId idx, GraphId idy) {
     // Since we do not call Reorder() on this path, clear any visited
     // markers left by ForwardDFS.
     for (const auto& d : r->deltaf_) {
-      r->nodes_[d]->visited = false;
+      r->nodes_[static_cast<uint32_t>(d)]->visited = false;
     }
     return false;
   }
@@ -538,14 +544,14 @@ static bool ForwardDFS(GraphCycles::Rep* r, int32_t n, int32_t upper_bound) {
   while (!r->stack_.empty()) {
     n = r->stack_.back();
     r->stack_.pop_back();
-    Node* nn = r->nodes_[n];
+    Node* nn = r->nodes_[static_cast<uint32_t>(n)];
     if (nn->visited) continue;
 
     nn->visited = true;
     r->deltaf_.push_back(n);
 
     HASH_FOR_EACH(w, nn->out) {
-      Node* nw = r->nodes_[w];
+      Node* nw = r->nodes_[static_cast<uint32_t>(w)];
       if (nw->rank == upper_bound) {
         return false;  // Cycle
       }
@@ -564,14 +570,14 @@ static void BackwardDFS(GraphCycles::Rep* r, int32_t n, int32_t lower_bound) {
   while (!r->stack_.empty()) {
     n = r->stack_.back();
     r->stack_.pop_back();
-    Node* nn = r->nodes_[n];
+    Node* nn = r->nodes_[static_cast<uint32_t>(n)];
     if (nn->visited) continue;
 
     nn->visited = true;
     r->deltab_.push_back(n);
 
     HASH_FOR_EACH(w, nn->in) {
-      Node* nw = r->nodes_[w];
+      Node* nw = r->nodes_[static_cast<uint32_t>(w)];
       if (!nw->visited && lower_bound < nw->rank) {
         r->stack_.push_back(w);
       }
@@ -596,7 +602,7 @@ static void Reorder(GraphCycles::Rep* r) {
 
   // Assign the ranks in order to the collected list.
   for (uint32_t i = 0; i < r->list_.size(); i++) {
-    r->nodes_[r->list_[i]]->rank = r->merged_[i];
+    r->nodes_[static_cast<uint32_t>(r->list_[i])]->rank = r->merged_[i];
   }
 }
 
@@ -604,7 +610,8 @@ static void Sort(const Vec<Node*>& nodes, Vec<int32_t>* delta) {
   struct ByRank {
     const Vec<Node*>* nodes;
     bool operator()(int32_t a, int32_t b) const {
-      return (*nodes)[a]->rank < (*nodes)[b]->rank;
+      return (*nodes)[static_cast<uint32_t>(a)]->rank <
+             (*nodes)[static_cast<uint32_t>(b)]->rank;
     }
   };
   ByRank cmp;
@@ -616,8 +623,10 @@ static void MoveToList(
     GraphCycles::Rep* r, Vec<int32_t>* src, Vec<int32_t>* dst) {
   for (auto& v : *src) {
     int32_t w = v;
-    v = r->nodes_[w]->rank;         // Replace v entry with its rank
-    r->nodes_[w]->visited = false;  // Prepare for future DFS calls
+    // Replace v entry with its rank
+    v = r->nodes_[static_cast<uint32_t>(w)]->rank;
+    // Prepare for future DFS calls
+    r->nodes_[static_cast<uint32_t>(w)]->visited = false;
     dst->push_back(w);
   }
 }
@@ -647,7 +656,8 @@ int GraphCycles::FindPath(GraphId idx, GraphId idy, int max_path_len,
     }
 
     if (path_len < max_path_len) {
-      path[path_len] = MakeId(n, rep_->nodes_[n]->version);
+      path[path_len] =
+          MakeId(n, rep_->nodes_[static_cast<uint32_t>(n)]->version);
     }
     path_len++;
     r->stack_.push_back(-1);  // Will remove tentative path entry
@@ -656,7 +666,7 @@ int GraphCycles::FindPath(GraphId idx, GraphId idy, int max_path_len,
       return path_len;
     }
 
-    HASH_FOR_EACH(w, r->nodes_[n]->out) {
+    HASH_FOR_EACH(w, r->nodes_[static_cast<uint32_t>(n)]->out) {
       if (seen.insert(w)) {
         r->stack_.push_back(w);
       }
diff --git a/absl/synchronization/internal/graphcycles_test.cc b/absl/synchronization/internal/graphcycles_test.cc
index 74eaffe7..3c6ef798 100644
--- a/absl/synchronization/internal/graphcycles_test.cc
+++ b/absl/synchronization/internal/graphcycles_test.cc
@@ -21,8 +21,9 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
-#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
 #include "absl/base/macros.h"
+#include "absl/log/check.h"
+#include "absl/log/log.h"
 
 namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
@@ -65,51 +66,51 @@ static bool IsReachable(Edges *edges, int from, int to,
 }
 
 static void PrintEdges(Edges *edges) {
-  ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "EDGES (%zu)", edges->size());
+  LOG(INFO) << "EDGES (" << edges->size() << ")";
   for (const auto &edge : *edges) {
     int a = edge.from;
     int b = edge.to;
-    ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "%d %d", a, b);
+    LOG(INFO) << a << " " << b;
   }
-  ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "---");
+  LOG(INFO) << "---";
 }
 
 static void PrintGCEdges(Nodes *nodes, const IdMap &id, GraphCycles *gc) {
-  ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "GC EDGES");
+  LOG(INFO) << "GC EDGES";
   for (int a : *nodes) {
     for (int b : *nodes) {
       if (gc->HasEdge(Get(id, a), Get(id, b))) {
-        ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "%d %d", a, b);
+        LOG(INFO) << a << " " << b;
       }
     }
   }
-  ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "---");
+  LOG(INFO) << "---";
 }
 
 static void PrintTransitiveClosure(Nodes *nodes, Edges *edges) {
-  ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "Transitive closure");
+  LOG(INFO) << "Transitive closure";
   for (int a : *nodes) {
     for (int b : *nodes) {
       std::unordered_set<int> seen;
       if (IsReachable(edges, a, b, &seen)) {
-        ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "%d %d", a, b);
+        LOG(INFO) << a << " " << b;
       }
     }
   }
-  ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "---");
+  LOG(INFO) << "---";
 }
 
 static void PrintGCTransitiveClosure(Nodes *nodes, const IdMap &id,
                                      GraphCycles *gc) {
-  ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "GC Transitive closure");
+  LOG(INFO) << "GC Transitive closure";
   for (int a : *nodes) {
     for (int b : *nodes) {
       if (gc->IsReachable(Get(id, a), Get(id, b))) {
-        ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "%d %d", a, b);
+        LOG(INFO) << a << " " << b;
       }
     }
   }
-  ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "---");
+  LOG(INFO) << "---";
 }
 
 static void CheckTransitiveClosure(Nodes *nodes, Edges *edges, const IdMap &id,
@@ -125,9 +126,8 @@ static void CheckTransitiveClosure(Nodes *nodes, Edges *edges, const IdMap &id,
         PrintGCEdges(nodes, id, gc);
         PrintTransitiveClosure(nodes, edges);
         PrintGCTransitiveClosure(nodes, id, gc);
-        ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "gc_reachable %s reachable %s a %d b %d",
-                     gc_reachable ? "true" : "false",
-                     reachable ? "true" : "false", a, b);
+        LOG(FATAL) << "gc_reachable " << gc_reachable << " reachable "
+                   << reachable << " a " << a << " b " << b;
       }
     }
   }
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ static void CheckEdges(Nodes *nodes, Edges *edges, const IdMap &id,
     if (!gc->HasEdge(Get(id, a), Get(id, b))) {
       PrintEdges(edges);
       PrintGCEdges(nodes, id, gc);
-      ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "!gc->HasEdge(%d, %d)", a, b);
+      LOG(FATAL) << "!gc->HasEdge(" << a << ", " << b << ")";
     }
   }
   for (const auto &a : *nodes) {
@@ -155,13 +155,12 @@ static void CheckEdges(Nodes *nodes, Edges *edges, const IdMap &id,
   if (count != edges->size()) {
     PrintEdges(edges);
     PrintGCEdges(nodes, id, gc);
-    ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "edges->size() %zu  count %d", edges->size(), count);
+    LOG(FATAL) << "edges->size() " << edges->size() << "  count " << count;
   }
 }
 
 static void CheckInvariants(const GraphCycles &gc) {
-  if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(!gc.CheckInvariants()))
-    ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "CheckInvariants");
+  CHECK(gc.CheckInvariants()) << "CheckInvariants";
 }
 
 // Returns the index of a randomly chosen node in *nodes.
@@ -309,7 +308,7 @@ TEST(GraphCycles, RandomizedTest) {
       break;
 
     default:
-      ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "op %d", op);
+      LOG(FATAL) << "op " << op;
     }
 
     // Very rarely, test graph expansion by adding then removing many nodes.
diff --git a/absl/synchronization/internal/kernel_timeout.cc b/absl/synchronization/internal/kernel_timeout.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..48ea6287
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/synchronization/internal/kernel_timeout.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/kernel_timeout.h"
+
+#ifndef _WIN32
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <chrono>  // NOLINT(build/c++11)
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <ctime>
+#include <limits>
+
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
+#include "absl/base/call_once.h"
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/time/time.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace synchronization_internal {
+
+#ifdef ABSL_INTERNAL_NEED_REDUNDANT_CONSTEXPR_DECL
+constexpr uint64_t KernelTimeout::kNoTimeout;
+constexpr int64_t KernelTimeout::kMaxNanos;
+#endif
+
+int64_t KernelTimeout::SteadyClockNow() {
+  if (!SupportsSteadyClock()) {
+    return absl::GetCurrentTimeNanos();
+  }
+  return std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::nanoseconds>(
+             std::chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch())
+      .count();
+}
+
+KernelTimeout::KernelTimeout(absl::Time t) {
+  // `absl::InfiniteFuture()` is a common "no timeout" value and cheaper to
+  // compare than convert.
+  if (t == absl::InfiniteFuture()) {
+    rep_ = kNoTimeout;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  int64_t unix_nanos = absl::ToUnixNanos(t);
+
+  // A timeout that lands before the unix epoch is converted to 0.
+  // In theory implementations should expire these timeouts immediately.
+  if (unix_nanos < 0) {
+    unix_nanos = 0;
+  }
+
+  // Values greater than or equal to kMaxNanos are converted to infinite.
+  if (unix_nanos >= kMaxNanos) {
+    rep_ = kNoTimeout;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  rep_ = static_cast<uint64_t>(unix_nanos) << 1;
+}
+
+KernelTimeout::KernelTimeout(absl::Duration d) {
+  // `absl::InfiniteDuration()` is a common "no timeout" value and cheaper to
+  // compare than convert.
+  if (d == absl::InfiniteDuration()) {
+    rep_ = kNoTimeout;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  int64_t nanos = absl::ToInt64Nanoseconds(d);
+
+  // Negative durations are normalized to 0.
+  // In theory implementations should expire these timeouts immediately.
+  if (nanos < 0) {
+    nanos = 0;
+  }
+
+  int64_t now = SteadyClockNow();
+  if (nanos > kMaxNanos - now) {
+    // Durations that would be greater than kMaxNanos are converted to infinite.
+    rep_ = kNoTimeout;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  nanos += now;
+  rep_ = (static_cast<uint64_t>(nanos) << 1) | uint64_t{1};
+}
+
+int64_t KernelTimeout::MakeAbsNanos() const {
+  if (!has_timeout()) {
+    return kMaxNanos;
+  }
+
+  int64_t nanos = RawAbsNanos();
+
+  if (is_relative_timeout()) {
+    // We need to change epochs, because the relative timeout might be
+    // represented by an absolute timestamp from another clock.
+    nanos = std::max<int64_t>(nanos - SteadyClockNow(), 0);
+    int64_t now = absl::GetCurrentTimeNanos();
+    if (nanos > kMaxNanos - now) {
+      // Overflow.
+      nanos = kMaxNanos;
+    } else {
+      nanos += now;
+    }
+  } else if (nanos == 0) {
+    // Some callers have assumed that 0 means no timeout, so instead we return a
+    // time of 1 nanosecond after the epoch.
+    nanos = 1;
+  }
+
+  return nanos;
+}
+
+int64_t KernelTimeout::InNanosecondsFromNow() const {
+  if (!has_timeout()) {
+    return kMaxNanos;
+  }
+
+  int64_t nanos = RawAbsNanos();
+  if (is_absolute_timeout()) {
+    return std::max<int64_t>(nanos - absl::GetCurrentTimeNanos(), 0);
+  }
+  return std::max<int64_t>(nanos - SteadyClockNow(), 0);
+}
+
+struct timespec KernelTimeout::MakeAbsTimespec() const {
+  return absl::ToTimespec(absl::Nanoseconds(MakeAbsNanos()));
+}
+
+struct timespec KernelTimeout::MakeRelativeTimespec() const {
+  return absl::ToTimespec(absl::Nanoseconds(InNanosecondsFromNow()));
+}
+
+#ifndef _WIN32
+struct timespec KernelTimeout::MakeClockAbsoluteTimespec(clockid_t c) const {
+  if (!has_timeout()) {
+    return absl::ToTimespec(absl::Nanoseconds(kMaxNanos));
+  }
+
+  int64_t nanos = RawAbsNanos();
+  if (is_absolute_timeout()) {
+    nanos -= absl::GetCurrentTimeNanos();
+  } else {
+    nanos -= SteadyClockNow();
+  }
+
+  struct timespec now;
+  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(clock_gettime(c, &now) == 0, "clock_gettime() failed");
+  absl::Duration from_clock_epoch =
+      absl::DurationFromTimespec(now) + absl::Nanoseconds(nanos);
+  if (from_clock_epoch <= absl::ZeroDuration()) {
+    // Some callers have assumed that 0 means no timeout, so instead we return a
+    // time of 1 nanosecond after the epoch. For safety we also do not return
+    // negative values.
+    return absl::ToTimespec(absl::Nanoseconds(1));
+  }
+  return absl::ToTimespec(from_clock_epoch);
+}
+#endif
+
+KernelTimeout::DWord KernelTimeout::InMillisecondsFromNow() const {
+  constexpr DWord kInfinite = std::numeric_limits<DWord>::max();
+
+  if (!has_timeout()) {
+    return kInfinite;
+  }
+
+  constexpr uint64_t kNanosInMillis = uint64_t{1'000'000};
+  constexpr uint64_t kMaxValueNanos =
+      std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max() - kNanosInMillis + 1;
+
+  uint64_t ns_from_now = static_cast<uint64_t>(InNanosecondsFromNow());
+  if (ns_from_now >= kMaxValueNanos) {
+    // Rounding up would overflow.
+    return kInfinite;
+  }
+  // Convert to milliseconds, always rounding up.
+  uint64_t ms_from_now = (ns_from_now + kNanosInMillis - 1) / kNanosInMillis;
+  if (ms_from_now > kInfinite) {
+    return kInfinite;
+  }
+  return static_cast<DWord>(ms_from_now);
+}
+
+std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::system_clock>
+KernelTimeout::ToChronoTimePoint() const {
+  if (!has_timeout()) {
+    return std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::system_clock>::max();
+  }
+
+  // The cast to std::microseconds is because (on some platforms) the
+  // std::ratio used by std::chrono::steady_clock doesn't convert to
+  // std::nanoseconds, so it doesn't compile.
+  auto micros = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(
+      std::chrono::nanoseconds(MakeAbsNanos()));
+  return std::chrono::system_clock::from_time_t(0) + micros;
+}
+
+std::chrono::nanoseconds KernelTimeout::ToChronoDuration() const {
+  if (!has_timeout()) {
+    return std::chrono::nanoseconds::max();
+  }
+  return std::chrono::nanoseconds(InNanosecondsFromNow());
+}
+
+}  // namespace synchronization_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/synchronization/internal/kernel_timeout.h b/absl/synchronization/internal/kernel_timeout.h
index bbd4d2d7..06404a75 100644
--- a/absl/synchronization/internal/kernel_timeout.h
+++ b/absl/synchronization/internal/kernel_timeout.h
@@ -11,25 +11,21 @@
 // WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.
-//
-
-// An optional absolute timeout, with nanosecond granularity,
-// compatible with absl::Time. Suitable for in-register
-// parameter-passing (e.g. syscalls.)
-// Constructible from a absl::Time (for a timeout to be respected) or {}
-// (for "no timeout".)
-// This is a private low-level API for use by a handful of low-level
-// components that are friends of this class. Higher-level components
-// should build APIs based on absl::Time and absl::Duration.
 
 #ifndef ABSL_SYNCHRONIZATION_INTERNAL_KERNEL_TIMEOUT_H_
 #define ABSL_SYNCHRONIZATION_INTERNAL_KERNEL_TIMEOUT_H_
 
-#include <time.h>
+#ifndef _WIN32
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#endif
 
 #include <algorithm>
+#include <chrono>  // NOLINT(build/c++11)
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <ctime>
 #include <limits>
 
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
 #include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
 #include "absl/time/clock.h"
 #include "absl/time/time.h"
@@ -38,56 +34,73 @@ namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 namespace synchronization_internal {
 
-class Futex;
-class Waiter;
-
+// An optional timeout, with nanosecond granularity.
+//
+// This is a private low-level API for use by a handful of low-level
+// components. Higher-level components should build APIs based on
+// absl::Time and absl::Duration.
 class KernelTimeout {
  public:
-  // A timeout that should expire at <t>.  Any value, in the full
-  // InfinitePast() to InfiniteFuture() range, is valid here and will be
-  // respected.
-  explicit KernelTimeout(absl::Time t) : ns_(MakeNs(t)) {}
-  // No timeout.
-  KernelTimeout() : ns_(0) {}
-
-  // A more explicit factory for those who prefer it.  Equivalent to {}.
-  static KernelTimeout Never() { return {}; }
-
-  // We explicitly do not support other custom formats: timespec, int64_t nanos.
-  // Unify on this and absl::Time, please.
-
-  bool has_timeout() const { return ns_ != 0; }
+  // Construct an absolute timeout that should expire at `t`.
+  explicit KernelTimeout(absl::Time t);
+
+  // Construct a relative timeout that should expire after `d`.
+  explicit KernelTimeout(absl::Duration d);
+
+  // Infinite timeout.
+  constexpr KernelTimeout() : rep_(kNoTimeout) {}
+
+  // A more explicit factory for those who prefer it.
+  // Equivalent to `KernelTimeout()`.
+  static constexpr KernelTimeout Never() { return KernelTimeout(); }
+
+  // Returns true if there is a timeout that will eventually expire.
+  // Returns false if the timeout is infinite.
+  bool has_timeout() const { return rep_ != kNoTimeout; }
+
+  // If `has_timeout()` is true, returns true if the timeout was provided as an
+  // `absl::Time`. The return value is undefined if `has_timeout()` is false
+  // because all indefinite timeouts are equivalent.
+  bool is_absolute_timeout() const { return (rep_ & 1) == 0; }
+
+  // If `has_timeout()` is true, returns true if the timeout was provided as an
+  // `absl::Duration`. The return value is undefined if `has_timeout()` is false
+  // because all indefinite timeouts are equivalent.
+  bool is_relative_timeout() const { return (rep_ & 1) == 1; }
+
+  // Convert to `struct timespec` for interfaces that expect an absolute
+  // timeout. If !has_timeout() or is_relative_timeout(), attempts to convert to
+  // a reasonable absolute timeout, but callers should to test has_timeout() and
+  // is_relative_timeout() and prefer to use a more appropriate interface.
+  struct timespec MakeAbsTimespec() const;
+
+  // Convert to `struct timespec` for interfaces that expect a relative
+  // timeout. If !has_timeout() or is_absolute_timeout(), attempts to convert to
+  // a reasonable relative timeout, but callers should to test has_timeout() and
+  // is_absolute_timeout() and prefer to use a more appropriate interface. Since
+  // the return value is a relative duration, it should be recomputed by calling
+  // this method in the case of a spurious wakeup.
+  struct timespec MakeRelativeTimespec() const;
+
+#ifndef _WIN32
+  // Convert to `struct timespec` for interfaces that expect an absolute timeout
+  // on a specific clock `c`. This is similar to `MakeAbsTimespec()`, but
+  // callers usually want to use this method with `CLOCK_MONOTONIC` when
+  // relative timeouts are requested, and when the appropriate interface expects
+  // an absolute timeout relative to a specific clock (for example,
+  // pthread_cond_clockwait() or sem_clockwait()). If !has_timeout(), attempts
+  // to convert to a reasonable absolute timeout, but callers should to test
+  // has_timeout() prefer to use a more appropriate interface.
+  struct timespec MakeClockAbsoluteTimespec(clockid_t c) const;
+#endif
 
-  // Convert to parameter for sem_timedwait/futex/similar.  Only for approved
-  // users.  Do not call if !has_timeout.
-  struct timespec MakeAbsTimespec();
+  // Convert to unix epoch nanos for interfaces that expect an absolute timeout
+  // in nanoseconds. If !has_timeout() or is_relative_timeout(), attempts to
+  // convert to a reasonable absolute timeout, but callers should to test
+  // has_timeout() and is_relative_timeout() and prefer to use a more
+  // appropriate interface.
+  int64_t MakeAbsNanos() const;
 
- private:
-  // internal rep, not user visible: ns after unix epoch.
-  // zero = no timeout.
-  // Negative we treat as an unlikely (and certainly expired!) but valid
-  // timeout.
-  int64_t ns_;
-
-  static int64_t MakeNs(absl::Time t) {
-    // optimization--InfiniteFuture is common "no timeout" value
-    // and cheaper to compare than convert.
-    if (t == absl::InfiniteFuture()) return 0;
-    int64_t x = ToUnixNanos(t);
-
-    // A timeout that lands exactly on the epoch (x=0) needs to be respected,
-    // so we alter it unnoticably to 1.  Negative timeouts are in
-    // theory supported, but handled poorly by the kernel (long
-    // delays) so push them forward too; since all such times have
-    // already passed, it's indistinguishable.
-    if (x <= 0) x = 1;
-    // A time larger than what can be represented to the kernel is treated
-    // as no timeout.
-    if (x == (std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max)()) x = 0;
-    return x;
-  }
-
-#ifdef _WIN32
   // Converts to milliseconds from now, or INFINITE when
   // !has_timeout(). For use by SleepConditionVariableSRW on
   // Windows. Callers should recognize that the return value is a
@@ -97,58 +110,67 @@ class KernelTimeout {
   // so we define our own DWORD and INFINITE instead of getting them from
   // <intsafe.h> and <WinBase.h>.
   typedef unsigned long DWord;  // NOLINT
-  DWord InMillisecondsFromNow() const {
-    constexpr DWord kInfinite = (std::numeric_limits<DWord>::max)();
-    if (!has_timeout()) {
-      return kInfinite;
-    }
-    // The use of absl::Now() to convert from absolute time to
-    // relative time means that absl::Now() cannot use anything that
-    // depends on KernelTimeout (for example, Mutex) on Windows.
-    int64_t now = ToUnixNanos(absl::Now());
-    if (ns_ >= now) {
-      // Round up so that Now() + ms_from_now >= ns_.
-      constexpr uint64_t max_nanos =
-          (std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max)() - 999999u;
-      uint64_t ms_from_now =
-          (std::min<uint64_t>(max_nanos, ns_ - now) + 999999u) / 1000000u;
-      if (ms_from_now > kInfinite) {
-        return kInfinite;
-      }
-      return static_cast<DWord>(ms_from_now);
-    }
-    return 0;
-  }
-#endif
+  DWord InMillisecondsFromNow() const;
+
+  // Convert to std::chrono::time_point for interfaces that expect an absolute
+  // timeout, like std::condition_variable::wait_until(). If !has_timeout() or
+  // is_relative_timeout(), attempts to convert to a reasonable absolute
+  // timeout, but callers should test has_timeout() and is_relative_timeout()
+  // and prefer to use a more appropriate interface.
+  std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::system_clock> ToChronoTimePoint() const;
+
+  // Convert to std::chrono::time_point for interfaces that expect a relative
+  // timeout, like std::condition_variable::wait_for(). If !has_timeout() or
+  // is_absolute_timeout(), attempts to convert to a reasonable relative
+  // timeout, but callers should test has_timeout() and is_absolute_timeout()
+  // and prefer to use a more appropriate interface. Since the return value is a
+  // relative duration, it should be recomputed by calling this method in the
+  // case of a spurious wakeup.
+  std::chrono::nanoseconds ToChronoDuration() const;
+
+  // Returns true if steady (aka monotonic) clocks are supported by the system.
+  // This method exists because go/btm requires synchronized clocks, and
+  // thus requires we use the system (aka walltime) clock.
+  static constexpr bool SupportsSteadyClock() { return true; }
 
-  friend class Futex;
-  friend class Waiter;
+ private:
+  // Returns the current time, expressed as a count of nanoseconds since the
+  // epoch used by an arbitrary clock. The implementation tries to use a steady
+  // (monotonic) clock if one is available.
+  static int64_t SteadyClockNow();
+
+  // Internal representation.
+  //   - If the value is kNoTimeout, then the timeout is infinite, and
+  //     has_timeout() will return true.
+  //   - If the low bit is 0, then the high 63 bits is the number of nanoseconds
+  //     after the unix epoch.
+  //   - If the low bit is 1, then the high 63 bits is the number of nanoseconds
+  //     after the epoch used by SteadyClockNow().
+  //
+  // In all cases the time is stored as an absolute time, the only difference is
+  // the clock epoch. The use of absolute times is important since in the case
+  // of a relative timeout with a spurious wakeup, the program would have to
+  // restart the wait, and thus needs a way of recomputing the remaining time.
+  uint64_t rep_;
+
+  // Returns the number of nanoseconds stored in the internal representation.
+  // When combined with the clock epoch indicated by the low bit (which is
+  // accessed through is_absolute_timeout() and is_relative_timeout()), the
+  // return value is used to compute when the timeout should occur.
+  int64_t RawAbsNanos() const { return static_cast<int64_t>(rep_ >> 1); }
+
+  // Converts to nanoseconds from now. Since the return value is a relative
+  // duration, it should be recomputed by calling this method in the case of a
+  // spurious wakeup.
+  int64_t InNanosecondsFromNow() const;
+
+  // A value that represents no timeout (or an infinite timeout).
+  static constexpr uint64_t kNoTimeout = (std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max)();
+
+  // The maximum value that can be stored in the high 63 bits.
+  static constexpr int64_t kMaxNanos = (std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max)();
 };
 
-inline struct timespec KernelTimeout::MakeAbsTimespec() {
-  int64_t n = ns_;
-  static const int64_t kNanosPerSecond = 1000 * 1000 * 1000;
-  if (n == 0) {
-    ABSL_RAW_LOG(
-        ERROR, "Tried to create a timespec from a non-timeout; never do this.");
-    // But we'll try to continue sanely.  no-timeout ~= saturated timeout.
-    n = (std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max)();
-  }
-
-  // Kernel APIs validate timespecs as being at or after the epoch,
-  // despite the kernel time type being signed.  However, no one can
-  // tell the difference between a timeout at or before the epoch (since
-  // all such timeouts have expired!)
-  if (n < 0) n = 0;
-
-  struct timespec abstime;
-  int64_t seconds = (std::min)(n / kNanosPerSecond,
-                               int64_t{(std::numeric_limits<time_t>::max)()});
-  abstime.tv_sec = static_cast<time_t>(seconds);
-  abstime.tv_nsec = static_cast<decltype(abstime.tv_nsec)>(n % kNanosPerSecond);
-  return abstime;
-}
-
 }  // namespace synchronization_internal
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
 }  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/synchronization/internal/kernel_timeout_test.cc b/absl/synchronization/internal/kernel_timeout_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..92ed2691
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/synchronization/internal/kernel_timeout_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,394 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/kernel_timeout.h"
+
+#include <ctime>
+#include <chrono>  // NOLINT(build/c++11)
+#include <limits>
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/random/random.h"
+#include "absl/time/clock.h"
+#include "absl/time/time.h"
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+
+// Test go/btm support by randomizing the value of clock_gettime() for
+// CLOCK_MONOTONIC. This works by overriding a weak symbol in glibc.
+// We should be resistant to this randomization when !SupportsSteadyClock().
+#if defined(__GOOGLE_GRTE_VERSION__) &&      \
+    !defined(ABSL_HAVE_ADDRESS_SANITIZER) && \
+    !defined(ABSL_HAVE_MEMORY_SANITIZER) &&  \
+    !defined(ABSL_HAVE_THREAD_SANITIZER)
+extern "C" int __clock_gettime(clockid_t c, struct timespec* ts);
+
+extern "C" int clock_gettime(clockid_t c, struct timespec* ts) {
+  if (c == CLOCK_MONOTONIC &&
+      !absl::synchronization_internal::KernelTimeout::SupportsSteadyClock()) {
+    absl::SharedBitGen gen;
+    ts->tv_sec = absl::Uniform(gen, 0, 1'000'000'000);
+    ts->tv_nsec = absl::Uniform(gen, 0, 1'000'000'000);
+    return 0;
+  }
+  return __clock_gettime(c, ts);
+}
+#endif
+
+namespace {
+
+#if defined(ABSL_HAVE_ADDRESS_SANITIZER) || \
+    defined(ABSL_HAVE_MEMORY_SANITIZER) ||  \
+    defined(ABSL_HAVE_THREAD_SANITIZER) || \
+    defined(__ANDROID__) || \
+    defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64)
+constexpr absl::Duration kTimingBound = absl::Milliseconds(5);
+#else
+constexpr absl::Duration kTimingBound = absl::Microseconds(250);
+#endif
+
+using absl::synchronization_internal::KernelTimeout;
+
+TEST(KernelTimeout, FiniteTimes) {
+  constexpr absl::Duration kDurationsToTest[] = {
+    absl::ZeroDuration(),
+    absl::Nanoseconds(1),
+    absl::Microseconds(1),
+    absl::Milliseconds(1),
+    absl::Seconds(1),
+    absl::Minutes(1),
+    absl::Hours(1),
+    absl::Hours(1000),
+    -absl::Nanoseconds(1),
+    -absl::Microseconds(1),
+    -absl::Milliseconds(1),
+    -absl::Seconds(1),
+    -absl::Minutes(1),
+    -absl::Hours(1),
+    -absl::Hours(1000),
+  };
+
+  for (auto duration : kDurationsToTest) {
+    const absl::Time now = absl::Now();
+    const absl::Time when = now + duration;
+    SCOPED_TRACE(duration);
+    KernelTimeout t(when);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(t.has_timeout());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(t.is_absolute_timeout());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(t.is_relative_timeout());
+    EXPECT_EQ(absl::TimeFromTimespec(t.MakeAbsTimespec()), when);
+#ifndef _WIN32
+    EXPECT_LE(
+        absl::AbsDuration(absl::Now() + duration -
+                          absl::TimeFromTimespec(
+                              t.MakeClockAbsoluteTimespec(CLOCK_REALTIME))),
+        absl::Milliseconds(10));
+#endif
+    EXPECT_LE(
+        absl::AbsDuration(absl::DurationFromTimespec(t.MakeRelativeTimespec()) -
+                          std::max(duration, absl::ZeroDuration())),
+        kTimingBound);
+    EXPECT_EQ(absl::FromUnixNanos(t.MakeAbsNanos()), when);
+    EXPECT_LE(absl::AbsDuration(absl::Milliseconds(t.InMillisecondsFromNow()) -
+                                std::max(duration, absl::ZeroDuration())),
+              absl::Milliseconds(5));
+    EXPECT_LE(absl::AbsDuration(absl::FromChrono(t.ToChronoTimePoint()) - when),
+              absl::Microseconds(1));
+    EXPECT_LE(absl::AbsDuration(absl::FromChrono(t.ToChronoDuration()) -
+                                std::max(duration, absl::ZeroDuration())),
+              kTimingBound);
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(KernelTimeout, InfiniteFuture) {
+  KernelTimeout t(absl::InfiniteFuture());
+  EXPECT_FALSE(t.has_timeout());
+  // Callers are expected to check has_timeout() instead of using the methods
+  // below, but we do try to do something reasonable if they don't. We may not
+  // be able to round-trip back to absl::InfiniteDuration() or
+  // absl::InfiniteFuture(), but we should return a very large value.
+  EXPECT_GT(absl::TimeFromTimespec(t.MakeAbsTimespec()),
+            absl::Now() + absl::Hours(100000));
+#ifndef _WIN32
+  EXPECT_GT(absl::TimeFromTimespec(t.MakeClockAbsoluteTimespec(CLOCK_REALTIME)),
+            absl::Now() + absl::Hours(100000));
+#endif
+  EXPECT_GT(absl::DurationFromTimespec(t.MakeRelativeTimespec()),
+            absl::Hours(100000));
+  EXPECT_GT(absl::FromUnixNanos(t.MakeAbsNanos()),
+            absl::Now() + absl::Hours(100000));
+  EXPECT_EQ(t.InMillisecondsFromNow(),
+            std::numeric_limits<KernelTimeout::DWord>::max());
+  EXPECT_EQ(t.ToChronoTimePoint(),
+            std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::system_clock>::max());
+  EXPECT_GE(t.ToChronoDuration(), std::chrono::nanoseconds::max());
+}
+
+TEST(KernelTimeout, DefaultConstructor) {
+  // The default constructor is equivalent to absl::InfiniteFuture().
+  KernelTimeout t;
+  EXPECT_FALSE(t.has_timeout());
+  // Callers are expected to check has_timeout() instead of using the methods
+  // below, but we do try to do something reasonable if they don't. We may not
+  // be able to round-trip back to absl::InfiniteDuration() or
+  // absl::InfiniteFuture(), but we should return a very large value.
+  EXPECT_GT(absl::TimeFromTimespec(t.MakeAbsTimespec()),
+            absl::Now() + absl::Hours(100000));
+#ifndef _WIN32
+  EXPECT_GT(absl::TimeFromTimespec(t.MakeClockAbsoluteTimespec(CLOCK_REALTIME)),
+            absl::Now() + absl::Hours(100000));
+#endif
+  EXPECT_GT(absl::DurationFromTimespec(t.MakeRelativeTimespec()),
+            absl::Hours(100000));
+  EXPECT_GT(absl::FromUnixNanos(t.MakeAbsNanos()),
+            absl::Now() + absl::Hours(100000));
+  EXPECT_EQ(t.InMillisecondsFromNow(),
+            std::numeric_limits<KernelTimeout::DWord>::max());
+  EXPECT_EQ(t.ToChronoTimePoint(),
+            std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::system_clock>::max());
+  EXPECT_GE(t.ToChronoDuration(), std::chrono::nanoseconds::max());
+}
+
+TEST(KernelTimeout, TimeMaxNanos) {
+  // Time >= kMaxNanos should behave as no timeout.
+  KernelTimeout t(absl::FromUnixNanos(std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max()));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(t.has_timeout());
+  // Callers are expected to check has_timeout() instead of using the methods
+  // below, but we do try to do something reasonable if they don't. We may not
+  // be able to round-trip back to absl::InfiniteDuration() or
+  // absl::InfiniteFuture(), but we should return a very large value.
+  EXPECT_GT(absl::TimeFromTimespec(t.MakeAbsTimespec()),
+            absl::Now() + absl::Hours(100000));
+#ifndef _WIN32
+  EXPECT_GT(absl::TimeFromTimespec(t.MakeClockAbsoluteTimespec(CLOCK_REALTIME)),
+            absl::Now() + absl::Hours(100000));
+#endif
+  EXPECT_GT(absl::DurationFromTimespec(t.MakeRelativeTimespec()),
+            absl::Hours(100000));
+  EXPECT_GT(absl::FromUnixNanos(t.MakeAbsNanos()),
+            absl::Now() + absl::Hours(100000));
+  EXPECT_EQ(t.InMillisecondsFromNow(),
+            std::numeric_limits<KernelTimeout::DWord>::max());
+  EXPECT_EQ(t.ToChronoTimePoint(),
+            std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::system_clock>::max());
+  EXPECT_GE(t.ToChronoDuration(), std::chrono::nanoseconds::max());
+}
+
+TEST(KernelTimeout, Never) {
+  // KernelTimeout::Never() is equivalent to absl::InfiniteFuture().
+  KernelTimeout t = KernelTimeout::Never();
+  EXPECT_FALSE(t.has_timeout());
+  // Callers are expected to check has_timeout() instead of using the methods
+  // below, but we do try to do something reasonable if they don't. We may not
+  // be able to round-trip back to absl::InfiniteDuration() or
+  // absl::InfiniteFuture(), but we should return a very large value.
+  EXPECT_GT(absl::TimeFromTimespec(t.MakeAbsTimespec()),
+            absl::Now() + absl::Hours(100000));
+#ifndef _WIN32
+  EXPECT_GT(absl::TimeFromTimespec(t.MakeClockAbsoluteTimespec(CLOCK_REALTIME)),
+            absl::Now() + absl::Hours(100000));
+#endif
+  EXPECT_GT(absl::DurationFromTimespec(t.MakeRelativeTimespec()),
+            absl::Hours(100000));
+  EXPECT_GT(absl::FromUnixNanos(t.MakeAbsNanos()),
+            absl::Now() + absl::Hours(100000));
+  EXPECT_EQ(t.InMillisecondsFromNow(),
+            std::numeric_limits<KernelTimeout::DWord>::max());
+  EXPECT_EQ(t.ToChronoTimePoint(),
+            std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::system_clock>::max());
+  EXPECT_GE(t.ToChronoDuration(), std::chrono::nanoseconds::max());
+}
+
+TEST(KernelTimeout, InfinitePast) {
+  KernelTimeout t(absl::InfinitePast());
+  EXPECT_TRUE(t.has_timeout());
+  EXPECT_TRUE(t.is_absolute_timeout());
+  EXPECT_FALSE(t.is_relative_timeout());
+  EXPECT_LE(absl::TimeFromTimespec(t.MakeAbsTimespec()),
+            absl::FromUnixNanos(1));
+#ifndef _WIN32
+  EXPECT_LE(absl::TimeFromTimespec(t.MakeClockAbsoluteTimespec(CLOCK_REALTIME)),
+            absl::FromUnixSeconds(1));
+#endif
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::DurationFromTimespec(t.MakeRelativeTimespec()),
+            absl::ZeroDuration());
+  EXPECT_LE(absl::FromUnixNanos(t.MakeAbsNanos()), absl::FromUnixNanos(1));
+  EXPECT_EQ(t.InMillisecondsFromNow(), KernelTimeout::DWord{0});
+  EXPECT_LT(t.ToChronoTimePoint(), std::chrono::system_clock::from_time_t(0) +
+                                       std::chrono::seconds(1));
+  EXPECT_EQ(t.ToChronoDuration(), std::chrono::nanoseconds(0));
+}
+
+TEST(KernelTimeout, FiniteDurations) {
+  constexpr absl::Duration kDurationsToTest[] = {
+    absl::ZeroDuration(),
+    absl::Nanoseconds(1),
+    absl::Microseconds(1),
+    absl::Milliseconds(1),
+    absl::Seconds(1),
+    absl::Minutes(1),
+    absl::Hours(1),
+    absl::Hours(1000),
+  };
+
+  for (auto duration : kDurationsToTest) {
+    SCOPED_TRACE(duration);
+    KernelTimeout t(duration);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(t.has_timeout());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(t.is_absolute_timeout());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(t.is_relative_timeout());
+    EXPECT_LE(absl::AbsDuration(absl::Now() + duration -
+                                absl::TimeFromTimespec(t.MakeAbsTimespec())),
+              absl::Milliseconds(5));
+#ifndef _WIN32
+    EXPECT_LE(
+        absl::AbsDuration(absl::Now() + duration -
+                          absl::TimeFromTimespec(
+                              t.MakeClockAbsoluteTimespec(CLOCK_REALTIME))),
+        absl::Milliseconds(5));
+#endif
+    EXPECT_LE(
+        absl::AbsDuration(absl::DurationFromTimespec(t.MakeRelativeTimespec()) -
+                          duration),
+        kTimingBound);
+    EXPECT_LE(absl::AbsDuration(absl::Now() + duration -
+                                absl::FromUnixNanos(t.MakeAbsNanos())),
+              absl::Milliseconds(5));
+    EXPECT_LE(absl::Milliseconds(t.InMillisecondsFromNow()) - duration,
+              absl::Milliseconds(5));
+    EXPECT_LE(absl::AbsDuration(absl::Now() + duration -
+                                absl::FromChrono(t.ToChronoTimePoint())),
+              kTimingBound);
+    EXPECT_LE(
+        absl::AbsDuration(absl::FromChrono(t.ToChronoDuration()) - duration),
+        kTimingBound);
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(KernelTimeout, NegativeDurations) {
+  constexpr absl::Duration kDurationsToTest[] = {
+    -absl::ZeroDuration(),
+    -absl::Nanoseconds(1),
+    -absl::Microseconds(1),
+    -absl::Milliseconds(1),
+    -absl::Seconds(1),
+    -absl::Minutes(1),
+    -absl::Hours(1),
+    -absl::Hours(1000),
+    -absl::InfiniteDuration(),
+  };
+
+  for (auto duration : kDurationsToTest) {
+    // Negative durations should all be converted to zero durations or "now".
+    SCOPED_TRACE(duration);
+    KernelTimeout t(duration);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(t.has_timeout());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(t.is_absolute_timeout());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(t.is_relative_timeout());
+    EXPECT_LE(absl::AbsDuration(absl::Now() -
+                                absl::TimeFromTimespec(t.MakeAbsTimespec())),
+              absl::Milliseconds(5));
+#ifndef _WIN32
+    EXPECT_LE(absl::AbsDuration(absl::Now() - absl::TimeFromTimespec(
+                                                  t.MakeClockAbsoluteTimespec(
+                                                      CLOCK_REALTIME))),
+              absl::Milliseconds(5));
+#endif
+    EXPECT_EQ(absl::DurationFromTimespec(t.MakeRelativeTimespec()),
+              absl::ZeroDuration());
+    EXPECT_LE(
+        absl::AbsDuration(absl::Now() - absl::FromUnixNanos(t.MakeAbsNanos())),
+        absl::Milliseconds(5));
+    EXPECT_EQ(t.InMillisecondsFromNow(), KernelTimeout::DWord{0});
+    EXPECT_LE(absl::AbsDuration(absl::Now() -
+                                absl::FromChrono(t.ToChronoTimePoint())),
+              absl::Milliseconds(5));
+    EXPECT_EQ(t.ToChronoDuration(), std::chrono::nanoseconds(0));
+  }
+}
+
+TEST(KernelTimeout, InfiniteDuration) {
+  KernelTimeout t(absl::InfiniteDuration());
+  EXPECT_FALSE(t.has_timeout());
+  // Callers are expected to check has_timeout() instead of using the methods
+  // below, but we do try to do something reasonable if they don't. We may not
+  // be able to round-trip back to absl::InfiniteDuration() or
+  // absl::InfiniteFuture(), but we should return a very large value.
+  EXPECT_GT(absl::TimeFromTimespec(t.MakeAbsTimespec()),
+            absl::Now() + absl::Hours(100000));
+#ifndef _WIN32
+  EXPECT_GT(absl::TimeFromTimespec(t.MakeClockAbsoluteTimespec(CLOCK_REALTIME)),
+            absl::Now() + absl::Hours(100000));
+#endif
+  EXPECT_GT(absl::DurationFromTimespec(t.MakeRelativeTimespec()),
+            absl::Hours(100000));
+  EXPECT_GT(absl::FromUnixNanos(t.MakeAbsNanos()),
+            absl::Now() + absl::Hours(100000));
+  EXPECT_EQ(t.InMillisecondsFromNow(),
+            std::numeric_limits<KernelTimeout::DWord>::max());
+  EXPECT_EQ(t.ToChronoTimePoint(),
+            std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::system_clock>::max());
+  EXPECT_GE(t.ToChronoDuration(), std::chrono::nanoseconds::max());
+}
+
+TEST(KernelTimeout, DurationMaxNanos) {
+  // Duration >= kMaxNanos should behave as no timeout.
+  KernelTimeout t(absl::Nanoseconds(std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max()));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(t.has_timeout());
+  // Callers are expected to check has_timeout() instead of using the methods
+  // below, but we do try to do something reasonable if they don't. We may not
+  // be able to round-trip back to absl::InfiniteDuration() or
+  // absl::InfiniteFuture(), but we should return a very large value.
+  EXPECT_GT(absl::TimeFromTimespec(t.MakeAbsTimespec()),
+            absl::Now() + absl::Hours(100000));
+#ifndef _WIN32
+  EXPECT_GT(absl::TimeFromTimespec(t.MakeClockAbsoluteTimespec(CLOCK_REALTIME)),
+            absl::Now() + absl::Hours(100000));
+#endif
+  EXPECT_GT(absl::DurationFromTimespec(t.MakeRelativeTimespec()),
+            absl::Hours(100000));
+  EXPECT_GT(absl::FromUnixNanos(t.MakeAbsNanos()),
+            absl::Now() + absl::Hours(100000));
+  EXPECT_EQ(t.InMillisecondsFromNow(),
+            std::numeric_limits<KernelTimeout::DWord>::max());
+  EXPECT_EQ(t.ToChronoTimePoint(),
+            std::chrono::time_point<std::chrono::system_clock>::max());
+  EXPECT_GE(t.ToChronoDuration(), std::chrono::nanoseconds::max());
+}
+
+TEST(KernelTimeout, OverflowNanos) {
+  // Test what happens when KernelTimeout is constructed with an absl::Duration
+  // that would overflow now_nanos + duration.
+  int64_t now_nanos = absl::ToUnixNanos(absl::Now());
+  int64_t limit = std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max() - now_nanos;
+  absl::Duration duration = absl::Nanoseconds(limit) + absl::Seconds(1);
+  KernelTimeout t(duration);
+  // Timeouts should still be far in the future.
+  EXPECT_GT(absl::TimeFromTimespec(t.MakeAbsTimespec()),
+            absl::Now() + absl::Hours(100000));
+#ifndef _WIN32
+  EXPECT_GT(absl::TimeFromTimespec(t.MakeClockAbsoluteTimespec(CLOCK_REALTIME)),
+            absl::Now() + absl::Hours(100000));
+#endif
+  EXPECT_GT(absl::DurationFromTimespec(t.MakeRelativeTimespec()),
+            absl::Hours(100000));
+  EXPECT_GT(absl::FromUnixNanos(t.MakeAbsNanos()),
+            absl::Now() + absl::Hours(100000));
+  EXPECT_LE(absl::Milliseconds(t.InMillisecondsFromNow()) - duration,
+            absl::Milliseconds(5));
+  EXPECT_GT(t.ToChronoTimePoint(),
+            std::chrono::system_clock::now() + std::chrono::hours(100000));
+  EXPECT_GT(t.ToChronoDuration(), std::chrono::hours(100000));
+}
+
+}  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/synchronization/internal/per_thread_sem.cc b/absl/synchronization/internal/per_thread_sem.cc
index 469e8f32..c9b8dc1e 100644
--- a/absl/synchronization/internal/per_thread_sem.cc
+++ b/absl/synchronization/internal/per_thread_sem.cc
@@ -40,13 +40,6 @@ std::atomic<int> *PerThreadSem::GetThreadBlockedCounter() {
   return identity->blocked_count_ptr;
 }
 
-void PerThreadSem::Init(base_internal::ThreadIdentity *identity) {
-  new (Waiter::GetWaiter(identity)) Waiter();
-  identity->ticker.store(0, std::memory_order_relaxed);
-  identity->wait_start.store(0, std::memory_order_relaxed);
-  identity->is_idle.store(false, std::memory_order_relaxed);
-}
-
 void PerThreadSem::Tick(base_internal::ThreadIdentity *identity) {
   const int ticker =
       identity->ticker.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed) + 1;
@@ -54,7 +47,7 @@ void PerThreadSem::Tick(base_internal::ThreadIdentity *identity) {
   const bool is_idle = identity->is_idle.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
   if (wait_start && (ticker - wait_start > Waiter::kIdlePeriods) && !is_idle) {
     // Wakeup the waiting thread since it is time for it to become idle.
-    Waiter::GetWaiter(identity)->Poke();
+    ABSL_INTERNAL_C_SYMBOL(AbslInternalPerThreadSemPoke)(identity);
   }
 }
 
@@ -64,11 +57,22 @@ ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
 
 extern "C" {
 
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_WEAK void ABSL_INTERNAL_C_SYMBOL(AbslInternalPerThreadSemInit)(
+    absl::base_internal::ThreadIdentity *identity) {
+  new (absl::synchronization_internal::Waiter::GetWaiter(identity))
+      absl::synchronization_internal::Waiter();
+}
+
 ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_WEAK void ABSL_INTERNAL_C_SYMBOL(AbslInternalPerThreadSemPost)(
     absl::base_internal::ThreadIdentity *identity) {
   absl::synchronization_internal::Waiter::GetWaiter(identity)->Post();
 }
 
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_WEAK void ABSL_INTERNAL_C_SYMBOL(AbslInternalPerThreadSemPoke)(
+    absl::base_internal::ThreadIdentity *identity) {
+  absl::synchronization_internal::Waiter::GetWaiter(identity)->Poke();
+}
+
 ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_WEAK bool ABSL_INTERNAL_C_SYMBOL(AbslInternalPerThreadSemWait)(
     absl::synchronization_internal::KernelTimeout t) {
   bool timeout = false;
diff --git a/absl/synchronization/internal/per_thread_sem.h b/absl/synchronization/internal/per_thread_sem.h
index 90a88809..144ab3cd 100644
--- a/absl/synchronization/internal/per_thread_sem.h
+++ b/absl/synchronization/internal/per_thread_sem.h
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ class PerThreadSem {
  private:
   // Create the PerThreadSem associated with "identity".  Initializes count=0.
   // REQUIRES: May only be called by ThreadIdentity.
-  static void Init(base_internal::ThreadIdentity* identity);
+  static inline void Init(base_internal::ThreadIdentity* identity);
 
   // Increments "identity"'s count.
   static inline void Post(base_internal::ThreadIdentity* identity);
@@ -91,12 +91,21 @@ ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
 // By changing our extension points to be extern "C", we dodge this
 // check.
 extern "C" {
+void ABSL_INTERNAL_C_SYMBOL(AbslInternalPerThreadSemInit)(
+    absl::base_internal::ThreadIdentity* identity);
 void ABSL_INTERNAL_C_SYMBOL(AbslInternalPerThreadSemPost)(
     absl::base_internal::ThreadIdentity* identity);
 bool ABSL_INTERNAL_C_SYMBOL(AbslInternalPerThreadSemWait)(
     absl::synchronization_internal::KernelTimeout t);
+void ABSL_INTERNAL_C_SYMBOL(AbslInternalPerThreadSemPoke)(
+    absl::base_internal::ThreadIdentity* identity);
 }  // extern "C"
 
+void absl::synchronization_internal::PerThreadSem::Init(
+    absl::base_internal::ThreadIdentity* identity) {
+  ABSL_INTERNAL_C_SYMBOL(AbslInternalPerThreadSemInit)(identity);
+}
+
 void absl::synchronization_internal::PerThreadSem::Post(
     absl::base_internal::ThreadIdentity* identity) {
   ABSL_INTERNAL_C_SYMBOL(AbslInternalPerThreadSemPost)(identity);
diff --git a/absl/synchronization/internal/pthread_waiter.cc b/absl/synchronization/internal/pthread_waiter.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bf700e95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/synchronization/internal/pthread_waiter.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/pthread_waiter.h"
+
+#ifdef ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_PTHREAD_WAITER
+
+#include <pthread.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cerrno>
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/thread_identity.h"
+#include "absl/base/optimization.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/kernel_timeout.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace synchronization_internal {
+
+namespace {
+class PthreadMutexHolder {
+ public:
+  explicit PthreadMutexHolder(pthread_mutex_t *mu) : mu_(mu) {
+    const int err = pthread_mutex_lock(mu_);
+    if (err != 0) {
+      ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "pthread_mutex_lock failed: %d", err);
+    }
+  }
+
+  PthreadMutexHolder(const PthreadMutexHolder &rhs) = delete;
+  PthreadMutexHolder &operator=(const PthreadMutexHolder &rhs) = delete;
+
+  ~PthreadMutexHolder() {
+    const int err = pthread_mutex_unlock(mu_);
+    if (err != 0) {
+      ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "pthread_mutex_unlock failed: %d", err);
+    }
+  }
+
+ private:
+  pthread_mutex_t *mu_;
+};
+}  // namespace
+
+#ifdef ABSL_INTERNAL_NEED_REDUNDANT_CONSTEXPR_DECL
+constexpr char PthreadWaiter::kName[];
+#endif
+
+PthreadWaiter::PthreadWaiter() : waiter_count_(0), wakeup_count_(0) {
+  const int err = pthread_mutex_init(&mu_, 0);
+  if (err != 0) {
+    ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "pthread_mutex_init failed: %d", err);
+  }
+
+  const int err2 = pthread_cond_init(&cv_, 0);
+  if (err2 != 0) {
+    ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "pthread_cond_init failed: %d", err2);
+  }
+}
+
+#ifdef __APPLE__
+#define ABSL_INTERNAL_HAS_PTHREAD_COND_TIMEDWAIT_RELATIVE_NP 1
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__GLIBC__) && \
+    (__GLIBC__ > 2 || (__GLIBC__ == 2 && __GLIBC_MINOR__ >= 30))
+#define ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_PTHREAD_COND_CLOCKWAIT 1
+#elif defined(__ANDROID_API__) && __ANDROID_API__ >= 30
+#define ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_PTHREAD_COND_CLOCKWAIT 1
+#endif
+
+// Calls pthread_cond_timedwait() or possibly something else like
+// pthread_cond_timedwait_relative_np() depending on the platform and
+// KernelTimeout requested. The return value is the same as the return
+// value of pthread_cond_timedwait().
+int PthreadWaiter::TimedWait(KernelTimeout t) {
+  assert(t.has_timeout());
+  if (KernelTimeout::SupportsSteadyClock() && t.is_relative_timeout()) {
+#ifdef ABSL_INTERNAL_HAS_PTHREAD_COND_TIMEDWAIT_RELATIVE_NP
+    const auto rel_timeout = t.MakeRelativeTimespec();
+    return pthread_cond_timedwait_relative_np(&cv_, &mu_, &rel_timeout);
+#elif defined(ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_PTHREAD_COND_CLOCKWAIT) && \
+    defined(CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
+    const auto abs_clock_timeout = t.MakeClockAbsoluteTimespec(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
+    return pthread_cond_clockwait(&cv_, &mu_, CLOCK_MONOTONIC,
+                                  &abs_clock_timeout);
+#endif
+  }
+
+  const auto abs_timeout = t.MakeAbsTimespec();
+  return pthread_cond_timedwait(&cv_, &mu_, &abs_timeout);
+}
+
+bool PthreadWaiter::Wait(KernelTimeout t) {
+  PthreadMutexHolder h(&mu_);
+  ++waiter_count_;
+  // Loop until we find a wakeup to consume or timeout.
+  // Note that, since the thread ticker is just reset, we don't need to check
+  // whether the thread is idle on the very first pass of the loop.
+  bool first_pass = true;
+  while (wakeup_count_ == 0) {
+    if (!first_pass) MaybeBecomeIdle();
+    // No wakeups available, time to wait.
+    if (!t.has_timeout()) {
+      const int err = pthread_cond_wait(&cv_, &mu_);
+      if (err != 0) {
+        ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "pthread_cond_wait failed: %d", err);
+      }
+    } else {
+      const int err = TimedWait(t);
+      if (err == ETIMEDOUT) {
+        --waiter_count_;
+        return false;
+      }
+      if (err != 0) {
+        ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "PthreadWaiter::TimedWait() failed: %d", err);
+      }
+    }
+    first_pass = false;
+  }
+  // Consume a wakeup and we're done.
+  --wakeup_count_;
+  --waiter_count_;
+  return true;
+}
+
+void PthreadWaiter::Post() {
+  PthreadMutexHolder h(&mu_);
+  ++wakeup_count_;
+  InternalCondVarPoke();
+}
+
+void PthreadWaiter::Poke() {
+  PthreadMutexHolder h(&mu_);
+  InternalCondVarPoke();
+}
+
+void PthreadWaiter::InternalCondVarPoke() {
+  if (waiter_count_ != 0) {
+    const int err = pthread_cond_signal(&cv_);
+    if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(err != 0)) {
+      ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "pthread_cond_signal failed: %d", err);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace synchronization_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_PTHREAD_WAITER
diff --git a/absl/synchronization/internal/pthread_waiter.h b/absl/synchronization/internal/pthread_waiter.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..206aefa4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/synchronization/internal/pthread_waiter.h
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+
+#ifndef ABSL_SYNCHRONIZATION_INTERNAL_PTHREAD_WAITER_H_
+#define ABSL_SYNCHRONIZATION_INTERNAL_PTHREAD_WAITER_H_
+
+#ifndef _WIN32
+#include <pthread.h>
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/kernel_timeout.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/waiter_base.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace synchronization_internal {
+
+#define ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_PTHREAD_WAITER 1
+
+class PthreadWaiter : public WaiterCrtp<PthreadWaiter> {
+ public:
+  PthreadWaiter();
+
+  bool Wait(KernelTimeout t);
+  void Post();
+  void Poke();
+
+  static constexpr char kName[] = "PthreadWaiter";
+
+ private:
+  int TimedWait(KernelTimeout t);
+
+  // REQUIRES: mu_ must be held.
+  void InternalCondVarPoke();
+
+  pthread_mutex_t mu_;
+  pthread_cond_t cv_;
+  int waiter_count_;
+  int wakeup_count_;  // Unclaimed wakeups.
+};
+
+}  // namespace synchronization_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ndef _WIN32
+
+#endif  // ABSL_SYNCHRONIZATION_INTERNAL_PTHREAD_WAITER_H_
diff --git a/absl/synchronization/internal/sem_waiter.cc b/absl/synchronization/internal/sem_waiter.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d62dbdc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/synchronization/internal/sem_waiter.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/sem_waiter.h"
+
+#ifdef ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_SEM_WAITER
+
+#include <semaphore.h>
+
+#include <atomic>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cerrno>
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/thread_identity.h"
+#include "absl/base/optimization.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/kernel_timeout.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace synchronization_internal {
+
+#ifdef ABSL_INTERNAL_NEED_REDUNDANT_CONSTEXPR_DECL
+constexpr char SemWaiter::kName[];
+#endif
+
+SemWaiter::SemWaiter() : wakeups_(0) {
+  if (sem_init(&sem_, 0, 0) != 0) {
+    ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "sem_init failed with errno %d\n", errno);
+  }
+}
+
+#if defined(__GLIBC__) && \
+    (__GLIBC__ > 2 || (__GLIBC__ == 2 && __GLIBC_MINOR__ >= 30))
+#define ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_SEM_CLOCKWAIT 1
+#elif defined(__ANDROID_API__) && __ANDROID_API__ >= 30
+#define ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_SEM_CLOCKWAIT 1
+#endif
+
+// Calls sem_timedwait() or possibly something else like
+// sem_clockwait() depending on the platform and
+// KernelTimeout requested. The return value is the same as a call to the return
+// value to a call to sem_timedwait().
+int SemWaiter::TimedWait(KernelTimeout t) {
+  if (KernelTimeout::SupportsSteadyClock() && t.is_relative_timeout()) {
+#if defined(ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_SEM_CLOCKWAIT) && defined(CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
+    const auto abs_clock_timeout = t.MakeClockAbsoluteTimespec(CLOCK_MONOTONIC);
+    return sem_clockwait(&sem_, CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &abs_clock_timeout);
+#endif
+  }
+
+  const auto abs_timeout = t.MakeAbsTimespec();
+  return sem_timedwait(&sem_, &abs_timeout);
+}
+
+bool SemWaiter::Wait(KernelTimeout t) {
+  // Loop until we timeout or consume a wakeup.
+  // Note that, since the thread ticker is just reset, we don't need to check
+  // whether the thread is idle on the very first pass of the loop.
+  bool first_pass = true;
+  while (true) {
+    int x = wakeups_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+    while (x != 0) {
+      if (!wakeups_.compare_exchange_weak(x, x - 1,
+                                          std::memory_order_acquire,
+                                          std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
+        continue;  // Raced with someone, retry.
+      }
+      // Successfully consumed a wakeup, we're done.
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    if (!first_pass) MaybeBecomeIdle();
+    // Nothing to consume, wait (looping on EINTR).
+    while (true) {
+      if (!t.has_timeout()) {
+        if (sem_wait(&sem_) == 0) break;
+        if (errno == EINTR) continue;
+        ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "sem_wait failed: %d", errno);
+      } else {
+        if (TimedWait(t) == 0) break;
+        if (errno == EINTR) continue;
+        if (errno == ETIMEDOUT) return false;
+        ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "SemWaiter::TimedWait() failed: %d", errno);
+      }
+    }
+    first_pass = false;
+  }
+}
+
+void SemWaiter::Post() {
+  // Post a wakeup.
+  if (wakeups_.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_release) == 0) {
+    // We incremented from 0, need to wake a potential waiter.
+    Poke();
+  }
+}
+
+void SemWaiter::Poke() {
+  if (sem_post(&sem_) != 0) {  // Wake any semaphore waiter.
+    ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "sem_post failed with errno %d\n", errno);
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace synchronization_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_SEM_WAITER
diff --git a/absl/synchronization/internal/sem_waiter.h b/absl/synchronization/internal/sem_waiter.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c22746f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/synchronization/internal/sem_waiter.h
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+
+#ifndef ABSL_SYNCHRONIZATION_INTERNAL_SEM_WAITER_H_
+#define ABSL_SYNCHRONIZATION_INTERNAL_SEM_WAITER_H_
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+
+#ifdef ABSL_HAVE_SEMAPHORE_H
+#include <semaphore.h>
+
+#include <atomic>
+#include <cstdint>
+
+#include "absl/base/internal/thread_identity.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/futex.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/kernel_timeout.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/waiter_base.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace synchronization_internal {
+
+#define ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_SEM_WAITER 1
+
+class SemWaiter : public WaiterCrtp<SemWaiter> {
+ public:
+  SemWaiter();
+
+  bool Wait(KernelTimeout t);
+  void Post();
+  void Poke();
+
+  static constexpr char kName[] = "SemWaiter";
+
+ private:
+  int TimedWait(KernelTimeout t);
+
+  sem_t sem_;
+
+  // This seems superfluous, but for Poke() we need to cause spurious
+  // wakeups on the semaphore. Hence we can't actually use the
+  // semaphore's count.
+  std::atomic<int> wakeups_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace synchronization_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_HAVE_SEMAPHORE_H
+
+#endif  // ABSL_SYNCHRONIZATION_INTERNAL_SEM_WAITER_H_
diff --git a/absl/synchronization/internal/stdcpp_waiter.cc b/absl/synchronization/internal/stdcpp_waiter.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..355718a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/synchronization/internal/stdcpp_waiter.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/stdcpp_waiter.h"
+
+#ifdef ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_STDCPP_WAITER
+
+#include <chrono>  // NOLINT(build/c++11)
+#include <condition_variable>  // NOLINT(build/c++11)
+#include <mutex>  // NOLINT(build/c++11)
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/thread_identity.h"
+#include "absl/base/optimization.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/kernel_timeout.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace synchronization_internal {
+
+#ifdef ABSL_INTERNAL_NEED_REDUNDANT_CONSTEXPR_DECL
+constexpr char StdcppWaiter::kName[];
+#endif
+
+StdcppWaiter::StdcppWaiter() : waiter_count_(0), wakeup_count_(0) {}
+
+bool StdcppWaiter::Wait(KernelTimeout t) {
+  std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lock(mu_);
+  ++waiter_count_;
+
+  // Loop until we find a wakeup to consume or timeout.
+  // Note that, since the thread ticker is just reset, we don't need to check
+  // whether the thread is idle on the very first pass of the loop.
+  bool first_pass = true;
+  while (wakeup_count_ == 0) {
+    if (!first_pass) MaybeBecomeIdle();
+    // No wakeups available, time to wait.
+    if (!t.has_timeout()) {
+      cv_.wait(lock);
+    } else {
+      auto wait_result = t.SupportsSteadyClock() && t.is_relative_timeout()
+                             ? cv_.wait_for(lock, t.ToChronoDuration())
+                             : cv_.wait_until(lock, t.ToChronoTimePoint());
+      if (wait_result == std::cv_status::timeout) {
+        --waiter_count_;
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+    first_pass = false;
+  }
+
+  // Consume a wakeup and we're done.
+  --wakeup_count_;
+  --waiter_count_;
+  return true;
+}
+
+void StdcppWaiter::Post() {
+  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mu_);
+  ++wakeup_count_;
+  InternalCondVarPoke();
+}
+
+void StdcppWaiter::Poke() {
+  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mu_);
+  InternalCondVarPoke();
+}
+
+void StdcppWaiter::InternalCondVarPoke() {
+  if (waiter_count_ != 0) {
+    cv_.notify_one();
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace synchronization_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_STDCPP_WAITER
diff --git a/absl/synchronization/internal/stdcpp_waiter.h b/absl/synchronization/internal/stdcpp_waiter.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e592a27b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/synchronization/internal/stdcpp_waiter.h
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+
+#ifndef ABSL_SYNCHRONIZATION_INTERNAL_STDCPP_WAITER_H_
+#define ABSL_SYNCHRONIZATION_INTERNAL_STDCPP_WAITER_H_
+
+#include <condition_variable>  // NOLINT(build/c++11)
+#include <mutex>  // NOLINT(build/c++11)
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/kernel_timeout.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/waiter_base.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace synchronization_internal {
+
+#define ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_STDCPP_WAITER 1
+
+class StdcppWaiter : public WaiterCrtp<StdcppWaiter> {
+ public:
+  StdcppWaiter();
+
+  bool Wait(KernelTimeout t);
+  void Post();
+  void Poke();
+
+  static constexpr char kName[] = "StdcppWaiter";
+
+ private:
+  // REQUIRES: mu_ must be held.
+  void InternalCondVarPoke();
+
+  std::mutex mu_;
+  std::condition_variable cv_;
+  int waiter_count_;
+  int wakeup_count_;  // Unclaimed wakeups.
+};
+
+}  // namespace synchronization_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_SYNCHRONIZATION_INTERNAL_STDCPP_WAITER_H_
diff --git a/absl/synchronization/internal/thread_pool.h b/absl/synchronization/internal/thread_pool.h
index 0cb96dac..5eb0bb60 100644
--- a/absl/synchronization/internal/thread_pool.h
+++ b/absl/synchronization/internal/thread_pool.h
@@ -20,9 +20,11 @@
 #include <functional>
 #include <queue>
 #include <thread>  // NOLINT(build/c++11)
+#include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "absl/base/thread_annotations.h"
+#include "absl/functional/any_invocable.h"
 #include "absl/synchronization/mutex.h"
 
 namespace absl {
@@ -33,6 +35,7 @@ namespace synchronization_internal {
 class ThreadPool {
  public:
   explicit ThreadPool(int num_threads) {
+    threads_.reserve(num_threads);
     for (int i = 0; i < num_threads; ++i) {
       threads_.push_back(std::thread(&ThreadPool::WorkLoop, this));
     }
@@ -54,7 +57,7 @@ class ThreadPool {
   }
 
   // Schedule a function to be run on a ThreadPool thread immediately.
-  void Schedule(std::function<void()> func) {
+  void Schedule(absl::AnyInvocable<void()> func) {
     assert(func != nullptr);
     absl::MutexLock l(&mu_);
     queue_.push(std::move(func));
@@ -67,7 +70,7 @@ class ThreadPool {
 
   void WorkLoop() {
     while (true) {
-      std::function<void()> func;
+      absl::AnyInvocable<void()> func;
       {
         absl::MutexLock l(&mu_);
         mu_.Await(absl::Condition(this, &ThreadPool::WorkAvailable));
@@ -82,7 +85,7 @@ class ThreadPool {
   }
 
   absl::Mutex mu_;
-  std::queue<std::function<void()>> queue_ ABSL_GUARDED_BY(mu_);
+  std::queue<absl::AnyInvocable<void()>> queue_ ABSL_GUARDED_BY(mu_);
   std::vector<std::thread> threads_;
 };
 
diff --git a/absl/synchronization/internal/waiter.cc b/absl/synchronization/internal/waiter.cc
deleted file mode 100644
index f2051d67..00000000
--- a/absl/synchronization/internal/waiter.cc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,403 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2017 The Abseil Authors.
-//
-// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-// You may obtain a copy of the License at
-//
-//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-//
-// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-// limitations under the License.
-
-#include "absl/synchronization/internal/waiter.h"
-
-#include "absl/base/config.h"
-
-#ifdef _WIN32
-#include <windows.h>
-#else
-#include <pthread.h>
-#include <sys/time.h>
-#include <unistd.h>
-#endif
-
-#ifdef __linux__
-#include <linux/futex.h>
-#include <sys/syscall.h>
-#endif
-
-#ifdef ABSL_HAVE_SEMAPHORE_H
-#include <semaphore.h>
-#endif
-
-#include <errno.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <time.h>
-
-#include <atomic>
-#include <cassert>
-#include <cstdint>
-#include <new>
-#include <type_traits>
-
-#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
-#include "absl/base/internal/thread_identity.h"
-#include "absl/base/optimization.h"
-#include "absl/synchronization/internal/kernel_timeout.h"
-
-
-namespace absl {
-ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-namespace synchronization_internal {
-
-static void MaybeBecomeIdle() {
-  base_internal::ThreadIdentity *identity =
-      base_internal::CurrentThreadIdentityIfPresent();
-  assert(identity != nullptr);
-  const bool is_idle = identity->is_idle.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
-  const int ticker = identity->ticker.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
-  const int wait_start = identity->wait_start.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
-  if (!is_idle && ticker - wait_start > Waiter::kIdlePeriods) {
-    identity->is_idle.store(true, std::memory_order_relaxed);
-  }
-}
-
-#if ABSL_WAITER_MODE == ABSL_WAITER_MODE_FUTEX
-
-Waiter::Waiter() {
-  futex_.store(0, std::memory_order_relaxed);
-}
-
-bool Waiter::Wait(KernelTimeout t) {
-  // Loop until we can atomically decrement futex from a positive
-  // value, waiting on a futex while we believe it is zero.
-  // Note that, since the thread ticker is just reset, we don't need to check
-  // whether the thread is idle on the very first pass of the loop.
-  bool first_pass = true;
-
-  while (true) {
-    int32_t x = futex_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
-    while (x != 0) {
-      if (!futex_.compare_exchange_weak(x, x - 1,
-                                        std::memory_order_acquire,
-                                        std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
-        continue;  // Raced with someone, retry.
-      }
-      return true;  // Consumed a wakeup, we are done.
-    }
-
-    if (!first_pass) MaybeBecomeIdle();
-    const int err = Futex::WaitUntil(&futex_, 0, t);
-    if (err != 0) {
-      if (err == -EINTR || err == -EWOULDBLOCK) {
-        // Do nothing, the loop will retry.
-      } else if (err == -ETIMEDOUT) {
-        return false;
-      } else {
-        ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "Futex operation failed with error %d\n", err);
-      }
-    }
-    first_pass = false;
-  }
-}
-
-void Waiter::Post() {
-  if (futex_.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_release) == 0) {
-    // We incremented from 0, need to wake a potential waiter.
-    Poke();
-  }
-}
-
-void Waiter::Poke() {
-  // Wake one thread waiting on the futex.
-  const int err = Futex::Wake(&futex_, 1);
-  if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(err < 0)) {
-    ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "Futex operation failed with error %d\n", err);
-  }
-}
-
-#elif ABSL_WAITER_MODE == ABSL_WAITER_MODE_CONDVAR
-
-class PthreadMutexHolder {
- public:
-  explicit PthreadMutexHolder(pthread_mutex_t *mu) : mu_(mu) {
-    const int err = pthread_mutex_lock(mu_);
-    if (err != 0) {
-      ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "pthread_mutex_lock failed: %d", err);
-    }
-  }
-
-  PthreadMutexHolder(const PthreadMutexHolder &rhs) = delete;
-  PthreadMutexHolder &operator=(const PthreadMutexHolder &rhs) = delete;
-
-  ~PthreadMutexHolder() {
-    const int err = pthread_mutex_unlock(mu_);
-    if (err != 0) {
-      ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "pthread_mutex_unlock failed: %d", err);
-    }
-  }
-
- private:
-  pthread_mutex_t *mu_;
-};
-
-Waiter::Waiter() {
-  const int err = pthread_mutex_init(&mu_, 0);
-  if (err != 0) {
-    ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "pthread_mutex_init failed: %d", err);
-  }
-
-  const int err2 = pthread_cond_init(&cv_, 0);
-  if (err2 != 0) {
-    ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "pthread_cond_init failed: %d", err2);
-  }
-
-  waiter_count_ = 0;
-  wakeup_count_ = 0;
-}
-
-bool Waiter::Wait(KernelTimeout t) {
-  struct timespec abs_timeout;
-  if (t.has_timeout()) {
-    abs_timeout = t.MakeAbsTimespec();
-  }
-
-  PthreadMutexHolder h(&mu_);
-  ++waiter_count_;
-  // Loop until we find a wakeup to consume or timeout.
-  // Note that, since the thread ticker is just reset, we don't need to check
-  // whether the thread is idle on the very first pass of the loop.
-  bool first_pass = true;
-  while (wakeup_count_ == 0) {
-    if (!first_pass) MaybeBecomeIdle();
-    // No wakeups available, time to wait.
-    if (!t.has_timeout()) {
-      const int err = pthread_cond_wait(&cv_, &mu_);
-      if (err != 0) {
-        ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "pthread_cond_wait failed: %d", err);
-      }
-    } else {
-      const int err = pthread_cond_timedwait(&cv_, &mu_, &abs_timeout);
-      if (err == ETIMEDOUT) {
-        --waiter_count_;
-        return false;
-      }
-      if (err != 0) {
-        ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "pthread_cond_timedwait failed: %d", err);
-      }
-    }
-    first_pass = false;
-  }
-  // Consume a wakeup and we're done.
-  --wakeup_count_;
-  --waiter_count_;
-  return true;
-}
-
-void Waiter::Post() {
-  PthreadMutexHolder h(&mu_);
-  ++wakeup_count_;
-  InternalCondVarPoke();
-}
-
-void Waiter::Poke() {
-  PthreadMutexHolder h(&mu_);
-  InternalCondVarPoke();
-}
-
-void Waiter::InternalCondVarPoke() {
-  if (waiter_count_ != 0) {
-    const int err = pthread_cond_signal(&cv_);
-    if (ABSL_PREDICT_FALSE(err != 0)) {
-      ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "pthread_cond_signal failed: %d", err);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-#elif ABSL_WAITER_MODE == ABSL_WAITER_MODE_SEM
-
-Waiter::Waiter() {
-  if (sem_init(&sem_, 0, 0) != 0) {
-    ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "sem_init failed with errno %d\n", errno);
-  }
-  wakeups_.store(0, std::memory_order_relaxed);
-}
-
-bool Waiter::Wait(KernelTimeout t) {
-  struct timespec abs_timeout;
-  if (t.has_timeout()) {
-    abs_timeout = t.MakeAbsTimespec();
-  }
-
-  // Loop until we timeout or consume a wakeup.
-  // Note that, since the thread ticker is just reset, we don't need to check
-  // whether the thread is idle on the very first pass of the loop.
-  bool first_pass = true;
-  while (true) {
-    int x = wakeups_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
-    while (x != 0) {
-      if (!wakeups_.compare_exchange_weak(x, x - 1,
-                                          std::memory_order_acquire,
-                                          std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
-        continue;  // Raced with someone, retry.
-      }
-      // Successfully consumed a wakeup, we're done.
-      return true;
-    }
-
-    if (!first_pass) MaybeBecomeIdle();
-    // Nothing to consume, wait (looping on EINTR).
-    while (true) {
-      if (!t.has_timeout()) {
-        if (sem_wait(&sem_) == 0) break;
-        if (errno == EINTR) continue;
-        ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "sem_wait failed: %d", errno);
-      } else {
-        if (sem_timedwait(&sem_, &abs_timeout) == 0) break;
-        if (errno == EINTR) continue;
-        if (errno == ETIMEDOUT) return false;
-        ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "sem_timedwait failed: %d", errno);
-      }
-    }
-    first_pass = false;
-  }
-}
-
-void Waiter::Post() {
-  // Post a wakeup.
-  if (wakeups_.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_release) == 0) {
-    // We incremented from 0, need to wake a potential waiter.
-    Poke();
-  }
-}
-
-void Waiter::Poke() {
-  if (sem_post(&sem_) != 0) {  // Wake any semaphore waiter.
-    ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "sem_post failed with errno %d\n", errno);
-  }
-}
-
-#elif ABSL_WAITER_MODE == ABSL_WAITER_MODE_WIN32
-
-class Waiter::WinHelper {
- public:
-  static SRWLOCK *GetLock(Waiter *w) {
-    return reinterpret_cast<SRWLOCK *>(&w->mu_storage_);
-  }
-
-  static CONDITION_VARIABLE *GetCond(Waiter *w) {
-    return reinterpret_cast<CONDITION_VARIABLE *>(&w->cv_storage_);
-  }
-
-  static_assert(sizeof(SRWLOCK) == sizeof(void *),
-                "`mu_storage_` does not have the same size as SRWLOCK");
-  static_assert(alignof(SRWLOCK) == alignof(void *),
-                "`mu_storage_` does not have the same alignment as SRWLOCK");
-
-  static_assert(sizeof(CONDITION_VARIABLE) == sizeof(void *),
-                "`ABSL_CONDITION_VARIABLE_STORAGE` does not have the same size "
-                "as `CONDITION_VARIABLE`");
-  static_assert(
-      alignof(CONDITION_VARIABLE) == alignof(void *),
-      "`cv_storage_` does not have the same alignment as `CONDITION_VARIABLE`");
-
-  // The SRWLOCK and CONDITION_VARIABLE types must be trivially constructible
-  // and destructible because we never call their constructors or destructors.
-  static_assert(std::is_trivially_constructible<SRWLOCK>::value,
-                "The `SRWLOCK` type must be trivially constructible");
-  static_assert(
-      std::is_trivially_constructible<CONDITION_VARIABLE>::value,
-      "The `CONDITION_VARIABLE` type must be trivially constructible");
-  static_assert(std::is_trivially_destructible<SRWLOCK>::value,
-                "The `SRWLOCK` type must be trivially destructible");
-  static_assert(std::is_trivially_destructible<CONDITION_VARIABLE>::value,
-                "The `CONDITION_VARIABLE` type must be trivially destructible");
-};
-
-class LockHolder {
- public:
-  explicit LockHolder(SRWLOCK* mu) : mu_(mu) {
-    AcquireSRWLockExclusive(mu_);
-  }
-
-  LockHolder(const LockHolder&) = delete;
-  LockHolder& operator=(const LockHolder&) = delete;
-
-  ~LockHolder() {
-    ReleaseSRWLockExclusive(mu_);
-  }
-
- private:
-  SRWLOCK* mu_;
-};
-
-Waiter::Waiter() {
-  auto *mu = ::new (static_cast<void *>(&mu_storage_)) SRWLOCK;
-  auto *cv = ::new (static_cast<void *>(&cv_storage_)) CONDITION_VARIABLE;
-  InitializeSRWLock(mu);
-  InitializeConditionVariable(cv);
-  waiter_count_ = 0;
-  wakeup_count_ = 0;
-}
-
-bool Waiter::Wait(KernelTimeout t) {
-  SRWLOCK *mu = WinHelper::GetLock(this);
-  CONDITION_VARIABLE *cv = WinHelper::GetCond(this);
-
-  LockHolder h(mu);
-  ++waiter_count_;
-
-  // Loop until we find a wakeup to consume or timeout.
-  // Note that, since the thread ticker is just reset, we don't need to check
-  // whether the thread is idle on the very first pass of the loop.
-  bool first_pass = true;
-  while (wakeup_count_ == 0) {
-    if (!first_pass) MaybeBecomeIdle();
-    // No wakeups available, time to wait.
-    if (!SleepConditionVariableSRW(cv, mu, t.InMillisecondsFromNow(), 0)) {
-      // GetLastError() returns a Win32 DWORD, but we assign to
-      // unsigned long to simplify the ABSL_RAW_LOG case below.  The uniform
-      // initialization guarantees this is not a narrowing conversion.
-      const unsigned long err{GetLastError()};  // NOLINT(runtime/int)
-      if (err == ERROR_TIMEOUT) {
-        --waiter_count_;
-        return false;
-      } else {
-        ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "SleepConditionVariableSRW failed: %lu", err);
-      }
-    }
-    first_pass = false;
-  }
-  // Consume a wakeup and we're done.
-  --wakeup_count_;
-  --waiter_count_;
-  return true;
-}
-
-void Waiter::Post() {
-  LockHolder h(WinHelper::GetLock(this));
-  ++wakeup_count_;
-  InternalCondVarPoke();
-}
-
-void Waiter::Poke() {
-  LockHolder h(WinHelper::GetLock(this));
-  InternalCondVarPoke();
-}
-
-void Waiter::InternalCondVarPoke() {
-  if (waiter_count_ != 0) {
-    WakeConditionVariable(WinHelper::GetCond(this));
-  }
-}
-
-#else
-#error Unknown ABSL_WAITER_MODE
-#endif
-
-}  // namespace synchronization_internal
-ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
-}  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/synchronization/internal/waiter.h b/absl/synchronization/internal/waiter.h
index b8adfeb5..1a8b0b83 100644
--- a/absl/synchronization/internal/waiter.h
+++ b/absl/synchronization/internal/waiter.h
@@ -17,142 +17,48 @@
 #define ABSL_SYNCHRONIZATION_INTERNAL_WAITER_H_
 
 #include "absl/base/config.h"
-
-#ifdef _WIN32
-#include <sdkddkver.h>
-#else
-#include <pthread.h>
-#endif
-
-#ifdef __linux__
-#include <linux/futex.h>
-#endif
-
-#ifdef ABSL_HAVE_SEMAPHORE_H
-#include <semaphore.h>
-#endif
-
-#include <atomic>
-#include <cstdint>
-
-#include "absl/base/internal/thread_identity.h"
-#include "absl/synchronization/internal/futex.h"
-#include "absl/synchronization/internal/kernel_timeout.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/futex_waiter.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/pthread_waiter.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/sem_waiter.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/stdcpp_waiter.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/win32_waiter.h"
 
 // May be chosen at compile time via -DABSL_FORCE_WAITER_MODE=<index>
 #define ABSL_WAITER_MODE_FUTEX 0
 #define ABSL_WAITER_MODE_SEM 1
 #define ABSL_WAITER_MODE_CONDVAR 2
 #define ABSL_WAITER_MODE_WIN32 3
+#define ABSL_WAITER_MODE_STDCPP 4
 
 #if defined(ABSL_FORCE_WAITER_MODE)
 #define ABSL_WAITER_MODE ABSL_FORCE_WAITER_MODE
-#elif defined(_WIN32) && _WIN32_WINNT >= _WIN32_WINNT_VISTA
+#elif defined(ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_WIN32_WAITER)
 #define ABSL_WAITER_MODE ABSL_WAITER_MODE_WIN32
-#elif defined(ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_FUTEX)
+#elif defined(ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_FUTEX_WAITER)
 #define ABSL_WAITER_MODE ABSL_WAITER_MODE_FUTEX
-#elif defined(ABSL_HAVE_SEMAPHORE_H)
+#elif defined(ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_SEM_WAITER)
 #define ABSL_WAITER_MODE ABSL_WAITER_MODE_SEM
-#else
+#elif defined(ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_PTHREAD_WAITER)
 #define ABSL_WAITER_MODE ABSL_WAITER_MODE_CONDVAR
+#else
+#error ABSL_WAITER_MODE is undefined
 #endif
 
 namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 namespace synchronization_internal {
 
-// Waiter is an OS-specific semaphore.
-class Waiter {
- public:
-  // Prepare any data to track waits.
-  Waiter();
-
-  // Not copyable or movable
-  Waiter(const Waiter&) = delete;
-  Waiter& operator=(const Waiter&) = delete;
-
-  // Blocks the calling thread until a matching call to `Post()` or
-  // `t` has passed. Returns `true` if woken (`Post()` called),
-  // `false` on timeout.
-  bool Wait(KernelTimeout t);
-
-  // Restart the caller of `Wait()` as with a normal semaphore.
-  void Post();
-
-  // If anyone is waiting, wake them up temporarily and cause them to
-  // call `MaybeBecomeIdle()`. They will then return to waiting for a
-  // `Post()` or timeout.
-  void Poke();
-
-  // Returns the Waiter associated with the identity.
-  static Waiter* GetWaiter(base_internal::ThreadIdentity* identity) {
-    static_assert(
-        sizeof(Waiter) <= sizeof(base_internal::ThreadIdentity::WaiterState),
-        "Insufficient space for Waiter");
-    return reinterpret_cast<Waiter*>(identity->waiter_state.data);
-  }
-
-  // How many periods to remain idle before releasing resources
-#ifndef ABSL_HAVE_THREAD_SANITIZER
-  static constexpr int kIdlePeriods = 60;
-#else
-  // Memory consumption under ThreadSanitizer is a serious concern,
-  // so we release resources sooner. The value of 1 leads to 1 to 2 second
-  // delay before marking a thread as idle.
-  static const int kIdlePeriods = 1;
-#endif
-
- private:
-  // The destructor must not be called since Mutex/CondVar
-  // can use PerThreadSem/Waiter after the thread exits.
-  // Waiter objects are embedded in ThreadIdentity objects,
-  // which are reused via a freelist and are never destroyed.
-  ~Waiter() = delete;
-
 #if ABSL_WAITER_MODE == ABSL_WAITER_MODE_FUTEX
-  // Futexes are defined by specification to be 32-bits.
-  // Thus std::atomic<int32_t> must be just an int32_t with lockfree methods.
-  std::atomic<int32_t> futex_;
-  static_assert(sizeof(int32_t) == sizeof(futex_), "Wrong size for futex");
-
-#elif ABSL_WAITER_MODE == ABSL_WAITER_MODE_CONDVAR
-  // REQUIRES: mu_ must be held.
-  void InternalCondVarPoke();
-
-  pthread_mutex_t mu_;
-  pthread_cond_t cv_;
-  int waiter_count_;
-  int wakeup_count_;  // Unclaimed wakeups.
-
+using Waiter = FutexWaiter;
 #elif ABSL_WAITER_MODE == ABSL_WAITER_MODE_SEM
-  sem_t sem_;
-  // This seems superfluous, but for Poke() we need to cause spurious
-  // wakeups on the semaphore. Hence we can't actually use the
-  // semaphore's count.
-  std::atomic<int> wakeups_;
-
+using Waiter = SemWaiter;
+#elif ABSL_WAITER_MODE == ABSL_WAITER_MODE_CONDVAR
+using Waiter = PthreadWaiter;
 #elif ABSL_WAITER_MODE == ABSL_WAITER_MODE_WIN32
-  // WinHelper - Used to define utilities for accessing the lock and
-  // condition variable storage once the types are complete.
-  class WinHelper;
-
-  // REQUIRES: WinHelper::GetLock(this) must be held.
-  void InternalCondVarPoke();
-
-  // We can't include Windows.h in our headers, so we use aligned character
-  // buffers to define the storage of SRWLOCK and CONDITION_VARIABLE.
-  // SRW locks and condition variables do not need to be explicitly destroyed.
-  // https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/synchapi/nf-synchapi-initializesrwlock
-  // https://stackoverflow.com/questions/28975958/why-does-windows-have-no-deleteconditionvariable-function-to-go-together-with
-  alignas(void*) unsigned char mu_storage_[sizeof(void*)];
-  alignas(void*) unsigned char cv_storage_[sizeof(void*)];
-  int waiter_count_;
-  int wakeup_count_;
-
-#else
-  #error Unknown ABSL_WAITER_MODE
+using Waiter = Win32Waiter;
+#elif ABSL_WAITER_MODE == ABSL_WAITER_MODE_STDCPP
+using Waiter = StdcppWaiter;
 #endif
-};
 
 }  // namespace synchronization_internal
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
diff --git a/absl/synchronization/internal/waiter_base.cc b/absl/synchronization/internal/waiter_base.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..46928b40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/synchronization/internal/waiter_base.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/waiter_base.h"
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/thread_identity.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace synchronization_internal {
+
+#ifdef ABSL_INTERNAL_NEED_REDUNDANT_CONSTEXPR_DECL
+constexpr int WaiterBase::kIdlePeriods;
+#endif
+
+void WaiterBase::MaybeBecomeIdle() {
+  base_internal::ThreadIdentity *identity =
+      base_internal::CurrentThreadIdentityIfPresent();
+  assert(identity != nullptr);
+  const bool is_idle = identity->is_idle.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  const int ticker = identity->ticker.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  const int wait_start = identity->wait_start.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  if (!is_idle && ticker - wait_start > kIdlePeriods) {
+    identity->is_idle.store(true, std::memory_order_relaxed);
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace synchronization_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/synchronization/internal/waiter_base.h b/absl/synchronization/internal/waiter_base.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cf175481
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/synchronization/internal/waiter_base.h
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+
+#ifndef ABSL_SYNCHRONIZATION_INTERNAL_WAITER_BASE_H_
+#define ABSL_SYNCHRONIZATION_INTERNAL_WAITER_BASE_H_
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/thread_identity.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/kernel_timeout.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace synchronization_internal {
+
+// `Waiter` is a platform specific semaphore implementation that `PerThreadSem`
+// waits on to implement blocking in `absl::Mutex`.  Implementations should
+// inherit from `WaiterCrtp` and must implement `Wait()`, `Post()`, and `Poke()`
+// as described in `WaiterBase`.  `waiter.h` selects the implementation and uses
+// static-dispatch for performance.
+class WaiterBase {
+ public:
+  WaiterBase() = default;
+
+  // Not copyable or movable
+  WaiterBase(const WaiterBase&) = delete;
+  WaiterBase& operator=(const WaiterBase&) = delete;
+
+  // Blocks the calling thread until a matching call to `Post()` or
+  // `t` has passed. Returns `true` if woken (`Post()` called),
+  // `false` on timeout.
+  //
+  // bool Wait(KernelTimeout t);
+
+  // Restart the caller of `Wait()` as with a normal semaphore.
+  //
+  // void Post();
+
+  // If anyone is waiting, wake them up temporarily and cause them to
+  // call `MaybeBecomeIdle()`. They will then return to waiting for a
+  // `Post()` or timeout.
+  //
+  // void Poke();
+
+  // Returns the name of this implementation. Used only for debugging.
+  //
+  // static constexpr char kName[];
+
+  // How many periods to remain idle before releasing resources
+#ifndef ABSL_HAVE_THREAD_SANITIZER
+  static constexpr int kIdlePeriods = 60;
+#else
+  // Memory consumption under ThreadSanitizer is a serious concern,
+  // so we release resources sooner. The value of 1 leads to 1 to 2 second
+  // delay before marking a thread as idle.
+  static constexpr int kIdlePeriods = 1;
+#endif
+
+ protected:
+  static void MaybeBecomeIdle();
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+class WaiterCrtp : public WaiterBase {
+ public:
+  // Returns the Waiter associated with the identity.
+  static T* GetWaiter(base_internal::ThreadIdentity* identity) {
+    static_assert(
+        sizeof(T) <= sizeof(base_internal::ThreadIdentity::WaiterState),
+        "Insufficient space for Waiter");
+    return reinterpret_cast<T*>(identity->waiter_state.data);
+  }
+};
+
+}  // namespace synchronization_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_SYNCHRONIZATION_INTERNAL_WAITER_BASE_H_
diff --git a/absl/synchronization/internal/waiter_test.cc b/absl/synchronization/internal/waiter_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..992db29b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/synchronization/internal/waiter_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/waiter.h"
+
+#include <ctime>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <ostream>
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/random/random.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/create_thread_identity.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/futex_waiter.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/kernel_timeout.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/pthread_waiter.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/sem_waiter.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/stdcpp_waiter.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/thread_pool.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/win32_waiter.h"
+#include "absl/time/clock.h"
+#include "absl/time/time.h"
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+
+// Test go/btm support by randomizing the value of clock_gettime() for
+// CLOCK_MONOTONIC. This works by overriding a weak symbol in glibc.
+// We should be resistant to this randomization when !SupportsSteadyClock().
+#if defined(__GOOGLE_GRTE_VERSION__) &&      \
+    !defined(ABSL_HAVE_ADDRESS_SANITIZER) && \
+    !defined(ABSL_HAVE_MEMORY_SANITIZER) &&  \
+    !defined(ABSL_HAVE_THREAD_SANITIZER)
+extern "C" int __clock_gettime(clockid_t c, struct timespec* ts);
+
+extern "C" int clock_gettime(clockid_t c, struct timespec* ts) {
+  if (c == CLOCK_MONOTONIC &&
+      !absl::synchronization_internal::KernelTimeout::SupportsSteadyClock()) {
+    absl::SharedBitGen gen;
+    ts->tv_sec = absl::Uniform(gen, 0, 1'000'000'000);
+    ts->tv_nsec = absl::Uniform(gen, 0, 1'000'000'000);
+    return 0;
+  }
+  return __clock_gettime(c, ts);
+}
+#endif
+
+namespace {
+
+TEST(Waiter, PrintPlatformImplementation) {
+  // Allows us to verify that the platform is using the expected implementation.
+  std::cout << absl::synchronization_internal::Waiter::kName << std::endl;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+class WaiterTest : public ::testing::Test {
+ public:
+  // Waiter implementations assume that a ThreadIdentity has already been
+  // created.
+  WaiterTest() {
+    absl::synchronization_internal::GetOrCreateCurrentThreadIdentity();
+  }
+};
+
+TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(WaiterTest);
+
+absl::Duration WithTolerance(absl::Duration d) { return d * 0.95; }
+
+TYPED_TEST_P(WaiterTest, WaitNoTimeout) {
+  absl::synchronization_internal::ThreadPool tp(1);
+  TypeParam waiter;
+  tp.Schedule([&]() {
+    // Include some `Poke()` calls to ensure they don't cause `waiter` to return
+    // from `Wait()`.
+    waiter.Poke();
+    absl::SleepFor(absl::Seconds(1));
+    waiter.Poke();
+    absl::SleepFor(absl::Seconds(1));
+    waiter.Post();
+  });
+  absl::Time start = absl::Now();
+  EXPECT_TRUE(
+      waiter.Wait(absl::synchronization_internal::KernelTimeout::Never()));
+  absl::Duration waited = absl::Now() - start;
+  EXPECT_GE(waited, WithTolerance(absl::Seconds(2)));
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST_P(WaiterTest, WaitDurationWoken) {
+  absl::synchronization_internal::ThreadPool tp(1);
+  TypeParam waiter;
+  tp.Schedule([&]() {
+    // Include some `Poke()` calls to ensure they don't cause `waiter` to return
+    // from `Wait()`.
+    waiter.Poke();
+    absl::SleepFor(absl::Milliseconds(500));
+    waiter.Post();
+  });
+  absl::Time start = absl::Now();
+  EXPECT_TRUE(waiter.Wait(
+      absl::synchronization_internal::KernelTimeout(absl::Seconds(10))));
+  absl::Duration waited = absl::Now() - start;
+  EXPECT_GE(waited, WithTolerance(absl::Milliseconds(500)));
+  EXPECT_LT(waited, absl::Seconds(2));
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST_P(WaiterTest, WaitTimeWoken) {
+  absl::synchronization_internal::ThreadPool tp(1);
+  TypeParam waiter;
+  tp.Schedule([&]() {
+    // Include some `Poke()` calls to ensure they don't cause `waiter` to return
+    // from `Wait()`.
+    waiter.Poke();
+    absl::SleepFor(absl::Milliseconds(500));
+    waiter.Post();
+  });
+  absl::Time start = absl::Now();
+  EXPECT_TRUE(waiter.Wait(absl::synchronization_internal::KernelTimeout(
+      start + absl::Seconds(10))));
+  absl::Duration waited = absl::Now() - start;
+  EXPECT_GE(waited, WithTolerance(absl::Milliseconds(500)));
+  EXPECT_LT(waited, absl::Seconds(2));
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST_P(WaiterTest, WaitDurationReached) {
+  TypeParam waiter;
+  absl::Time start = absl::Now();
+  EXPECT_FALSE(waiter.Wait(
+      absl::synchronization_internal::KernelTimeout(absl::Milliseconds(500))));
+  absl::Duration waited = absl::Now() - start;
+  EXPECT_GE(waited, WithTolerance(absl::Milliseconds(500)));
+  EXPECT_LT(waited, absl::Seconds(1));
+}
+
+TYPED_TEST_P(WaiterTest, WaitTimeReached) {
+  TypeParam waiter;
+  absl::Time start = absl::Now();
+  EXPECT_FALSE(waiter.Wait(absl::synchronization_internal::KernelTimeout(
+      start + absl::Milliseconds(500))));
+  absl::Duration waited = absl::Now() - start;
+  EXPECT_GE(waited, WithTolerance(absl::Milliseconds(500)));
+  EXPECT_LT(waited, absl::Seconds(1));
+}
+
+REGISTER_TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(WaiterTest,
+                            WaitNoTimeout,
+                            WaitDurationWoken,
+                            WaitTimeWoken,
+                            WaitDurationReached,
+                            WaitTimeReached);
+
+#ifdef ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_FUTEX_WAITER
+INSTANTIATE_TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(Futex, WaiterTest,
+                               absl::synchronization_internal::FutexWaiter);
+#endif
+#ifdef ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_PTHREAD_WAITER
+INSTANTIATE_TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(Pthread, WaiterTest,
+                               absl::synchronization_internal::PthreadWaiter);
+#endif
+#ifdef ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_SEM_WAITER
+INSTANTIATE_TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(Sem, WaiterTest,
+                               absl::synchronization_internal::SemWaiter);
+#endif
+#ifdef ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_WIN32_WAITER
+INSTANTIATE_TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(Win32, WaiterTest,
+                               absl::synchronization_internal::Win32Waiter);
+#endif
+#ifdef ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_STDCPP_WAITER
+INSTANTIATE_TYPED_TEST_SUITE_P(Stdcpp, WaiterTest,
+                               absl::synchronization_internal::StdcppWaiter);
+#endif
+
+}  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/synchronization/internal/win32_waiter.cc b/absl/synchronization/internal/win32_waiter.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bd95ff08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/synchronization/internal/win32_waiter.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/win32_waiter.h"
+
+#ifdef ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_WIN32_WAITER
+
+#include <windows.h>
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
+#include "absl/base/internal/thread_identity.h"
+#include "absl/base/optimization.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/kernel_timeout.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace synchronization_internal {
+
+#ifdef ABSL_INTERNAL_NEED_REDUNDANT_CONSTEXPR_DECL
+constexpr char Win32Waiter::kName[];
+#endif
+
+class Win32Waiter::WinHelper {
+ public:
+  static SRWLOCK *GetLock(Win32Waiter *w) {
+    return reinterpret_cast<SRWLOCK *>(&w->mu_storage_);
+  }
+
+  static CONDITION_VARIABLE *GetCond(Win32Waiter *w) {
+    return reinterpret_cast<CONDITION_VARIABLE *>(&w->cv_storage_);
+  }
+
+  static_assert(sizeof(SRWLOCK) == sizeof(void *),
+                "`mu_storage_` does not have the same size as SRWLOCK");
+  static_assert(alignof(SRWLOCK) == alignof(void *),
+                "`mu_storage_` does not have the same alignment as SRWLOCK");
+
+  static_assert(sizeof(CONDITION_VARIABLE) == sizeof(void *),
+                "`ABSL_CONDITION_VARIABLE_STORAGE` does not have the same size "
+                "as `CONDITION_VARIABLE`");
+  static_assert(
+      alignof(CONDITION_VARIABLE) == alignof(void *),
+      "`cv_storage_` does not have the same alignment as `CONDITION_VARIABLE`");
+
+  // The SRWLOCK and CONDITION_VARIABLE types must be trivially constructible
+  // and destructible because we never call their constructors or destructors.
+  static_assert(std::is_trivially_constructible<SRWLOCK>::value,
+                "The `SRWLOCK` type must be trivially constructible");
+  static_assert(
+      std::is_trivially_constructible<CONDITION_VARIABLE>::value,
+      "The `CONDITION_VARIABLE` type must be trivially constructible");
+  static_assert(std::is_trivially_destructible<SRWLOCK>::value,
+                "The `SRWLOCK` type must be trivially destructible");
+  static_assert(std::is_trivially_destructible<CONDITION_VARIABLE>::value,
+                "The `CONDITION_VARIABLE` type must be trivially destructible");
+};
+
+class LockHolder {
+ public:
+  explicit LockHolder(SRWLOCK* mu) : mu_(mu) {
+    AcquireSRWLockExclusive(mu_);
+  }
+
+  LockHolder(const LockHolder&) = delete;
+  LockHolder& operator=(const LockHolder&) = delete;
+
+  ~LockHolder() {
+    ReleaseSRWLockExclusive(mu_);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  SRWLOCK* mu_;
+};
+
+Win32Waiter::Win32Waiter() {
+  auto *mu = ::new (static_cast<void *>(&mu_storage_)) SRWLOCK;
+  auto *cv = ::new (static_cast<void *>(&cv_storage_)) CONDITION_VARIABLE;
+  InitializeSRWLock(mu);
+  InitializeConditionVariable(cv);
+  waiter_count_ = 0;
+  wakeup_count_ = 0;
+}
+
+bool Win32Waiter::Wait(KernelTimeout t) {
+  SRWLOCK *mu = WinHelper::GetLock(this);
+  CONDITION_VARIABLE *cv = WinHelper::GetCond(this);
+
+  LockHolder h(mu);
+  ++waiter_count_;
+
+  // Loop until we find a wakeup to consume or timeout.
+  // Note that, since the thread ticker is just reset, we don't need to check
+  // whether the thread is idle on the very first pass of the loop.
+  bool first_pass = true;
+  while (wakeup_count_ == 0) {
+    if (!first_pass) MaybeBecomeIdle();
+    // No wakeups available, time to wait.
+    if (!SleepConditionVariableSRW(cv, mu, t.InMillisecondsFromNow(), 0)) {
+      // GetLastError() returns a Win32 DWORD, but we assign to
+      // unsigned long to simplify the ABSL_RAW_LOG case below.  The uniform
+      // initialization guarantees this is not a narrowing conversion.
+      const unsigned long err{GetLastError()};  // NOLINT(runtime/int)
+      if (err == ERROR_TIMEOUT) {
+        --waiter_count_;
+        return false;
+      } else {
+        ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "SleepConditionVariableSRW failed: %lu", err);
+      }
+    }
+    first_pass = false;
+  }
+  // Consume a wakeup and we're done.
+  --wakeup_count_;
+  --waiter_count_;
+  return true;
+}
+
+void Win32Waiter::Post() {
+  LockHolder h(WinHelper::GetLock(this));
+  ++wakeup_count_;
+  InternalCondVarPoke();
+}
+
+void Win32Waiter::Poke() {
+  LockHolder h(WinHelper::GetLock(this));
+  InternalCondVarPoke();
+}
+
+void Win32Waiter::InternalCondVarPoke() {
+  if (waiter_count_ != 0) {
+    WakeConditionVariable(WinHelper::GetCond(this));
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace synchronization_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_WIN32_WAITER
diff --git a/absl/synchronization/internal/win32_waiter.h b/absl/synchronization/internal/win32_waiter.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..87eb617c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/synchronization/internal/win32_waiter.h
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+//
+
+#ifndef ABSL_SYNCHRONIZATION_INTERNAL_WIN32_WAITER_H_
+#define ABSL_SYNCHRONIZATION_INTERNAL_WIN32_WAITER_H_
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <sdkddkver.h>
+#endif
+
+#if defined(_WIN32) && _WIN32_WINNT >= _WIN32_WINNT_VISTA
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/kernel_timeout.h"
+#include "absl/synchronization/internal/waiter_base.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace synchronization_internal {
+
+#define ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_WIN32_WAITER 1
+
+class Win32Waiter : public WaiterCrtp<Win32Waiter> {
+ public:
+  Win32Waiter();
+
+  bool Wait(KernelTimeout t);
+  void Post();
+  void Poke();
+
+  static constexpr char kName[] = "Win32Waiter";
+
+ private:
+  // WinHelper - Used to define utilities for accessing the lock and
+  // condition variable storage once the types are complete.
+  class WinHelper;
+
+  // REQUIRES: WinHelper::GetLock(this) must be held.
+  void InternalCondVarPoke();
+
+  // We can't include Windows.h in our headers, so we use aligned character
+  // buffers to define the storage of SRWLOCK and CONDITION_VARIABLE.
+  // SRW locks and condition variables do not need to be explicitly destroyed.
+  // https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/synchapi/nf-synchapi-initializesrwlock
+  // https://stackoverflow.com/questions/28975958/why-does-windows-have-no-deleteconditionvariable-function-to-go-together-with
+  alignas(void*) unsigned char mu_storage_[sizeof(void*)];
+  alignas(void*) unsigned char cv_storage_[sizeof(void*)];
+  int waiter_count_;
+  int wakeup_count_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace synchronization_internal
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // defined(_WIN32) && _WIN32_WINNT >= _WIN32_WINNT_VISTA
+
+#endif  // ABSL_SYNCHRONIZATION_INTERNAL_WIN32_WAITER_H_
diff --git a/absl/synchronization/lifetime_test.cc b/absl/synchronization/lifetime_test.cc
index cc973a32..d5ce35a1 100644
--- a/absl/synchronization/lifetime_test.cc
+++ b/absl/synchronization/lifetime_test.cc
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@
 
 #include "absl/base/attributes.h"
 #include "absl/base/const_init.h"
-#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
 #include "absl/base/thread_annotations.h"
+#include "absl/log/check.h"
 #include "absl/synchronization/mutex.h"
 #include "absl/synchronization/notification.h"
 
@@ -35,20 +35,20 @@ namespace {
 // Thread two waits on 'notification', then sets 'state' inside the 'mutex',
 // signalling the change via 'condvar'.
 //
-// These tests use ABSL_RAW_CHECK to validate invariants, rather than EXPECT or
-// ASSERT from gUnit, because we need to invoke them during global destructors,
-// when gUnit teardown would have already begun.
+// These tests use CHECK to validate invariants, rather than EXPECT or ASSERT
+// from gUnit, because we need to invoke them during global destructors, when
+// gUnit teardown would have already begun.
 void ThreadOne(absl::Mutex* mutex, absl::CondVar* condvar,
                absl::Notification* notification, bool* state) {
   // Test that the notification is in a valid initial state.
-  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(!notification->HasBeenNotified(), "invalid Notification");
-  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(*state == false, "*state not initialized");
+  CHECK(!notification->HasBeenNotified()) << "invalid Notification";
+  CHECK(!*state) << "*state not initialized";
 
   {
     absl::MutexLock lock(mutex);
 
     notification->Notify();
-    ABSL_RAW_CHECK(notification->HasBeenNotified(), "invalid Notification");
+    CHECK(notification->HasBeenNotified()) << "invalid Notification";
 
     while (*state == false) {
       condvar->Wait(mutex);
@@ -58,11 +58,11 @@ void ThreadOne(absl::Mutex* mutex, absl::CondVar* condvar,
 
 void ThreadTwo(absl::Mutex* mutex, absl::CondVar* condvar,
                absl::Notification* notification, bool* state) {
-  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(*state == false, "*state not initialized");
+  CHECK(!*state) << "*state not initialized";
 
   // Wake thread one
   notification->WaitForNotification();
-  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(notification->HasBeenNotified(), "invalid Notification");
+  CHECK(notification->HasBeenNotified()) << "invalid Notification";
   {
     absl::MutexLock lock(mutex);
     *state = true;
@@ -123,10 +123,10 @@ class OnDestruction {
 };
 
 // These tests require that the compiler correctly supports C++11 constant
-// initialization... but MSVC has a known regression since v19.10:
+// initialization... but MSVC has a known regression since v19.10 till v19.25:
 // https://developercommunity.visualstudio.com/content/problem/336946/class-with-constexpr-constructor-not-using-static.html
-// TODO(epastor): Limit the affected range once MSVC fixes this bug.
-#if defined(__clang__) || !(defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER > 1900)
+#if defined(__clang__) || \
+    !(defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER > 1900 && _MSC_VER < 1925)
 // kConstInit
 // Test early usage.  (Declaration comes first; definitions must appear after
 // the test runner.)
diff --git a/absl/synchronization/mutex.cc b/absl/synchronization/mutex.cc
index 52e2455d..3aa5560a 100644
--- a/absl/synchronization/mutex.cc
+++ b/absl/synchronization/mutex.cc
@@ -35,7 +35,9 @@
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <atomic>
-#include <cinttypes>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <cstring>
 #include <thread>  // NOLINT(build/c++11)
 
 #include "absl/base/attributes.h"
@@ -51,7 +53,7 @@
 #include "absl/base/internal/sysinfo.h"
 #include "absl/base/internal/thread_identity.h"
 #include "absl/base/internal/tsan_mutex_interface.h"
-#include "absl/base/port.h"
+#include "absl/base/optimization.h"
 #include "absl/debugging/stacktrace.h"
 #include "absl/debugging/symbolize.h"
 #include "absl/synchronization/internal/graphcycles.h"
@@ -59,6 +61,7 @@
 #include "absl/time/time.h"
 
 using absl::base_internal::CurrentThreadIdentityIfPresent;
+using absl::base_internal::CycleClock;
 using absl::base_internal::PerThreadSynch;
 using absl::base_internal::SchedulingGuard;
 using absl::base_internal::ThreadIdentity;
@@ -94,18 +97,15 @@ ABSL_INTERNAL_ATOMIC_HOOK_ATTRIBUTES
 absl::base_internal::AtomicHook<void (*)(int64_t wait_cycles)>
     submit_profile_data;
 ABSL_INTERNAL_ATOMIC_HOOK_ATTRIBUTES absl::base_internal::AtomicHook<void (*)(
-    const char *msg, const void *obj, int64_t wait_cycles)>
+    const char* msg, const void* obj, int64_t wait_cycles)>
     mutex_tracer;
 ABSL_INTERNAL_ATOMIC_HOOK_ATTRIBUTES
-    absl::base_internal::AtomicHook<void (*)(const char *msg, const void *cv)>
-        cond_var_tracer;
-ABSL_INTERNAL_ATOMIC_HOOK_ATTRIBUTES absl::base_internal::AtomicHook<
-    bool (*)(const void *pc, char *out, int out_size)>
-    symbolizer(absl::Symbolize);
+absl::base_internal::AtomicHook<void (*)(const char* msg, const void* cv)>
+    cond_var_tracer;
 
 }  // namespace
 
-static inline bool EvalConditionAnnotated(const Condition *cond, Mutex *mu,
+static inline bool EvalConditionAnnotated(const Condition* cond, Mutex* mu,
                                           bool locking, bool trylock,
                                           bool read_lock);
 
@@ -113,19 +113,15 @@ void RegisterMutexProfiler(void (*fn)(int64_t wait_cycles)) {
   submit_profile_data.Store(fn);
 }
 
-void RegisterMutexTracer(void (*fn)(const char *msg, const void *obj,
+void RegisterMutexTracer(void (*fn)(const char* msg, const void* obj,
                                     int64_t wait_cycles)) {
   mutex_tracer.Store(fn);
 }
 
-void RegisterCondVarTracer(void (*fn)(const char *msg, const void *cv)) {
+void RegisterCondVarTracer(void (*fn)(const char* msg, const void* cv)) {
   cond_var_tracer.Store(fn);
 }
 
-void RegisterSymbolizer(bool (*fn)(const void *pc, char *out, int out_size)) {
-  symbolizer.Store(fn);
-}
-
 namespace {
 // Represents the strategy for spin and yield.
 // See the comment in GetMutexGlobals() for more information.
@@ -134,25 +130,41 @@ enum DelayMode { AGGRESSIVE, GENTLE };
 struct ABSL_CACHELINE_ALIGNED MutexGlobals {
   absl::once_flag once;
   int spinloop_iterations = 0;
-  int32_t mutex_sleep_limit[2] = {};
+  int32_t mutex_sleep_spins[2] = {};
+  absl::Duration mutex_sleep_time;
 };
 
-const MutexGlobals &GetMutexGlobals() {
+absl::Duration MeasureTimeToYield() {
+  absl::Time before = absl::Now();
+  ABSL_INTERNAL_C_SYMBOL(AbslInternalMutexYield)();
+  return absl::Now() - before;
+}
+
+const MutexGlobals& GetMutexGlobals() {
   ABSL_CONST_INIT static MutexGlobals data;
   absl::base_internal::LowLevelCallOnce(&data.once, [&]() {
-    const int num_cpus = absl::base_internal::NumCPUs();
-    data.spinloop_iterations = num_cpus > 1 ? 1500 : 0;
-    // If this a uniprocessor, only yield/sleep.  Otherwise, if the mode is
-    // aggressive then spin many times before yielding.  If the mode is
-    // gentle then spin only a few times before yielding.  Aggressive spinning
-    // is used to ensure that an Unlock() call, which must get the spin lock
-    // for any thread to make progress gets it without undue delay.
-    if (num_cpus > 1) {
-      data.mutex_sleep_limit[AGGRESSIVE] = 5000;
-      data.mutex_sleep_limit[GENTLE] = 250;
+    if (absl::base_internal::NumCPUs() > 1) {
+      // If this is multiprocessor, allow spinning. If the mode is
+      // aggressive then spin many times before yielding. If the mode is
+      // gentle then spin only a few times before yielding. Aggressive spinning
+      // is used to ensure that an Unlock() call, which must get the spin lock
+      // for any thread to make progress gets it without undue delay.
+      data.spinloop_iterations = 1500;
+      data.mutex_sleep_spins[AGGRESSIVE] = 5000;
+      data.mutex_sleep_spins[GENTLE] = 250;
+      data.mutex_sleep_time = absl::Microseconds(10);
     } else {
-      data.mutex_sleep_limit[AGGRESSIVE] = 0;
-      data.mutex_sleep_limit[GENTLE] = 0;
+      // If this a uniprocessor, only yield/sleep. Real-time threads are often
+      // unable to yield, so the sleep time needs to be long enough to keep
+      // the calling thread asleep until scheduling happens.
+      data.spinloop_iterations = 0;
+      data.mutex_sleep_spins[AGGRESSIVE] = 0;
+      data.mutex_sleep_spins[GENTLE] = 0;
+      data.mutex_sleep_time = MeasureTimeToYield() * 5;
+      data.mutex_sleep_time =
+          std::min(data.mutex_sleep_time, absl::Milliseconds(1));
+      data.mutex_sleep_time =
+          std::max(data.mutex_sleep_time, absl::Microseconds(10));
     }
   });
   return data;
@@ -163,7 +175,8 @@ namespace synchronization_internal {
 // Returns the Mutex delay on iteration `c` depending on the given `mode`.
 // The returned value should be used as `c` for the next call to `MutexDelay`.
 int MutexDelay(int32_t c, int mode) {
-  const int32_t limit = GetMutexGlobals().mutex_sleep_limit[mode];
+  const int32_t limit = GetMutexGlobals().mutex_sleep_spins[mode];
+  const absl::Duration sleep_time = GetMutexGlobals().mutex_sleep_time;
   if (c < limit) {
     // Spin.
     c++;
@@ -176,7 +189,7 @@ int MutexDelay(int32_t c, int mode) {
       c++;
     } else {
       // Then wait.
-      absl::SleepFor(absl::Microseconds(10));
+      absl::SleepFor(sleep_time);
       c = 0;
     }
     ABSL_TSAN_MUTEX_POST_DIVERT(nullptr, 0);
@@ -197,8 +210,7 @@ static void AtomicSetBits(std::atomic<intptr_t>* pv, intptr_t bits,
     v = pv->load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
   } while ((v & bits) != bits &&
            ((v & wait_until_clear) != 0 ||
-            !pv->compare_exchange_weak(v, v | bits,
-                                       std::memory_order_release,
+            !pv->compare_exchange_weak(v, v | bits, std::memory_order_release,
                                        std::memory_order_relaxed)));
 }
 
@@ -213,8 +225,7 @@ static void AtomicClearBits(std::atomic<intptr_t>* pv, intptr_t bits,
     v = pv->load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
   } while ((v & bits) != 0 &&
            ((v & wait_until_clear) != 0 ||
-            !pv->compare_exchange_weak(v, v & ~bits,
-                                       std::memory_order_release,
+            !pv->compare_exchange_weak(v, v & ~bits, std::memory_order_release,
                                        std::memory_order_relaxed)));
 }
 
@@ -225,7 +236,7 @@ ABSL_CONST_INIT static absl::base_internal::SpinLock deadlock_graph_mu(
     absl::kConstInit, base_internal::SCHEDULE_KERNEL_ONLY);
 
 // Graph used to detect deadlocks.
-ABSL_CONST_INIT static GraphCycles *deadlock_graph
+ABSL_CONST_INIT static GraphCycles* deadlock_graph
     ABSL_GUARDED_BY(deadlock_graph_mu) ABSL_PT_GUARDED_BY(deadlock_graph_mu);
 
 //------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -269,7 +280,7 @@ enum {                    // Event flags
 // Properties of the events.
 static const struct {
   int flags;
-  const char *msg;
+  const char* msg;
 } event_properties[] = {
     {SYNCH_F_LCK_W | SYNCH_F_TRY, "TryLock succeeded "},
     {0, "TryLock failed "},
@@ -294,12 +305,12 @@ ABSL_CONST_INIT static absl::base_internal::SpinLock synch_event_mu(
 // Can't be too small, as it's used for deadlock detection information.
 static constexpr uint32_t kNSynchEvent = 1031;
 
-static struct SynchEvent {     // this is a trivial hash table for the events
+static struct SynchEvent {  // this is a trivial hash table for the events
   // struct is freed when refcount reaches 0
   int refcount ABSL_GUARDED_BY(synch_event_mu);
 
   // buckets have linear, 0-terminated  chains
-  SynchEvent *next ABSL_GUARDED_BY(synch_event_mu);
+  SynchEvent* next ABSL_GUARDED_BY(synch_event_mu);
 
   // Constant after initialization
   uintptr_t masked_addr;  // object at this address is called "name"
@@ -307,13 +318,13 @@ static struct SynchEvent {     // this is a trivial hash table for the events
   // No explicit synchronization used.  Instead we assume that the
   // client who enables/disables invariants/logging on a Mutex does so
   // while the Mutex is not being concurrently accessed by others.
-  void (*invariant)(void *arg);  // called on each event
-  void *arg;            // first arg to (*invariant)()
-  bool log;             // logging turned on
+  void (*invariant)(void* arg);  // called on each event
+  void* arg;                     // first arg to (*invariant)()
+  bool log;                      // logging turned on
 
   // Constant after initialization
-  char name[1];         // actually longer---NUL-terminated string
-} * synch_event[kNSynchEvent] ABSL_GUARDED_BY(synch_event_mu);
+  char name[1];  // actually longer---NUL-terminated string
+}* synch_event[kNSynchEvent] ABSL_GUARDED_BY(synch_event_mu);
 
 // Ensure that the object at "addr" has a SynchEvent struct associated with it,
 // set "bits" in the word there (waiting until lockbit is clear before doing
@@ -322,11 +333,11 @@ static struct SynchEvent {     // this is a trivial hash table for the events
 // the string name is copied into it.
 // When used with a mutex, the caller should also ensure that kMuEvent
 // is set in the mutex word, and similarly for condition variables and kCVEvent.
-static SynchEvent *EnsureSynchEvent(std::atomic<intptr_t> *addr,
-                                    const char *name, intptr_t bits,
+static SynchEvent* EnsureSynchEvent(std::atomic<intptr_t>* addr,
+                                    const char* name, intptr_t bits,
                                     intptr_t lockbit) {
-  uint32_t h = reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(addr) % kNSynchEvent;
-  SynchEvent *e;
+  uint32_t h = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(addr) % kNSynchEvent;
+  SynchEvent* e;
   // first look for existing SynchEvent struct..
   synch_event_mu.Lock();
   for (e = synch_event[h];
@@ -338,9 +349,9 @@ static SynchEvent *EnsureSynchEvent(std::atomic<intptr_t> *addr,
       name = "";
     }
     size_t l = strlen(name);
-    e = reinterpret_cast<SynchEvent *>(
+    e = reinterpret_cast<SynchEvent*>(
         base_internal::LowLevelAlloc::Alloc(sizeof(*e) + l));
-    e->refcount = 2;    // one for return value, one for linked list
+    e->refcount = 2;  // one for return value, one for linked list
     e->masked_addr = base_internal::HidePtr(addr);
     e->invariant = nullptr;
     e->arg = nullptr;
@@ -350,19 +361,19 @@ static SynchEvent *EnsureSynchEvent(std::atomic<intptr_t> *addr,
     AtomicSetBits(addr, bits, lockbit);
     synch_event[h] = e;
   } else {
-    e->refcount++;      // for return value
+    e->refcount++;  // for return value
   }
   synch_event_mu.Unlock();
   return e;
 }
 
 // Deallocate the SynchEvent *e, whose refcount has fallen to zero.
-static void DeleteSynchEvent(SynchEvent *e) {
+static void DeleteSynchEvent(SynchEvent* e) {
   base_internal::LowLevelAlloc::Free(e);
 }
 
 // Decrement the reference count of *e, or do nothing if e==null.
-static void UnrefSynchEvent(SynchEvent *e) {
+static void UnrefSynchEvent(SynchEvent* e) {
   if (e != nullptr) {
     synch_event_mu.Lock();
     bool del = (--(e->refcount) == 0);
@@ -376,11 +387,11 @@ static void UnrefSynchEvent(SynchEvent *e) {
 // Forget the mapping from the object (Mutex or CondVar) at address addr
 // to SynchEvent object, and clear "bits" in its word (waiting until lockbit
 // is clear before doing so).
-static void ForgetSynchEvent(std::atomic<intptr_t> *addr, intptr_t bits,
+static void ForgetSynchEvent(std::atomic<intptr_t>* addr, intptr_t bits,
                              intptr_t lockbit) {
-  uint32_t h = reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(addr) % kNSynchEvent;
-  SynchEvent **pe;
-  SynchEvent *e;
+  uint32_t h = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(addr) % kNSynchEvent;
+  SynchEvent** pe;
+  SynchEvent* e;
   synch_event_mu.Lock();
   for (pe = &synch_event[h];
        (e = *pe) != nullptr && e->masked_addr != base_internal::HidePtr(addr);
@@ -401,9 +412,9 @@ static void ForgetSynchEvent(std::atomic<intptr_t> *addr, intptr_t bits,
 // Return a refcounted reference to the SynchEvent of the object at address
 // "addr", if any.  The pointer returned is valid until the UnrefSynchEvent() is
 // called.
-static SynchEvent *GetSynchEvent(const void *addr) {
-  uint32_t h = reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(addr) % kNSynchEvent;
-  SynchEvent *e;
+static SynchEvent* GetSynchEvent(const void* addr) {
+  uint32_t h = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(addr) % kNSynchEvent;
+  SynchEvent* e;
   synch_event_mu.Lock();
   for (e = synch_event[h];
        e != nullptr && e->masked_addr != base_internal::HidePtr(addr);
@@ -418,19 +429,25 @@ static SynchEvent *GetSynchEvent(const void *addr) {
 
 // Called when an event "ev" occurs on a Mutex of CondVar "obj"
 // if event recording is on
-static void PostSynchEvent(void *obj, int ev) {
-  SynchEvent *e = GetSynchEvent(obj);
+static void PostSynchEvent(void* obj, int ev) {
+  SynchEvent* e = GetSynchEvent(obj);
   // logging is on if event recording is on and either there's no event struct,
   // or it explicitly says to log
   if (e == nullptr || e->log) {
-    void *pcs[40];
+    void* pcs[40];
     int n = absl::GetStackTrace(pcs, ABSL_ARRAYSIZE(pcs), 1);
     // A buffer with enough space for the ASCII for all the PCs, even on a
     // 64-bit machine.
     char buffer[ABSL_ARRAYSIZE(pcs) * 24];
-    int pos = snprintf(buffer, sizeof (buffer), " @");
+    int pos = snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), " @");
     for (int i = 0; i != n; i++) {
-      pos += snprintf(&buffer[pos], sizeof (buffer) - pos, " %p", pcs[i]);
+      int b = snprintf(&buffer[pos], sizeof(buffer) - static_cast<size_t>(pos),
+                       " %p", pcs[i]);
+      if (b < 0 ||
+          static_cast<size_t>(b) >= sizeof(buffer) - static_cast<size_t>(pos)) {
+        break;
+      }
+      pos += b;
     }
     ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "%s%p %s %s", event_properties[ev].msg, obj,
                  (e == nullptr ? "" : e->name), buffer);
@@ -444,13 +461,13 @@ static void PostSynchEvent(void *obj, int ev) {
     // get false positive race reports later.
     // Reuse EvalConditionAnnotated to properly call into user code.
     struct local {
-      static bool pred(SynchEvent *ev) {
+      static bool pred(SynchEvent* ev) {
         (*ev->invariant)(ev->arg);
         return false;
       }
     };
     Condition cond(&local::pred, e);
-    Mutex *mu = static_cast<Mutex *>(obj);
+    Mutex* mu = static_cast<Mutex*>(obj);
     const bool locking = (flags & SYNCH_F_UNLOCK) == 0;
     const bool trylock = (flags & SYNCH_F_TRY) != 0;
     const bool read_lock = (flags & SYNCH_F_R) != 0;
@@ -476,43 +493,45 @@ static void PostSynchEvent(void *obj, int ev) {
 // PerThreadSynch struct points at the most recent SynchWaitParams struct when
 // the thread is on a Mutex's waiter queue.
 struct SynchWaitParams {
-  SynchWaitParams(Mutex::MuHow how_arg, const Condition *cond_arg,
-                  KernelTimeout timeout_arg, Mutex *cvmu_arg,
-                  PerThreadSynch *thread_arg,
-                  std::atomic<intptr_t> *cv_word_arg)
+  SynchWaitParams(Mutex::MuHow how_arg, const Condition* cond_arg,
+                  KernelTimeout timeout_arg, Mutex* cvmu_arg,
+                  PerThreadSynch* thread_arg,
+                  std::atomic<intptr_t>* cv_word_arg)
       : how(how_arg),
         cond(cond_arg),
         timeout(timeout_arg),
         cvmu(cvmu_arg),
         thread(thread_arg),
         cv_word(cv_word_arg),
-        contention_start_cycles(base_internal::CycleClock::Now()) {}
+        contention_start_cycles(CycleClock::Now()),
+        should_submit_contention_data(false) {}
 
   const Mutex::MuHow how;  // How this thread needs to wait.
-  const Condition *cond;  // The condition that this thread is waiting for.
-                          // In Mutex, this field is set to zero if a timeout
-                          // expires.
+  const Condition* cond;   // The condition that this thread is waiting for.
+                           // In Mutex, this field is set to zero if a timeout
+                           // expires.
   KernelTimeout timeout;  // timeout expiry---absolute time
                           // In Mutex, this field is set to zero if a timeout
                           // expires.
-  Mutex *const cvmu;      // used for transfer from cond var to mutex
-  PerThreadSynch *const thread;  // thread that is waiting
+  Mutex* const cvmu;      // used for transfer from cond var to mutex
+  PerThreadSynch* const thread;  // thread that is waiting
 
   // If not null, thread should be enqueued on the CondVar whose state
   // word is cv_word instead of queueing normally on the Mutex.
-  std::atomic<intptr_t> *cv_word;
+  std::atomic<intptr_t>* cv_word;
 
   int64_t contention_start_cycles;  // Time (in cycles) when this thread started
                                     // to contend for the mutex.
+  bool should_submit_contention_data;
 };
 
 struct SynchLocksHeld {
-  int n;              // number of valid entries in locks[]
-  bool overflow;      // true iff we overflowed the array at some point
+  int n;          // number of valid entries in locks[]
+  bool overflow;  // true iff we overflowed the array at some point
   struct {
-    Mutex *mu;        // lock acquired
-    int32_t count;      // times acquired
-    GraphId id;       // deadlock_graph id of acquired lock
+    Mutex* mu;      // lock acquired
+    int32_t count;  // times acquired
+    GraphId id;     // deadlock_graph id of acquired lock
   } locks[40];
   // If a thread overfills the array during deadlock detection, we
   // continue, discarding information as needed.  If no overflow has
@@ -522,11 +541,11 @@ struct SynchLocksHeld {
 
 // A sentinel value in lists that is not 0.
 // A 0 value is used to mean "not on a list".
-static PerThreadSynch *const kPerThreadSynchNull =
-  reinterpret_cast<PerThreadSynch *>(1);
+static PerThreadSynch* const kPerThreadSynchNull =
+    reinterpret_cast<PerThreadSynch*>(1);
 
-static SynchLocksHeld *LocksHeldAlloc() {
-  SynchLocksHeld *ret = reinterpret_cast<SynchLocksHeld *>(
+static SynchLocksHeld* LocksHeldAlloc() {
+  SynchLocksHeld* ret = reinterpret_cast<SynchLocksHeld*>(
       base_internal::LowLevelAlloc::Alloc(sizeof(SynchLocksHeld)));
   ret->n = 0;
   ret->overflow = false;
@@ -534,24 +553,24 @@ static SynchLocksHeld *LocksHeldAlloc() {
 }
 
 // Return the PerThreadSynch-struct for this thread.
-static PerThreadSynch *Synch_GetPerThread() {
-  ThreadIdentity *identity = GetOrCreateCurrentThreadIdentity();
+static PerThreadSynch* Synch_GetPerThread() {
+  ThreadIdentity* identity = GetOrCreateCurrentThreadIdentity();
   return &identity->per_thread_synch;
 }
 
-static PerThreadSynch *Synch_GetPerThreadAnnotated(Mutex *mu) {
+static PerThreadSynch* Synch_GetPerThreadAnnotated(Mutex* mu) {
   if (mu) {
     ABSL_TSAN_MUTEX_PRE_DIVERT(mu, 0);
   }
-  PerThreadSynch *w = Synch_GetPerThread();
+  PerThreadSynch* w = Synch_GetPerThread();
   if (mu) {
     ABSL_TSAN_MUTEX_POST_DIVERT(mu, 0);
   }
   return w;
 }
 
-static SynchLocksHeld *Synch_GetAllLocks() {
-  PerThreadSynch *s = Synch_GetPerThread();
+static SynchLocksHeld* Synch_GetAllLocks() {
+  PerThreadSynch* s = Synch_GetPerThread();
   if (s->all_locks == nullptr) {
     s->all_locks = LocksHeldAlloc();  // Freed by ReclaimThreadIdentity.
   }
@@ -559,18 +578,23 @@ static SynchLocksHeld *Synch_GetAllLocks() {
 }
 
 // Post on "w"'s associated PerThreadSem.
-void Mutex::IncrementSynchSem(Mutex *mu, PerThreadSynch *w) {
+void Mutex::IncrementSynchSem(Mutex* mu, PerThreadSynch* w) {
   if (mu) {
     ABSL_TSAN_MUTEX_PRE_DIVERT(mu, 0);
-  }
-  PerThreadSem::Post(w->thread_identity());
-  if (mu) {
+    // We miss synchronization around passing PerThreadSynch between threads
+    // since it happens inside of the Mutex code, so we need to ignore all
+    // accesses to the object.
+    ABSL_ANNOTATE_IGNORE_READS_AND_WRITES_BEGIN();
+    PerThreadSem::Post(w->thread_identity());
+    ABSL_ANNOTATE_IGNORE_READS_AND_WRITES_END();
     ABSL_TSAN_MUTEX_POST_DIVERT(mu, 0);
+  } else {
+    PerThreadSem::Post(w->thread_identity());
   }
 }
 
 // Wait on "w"'s associated PerThreadSem; returns false if timeout expired.
-bool Mutex::DecrementSynchSem(Mutex *mu, PerThreadSynch *w, KernelTimeout t) {
+bool Mutex::DecrementSynchSem(Mutex* mu, PerThreadSynch* w, KernelTimeout t) {
   if (mu) {
     ABSL_TSAN_MUTEX_PRE_DIVERT(mu, 0);
   }
@@ -591,7 +615,7 @@ bool Mutex::DecrementSynchSem(Mutex *mu, PerThreadSynch *w, KernelTimeout t) {
 // Mutex code checking that the "waitp" field has not been reused.
 void Mutex::InternalAttemptToUseMutexInFatalSignalHandler() {
   // Fix the per-thread state only if it exists.
-  ThreadIdentity *identity = CurrentThreadIdentityIfPresent();
+  ThreadIdentity* identity = CurrentThreadIdentityIfPresent();
   if (identity != nullptr) {
     identity->per_thread_synch.suppress_fatal_errors = true;
   }
@@ -600,21 +624,6 @@ void Mutex::InternalAttemptToUseMutexInFatalSignalHandler() {
                                  std::memory_order_release);
 }
 
-// --------------------------time support
-
-// Return the current time plus the timeout.  Use the same clock as
-// PerThreadSem::Wait() for consistency.  Unfortunately, we don't have
-// such a choice when a deadline is given directly.
-static absl::Time DeadlineFromTimeout(absl::Duration timeout) {
-#ifndef _WIN32
-  struct timeval tv;
-  gettimeofday(&tv, nullptr);
-  return absl::TimeFromTimeval(tv) + timeout;
-#else
-  return absl::Now() + timeout;
-#endif
-}
-
 // --------------------------Mutexes
 
 // In the layout below, the msb of the bottom byte is currently unused.  Also,
@@ -625,24 +634,29 @@ static absl::Time DeadlineFromTimeout(absl::Duration timeout) {
 //    bit-twiddling trick in Mutex::Unlock().
 //  o kMuWriter / kMuReader == kMuWrWait / kMuWait,
 //    to enable the bit-twiddling trick in CheckForMutexCorruption().
-static const intptr_t kMuReader      = 0x0001L;  // a reader holds the lock
-static const intptr_t kMuDesig       = 0x0002L;  // there's a designated waker
-static const intptr_t kMuWait        = 0x0004L;  // threads are waiting
-static const intptr_t kMuWriter      = 0x0008L;  // a writer holds the lock
-static const intptr_t kMuEvent       = 0x0010L;  // record this mutex's events
+static const intptr_t kMuReader = 0x0001L;  // a reader holds the lock
+// There's a designated waker.
 // INVARIANT1:  there's a thread that was blocked on the mutex, is
 // no longer, yet has not yet acquired the mutex.  If there's a
 // designated waker, all threads can avoid taking the slow path in
 // unlock because the designated waker will subsequently acquire
 // the lock and wake someone.  To maintain INVARIANT1 the bit is
 // set when a thread is unblocked(INV1a), and threads that were
-// unblocked reset the bit when they either acquire or re-block
-// (INV1b).
-static const intptr_t kMuWrWait      = 0x0020L;  // runnable writer is waiting
-                                                 // for a reader
-static const intptr_t kMuSpin        = 0x0040L;  // spinlock protects wait list
-static const intptr_t kMuLow         = 0x00ffL;  // mask all mutex bits
-static const intptr_t kMuHigh        = ~kMuLow;  // mask pointer/reader count
+// unblocked reset the bit when they either acquire or re-block (INV1b).
+static const intptr_t kMuDesig = 0x0002L;
+static const intptr_t kMuWait = 0x0004L;    // threads are waiting
+static const intptr_t kMuWriter = 0x0008L;  // a writer holds the lock
+static const intptr_t kMuEvent = 0x0010L;   // record this mutex's events
+// Runnable writer is waiting for a reader.
+// If set, new readers will not lock the mutex to avoid writer starvation.
+// Note: if a reader has higher priority than the writer, it will still lock
+// the mutex ahead of the waiting writer, but in a very inefficient manner:
+// the reader will first queue itself and block, but then the last unlocking
+// reader will wake it.
+static const intptr_t kMuWrWait = 0x0020L;
+static const intptr_t kMuSpin = 0x0040L;  // spinlock protects wait list
+static const intptr_t kMuLow = 0x00ffL;   // mask all mutex bits
+static const intptr_t kMuHigh = ~kMuLow;  // mask pointer/reader count
 
 // Hack to make constant values available to gdb pretty printer
 enum {
@@ -738,8 +752,8 @@ Mutex::~Mutex() {
   ABSL_TSAN_MUTEX_DESTROY(this, __tsan_mutex_not_static);
 }
 
-void Mutex::EnableDebugLog(const char *name) {
-  SynchEvent *e = EnsureSynchEvent(&this->mu_, name, kMuEvent, kMuSpin);
+void Mutex::EnableDebugLog(const char* name) {
+  SynchEvent* e = EnsureSynchEvent(&this->mu_, name, kMuEvent, kMuSpin);
   e->log = true;
   UnrefSynchEvent(e);
 }
@@ -748,11 +762,10 @@ void EnableMutexInvariantDebugging(bool enabled) {
   synch_check_invariants.store(enabled, std::memory_order_release);
 }
 
-void Mutex::EnableInvariantDebugging(void (*invariant)(void *),
-                                     void *arg) {
+void Mutex::EnableInvariantDebugging(void (*invariant)(void*), void* arg) {
   if (synch_check_invariants.load(std::memory_order_acquire) &&
       invariant != nullptr) {
-    SynchEvent *e = EnsureSynchEvent(&this->mu_, nullptr, kMuEvent, kMuSpin);
+    SynchEvent* e = EnsureSynchEvent(&this->mu_, nullptr, kMuEvent, kMuSpin);
     e->invariant = invariant;
     e->arg = arg;
     UnrefSynchEvent(e);
@@ -768,15 +781,15 @@ void SetMutexDeadlockDetectionMode(OnDeadlockCycle mode) {
 // waiters with the same condition, type of lock, and thread priority.
 //
 // Requires that x and y be waiting on the same Mutex queue.
-static bool MuEquivalentWaiter(PerThreadSynch *x, PerThreadSynch *y) {
+static bool MuEquivalentWaiter(PerThreadSynch* x, PerThreadSynch* y) {
   return x->waitp->how == y->waitp->how && x->priority == y->priority &&
          Condition::GuaranteedEqual(x->waitp->cond, y->waitp->cond);
 }
 
 // Given the contents of a mutex word containing a PerThreadSynch pointer,
 // return the pointer.
-static inline PerThreadSynch *GetPerThreadSynch(intptr_t v) {
-  return reinterpret_cast<PerThreadSynch *>(v & kMuHigh);
+static inline PerThreadSynch* GetPerThreadSynch(intptr_t v) {
+  return reinterpret_cast<PerThreadSynch*>(v & kMuHigh);
 }
 
 // The next several routines maintain the per-thread next and skip fields
@@ -834,17 +847,17 @@ static inline PerThreadSynch *GetPerThreadSynch(intptr_t v) {
 // except those in the added node and the former "head" node.  This implies
 // that the new node is added after head, and so must be the new head or the
 // new front of the queue.
-static PerThreadSynch *Skip(PerThreadSynch *x) {
-  PerThreadSynch *x0 = nullptr;
-  PerThreadSynch *x1 = x;
-  PerThreadSynch *x2 = x->skip;
+static PerThreadSynch* Skip(PerThreadSynch* x) {
+  PerThreadSynch* x0 = nullptr;
+  PerThreadSynch* x1 = x;
+  PerThreadSynch* x2 = x->skip;
   if (x2 != nullptr) {
     // Each iteration attempts to advance sequence (x0,x1,x2) to next sequence
     // such that   x1 == x0->skip && x2 == x1->skip
     while ((x0 = x1, x1 = x2, x2 = x2->skip) != nullptr) {
-      x0->skip = x2;      // short-circuit skip from x0 to x2
+      x0->skip = x2;  // short-circuit skip from x0 to x2
     }
-    x->skip = x1;         // short-circuit skip from x to result
+    x->skip = x1;  // short-circuit skip from x to result
   }
   return x1;
 }
@@ -853,7 +866,7 @@ static PerThreadSynch *Skip(PerThreadSynch *x) {
 // The latter is going to be removed out of order, because of a timeout.
 // Check whether "ancestor" has a skip field pointing to "to_be_removed",
 // and fix it if it does.
-static void FixSkip(PerThreadSynch *ancestor, PerThreadSynch *to_be_removed) {
+static void FixSkip(PerThreadSynch* ancestor, PerThreadSynch* to_be_removed) {
   if (ancestor->skip == to_be_removed) {  // ancestor->skip left dangling
     if (to_be_removed->skip != nullptr) {
       ancestor->skip = to_be_removed->skip;  // can skip past to_be_removed
@@ -865,7 +878,7 @@ static void FixSkip(PerThreadSynch *ancestor, PerThreadSynch *to_be_removed) {
   }
 }
 
-static void CondVarEnqueue(SynchWaitParams *waitp);
+static void CondVarEnqueue(SynchWaitParams* waitp);
 
 // Enqueue thread "waitp->thread" on a waiter queue.
 // Called with mutex spinlock held if head != nullptr
@@ -886,8 +899,8 @@ static void CondVarEnqueue(SynchWaitParams *waitp);
 // returned. This mechanism is used by CondVar to queue a thread on the
 // condition variable queue instead of the mutex queue in implementing Wait().
 // In this case, Enqueue() can return nullptr (if head==nullptr).
-static PerThreadSynch *Enqueue(PerThreadSynch *head,
-                               SynchWaitParams *waitp, intptr_t mu, int flags) {
+static PerThreadSynch* Enqueue(PerThreadSynch* head, SynchWaitParams* waitp,
+                               intptr_t mu, int flags) {
   // If we have been given a cv_word, call CondVarEnqueue() and return
   // the previous head of the Mutex waiter queue.
   if (waitp->cv_word != nullptr) {
@@ -895,42 +908,43 @@ static PerThreadSynch *Enqueue(PerThreadSynch *head,
     return head;
   }
 
-  PerThreadSynch *s = waitp->thread;
+  PerThreadSynch* s = waitp->thread;
   ABSL_RAW_CHECK(
       s->waitp == nullptr ||    // normal case
           s->waitp == waitp ||  // Fer()---transfer from condition variable
           s->suppress_fatal_errors,
       "detected illegal recursion into Mutex code");
   s->waitp = waitp;
-  s->skip = nullptr;             // maintain skip invariant (see above)
-  s->may_skip = true;            // always true on entering queue
-  s->wake = false;               // not being woken
+  s->skip = nullptr;   // maintain skip invariant (see above)
+  s->may_skip = true;  // always true on entering queue
+  s->wake = false;     // not being woken
   s->cond_waiter = ((flags & kMuIsCond) != 0);
+#ifdef ABSL_HAVE_PTHREAD_GETSCHEDPARAM
+  int64_t now_cycles = CycleClock::Now();
+  if (s->next_priority_read_cycles < now_cycles) {
+    // Every so often, update our idea of the thread's priority.
+    // pthread_getschedparam() is 5% of the block/wakeup time;
+    // CycleClock::Now() is 0.5%.
+    int policy;
+    struct sched_param param;
+    const int err = pthread_getschedparam(pthread_self(), &policy, &param);
+    if (err != 0) {
+      ABSL_RAW_LOG(ERROR, "pthread_getschedparam failed: %d", err);
+    } else {
+      s->priority = param.sched_priority;
+      s->next_priority_read_cycles =
+          now_cycles + static_cast<int64_t>(CycleClock::Frequency());
+    }
+  }
+#endif
   if (head == nullptr) {         // s is the only waiter
     s->next = s;                 // it's the only entry in the cycle
     s->readers = mu;             // reader count is from mu word
     s->maybe_unlocking = false;  // no one is searching an empty list
     head = s;                    // s is new head
   } else {
-    PerThreadSynch *enqueue_after = nullptr;  // we'll put s after this element
+    PerThreadSynch* enqueue_after = nullptr;  // we'll put s after this element
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_PTHREAD_GETSCHEDPARAM
-    int64_t now_cycles = base_internal::CycleClock::Now();
-    if (s->next_priority_read_cycles < now_cycles) {
-      // Every so often, update our idea of the thread's priority.
-      // pthread_getschedparam() is 5% of the block/wakeup time;
-      // base_internal::CycleClock::Now() is 0.5%.
-      int policy;
-      struct sched_param param;
-      const int err = pthread_getschedparam(pthread_self(), &policy, &param);
-      if (err != 0) {
-        ABSL_RAW_LOG(ERROR, "pthread_getschedparam failed: %d", err);
-      } else {
-        s->priority = param.sched_priority;
-        s->next_priority_read_cycles =
-            now_cycles +
-            static_cast<int64_t>(base_internal::CycleClock::Frequency());
-      }
-    }
     if (s->priority > head->priority) {  // s's priority is above head's
       // try to put s in priority-fifo order, or failing that at the front.
       if (!head->maybe_unlocking) {
@@ -940,20 +954,20 @@ static PerThreadSynch *Enqueue(PerThreadSynch *head,
         // Within a skip chain, all waiters have the same priority, so we can
         // skip forward through the chains until we find one with a lower
         // priority than the waiter to be enqueued.
-        PerThreadSynch *advance_to = head;    // next value of enqueue_after
+        PerThreadSynch* advance_to = head;  // next value of enqueue_after
         do {
           enqueue_after = advance_to;
           // (side-effect: optimizes skip chain)
           advance_to = Skip(enqueue_after->next);
         } while (s->priority <= advance_to->priority);
-              // termination guaranteed because s->priority > head->priority
-              // and head is the end of a skip chain
+        // termination guaranteed because s->priority > head->priority
+        // and head is the end of a skip chain
       } else if (waitp->how == kExclusive &&
                  Condition::GuaranteedEqual(waitp->cond, nullptr)) {
         // An unlocker could be scanning the queue, but we know it will recheck
         // the queue front for writers that have no condition, which is what s
         // is, so an insert at front is safe.
-        enqueue_after = head;       // add after head, at front
+        enqueue_after = head;  // add after head, at front
       }
     }
 #endif
@@ -978,12 +992,12 @@ static PerThreadSynch *Enqueue(PerThreadSynch *head,
         enqueue_after->skip = enqueue_after->next;
       }
       if (MuEquivalentWaiter(s, s->next)) {  // s->may_skip is known to be true
-        s->skip = s->next;                // s may skip to its successor
+        s->skip = s->next;                   // s may skip to its successor
       }
-    } else {   // enqueue not done any other way, so
-               // we're inserting s at the back
+    } else {  // enqueue not done any other way, so
+              // we're inserting s at the back
       // s will become new head; copy data from head into it
-      s->next = head->next;        // add s after head
+      s->next = head->next;  // add s after head
       head->next = s;
       s->readers = head->readers;  // reader count is from previous head
       s->maybe_unlocking = head->maybe_unlocking;  // same for unlock hint
@@ -1002,17 +1016,17 @@ static PerThreadSynch *Enqueue(PerThreadSynch *head,
 // whose last element is head.  The new head element is returned, or null
 // if the list is made empty.
 // Dequeue is called with both spinlock and Mutex held.
-static PerThreadSynch *Dequeue(PerThreadSynch *head, PerThreadSynch *pw) {
-  PerThreadSynch *w = pw->next;
-  pw->next = w->next;         // snip w out of list
-  if (head == w) {            // we removed the head
+static PerThreadSynch* Dequeue(PerThreadSynch* head, PerThreadSynch* pw) {
+  PerThreadSynch* w = pw->next;
+  pw->next = w->next;                 // snip w out of list
+  if (head == w) {                    // we removed the head
     head = (pw == w) ? nullptr : pw;  // either emptied list, or pw is new head
   } else if (pw != head && MuEquivalentWaiter(pw, pw->next)) {
     // pw can skip to its new successor
     if (pw->next->skip !=
         nullptr) {  // either skip to its successors skip target
       pw->skip = pw->next->skip;
-    } else {                   // or to pw's successor
+    } else {  // or to pw's successor
       pw->skip = pw->next;
     }
   }
@@ -1025,27 +1039,27 @@ static PerThreadSynch *Dequeue(PerThreadSynch *head, PerThreadSynch *pw) {
 // singly-linked list wake_list in the order found.   Assumes that
 // there is only one such element if the element has how == kExclusive.
 // Return the new head.
-static PerThreadSynch *DequeueAllWakeable(PerThreadSynch *head,
-                                          PerThreadSynch *pw,
-                                          PerThreadSynch **wake_tail) {
-  PerThreadSynch *orig_h = head;
-  PerThreadSynch *w = pw->next;
+static PerThreadSynch* DequeueAllWakeable(PerThreadSynch* head,
+                                          PerThreadSynch* pw,
+                                          PerThreadSynch** wake_tail) {
+  PerThreadSynch* orig_h = head;
+  PerThreadSynch* w = pw->next;
   bool skipped = false;
   do {
-    if (w->wake) {                    // remove this element
+    if (w->wake) {  // remove this element
       ABSL_RAW_CHECK(pw->skip == nullptr, "bad skip in DequeueAllWakeable");
       // we're removing pw's successor so either pw->skip is zero or we should
       // already have removed pw since if pw->skip!=null, pw has the same
       // condition as w.
       head = Dequeue(head, pw);
-      w->next = *wake_tail;           // keep list terminated
-      *wake_tail = w;                 // add w to wake_list;
-      wake_tail = &w->next;           // next addition to end
+      w->next = *wake_tail;               // keep list terminated
+      *wake_tail = w;                     // add w to wake_list;
+      wake_tail = &w->next;               // next addition to end
       if (w->waitp->how == kExclusive) {  // wake at most 1 writer
         break;
       }
-    } else {                // not waking this one; skip
-      pw = Skip(w);       // skip as much as possible
+    } else {         // not waking this one; skip
+      pw = Skip(w);  // skip as much as possible
       skipped = true;
     }
     w = pw->next;
@@ -1063,7 +1077,7 @@ static PerThreadSynch *DequeueAllWakeable(PerThreadSynch *head,
 
 // Try to remove thread s from the list of waiters on this mutex.
 // Does nothing if s is not on the waiter list.
-void Mutex::TryRemove(PerThreadSynch *s) {
+void Mutex::TryRemove(PerThreadSynch* s) {
   SchedulingGuard::ScopedDisable disable_rescheduling;
   intptr_t v = mu_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
   // acquire spinlock & lock
@@ -1071,16 +1085,16 @@ void Mutex::TryRemove(PerThreadSynch *s) {
       mu_.compare_exchange_strong(v, v | kMuSpin | kMuWriter,
                                   std::memory_order_acquire,
                                   std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
-    PerThreadSynch *h = GetPerThreadSynch(v);
+    PerThreadSynch* h = GetPerThreadSynch(v);
     if (h != nullptr) {
-      PerThreadSynch *pw = h;   // pw is w's predecessor
-      PerThreadSynch *w;
+      PerThreadSynch* pw = h;  // pw is w's predecessor
+      PerThreadSynch* w;
       if ((w = pw->next) != s) {  // search for thread,
         do {                      // processing at least one element
           // If the current element isn't equivalent to the waiter to be
           // removed, we can skip the entire chain.
           if (!MuEquivalentWaiter(s, w)) {
-            pw = Skip(w);                // so skip all that won't match
+            pw = Skip(w);  // so skip all that won't match
             // we don't have to worry about dangling skip fields
             // in the threads we skipped; none can point to s
             // because they are in a different equivalence class.
@@ -1092,7 +1106,7 @@ void Mutex::TryRemove(PerThreadSynch *s) {
           // process the first thread again.
         } while ((w = pw->next) != s && pw != h);
       }
-      if (w == s) {                 // found thread; remove it
+      if (w == s) {  // found thread; remove it
         // pw->skip may be non-zero here; the loop above ensured that
         // no ancestor of s can skip to s, so removal is safe anyway.
         h = Dequeue(h, pw);
@@ -1101,16 +1115,15 @@ void Mutex::TryRemove(PerThreadSynch *s) {
       }
     }
     intptr_t nv;
-    do {                        // release spinlock and lock
+    do {  // release spinlock and lock
       v = mu_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
       nv = v & (kMuDesig | kMuEvent);
       if (h != nullptr) {
         nv |= kMuWait | reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(h);
-        h->readers = 0;            // we hold writer lock
+        h->readers = 0;              // we hold writer lock
         h->maybe_unlocking = false;  // finished unlocking
       }
-    } while (!mu_.compare_exchange_weak(v, nv,
-                                        std::memory_order_release,
+    } while (!mu_.compare_exchange_weak(v, nv, std::memory_order_release,
                                         std::memory_order_relaxed));
   }
 }
@@ -1120,7 +1133,7 @@ void Mutex::TryRemove(PerThreadSynch *s) {
 // if the wait extends past the absolute time specified, even if "s" is still
 // on the mutex queue.  In this case, remove "s" from the queue and return
 // true, otherwise return false.
-ABSL_XRAY_LOG_ARGS(1) void Mutex::Block(PerThreadSynch *s) {
+void Mutex::Block(PerThreadSynch* s) {
   while (s->state.load(std::memory_order_acquire) == PerThreadSynch::kQueued) {
     if (!DecrementSynchSem(this, s, s->waitp->timeout)) {
       // After a timeout, we go into a spin loop until we remove ourselves
@@ -1139,7 +1152,7 @@ ABSL_XRAY_LOG_ARGS(1) void Mutex::Block(PerThreadSynch *s) {
         // is not on the queue.
         this->TryRemove(s);
       }
-      s->waitp->timeout = KernelTimeout::Never();      // timeout is satisfied
+      s->waitp->timeout = KernelTimeout::Never();  // timeout is satisfied
       s->waitp->cond = nullptr;  // condition no longer relevant for wakeups
     }
   }
@@ -1149,8 +1162,8 @@ ABSL_XRAY_LOG_ARGS(1) void Mutex::Block(PerThreadSynch *s) {
 }
 
 // Wake thread w, and return the next thread in the list.
-PerThreadSynch *Mutex::Wakeup(PerThreadSynch *w) {
-  PerThreadSynch *next = w->next;
+PerThreadSynch* Mutex::Wakeup(PerThreadSynch* w) {
+  PerThreadSynch* next = w->next;
   w->next = nullptr;
   w->state.store(PerThreadSynch::kAvailable, std::memory_order_release);
   IncrementSynchSem(this, w);
@@ -1158,7 +1171,7 @@ PerThreadSynch *Mutex::Wakeup(PerThreadSynch *w) {
   return next;
 }
 
-static GraphId GetGraphIdLocked(Mutex *mu)
+static GraphId GetGraphIdLocked(Mutex* mu)
     ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(deadlock_graph_mu) {
   if (!deadlock_graph) {  // (re)create the deadlock graph.
     deadlock_graph =
@@ -1168,7 +1181,7 @@ static GraphId GetGraphIdLocked(Mutex *mu)
   return deadlock_graph->GetId(mu);
 }
 
-static GraphId GetGraphId(Mutex *mu) ABSL_LOCKS_EXCLUDED(deadlock_graph_mu) {
+static GraphId GetGraphId(Mutex* mu) ABSL_LOCKS_EXCLUDED(deadlock_graph_mu) {
   deadlock_graph_mu.Lock();
   GraphId id = GetGraphIdLocked(mu);
   deadlock_graph_mu.Unlock();
@@ -1178,7 +1191,7 @@ static GraphId GetGraphId(Mutex *mu) ABSL_LOCKS_EXCLUDED(deadlock_graph_mu) {
 // Record a lock acquisition.  This is used in debug mode for deadlock
 // detection.  The held_locks pointer points to the relevant data
 // structure for each case.
-static void LockEnter(Mutex* mu, GraphId id, SynchLocksHeld *held_locks) {
+static void LockEnter(Mutex* mu, GraphId id, SynchLocksHeld* held_locks) {
   int n = held_locks->n;
   int i = 0;
   while (i != n && held_locks->locks[i].id != id) {
@@ -1202,7 +1215,7 @@ static void LockEnter(Mutex* mu, GraphId id, SynchLocksHeld *held_locks) {
 // eventually followed by a call to LockLeave(mu, id, x) by the same thread.
 // It does not process the event if is not needed when deadlock detection is
 // disabled.
-static void LockLeave(Mutex* mu, GraphId id, SynchLocksHeld *held_locks) {
+static void LockLeave(Mutex* mu, GraphId id, SynchLocksHeld* held_locks) {
   int n = held_locks->n;
   int i = 0;
   while (i != n && held_locks->locks[i].id != id) {
@@ -1217,11 +1230,11 @@ static void LockLeave(Mutex* mu, GraphId id, SynchLocksHeld *held_locks) {
         i++;
       }
       if (i == n) {  // mu missing means releasing unheld lock
-        SynchEvent *mu_events = GetSynchEvent(mu);
+        SynchEvent* mu_events = GetSynchEvent(mu);
         ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL,
                      "thread releasing lock it does not hold: %p %s; "
                      ,
-                     static_cast<void *>(mu),
+                     static_cast<void*>(mu),
                      mu_events == nullptr ? "" : mu_events->name);
       }
     }
@@ -1238,7 +1251,7 @@ static void LockLeave(Mutex* mu, GraphId id, SynchLocksHeld *held_locks) {
 }
 
 // Call LockEnter() if in debug mode and deadlock detection is enabled.
-static inline void DebugOnlyLockEnter(Mutex *mu) {
+static inline void DebugOnlyLockEnter(Mutex* mu) {
   if (kDebugMode) {
     if (synch_deadlock_detection.load(std::memory_order_acquire) !=
         OnDeadlockCycle::kIgnore) {
@@ -1248,7 +1261,7 @@ static inline void DebugOnlyLockEnter(Mutex *mu) {
 }
 
 // Call LockEnter() if in debug mode and deadlock detection is enabled.
-static inline void DebugOnlyLockEnter(Mutex *mu, GraphId id) {
+static inline void DebugOnlyLockEnter(Mutex* mu, GraphId id) {
   if (kDebugMode) {
     if (synch_deadlock_detection.load(std::memory_order_acquire) !=
         OnDeadlockCycle::kIgnore) {
@@ -1258,7 +1271,7 @@ static inline void DebugOnlyLockEnter(Mutex *mu, GraphId id) {
 }
 
 // Call LockLeave() if in debug mode and deadlock detection is enabled.
-static inline void DebugOnlyLockLeave(Mutex *mu) {
+static inline void DebugOnlyLockLeave(Mutex* mu) {
   if (kDebugMode) {
     if (synch_deadlock_detection.load(std::memory_order_acquire) !=
         OnDeadlockCycle::kIgnore) {
@@ -1267,36 +1280,40 @@ static inline void DebugOnlyLockLeave(Mutex *mu) {
   }
 }
 
-static char *StackString(void **pcs, int n, char *buf, int maxlen,
+static char* StackString(void** pcs, int n, char* buf, int maxlen,
                          bool symbolize) {
-  static const int kSymLen = 200;
+  static constexpr int kSymLen = 200;
   char sym[kSymLen];
   int len = 0;
   for (int i = 0; i != n; i++) {
+    if (len >= maxlen)
+      return buf;
+    size_t count = static_cast<size_t>(maxlen - len);
     if (symbolize) {
-      if (!symbolizer(pcs[i], sym, kSymLen)) {
+      if (!absl::Symbolize(pcs[i], sym, kSymLen)) {
         sym[0] = '\0';
       }
-      snprintf(buf + len, maxlen - len, "%s\t@ %p %s\n",
-               (i == 0 ? "\n" : ""),
-               pcs[i], sym);
+      snprintf(buf + len, count, "%s\t@ %p %s\n", (i == 0 ? "\n" : ""), pcs[i],
+               sym);
     } else {
-      snprintf(buf + len, maxlen - len, " %p", pcs[i]);
+      snprintf(buf + len, count, " %p", pcs[i]);
     }
     len += strlen(&buf[len]);
   }
   return buf;
 }
 
-static char *CurrentStackString(char *buf, int maxlen, bool symbolize) {
-  void *pcs[40];
+static char* CurrentStackString(char* buf, int maxlen, bool symbolize) {
+  void* pcs[40];
   return StackString(pcs, absl::GetStackTrace(pcs, ABSL_ARRAYSIZE(pcs), 2), buf,
                      maxlen, symbolize);
 }
 
 namespace {
-enum { kMaxDeadlockPathLen = 10 };  // maximum length of a deadlock cycle;
-                                    // a path this long would be remarkable
+enum {
+  kMaxDeadlockPathLen = 10
+};  // maximum length of a deadlock cycle;
+    // a path this long would be remarkable
 // Buffers required to report a deadlock.
 // We do not allocate them on stack to avoid large stack frame.
 struct DeadlockReportBuffers {
@@ -1306,11 +1323,11 @@ struct DeadlockReportBuffers {
 
 struct ScopedDeadlockReportBuffers {
   ScopedDeadlockReportBuffers() {
-    b = reinterpret_cast<DeadlockReportBuffers *>(
+    b = reinterpret_cast<DeadlockReportBuffers*>(
         base_internal::LowLevelAlloc::Alloc(sizeof(*b)));
   }
   ~ScopedDeadlockReportBuffers() { base_internal::LowLevelAlloc::Free(b); }
-  DeadlockReportBuffers *b;
+  DeadlockReportBuffers* b;
 };
 
 // Helper to pass to GraphCycles::UpdateStackTrace.
@@ -1321,13 +1338,13 @@ int GetStack(void** stack, int max_depth) {
 
 // Called in debug mode when a thread is about to acquire a lock in a way that
 // may block.
-static GraphId DeadlockCheck(Mutex *mu) {
+static GraphId DeadlockCheck(Mutex* mu) {
   if (synch_deadlock_detection.load(std::memory_order_acquire) ==
       OnDeadlockCycle::kIgnore) {
     return InvalidGraphId();
   }
 
-  SynchLocksHeld *all_locks = Synch_GetAllLocks();
+  SynchLocksHeld* all_locks = Synch_GetAllLocks();
 
   absl::base_internal::SpinLockHolder lock(&deadlock_graph_mu);
   const GraphId mu_id = GetGraphIdLocked(mu);
@@ -1349,8 +1366,8 @@ static GraphId DeadlockCheck(Mutex *mu) {
   // For each other mutex already held by this thread:
   for (int i = 0; i != all_locks->n; i++) {
     const GraphId other_node_id = all_locks->locks[i].id;
-    const Mutex *other =
-        static_cast<const Mutex *>(deadlock_graph->Ptr(other_node_id));
+    const Mutex* other =
+        static_cast<const Mutex*>(deadlock_graph->Ptr(other_node_id));
     if (other == nullptr) {
       // Ignore stale lock
       continue;
@@ -1359,48 +1376,51 @@ static GraphId DeadlockCheck(Mutex *mu) {
     // Add the acquired-before edge to the graph.
     if (!deadlock_graph->InsertEdge(other_node_id, mu_id)) {
       ScopedDeadlockReportBuffers scoped_buffers;
-      DeadlockReportBuffers *b = scoped_buffers.b;
+      DeadlockReportBuffers* b = scoped_buffers.b;
       static int number_of_reported_deadlocks = 0;
       number_of_reported_deadlocks++;
       // Symbolize only 2 first deadlock report to avoid huge slowdowns.
       bool symbolize = number_of_reported_deadlocks <= 2;
       ABSL_RAW_LOG(ERROR, "Potential Mutex deadlock: %s",
                    CurrentStackString(b->buf, sizeof (b->buf), symbolize));
-      int len = 0;
+      size_t len = 0;
       for (int j = 0; j != all_locks->n; j++) {
         void* pr = deadlock_graph->Ptr(all_locks->locks[j].id);
         if (pr != nullptr) {
-          snprintf(b->buf + len, sizeof (b->buf) - len, " %p", pr);
-          len += static_cast<int>(strlen(&b->buf[len]));
+          snprintf(b->buf + len, sizeof(b->buf) - len, " %p", pr);
+          len += strlen(&b->buf[len]);
         }
       }
       ABSL_RAW_LOG(ERROR,
                    "Acquiring absl::Mutex %p while holding %s; a cycle in the "
                    "historical lock ordering graph has been observed",
-                   static_cast<void *>(mu), b->buf);
+                   static_cast<void*>(mu), b->buf);
       ABSL_RAW_LOG(ERROR, "Cycle: ");
-      int path_len = deadlock_graph->FindPath(
-          mu_id, other_node_id, ABSL_ARRAYSIZE(b->path), b->path);
-      for (int j = 0; j != path_len; j++) {
+      int path_len = deadlock_graph->FindPath(mu_id, other_node_id,
+                                              ABSL_ARRAYSIZE(b->path), b->path);
+      for (int j = 0; j != path_len && j != ABSL_ARRAYSIZE(b->path); j++) {
         GraphId id = b->path[j];
-        Mutex *path_mu = static_cast<Mutex *>(deadlock_graph->Ptr(id));
+        Mutex* path_mu = static_cast<Mutex*>(deadlock_graph->Ptr(id));
         if (path_mu == nullptr) continue;
         void** stack;
         int depth = deadlock_graph->GetStackTrace(id, &stack);
         snprintf(b->buf, sizeof(b->buf),
-                 "mutex@%p stack: ", static_cast<void *>(path_mu));
+                 "mutex@%p stack: ", static_cast<void*>(path_mu));
         StackString(stack, depth, b->buf + strlen(b->buf),
                     static_cast<int>(sizeof(b->buf) - strlen(b->buf)),
                     symbolize);
         ABSL_RAW_LOG(ERROR, "%s", b->buf);
       }
+      if (path_len > static_cast<int>(ABSL_ARRAYSIZE(b->path))) {
+        ABSL_RAW_LOG(ERROR, "(long cycle; list truncated)");
+      }
       if (synch_deadlock_detection.load(std::memory_order_acquire) ==
           OnDeadlockCycle::kAbort) {
         deadlock_graph_mu.Unlock();  // avoid deadlock in fatal sighandler
         ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "dying due to potential deadlock");
         return mu_id;
       }
-      break;   // report at most one potential deadlock per acquisition
+      break;  // report at most one potential deadlock per acquisition
     }
   }
 
@@ -1409,7 +1429,7 @@ static GraphId DeadlockCheck(Mutex *mu) {
 
 // Invoke DeadlockCheck() iff we're in debug mode and
 // deadlock checking has been enabled.
-static inline GraphId DebugOnlyDeadlockCheck(Mutex *mu) {
+static inline GraphId DebugOnlyDeadlockCheck(Mutex* mu) {
   if (kDebugMode && synch_deadlock_detection.load(std::memory_order_acquire) !=
                         OnDeadlockCycle::kIgnore) {
     return DeadlockCheck(mu);
@@ -1436,13 +1456,13 @@ void Mutex::AssertNotHeld() const {
       (mu_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) & (kMuWriter | kMuReader)) != 0 &&
       synch_deadlock_detection.load(std::memory_order_acquire) !=
           OnDeadlockCycle::kIgnore) {
-    GraphId id = GetGraphId(const_cast<Mutex *>(this));
-    SynchLocksHeld *locks = Synch_GetAllLocks();
+    GraphId id = GetGraphId(const_cast<Mutex*>(this));
+    SynchLocksHeld* locks = Synch_GetAllLocks();
     for (int i = 0; i != locks->n; i++) {
       if (locks->locks[i].id == id) {
-        SynchEvent *mu_events = GetSynchEvent(this);
+        SynchEvent* mu_events = GetSynchEvent(this);
         ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "thread should not hold mutex %p %s",
-                     static_cast<const void *>(this),
+                     static_cast<const void*>(this),
                      (mu_events == nullptr ? "" : mu_events->name));
       }
     }
@@ -1455,8 +1475,8 @@ static bool TryAcquireWithSpinning(std::atomic<intptr_t>* mu) {
   int c = GetMutexGlobals().spinloop_iterations;
   do {  // do/while somewhat faster on AMD
     intptr_t v = mu->load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
-    if ((v & (kMuReader|kMuEvent)) != 0) {
-      return false;  // a reader or tracing -> give up
+    if ((v & (kMuReader | kMuEvent)) != 0) {
+      return false;                       // a reader or tracing -> give up
     } else if (((v & kMuWriter) == 0) &&  // no holder -> try to acquire
                mu->compare_exchange_strong(v, kMuWriter | v,
                                            std::memory_order_acquire,
@@ -1467,14 +1487,13 @@ static bool TryAcquireWithSpinning(std::atomic<intptr_t>* mu) {
   return false;
 }
 
-ABSL_XRAY_LOG_ARGS(1) void Mutex::Lock() {
+void Mutex::Lock() {
   ABSL_TSAN_MUTEX_PRE_LOCK(this, 0);
   GraphId id = DebugOnlyDeadlockCheck(this);
   intptr_t v = mu_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
   // try fast acquire, then spin loop
   if ((v & (kMuWriter | kMuReader | kMuEvent)) != 0 ||
-      !mu_.compare_exchange_strong(v, kMuWriter | v,
-                                   std::memory_order_acquire,
+      !mu_.compare_exchange_strong(v, kMuWriter | v, std::memory_order_acquire,
                                    std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
     // try spin acquire, then slow loop
     if (!TryAcquireWithSpinning(&this->mu_)) {
@@ -1485,7 +1504,7 @@ ABSL_XRAY_LOG_ARGS(1) void Mutex::Lock() {
   ABSL_TSAN_MUTEX_POST_LOCK(this, 0, 0);
 }
 
-ABSL_XRAY_LOG_ARGS(1) void Mutex::ReaderLock() {
+void Mutex::ReaderLock() {
   ABSL_TSAN_MUTEX_PRE_LOCK(this, __tsan_mutex_read_lock);
   GraphId id = DebugOnlyDeadlockCheck(this);
   intptr_t v = mu_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
@@ -1500,7 +1519,7 @@ ABSL_XRAY_LOG_ARGS(1) void Mutex::ReaderLock() {
   ABSL_TSAN_MUTEX_POST_LOCK(this, __tsan_mutex_read_lock, 0);
 }
 
-void Mutex::LockWhen(const Condition &cond) {
+void Mutex::LockWhen(const Condition& cond) {
   ABSL_TSAN_MUTEX_PRE_LOCK(this, 0);
   GraphId id = DebugOnlyDeadlockCheck(this);
   this->LockSlow(kExclusive, &cond, 0);
@@ -1508,21 +1527,26 @@ void Mutex::LockWhen(const Condition &cond) {
   ABSL_TSAN_MUTEX_POST_LOCK(this, 0, 0);
 }
 
-bool Mutex::LockWhenWithTimeout(const Condition &cond, absl::Duration timeout) {
-  return LockWhenWithDeadline(cond, DeadlineFromTimeout(timeout));
+bool Mutex::LockWhenWithTimeout(const Condition& cond, absl::Duration timeout) {
+  ABSL_TSAN_MUTEX_PRE_LOCK(this, 0);
+  GraphId id = DebugOnlyDeadlockCheck(this);
+  bool res = LockSlowWithDeadline(kExclusive, &cond, KernelTimeout(timeout), 0);
+  DebugOnlyLockEnter(this, id);
+  ABSL_TSAN_MUTEX_POST_LOCK(this, 0, 0);
+  return res;
 }
 
-bool Mutex::LockWhenWithDeadline(const Condition &cond, absl::Time deadline) {
+bool Mutex::LockWhenWithDeadline(const Condition& cond, absl::Time deadline) {
   ABSL_TSAN_MUTEX_PRE_LOCK(this, 0);
   GraphId id = DebugOnlyDeadlockCheck(this);
-  bool res = LockSlowWithDeadline(kExclusive, &cond,
-                                  KernelTimeout(deadline), 0);
+  bool res =
+      LockSlowWithDeadline(kExclusive, &cond, KernelTimeout(deadline), 0);
   DebugOnlyLockEnter(this, id);
   ABSL_TSAN_MUTEX_POST_LOCK(this, 0, 0);
   return res;
 }
 
-void Mutex::ReaderLockWhen(const Condition &cond) {
+void Mutex::ReaderLockWhen(const Condition& cond) {
   ABSL_TSAN_MUTEX_PRE_LOCK(this, __tsan_mutex_read_lock);
   GraphId id = DebugOnlyDeadlockCheck(this);
   this->LockSlow(kShared, &cond, 0);
@@ -1530,12 +1554,17 @@ void Mutex::ReaderLockWhen(const Condition &cond) {
   ABSL_TSAN_MUTEX_POST_LOCK(this, __tsan_mutex_read_lock, 0);
 }
 
-bool Mutex::ReaderLockWhenWithTimeout(const Condition &cond,
+bool Mutex::ReaderLockWhenWithTimeout(const Condition& cond,
                                       absl::Duration timeout) {
-  return ReaderLockWhenWithDeadline(cond, DeadlineFromTimeout(timeout));
+  ABSL_TSAN_MUTEX_PRE_LOCK(this, __tsan_mutex_read_lock);
+  GraphId id = DebugOnlyDeadlockCheck(this);
+  bool res = LockSlowWithDeadline(kShared, &cond, KernelTimeout(timeout), 0);
+  DebugOnlyLockEnter(this, id);
+  ABSL_TSAN_MUTEX_POST_LOCK(this, __tsan_mutex_read_lock, 0);
+  return res;
 }
 
-bool Mutex::ReaderLockWhenWithDeadline(const Condition &cond,
+bool Mutex::ReaderLockWhenWithDeadline(const Condition& cond,
                                        absl::Time deadline) {
   ABSL_TSAN_MUTEX_PRE_LOCK(this, __tsan_mutex_read_lock);
   GraphId id = DebugOnlyDeadlockCheck(this);
@@ -1545,23 +1574,34 @@ bool Mutex::ReaderLockWhenWithDeadline(const Condition &cond,
   return res;
 }
 
-void Mutex::Await(const Condition &cond) {
-  if (cond.Eval()) {    // condition already true; nothing to do
+void Mutex::Await(const Condition& cond) {
+  if (cond.Eval()) {  // condition already true; nothing to do
     if (kDebugMode) {
       this->AssertReaderHeld();
     }
-  } else {              // normal case
+  } else {  // normal case
     ABSL_RAW_CHECK(this->AwaitCommon(cond, KernelTimeout::Never()),
                    "condition untrue on return from Await");
   }
 }
 
-bool Mutex::AwaitWithTimeout(const Condition &cond, absl::Duration timeout) {
-  return AwaitWithDeadline(cond, DeadlineFromTimeout(timeout));
+bool Mutex::AwaitWithTimeout(const Condition& cond, absl::Duration timeout) {
+  if (cond.Eval()) {  // condition already true; nothing to do
+    if (kDebugMode) {
+      this->AssertReaderHeld();
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  KernelTimeout t{timeout};
+  bool res = this->AwaitCommon(cond, t);
+  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(res || t.has_timeout(),
+                 "condition untrue on return from Await");
+  return res;
 }
 
-bool Mutex::AwaitWithDeadline(const Condition &cond, absl::Time deadline) {
-  if (cond.Eval()) {      // condition already true; nothing to do
+bool Mutex::AwaitWithDeadline(const Condition& cond, absl::Time deadline) {
+  if (cond.Eval()) {  // condition already true; nothing to do
     if (kDebugMode) {
       this->AssertReaderHeld();
     }
@@ -1575,14 +1615,14 @@ bool Mutex::AwaitWithDeadline(const Condition &cond, absl::Time deadline) {
   return res;
 }
 
-bool Mutex::AwaitCommon(const Condition &cond, KernelTimeout t) {
+bool Mutex::AwaitCommon(const Condition& cond, KernelTimeout t) {
   this->AssertReaderHeld();
   MuHow how =
       (mu_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) & kMuWriter) ? kExclusive : kShared;
   ABSL_TSAN_MUTEX_PRE_UNLOCK(this, TsanFlags(how));
-  SynchWaitParams waitp(
-      how, &cond, t, nullptr /*no cvmu*/, Synch_GetPerThreadAnnotated(this),
-      nullptr /*no cv_word*/);
+  SynchWaitParams waitp(how, &cond, t, nullptr /*no cvmu*/,
+                        Synch_GetPerThreadAnnotated(this),
+                        nullptr /*no cv_word*/);
   int flags = kMuHasBlocked;
   if (!Condition::GuaranteedEqual(&cond, nullptr)) {
     flags |= kMuIsCond;
@@ -1598,18 +1638,17 @@ bool Mutex::AwaitCommon(const Condition &cond, KernelTimeout t) {
   return res;
 }
 
-ABSL_XRAY_LOG_ARGS(1) bool Mutex::TryLock() {
+bool Mutex::TryLock() {
   ABSL_TSAN_MUTEX_PRE_LOCK(this, __tsan_mutex_try_lock);
   intptr_t v = mu_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
   if ((v & (kMuWriter | kMuReader | kMuEvent)) == 0 &&  // try fast acquire
-      mu_.compare_exchange_strong(v, kMuWriter | v,
-                                  std::memory_order_acquire,
+      mu_.compare_exchange_strong(v, kMuWriter | v, std::memory_order_acquire,
                                   std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
     DebugOnlyLockEnter(this);
     ABSL_TSAN_MUTEX_POST_LOCK(this, __tsan_mutex_try_lock, 0);
     return true;
   }
-  if ((v & kMuEvent) != 0) {              // we're recording events
+  if ((v & kMuEvent) != 0) {                      // we're recording events
     if ((v & kExclusive->slow_need_zero) == 0 &&  // try fast acquire
         mu_.compare_exchange_strong(
             v, (kExclusive->fast_or | v) + kExclusive->fast_add,
@@ -1627,7 +1666,7 @@ ABSL_XRAY_LOG_ARGS(1) bool Mutex::TryLock() {
   return false;
 }
 
-ABSL_XRAY_LOG_ARGS(1) bool Mutex::ReaderTryLock() {
+bool Mutex::ReaderTryLock() {
   ABSL_TSAN_MUTEX_PRE_LOCK(this,
                            __tsan_mutex_read_lock | __tsan_mutex_try_lock);
   intptr_t v = mu_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
@@ -1635,7 +1674,7 @@ ABSL_XRAY_LOG_ARGS(1) bool Mutex::ReaderTryLock() {
   // changing (typically because the reader count changes) under the CAS.  We
   // limit the number of attempts to avoid having to think about livelock.
   int loop_limit = 5;
-  while ((v & (kMuWriter|kMuWait|kMuEvent)) == 0 && loop_limit != 0) {
+  while ((v & (kMuWriter | kMuWait | kMuEvent)) == 0 && loop_limit != 0) {
     if (mu_.compare_exchange_strong(v, (kMuReader | v) + kMuOne,
                                     std::memory_order_acquire,
                                     std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
@@ -1647,7 +1686,7 @@ ABSL_XRAY_LOG_ARGS(1) bool Mutex::ReaderTryLock() {
     loop_limit--;
     v = mu_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
   }
-  if ((v & kMuEvent) != 0) {   // we're recording events
+  if ((v & kMuEvent) != 0) {  // we're recording events
     loop_limit = 5;
     while ((v & kShared->slow_need_zero) == 0 && loop_limit != 0) {
       if (mu_.compare_exchange_strong(v, (kMuReader | v) + kMuOne,
@@ -1673,7 +1712,7 @@ ABSL_XRAY_LOG_ARGS(1) bool Mutex::ReaderTryLock() {
   return false;
 }
 
-ABSL_XRAY_LOG_ARGS(1) void Mutex::Unlock() {
+void Mutex::Unlock() {
   ABSL_TSAN_MUTEX_PRE_UNLOCK(this, 0);
   DebugOnlyLockLeave(this);
   intptr_t v = mu_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
@@ -1686,7 +1725,7 @@ ABSL_XRAY_LOG_ARGS(1) void Mutex::Unlock() {
   // should_try_cas is whether we'll try a compare-and-swap immediately.
   // NOTE: optimized out when kDebugMode is false.
   bool should_try_cas = ((v & (kMuEvent | kMuWriter)) == kMuWriter &&
-                          (v & (kMuWait | kMuDesig)) != kMuWait);
+                         (v & (kMuWait | kMuDesig)) != kMuWait);
   // But, we can use an alternate computation of it, that compilers
   // currently don't find on their own.  When that changes, this function
   // can be simplified.
@@ -1703,10 +1742,9 @@ ABSL_XRAY_LOG_ARGS(1) void Mutex::Unlock() {
                  static_cast<long long>(v), static_cast<long long>(x),
                  static_cast<long long>(y));
   }
-  if (x < y &&
-      mu_.compare_exchange_strong(v, v & ~(kMuWrWait | kMuWriter),
-                                  std::memory_order_release,
-                                  std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
+  if (x < y && mu_.compare_exchange_strong(v, v & ~(kMuWrWait | kMuWriter),
+                                           std::memory_order_release,
+                                           std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
     // fast writer release (writer with no waiters or with designated waker)
   } else {
     this->UnlockSlow(nullptr /*no waitp*/);  // take slow path
@@ -1716,7 +1754,7 @@ ABSL_XRAY_LOG_ARGS(1) void Mutex::Unlock() {
 
 // Requires v to represent a reader-locked state.
 static bool ExactlyOneReader(intptr_t v) {
-  assert((v & (kMuWriter|kMuReader)) == kMuReader);
+  assert((v & (kMuWriter | kMuReader)) == kMuReader);
   assert((v & kMuHigh) != 0);
   // The more straightforward "(v & kMuHigh) == kMuOne" also works, but
   // on some architectures the following generates slightly smaller code.
@@ -1725,16 +1763,15 @@ static bool ExactlyOneReader(intptr_t v) {
   return (v & kMuMultipleWaitersMask) == 0;
 }
 
-ABSL_XRAY_LOG_ARGS(1) void Mutex::ReaderUnlock() {
+void Mutex::ReaderUnlock() {
   ABSL_TSAN_MUTEX_PRE_UNLOCK(this, __tsan_mutex_read_lock);
   DebugOnlyLockLeave(this);
   intptr_t v = mu_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
-  assert((v & (kMuWriter|kMuReader)) == kMuReader);
-  if ((v & (kMuReader|kMuWait|kMuEvent)) == kMuReader) {
+  assert((v & (kMuWriter | kMuReader)) == kMuReader);
+  if ((v & (kMuReader | kMuWait | kMuEvent)) == kMuReader) {
     // fast reader release (reader with no waiters)
-    intptr_t clear = ExactlyOneReader(v) ? kMuReader|kMuOne : kMuOne;
-    if (mu_.compare_exchange_strong(v, v - clear,
-                                    std::memory_order_release,
+    intptr_t clear = ExactlyOneReader(v) ? kMuReader | kMuOne : kMuOne;
+    if (mu_.compare_exchange_strong(v, v - clear, std::memory_order_release,
                                     std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
       ABSL_TSAN_MUTEX_POST_UNLOCK(this, __tsan_mutex_read_lock);
       return;
@@ -1755,7 +1792,7 @@ static intptr_t ClearDesignatedWakerMask(int flag) {
     case 1:  // blocked; turn off the designated waker bit
       return ~static_cast<intptr_t>(kMuDesig);
   }
-  ABSL_INTERNAL_UNREACHABLE;
+  ABSL_UNREACHABLE();
 }
 
 // Conditionally ignores the existence of waiting writers if a reader that has
@@ -1769,11 +1806,11 @@ static intptr_t IgnoreWaitingWritersMask(int flag) {
     case 1:  // blocked; pretend there are no waiting writers
       return ~static_cast<intptr_t>(kMuWrWait);
   }
-  ABSL_INTERNAL_UNREACHABLE;
+  ABSL_UNREACHABLE();
 }
 
 // Internal version of LockWhen().  See LockSlowWithDeadline()
-ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE void Mutex::LockSlow(MuHow how, const Condition *cond,
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE void Mutex::LockSlow(MuHow how, const Condition* cond,
                                              int flags) {
   ABSL_RAW_CHECK(
       this->LockSlowWithDeadline(how, cond, KernelTimeout::Never(), flags),
@@ -1781,7 +1818,7 @@ ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE void Mutex::LockSlow(MuHow how, const Condition *cond,
 }
 
 // Compute cond->Eval() and tell race detectors that we do it under mutex mu.
-static inline bool EvalConditionAnnotated(const Condition *cond, Mutex *mu,
+static inline bool EvalConditionAnnotated(const Condition* cond, Mutex* mu,
                                           bool locking, bool trylock,
                                           bool read_lock) {
   // Delicate annotation dance.
@@ -1790,8 +1827,8 @@ static inline bool EvalConditionAnnotated(const Condition *cond, Mutex *mu,
   // operation tsan considers that we've already released the mutex.
   bool res = false;
 #ifdef ABSL_INTERNAL_HAVE_TSAN_INTERFACE
-  const int flags = read_lock ? __tsan_mutex_read_lock : 0;
-  const int tryflags = flags | (trylock ? __tsan_mutex_try_lock : 0);
+  const uint32_t flags = read_lock ? __tsan_mutex_read_lock : 0;
+  const uint32_t tryflags = flags | (trylock ? __tsan_mutex_try_lock : 0);
 #endif
   if (locking) {
     // For lock we pretend that we have finished the operation,
@@ -1831,7 +1868,7 @@ static inline bool EvalConditionAnnotated(const Condition *cond, Mutex *mu,
 // tsan). As the result there is no tsan-visible synchronization between the
 // addition and this thread. So if we would enable race detection here,
 // it would race with the predicate initialization.
-static inline bool EvalConditionIgnored(Mutex *mu, const Condition *cond) {
+static inline bool EvalConditionIgnored(Mutex* mu, const Condition* cond) {
   // Memory accesses are already ignored inside of lock/unlock operations,
   // but synchronization operations are also ignored. When we evaluate the
   // predicate we must ignore only memory accesses but not synchronization,
@@ -1856,7 +1893,7 @@ static inline bool EvalConditionIgnored(Mutex *mu, const Condition *cond) {
 //   obstruct this call
 // - kMuIsCond indicates that this is a conditional acquire (condition variable,
 //   Await,  LockWhen) so contention profiling should be suppressed.
-bool Mutex::LockSlowWithDeadline(MuHow how, const Condition *cond,
+bool Mutex::LockSlowWithDeadline(MuHow how, const Condition* cond,
                                  KernelTimeout t, int flags) {
   intptr_t v = mu_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
   bool unlock = false;
@@ -1873,9 +1910,9 @@ bool Mutex::LockSlowWithDeadline(MuHow how, const Condition *cond,
     }
     unlock = true;
   }
-  SynchWaitParams waitp(
-      how, cond, t, nullptr /*no cvmu*/, Synch_GetPerThreadAnnotated(this),
-      nullptr /*no cv_word*/);
+  SynchWaitParams waitp(how, cond, t, nullptr /*no cvmu*/,
+                        Synch_GetPerThreadAnnotated(this),
+                        nullptr /*no cv_word*/);
   if (!Condition::GuaranteedEqual(cond, nullptr)) {
     flags |= kMuIsCond;
   }
@@ -1904,7 +1941,7 @@ static void CheckForMutexCorruption(intptr_t v, const char* label) {
   // Test for either of two situations that should not occur in v:
   //   kMuWriter and kMuReader
   //   kMuWrWait and !kMuWait
-  const uintptr_t w = v ^ kMuWait;
+  const uintptr_t w = static_cast<uintptr_t>(v ^ kMuWait);
   // By flipping that bit, we can now test for:
   //   kMuWriter and kMuReader in w
   //   kMuWrWait and kMuWait in w
@@ -1916,20 +1953,20 @@ static void CheckForMutexCorruption(intptr_t v, const char* label) {
   if (ABSL_PREDICT_TRUE((w & (w << 3) & (kMuWriter | kMuWrWait)) == 0)) return;
   RAW_CHECK_FMT((v & (kMuWriter | kMuReader)) != (kMuWriter | kMuReader),
                 "%s: Mutex corrupt: both reader and writer lock held: %p",
-                label, reinterpret_cast<void *>(v));
+                label, reinterpret_cast<void*>(v));
   RAW_CHECK_FMT((v & (kMuWait | kMuWrWait)) != kMuWrWait,
-                "%s: Mutex corrupt: waiting writer with no waiters: %p",
-                label, reinterpret_cast<void *>(v));
+                "%s: Mutex corrupt: waiting writer with no waiters: %p", label,
+                reinterpret_cast<void*>(v));
   assert(false);
 }
 
-void Mutex::LockSlowLoop(SynchWaitParams *waitp, int flags) {
+void Mutex::LockSlowLoop(SynchWaitParams* waitp, int flags) {
   SchedulingGuard::ScopedDisable disable_rescheduling;
   int c = 0;
   intptr_t v = mu_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
   if ((v & kMuEvent) != 0) {
-    PostSynchEvent(this,
-         waitp->how == kExclusive?  SYNCH_EV_LOCK: SYNCH_EV_READERLOCK);
+    PostSynchEvent(
+        this, waitp->how == kExclusive ? SYNCH_EV_LOCK : SYNCH_EV_READERLOCK);
   }
   ABSL_RAW_CHECK(
       waitp->thread->waitp == nullptr || waitp->thread->suppress_fatal_errors,
@@ -1954,11 +1991,11 @@ void Mutex::LockSlowLoop(SynchWaitParams *waitp, int flags) {
         flags |= kMuHasBlocked;
         c = 0;
       }
-    } else {                      // need to access waiter list
+    } else {  // need to access waiter list
       bool dowait = false;
-      if ((v & (kMuSpin|kMuWait)) == 0) {   // no waiters
+      if ((v & (kMuSpin | kMuWait)) == 0) {  // no waiters
         // This thread tries to become the one and only waiter.
-        PerThreadSynch *new_h = Enqueue(nullptr, waitp, v, flags);
+        PerThreadSynch* new_h = Enqueue(nullptr, waitp, v, flags);
         intptr_t nv =
             (v & ClearDesignatedWakerMask(flags & kMuHasBlocked) & kMuLow) |
             kMuWait;
@@ -1970,7 +2007,7 @@ void Mutex::LockSlowLoop(SynchWaitParams *waitp, int flags) {
                 v, reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(new_h) | nv,
                 std::memory_order_release, std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
           dowait = true;
-        } else {            // attempted Enqueue() failed
+        } else {  // attempted Enqueue() failed
           // zero out the waitp field set by Enqueue()
           waitp->thread->waitp = nullptr;
         }
@@ -1983,9 +2020,9 @@ void Mutex::LockSlowLoop(SynchWaitParams *waitp, int flags) {
                 (v & ClearDesignatedWakerMask(flags & kMuHasBlocked)) |
                     kMuSpin | kMuReader,
                 std::memory_order_acquire, std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
-          PerThreadSynch *h = GetPerThreadSynch(v);
-          h->readers += kMuOne;       // inc reader count in waiter
-          do {                        // release spinlock
+          PerThreadSynch* h = GetPerThreadSynch(v);
+          h->readers += kMuOne;  // inc reader count in waiter
+          do {                   // release spinlock
             v = mu_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
           } while (!mu_.compare_exchange_weak(v, (v & ~kMuSpin) | kMuReader,
                                               std::memory_order_release,
@@ -1995,7 +2032,7 @@ void Mutex::LockSlowLoop(SynchWaitParams *waitp, int flags) {
                                      waitp->how == kShared)) {
             break;  // we timed out, or condition true, so return
           }
-          this->UnlockSlow(waitp);           // got lock but condition false
+          this->UnlockSlow(waitp);  // got lock but condition false
           this->Block(waitp->thread);
           flags |= kMuHasBlocked;
           c = 0;
@@ -2006,18 +2043,19 @@ void Mutex::LockSlowLoop(SynchWaitParams *waitp, int flags) {
                      (v & ClearDesignatedWakerMask(flags & kMuHasBlocked)) |
                          kMuSpin | kMuWait,
                      std::memory_order_acquire, std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
-        PerThreadSynch *h = GetPerThreadSynch(v);
-        PerThreadSynch *new_h = Enqueue(h, waitp, v, flags);
+        PerThreadSynch* h = GetPerThreadSynch(v);
+        PerThreadSynch* new_h = Enqueue(h, waitp, v, flags);
         intptr_t wr_wait = 0;
         ABSL_RAW_CHECK(new_h != nullptr, "Enqueue to list failed");
         if (waitp->how == kExclusive && (v & kMuReader) != 0) {
-          wr_wait = kMuWrWait;      // give priority to a waiting writer
+          wr_wait = kMuWrWait;  // give priority to a waiting writer
         }
-        do {                        // release spinlock
+        do {  // release spinlock
           v = mu_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
         } while (!mu_.compare_exchange_weak(
-            v, (v & (kMuLow & ~kMuSpin)) | kMuWait | wr_wait |
-            reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(new_h),
+            v,
+            (v & (kMuLow & ~kMuSpin)) | kMuWait | wr_wait |
+                reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(new_h),
             std::memory_order_release, std::memory_order_relaxed));
         dowait = true;
       }
@@ -2037,9 +2075,9 @@ void Mutex::LockSlowLoop(SynchWaitParams *waitp, int flags) {
       waitp->thread->waitp == nullptr || waitp->thread->suppress_fatal_errors,
       "detected illegal recursion into Mutex code");
   if ((v & kMuEvent) != 0) {
-    PostSynchEvent(this,
-                   waitp->how == kExclusive? SYNCH_EV_LOCK_RETURNING :
-                                      SYNCH_EV_READERLOCK_RETURNING);
+    PostSynchEvent(this, waitp->how == kExclusive
+                             ? SYNCH_EV_LOCK_RETURNING
+                             : SYNCH_EV_READERLOCK_RETURNING);
   }
 }
 
@@ -2048,28 +2086,28 @@ void Mutex::LockSlowLoop(SynchWaitParams *waitp, int flags) {
 // which holds the lock but is not runnable because its condition is false
 // or it is in the process of blocking on a condition variable; it must requeue
 // itself on the mutex/condvar to wait for its condition to become true.
-ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE void Mutex::UnlockSlow(SynchWaitParams *waitp) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE void Mutex::UnlockSlow(SynchWaitParams* waitp) {
   SchedulingGuard::ScopedDisable disable_rescheduling;
   intptr_t v = mu_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
   this->AssertReaderHeld();
   CheckForMutexCorruption(v, "Unlock");
   if ((v & kMuEvent) != 0) {
-    PostSynchEvent(this,
-                (v & kMuWriter) != 0? SYNCH_EV_UNLOCK: SYNCH_EV_READERUNLOCK);
+    PostSynchEvent(
+        this, (v & kMuWriter) != 0 ? SYNCH_EV_UNLOCK : SYNCH_EV_READERUNLOCK);
   }
   int c = 0;
   // the waiter under consideration to wake, or zero
-  PerThreadSynch *w = nullptr;
+  PerThreadSynch* w = nullptr;
   // the predecessor to w or zero
-  PerThreadSynch *pw = nullptr;
+  PerThreadSynch* pw = nullptr;
   // head of the list searched previously, or zero
-  PerThreadSynch *old_h = nullptr;
+  PerThreadSynch* old_h = nullptr;
   // a condition that's known to be false.
-  const Condition *known_false = nullptr;
-  PerThreadSynch *wake_list = kPerThreadSynchNull;   // list of threads to wake
-  intptr_t wr_wait = 0;        // set to kMuWrWait if we wake a reader and a
-                               // later writer could have acquired the lock
-                               // (starvation avoidance)
+  const Condition* known_false = nullptr;
+  PerThreadSynch* wake_list = kPerThreadSynchNull;  // list of threads to wake
+  intptr_t wr_wait = 0;  // set to kMuWrWait if we wake a reader and a
+                         // later writer could have acquired the lock
+                         // (starvation avoidance)
   ABSL_RAW_CHECK(waitp == nullptr || waitp->thread->waitp == nullptr ||
                      waitp->thread->suppress_fatal_errors,
                  "detected illegal recursion into Mutex code");
@@ -2089,8 +2127,7 @@ ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE void Mutex::UnlockSlow(SynchWaitParams *waitp) {
     } else if ((v & (kMuReader | kMuWait)) == kMuReader && waitp == nullptr) {
       // fast reader release (reader with no waiters)
       intptr_t clear = ExactlyOneReader(v) ? kMuReader | kMuOne : kMuOne;
-      if (mu_.compare_exchange_strong(v, v - clear,
-                                      std::memory_order_release,
+      if (mu_.compare_exchange_strong(v, v - clear, std::memory_order_release,
                                       std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
         return;
       }
@@ -2098,16 +2135,16 @@ ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE void Mutex::UnlockSlow(SynchWaitParams *waitp) {
                mu_.compare_exchange_strong(v, v | kMuSpin,
                                            std::memory_order_acquire,
                                            std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
-      if ((v & kMuWait) == 0) {       // no one to wake
+      if ((v & kMuWait) == 0) {  // no one to wake
         intptr_t nv;
         bool do_enqueue = true;  // always Enqueue() the first time
         ABSL_RAW_CHECK(waitp != nullptr,
                        "UnlockSlow is confused");  // about to sleep
-        do {    // must loop to release spinlock as reader count may change
+        do {  // must loop to release spinlock as reader count may change
           v = mu_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
           // decrement reader count if there are readers
-          intptr_t new_readers = (v >= kMuOne)?  v - kMuOne : v;
-          PerThreadSynch *new_h = nullptr;
+          intptr_t new_readers = (v >= kMuOne) ? v - kMuOne : v;
+          PerThreadSynch* new_h = nullptr;
           if (do_enqueue) {
             // If we are enqueuing on a CondVar (waitp->cv_word != nullptr) then
             // we must not retry here.  The initial attempt will always have
@@ -2131,21 +2168,20 @@ ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE void Mutex::UnlockSlow(SynchWaitParams *waitp) {
           }
           // release spinlock & our lock; retry if reader-count changed
           // (writer count cannot change since we hold lock)
-        } while (!mu_.compare_exchange_weak(v, nv,
-                                            std::memory_order_release,
+        } while (!mu_.compare_exchange_weak(v, nv, std::memory_order_release,
                                             std::memory_order_relaxed));
         break;
       }
 
       // There are waiters.
       // Set h to the head of the circular waiter list.
-      PerThreadSynch *h = GetPerThreadSynch(v);
+      PerThreadSynch* h = GetPerThreadSynch(v);
       if ((v & kMuReader) != 0 && (h->readers & kMuHigh) > kMuOne) {
         // a reader but not the last
-        h->readers -= kMuOne;  // release our lock
-        intptr_t nv = v;       // normally just release spinlock
+        h->readers -= kMuOne;    // release our lock
+        intptr_t nv = v;         // normally just release spinlock
         if (waitp != nullptr) {  // but waitp!=nullptr => must queue ourselves
-          PerThreadSynch *new_h = Enqueue(h, waitp, v, kMuIsCond);
+          PerThreadSynch* new_h = Enqueue(h, waitp, v, kMuIsCond);
           ABSL_RAW_CHECK(new_h != nullptr,
                          "waiters disappeared during Enqueue()!");
           nv &= kMuLow;
@@ -2163,8 +2199,8 @@ ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE void Mutex::UnlockSlow(SynchWaitParams *waitp) {
 
       // The lock is becoming free, and there's a waiter
       if (old_h != nullptr &&
-          !old_h->may_skip) {                  // we used old_h as a terminator
-        old_h->may_skip = true;                // allow old_h to skip once more
+          !old_h->may_skip) {    // we used old_h as a terminator
+        old_h->may_skip = true;  // allow old_h to skip once more
         ABSL_RAW_CHECK(old_h->skip == nullptr, "illegal skip from head");
         if (h != old_h && MuEquivalentWaiter(old_h, old_h->next)) {
           old_h->skip = old_h->next;  // old_h not head & can skip to successor
@@ -2173,7 +2209,7 @@ ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE void Mutex::UnlockSlow(SynchWaitParams *waitp) {
       if (h->next->waitp->how == kExclusive &&
           Condition::GuaranteedEqual(h->next->waitp->cond, nullptr)) {
         // easy case: writer with no condition; no need to search
-        pw = h;                       // wake w, the successor of h (=pw)
+        pw = h;  // wake w, the successor of h (=pw)
         w = h->next;
         w->wake = true;
         // We are waking up a writer.  This writer may be racing against
@@ -2196,13 +2232,13 @@ ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE void Mutex::UnlockSlow(SynchWaitParams *waitp) {
         // waiter has a condition or is a reader.  We avoid searching over
         // waiters we've searched on previous iterations by starting at
         // old_h if it's set.  If old_h==h, there's no one to wakeup at all.
-        if (old_h == h) {      // we've searched before, and nothing's new
-                               // so there's no one to wake.
-          intptr_t nv = (v & ~(kMuReader|kMuWriter|kMuWrWait));
+        if (old_h == h) {  // we've searched before, and nothing's new
+                           // so there's no one to wake.
+          intptr_t nv = (v & ~(kMuReader | kMuWriter | kMuWrWait));
           h->readers = 0;
-          h->maybe_unlocking = false;   // finished unlocking
-          if (waitp != nullptr) {       // we must queue ourselves and sleep
-            PerThreadSynch *new_h = Enqueue(h, waitp, v, kMuIsCond);
+          h->maybe_unlocking = false;  // finished unlocking
+          if (waitp != nullptr) {      // we must queue ourselves and sleep
+            PerThreadSynch* new_h = Enqueue(h, waitp, v, kMuIsCond);
             nv &= kMuLow;
             if (new_h != nullptr) {
               nv |= kMuWait | reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(new_h);
@@ -2216,12 +2252,12 @@ ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE void Mutex::UnlockSlow(SynchWaitParams *waitp) {
         }
 
         // set up to walk the list
-        PerThreadSynch *w_walk;   // current waiter during list walk
-        PerThreadSynch *pw_walk;  // previous waiter during list walk
+        PerThreadSynch* w_walk;   // current waiter during list walk
+        PerThreadSynch* pw_walk;  // previous waiter during list walk
         if (old_h != nullptr) {  // we've searched up to old_h before
           pw_walk = old_h;
           w_walk = old_h->next;
-        } else {            // no prior search, start at beginning
+        } else {  // no prior search, start at beginning
           pw_walk =
               nullptr;  // h->next's predecessor may change; don't record it
           w_walk = h->next;
@@ -2247,7 +2283,7 @@ ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE void Mutex::UnlockSlow(SynchWaitParams *waitp) {
         // to walk the path from w_walk to h inclusive. (TryRemove() can remove
         // a waiter anywhere, but it acquires both the spinlock and the Mutex)
 
-        old_h = h;        // remember we searched to here
+        old_h = h;  // remember we searched to here
 
         // Walk the path upto and including h looking for waiters we can wake.
         while (pw_walk != h) {
@@ -2259,24 +2295,24 @@ ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE void Mutex::UnlockSlow(SynchWaitParams *waitp) {
                //  is in fact true
                EvalConditionIgnored(this, w_walk->waitp->cond))) {
             if (w == nullptr) {
-              w_walk->wake = true;    // can wake this waiter
+              w_walk->wake = true;  // can wake this waiter
               w = w_walk;
               pw = pw_walk;
               if (w_walk->waitp->how == kExclusive) {
                 wr_wait = kMuWrWait;
-                break;                // bail if waking this writer
+                break;  // bail if waking this writer
               }
             } else if (w_walk->waitp->how == kShared) {  // wake if a reader
               w_walk->wake = true;
-            } else {   // writer with true condition
+            } else {  // writer with true condition
               wr_wait = kMuWrWait;
             }
-          } else {                  // can't wake; condition false
+          } else {                              // can't wake; condition false
             known_false = w_walk->waitp->cond;  // remember last false condition
           }
-          if (w_walk->wake) {   // we're waking reader w_walk
-            pw_walk = w_walk;   // don't skip similar waiters
-          } else {              // not waking; skip as much as possible
+          if (w_walk->wake) {  // we're waking reader w_walk
+            pw_walk = w_walk;  // don't skip similar waiters
+          } else {             // not waking; skip as much as possible
             pw_walk = Skip(w_walk);
           }
           // If pw_walk == h, then load of pw_walk->next can race with
@@ -2303,8 +2339,8 @@ ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE void Mutex::UnlockSlow(SynchWaitParams *waitp) {
       h = DequeueAllWakeable(h, pw, &wake_list);
 
       intptr_t nv = (v & kMuEvent) | kMuDesig;
-                                             // assume no waiters left,
-                                             // set kMuDesig for INV1a
+      // assume no waiters left,
+      // set kMuDesig for INV1a
 
       if (waitp != nullptr) {  // we must queue ourselves and sleep
         h = Enqueue(h, waitp, v, kMuIsCond);
@@ -2317,7 +2353,7 @@ ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE void Mutex::UnlockSlow(SynchWaitParams *waitp) {
 
       if (h != nullptr) {  // there are waiters left
         h->readers = 0;
-        h->maybe_unlocking = false;     // finished unlocking
+        h->maybe_unlocking = false;  // finished unlocking
         nv |= wr_wait | kMuWait | reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(h);
       }
 
@@ -2328,24 +2364,29 @@ ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_NOINLINE void Mutex::UnlockSlow(SynchWaitParams *waitp) {
     }
     // aggressive here; no one can proceed till we do
     c = synchronization_internal::MutexDelay(c, AGGRESSIVE);
-  }                            // end of for(;;)-loop
+  }  // end of for(;;)-loop
 
   if (wake_list != kPerThreadSynchNull) {
-    int64_t wait_cycles = 0;
-    int64_t now = base_internal::CycleClock::Now();
+    int64_t total_wait_cycles = 0;
+    int64_t max_wait_cycles = 0;
+    int64_t now = CycleClock::Now();
     do {
-      // Sample lock contention events only if the waiter was trying to acquire
+      // Profile lock contention events only if the waiter was trying to acquire
       // the lock, not waiting on a condition variable or Condition.
       if (!wake_list->cond_waiter) {
-        wait_cycles += (now - wake_list->waitp->contention_start_cycles);
+        int64_t cycles_waited =
+            (now - wake_list->waitp->contention_start_cycles);
+        total_wait_cycles += cycles_waited;
+        if (max_wait_cycles == 0) max_wait_cycles = cycles_waited;
         wake_list->waitp->contention_start_cycles = now;
+        wake_list->waitp->should_submit_contention_data = true;
       }
-      wake_list = Wakeup(wake_list);              // wake waiters
+      wake_list = Wakeup(wake_list);  // wake waiters
     } while (wake_list != kPerThreadSynchNull);
-    if (wait_cycles > 0) {
-      mutex_tracer("slow release", this, wait_cycles);
+    if (total_wait_cycles > 0) {
+      mutex_tracer("slow release", this, total_wait_cycles);
       ABSL_TSAN_MUTEX_PRE_DIVERT(this, 0);
-      submit_profile_data(wait_cycles);
+      submit_profile_data(total_wait_cycles);
       ABSL_TSAN_MUTEX_POST_DIVERT(this, 0);
     }
   }
@@ -2368,7 +2409,7 @@ void Mutex::Trans(MuHow how) {
 // condition variable.  If this mutex is free, we simply wake the thread.
 // It will later acquire the mutex with high probability.  Otherwise, we
 // enqueue thread w on this mutex.
-void Mutex::Fer(PerThreadSynch *w) {
+void Mutex::Fer(PerThreadSynch* w) {
   SchedulingGuard::ScopedDisable disable_rescheduling;
   int c = 0;
   ABSL_RAW_CHECK(w->waitp->cond == nullptr,
@@ -2393,9 +2434,9 @@ void Mutex::Fer(PerThreadSynch *w) {
       IncrementSynchSem(this, w);
       return;
     } else {
-      if ((v & (kMuSpin|kMuWait)) == 0) {       // no waiters
+      if ((v & (kMuSpin | kMuWait)) == 0) {  // no waiters
         // This thread tries to become the one and only waiter.
-        PerThreadSynch *new_h = Enqueue(nullptr, w->waitp, v, kMuIsCond);
+        PerThreadSynch* new_h = Enqueue(nullptr, w->waitp, v, kMuIsCond);
         ABSL_RAW_CHECK(new_h != nullptr,
                        "Enqueue failed");  // we must queue ourselves
         if (mu_.compare_exchange_strong(
@@ -2405,8 +2446,8 @@ void Mutex::Fer(PerThreadSynch *w) {
         }
       } else if ((v & kMuSpin) == 0 &&
                  mu_.compare_exchange_strong(v, v | kMuSpin | kMuWait)) {
-        PerThreadSynch *h = GetPerThreadSynch(v);
-        PerThreadSynch *new_h = Enqueue(h, w->waitp, v, kMuIsCond);
+        PerThreadSynch* h = GetPerThreadSynch(v);
+        PerThreadSynch* new_h = Enqueue(h, w->waitp, v, kMuIsCond);
         ABSL_RAW_CHECK(new_h != nullptr,
                        "Enqueue failed");  // we must queue ourselves
         do {
@@ -2425,19 +2466,18 @@ void Mutex::Fer(PerThreadSynch *w) {
 
 void Mutex::AssertHeld() const {
   if ((mu_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) & kMuWriter) == 0) {
-    SynchEvent *e = GetSynchEvent(this);
+    SynchEvent* e = GetSynchEvent(this);
     ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "thread should hold write lock on Mutex %p %s",
-                 static_cast<const void *>(this),
-                 (e == nullptr ? "" : e->name));
+                 static_cast<const void*>(this), (e == nullptr ? "" : e->name));
   }
 }
 
 void Mutex::AssertReaderHeld() const {
   if ((mu_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed) & (kMuReader | kMuWriter)) == 0) {
-    SynchEvent *e = GetSynchEvent(this);
-    ABSL_RAW_LOG(
-        FATAL, "thread should hold at least a read lock on Mutex %p %s",
-        static_cast<const void *>(this), (e == nullptr ? "" : e->name));
+    SynchEvent* e = GetSynchEvent(this);
+    ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL,
+                 "thread should hold at least a read lock on Mutex %p %s",
+                 static_cast<const void*>(this), (e == nullptr ? "" : e->name));
   }
 }
 
@@ -2448,13 +2488,17 @@ static const intptr_t kCvEvent = 0x0002L;  // record events
 static const intptr_t kCvLow = 0x0003L;  // low order bits of CV
 
 // Hack to make constant values available to gdb pretty printer
-enum { kGdbCvSpin = kCvSpin, kGdbCvEvent = kCvEvent, kGdbCvLow = kCvLow, };
+enum {
+  kGdbCvSpin = kCvSpin,
+  kGdbCvEvent = kCvEvent,
+  kGdbCvLow = kCvLow,
+};
 
 static_assert(PerThreadSynch::kAlignment > kCvLow,
               "PerThreadSynch::kAlignment must be greater than kCvLow");
 
-void CondVar::EnableDebugLog(const char *name) {
-  SynchEvent *e = EnsureSynchEvent(&this->cv_, name, kCvEvent, kCvSpin);
+void CondVar::EnableDebugLog(const char* name) {
+  SynchEvent* e = EnsureSynchEvent(&this->cv_, name, kCvEvent, kCvSpin);
   e->log = true;
   UnrefSynchEvent(e);
 }
@@ -2465,25 +2509,23 @@ CondVar::~CondVar() {
   }
 }
 
-
 // Remove thread s from the list of waiters on this condition variable.
-void CondVar::Remove(PerThreadSynch *s) {
+void CondVar::Remove(PerThreadSynch* s) {
   SchedulingGuard::ScopedDisable disable_rescheduling;
   intptr_t v;
   int c = 0;
   for (v = cv_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);;
        v = cv_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
     if ((v & kCvSpin) == 0 &&  // attempt to acquire spinlock
-        cv_.compare_exchange_strong(v, v | kCvSpin,
-                                    std::memory_order_acquire,
+        cv_.compare_exchange_strong(v, v | kCvSpin, std::memory_order_acquire,
                                     std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
-      PerThreadSynch *h = reinterpret_cast<PerThreadSynch *>(v & ~kCvLow);
+      PerThreadSynch* h = reinterpret_cast<PerThreadSynch*>(v & ~kCvLow);
       if (h != nullptr) {
-        PerThreadSynch *w = h;
+        PerThreadSynch* w = h;
         while (w->next != s && w->next != h) {  // search for thread
           w = w->next;
         }
-        if (w->next == s) {           // found thread; remove it
+        if (w->next == s) {  // found thread; remove it
           w->next = s->next;
           if (h == s) {
             h = (w == s) ? nullptr : w;
@@ -2492,7 +2534,7 @@ void CondVar::Remove(PerThreadSynch *s) {
           s->state.store(PerThreadSynch::kAvailable, std::memory_order_release);
         }
       }
-                                      // release spinlock
+      // release spinlock
       cv_.store((v & kCvEvent) | reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(h),
                 std::memory_order_release);
       return;
@@ -2515,14 +2557,14 @@ void CondVar::Remove(PerThreadSynch *s) {
 // variable queue just before the mutex is to be unlocked, and (most
 // importantly) after any call to an external routine that might re-enter the
 // mutex code.
-static void CondVarEnqueue(SynchWaitParams *waitp) {
+static void CondVarEnqueue(SynchWaitParams* waitp) {
   // This thread might be transferred to the Mutex queue by Fer() when
   // we are woken.  To make sure that is what happens, Enqueue() doesn't
   // call CondVarEnqueue() again but instead uses its normal code.  We
   // must do this before we queue ourselves so that cv_word will be null
   // when seen by the dequeuer, who may wish immediately to requeue
   // this thread on another queue.
-  std::atomic<intptr_t> *cv_word = waitp->cv_word;
+  std::atomic<intptr_t>* cv_word = waitp->cv_word;
   waitp->cv_word = nullptr;
 
   intptr_t v = cv_word->load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
@@ -2535,8 +2577,8 @@ static void CondVarEnqueue(SynchWaitParams *waitp) {
     v = cv_word->load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
   }
   ABSL_RAW_CHECK(waitp->thread->waitp == nullptr, "waiting when shouldn't be");
-  waitp->thread->waitp = waitp;      // prepare ourselves for waiting
-  PerThreadSynch *h = reinterpret_cast<PerThreadSynch *>(v & ~kCvLow);
+  waitp->thread->waitp = waitp;  // prepare ourselves for waiting
+  PerThreadSynch* h = reinterpret_cast<PerThreadSynch*>(v & ~kCvLow);
   if (h == nullptr) {  // add this thread to waiter list
     waitp->thread->next = waitp->thread;
   } else {
@@ -2549,8 +2591,8 @@ static void CondVarEnqueue(SynchWaitParams *waitp) {
                  std::memory_order_release);
 }
 
-bool CondVar::WaitCommon(Mutex *mutex, KernelTimeout t) {
-  bool rc = false;          // return value; true iff we timed-out
+bool CondVar::WaitCommon(Mutex* mutex, KernelTimeout t) {
+  bool rc = false;  // return value; true iff we timed-out
 
   intptr_t mutex_v = mutex->mu_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed);
   Mutex::MuHow mutex_how = ((mutex_v & kMuWriter) != 0) ? kExclusive : kShared;
@@ -2617,27 +2659,25 @@ bool CondVar::WaitCommon(Mutex *mutex, KernelTimeout t) {
   return rc;
 }
 
-bool CondVar::WaitWithTimeout(Mutex *mu, absl::Duration timeout) {
-  return WaitWithDeadline(mu, DeadlineFromTimeout(timeout));
+bool CondVar::WaitWithTimeout(Mutex* mu, absl::Duration timeout) {
+  return WaitCommon(mu, KernelTimeout(timeout));
 }
 
-bool CondVar::WaitWithDeadline(Mutex *mu, absl::Time deadline) {
+bool CondVar::WaitWithDeadline(Mutex* mu, absl::Time deadline) {
   return WaitCommon(mu, KernelTimeout(deadline));
 }
 
-void CondVar::Wait(Mutex *mu) {
-  WaitCommon(mu, KernelTimeout::Never());
-}
+void CondVar::Wait(Mutex* mu) { WaitCommon(mu, KernelTimeout::Never()); }
 
 // Wake thread w
 // If it was a timed wait, w will be waiting on w->cv
 // Otherwise, if it was not a Mutex mutex, w will be waiting on w->sem
 // Otherwise, w is transferred to the Mutex mutex via Mutex::Fer().
-void CondVar::Wakeup(PerThreadSynch *w) {
+void CondVar::Wakeup(PerThreadSynch* w) {
   if (w->waitp->timeout.has_timeout() || w->waitp->cvmu == nullptr) {
     // The waiting thread only needs to observe "w->state == kAvailable" to be
     // released, we must cache "cvmu" before clearing "next".
-    Mutex *mu = w->waitp->cvmu;
+    Mutex* mu = w->waitp->cvmu;
     w->next = nullptr;
     w->state.store(PerThreadSynch::kAvailable, std::memory_order_release);
     Mutex::IncrementSynchSem(mu, w);
@@ -2654,11 +2694,10 @@ void CondVar::Signal() {
   for (v = cv_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed); v != 0;
        v = cv_.load(std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
     if ((v & kCvSpin) == 0 &&  // attempt to acquire spinlock
-        cv_.compare_exchange_strong(v, v | kCvSpin,
-                                    std::memory_order_acquire,
+        cv_.compare_exchange_strong(v, v | kCvSpin, std::memory_order_acquire,
                                     std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
-      PerThreadSynch *h = reinterpret_cast<PerThreadSynch *>(v & ~kCvLow);
-      PerThreadSynch *w = nullptr;
+      PerThreadSynch* h = reinterpret_cast<PerThreadSynch*>(v & ~kCvLow);
+      PerThreadSynch* w = nullptr;
       if (h != nullptr) {  // remove first waiter
         w = h->next;
         if (w == h) {
@@ -2667,11 +2706,11 @@ void CondVar::Signal() {
           h->next = w->next;
         }
       }
-                                      // release spinlock
+      // release spinlock
       cv_.store((v & kCvEvent) | reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(h),
                 std::memory_order_release);
       if (w != nullptr) {
-        CondVar::Wakeup(w);                // wake waiter, if there was one
+        CondVar::Wakeup(w);  // wake waiter, if there was one
         cond_var_tracer("Signal wakeup", this);
       }
       if ((v & kCvEvent) != 0) {
@@ -2686,7 +2725,7 @@ void CondVar::Signal() {
   ABSL_TSAN_MUTEX_POST_SIGNAL(nullptr, 0);
 }
 
-void CondVar::SignalAll () {
+void CondVar::SignalAll() {
   ABSL_TSAN_MUTEX_PRE_SIGNAL(nullptr, 0);
   intptr_t v;
   int c = 0;
@@ -2700,11 +2739,11 @@ void CondVar::SignalAll () {
     if ((v & kCvSpin) == 0 &&
         cv_.compare_exchange_strong(v, v & kCvEvent, std::memory_order_acquire,
                                     std::memory_order_relaxed)) {
-      PerThreadSynch *h = reinterpret_cast<PerThreadSynch *>(v & ~kCvLow);
+      PerThreadSynch* h = reinterpret_cast<PerThreadSynch*>(v & ~kCvLow);
       if (h != nullptr) {
-        PerThreadSynch *w;
-        PerThreadSynch *n = h->next;
-        do {                          // for every thread, wake it up
+        PerThreadSynch* w;
+        PerThreadSynch* n = h->next;
+        do {  // for every thread, wake it up
           w = n;
           n = n->next;
           CondVar::Wakeup(w);
@@ -2732,54 +2771,60 @@ void ReleasableMutexLock::Release() {
 }
 
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_THREAD_SANITIZER
-extern "C" void __tsan_read1(void *addr);
+extern "C" void __tsan_read1(void* addr);
 #else
 #define __tsan_read1(addr)  // do nothing if TSan not enabled
 #endif
 
 // A function that just returns its argument, dereferenced
-static bool Dereference(void *arg) {
+static bool Dereference(void* arg) {
   // ThreadSanitizer does not instrument this file for memory accesses.
   // This function dereferences a user variable that can participate
   // in a data race, so we need to manually tell TSan about this memory access.
   __tsan_read1(arg);
-  return *(static_cast<bool *>(arg));
+  return *(static_cast<bool*>(arg));
 }
 
-Condition::Condition() {}   // null constructor, used for kTrue only
-const Condition Condition::kTrue;
+ABSL_CONST_INIT const Condition Condition::kTrue;
 
-Condition::Condition(bool (*func)(void *), void *arg)
-    : eval_(&CallVoidPtrFunction),
-      function_(func),
-      method_(nullptr),
-      arg_(arg) {}
+Condition::Condition(bool (*func)(void*), void* arg)
+    : eval_(&CallVoidPtrFunction), arg_(arg) {
+  static_assert(sizeof(&func) <= sizeof(callback_),
+                "An overlarge function pointer passed to Condition.");
+  StoreCallback(func);
+}
 
-bool Condition::CallVoidPtrFunction(const Condition *c) {
-  return (*c->function_)(c->arg_);
+bool Condition::CallVoidPtrFunction(const Condition* c) {
+  using FunctionPointer = bool (*)(void*);
+  FunctionPointer function_pointer;
+  std::memcpy(&function_pointer, c->callback_, sizeof(function_pointer));
+  return (*function_pointer)(c->arg_);
 }
 
-Condition::Condition(const bool *cond)
+Condition::Condition(const bool* cond)
     : eval_(CallVoidPtrFunction),
-      function_(Dereference),
-      method_(nullptr),
       // const_cast is safe since Dereference does not modify arg
-      arg_(const_cast<bool *>(cond)) {}
+      arg_(const_cast<bool*>(cond)) {
+  using FunctionPointer = bool (*)(void*);
+  const FunctionPointer dereference = Dereference;
+  StoreCallback(dereference);
+}
 
 bool Condition::Eval() const {
   // eval_ == null for kTrue
   return (this->eval_ == nullptr) || (*this->eval_)(this);
 }
 
-bool Condition::GuaranteedEqual(const Condition *a, const Condition *b) {
-  if (a == nullptr) {
+bool Condition::GuaranteedEqual(const Condition* a, const Condition* b) {
+  // kTrue logic.
+  if (a == nullptr || a->eval_ == nullptr) {
     return b == nullptr || b->eval_ == nullptr;
+  } else if (b == nullptr || b->eval_ == nullptr) {
+    return false;
   }
-  if (b == nullptr || b->eval_ == nullptr) {
-    return a->eval_ == nullptr;
-  }
-  return a->eval_ == b->eval_ && a->function_ == b->function_ &&
-         a->arg_ == b->arg_ && a->method_ == b->method_;
+  // Check equality of the representative fields.
+  return a->eval_ == b->eval_ && a->arg_ == b->arg_ &&
+         !memcmp(a->callback_, b->callback_, sizeof(a->callback_));
 }
 
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
diff --git a/absl/synchronization/mutex.h b/absl/synchronization/mutex.h
index b69b7089..645c26d9 100644
--- a/absl/synchronization/mutex.h
+++ b/absl/synchronization/mutex.h
@@ -60,6 +60,8 @@
 
 #include <atomic>
 #include <cstdint>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <iterator>
 #include <string>
 
 #include "absl/base/const_init.h"
@@ -90,26 +92,42 @@ struct SynchWaitParams;
 //
 // A `Mutex` has two basic operations: `Mutex::Lock()` and `Mutex::Unlock()`.
 // The `Lock()` operation *acquires* a `Mutex` (in a state known as an
-// *exclusive* -- or write -- lock), while the `Unlock()` operation *releases* a
+// *exclusive* -- or *write* -- lock), and the `Unlock()` operation *releases* a
 // Mutex. During the span of time between the Lock() and Unlock() operations,
-// a mutex is said to be *held*. By design all mutexes support exclusive/write
+// a mutex is said to be *held*. By design, all mutexes support exclusive/write
 // locks, as this is the most common way to use a mutex.
 //
+// Mutex operations are only allowed under certain conditions; otherwise an
+// operation is "invalid", and disallowed by the API. The conditions concern
+// both the current state of the mutex and the identity of the threads that
+// are performing the operations.
+//
 // The `Mutex` state machine for basic lock/unlock operations is quite simple:
 //
-// |                | Lock()     | Unlock() |
-// |----------------+------------+----------|
-// | Free           | Exclusive  | invalid  |
-// | Exclusive      | blocks     | Free     |
+// |                | Lock()                 | Unlock() |
+// |----------------+------------------------+----------|
+// | Free           | Exclusive              | invalid  |
+// | Exclusive      | blocks, then exclusive | Free     |
+//
+// The full conditions are as follows.
+//
+// * Calls to `Unlock()` require that the mutex be held, and must be made in the
+//   same thread that performed the corresponding `Lock()` operation which
+//   acquired the mutex; otherwise the call is invalid.
+//
+// * The mutex being non-reentrant (or non-recursive) means that a call to
+//   `Lock()` or `TryLock()` must not be made in a thread that already holds the
+//   mutex; such a call is invalid.
 //
-// Attempts to `Unlock()` must originate from the thread that performed the
-// corresponding `Lock()` operation.
+// * In other words, the state of being "held" has both a temporal component
+//   (from `Lock()` until `Unlock()`) as well as a thread identity component:
+//   the mutex is held *by a particular thread*.
 //
-// An "invalid" operation is disallowed by the API. The `Mutex` implementation
-// is allowed to do anything on an invalid call, including but not limited to
+// An "invalid" operation has undefined behavior. The `Mutex` implementation
+// is allowed to do anything on an invalid call, including, but not limited to,
 // crashing with a useful error message, silently succeeding, or corrupting
-// data structures. In debug mode, the implementation attempts to crash with a
-// useful error message.
+// data structures. In debug mode, the implementation may crash with a useful
+// error message.
 //
 // `Mutex` is not guaranteed to be "fair" in prioritizing waiting threads; it
 // is, however, approximately fair over long periods, and starvation-free for
@@ -123,8 +141,9 @@ struct SynchWaitParams;
 // issues that could potentially result in race conditions and deadlocks.
 //
 // For more information about the lock annotations, please see
-// [Thread Safety Analysis](http://clang.llvm.org/docs/ThreadSafetyAnalysis.html)
-// in the Clang documentation.
+// [Thread Safety
+// Analysis](http://clang.llvm.org/docs/ThreadSafetyAnalysis.html) in the Clang
+// documentation.
 //
 // See also `MutexLock`, below, for scoped `Mutex` acquisition.
 
@@ -255,7 +274,7 @@ class ABSL_LOCKABLE Mutex {
   // Aliases for `Mutex::Lock()`, `Mutex::Unlock()`, and `Mutex::TryLock()`.
   //
   // These methods may be used (along with the complementary `Reader*()`
-  // methods) to distingish simple exclusive `Mutex` usage (`Lock()`,
+  // methods) to distinguish simple exclusive `Mutex` usage (`Lock()`,
   // etc.) from reader/writer lock usage.
   void WriterLock() ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK_FUNCTION() { this->Lock(); }
 
@@ -305,7 +324,7 @@ class ABSL_LOCKABLE Mutex {
   // `true`, `Await()` *may* skip the release/re-acquire step.
   //
   // `Await()` requires that this thread holds this `Mutex` in some mode.
-  void Await(const Condition &cond);
+  void Await(const Condition& cond);
 
   // Mutex::LockWhen()
   // Mutex::ReaderLockWhen()
@@ -315,11 +334,11 @@ class ABSL_LOCKABLE Mutex {
   // be acquired, then atomically acquires this `Mutex`. `LockWhen()` is
   // logically equivalent to `*Lock(); Await();` though they may have different
   // performance characteristics.
-  void LockWhen(const Condition &cond) ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK_FUNCTION();
+  void LockWhen(const Condition& cond) ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK_FUNCTION();
 
-  void ReaderLockWhen(const Condition &cond) ABSL_SHARED_LOCK_FUNCTION();
+  void ReaderLockWhen(const Condition& cond) ABSL_SHARED_LOCK_FUNCTION();
 
-  void WriterLockWhen(const Condition &cond) ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK_FUNCTION() {
+  void WriterLockWhen(const Condition& cond) ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK_FUNCTION() {
     this->LockWhen(cond);
   }
 
@@ -344,9 +363,9 @@ class ABSL_LOCKABLE Mutex {
   // Negative timeouts are equivalent to a zero timeout.
   //
   // This method requires that this thread holds this `Mutex` in some mode.
-  bool AwaitWithTimeout(const Condition &cond, absl::Duration timeout);
+  bool AwaitWithTimeout(const Condition& cond, absl::Duration timeout);
 
-  bool AwaitWithDeadline(const Condition &cond, absl::Time deadline);
+  bool AwaitWithDeadline(const Condition& cond, absl::Time deadline);
 
   // Mutex::LockWhenWithTimeout()
   // Mutex::ReaderLockWhenWithTimeout()
@@ -359,11 +378,11 @@ class ABSL_LOCKABLE Mutex {
   // `true` on return.
   //
   // Negative timeouts are equivalent to a zero timeout.
-  bool LockWhenWithTimeout(const Condition &cond, absl::Duration timeout)
+  bool LockWhenWithTimeout(const Condition& cond, absl::Duration timeout)
       ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK_FUNCTION();
-  bool ReaderLockWhenWithTimeout(const Condition &cond, absl::Duration timeout)
+  bool ReaderLockWhenWithTimeout(const Condition& cond, absl::Duration timeout)
       ABSL_SHARED_LOCK_FUNCTION();
-  bool WriterLockWhenWithTimeout(const Condition &cond, absl::Duration timeout)
+  bool WriterLockWhenWithTimeout(const Condition& cond, absl::Duration timeout)
       ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK_FUNCTION() {
     return this->LockWhenWithTimeout(cond, timeout);
   }
@@ -379,11 +398,11 @@ class ABSL_LOCKABLE Mutex {
   // on return.
   //
   // Deadlines in the past are equivalent to an immediate deadline.
-  bool LockWhenWithDeadline(const Condition &cond, absl::Time deadline)
+  bool LockWhenWithDeadline(const Condition& cond, absl::Time deadline)
       ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK_FUNCTION();
-  bool ReaderLockWhenWithDeadline(const Condition &cond, absl::Time deadline)
+  bool ReaderLockWhenWithDeadline(const Condition& cond, absl::Time deadline)
       ABSL_SHARED_LOCK_FUNCTION();
-  bool WriterLockWhenWithDeadline(const Condition &cond, absl::Time deadline)
+  bool WriterLockWhenWithDeadline(const Condition& cond, absl::Time deadline)
       ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK_FUNCTION() {
     return this->LockWhenWithDeadline(cond, deadline);
   }
@@ -405,7 +424,7 @@ class ABSL_LOCKABLE Mutex {
   // substantially reduce `Mutex` performance; it should be set only for
   // non-production runs.  Optimization options may also disable invariant
   // checks.
-  void EnableInvariantDebugging(void (*invariant)(void *), void *arg);
+  void EnableInvariantDebugging(void (*invariant)(void*), void* arg);
 
   // Mutex::EnableDebugLog()
   //
@@ -414,7 +433,7 @@ class ABSL_LOCKABLE Mutex {
   // call to `EnableInvariantDebugging()` or `EnableDebugLog()` has been made.
   //
   // Note: This method substantially reduces `Mutex` performance.
-  void EnableDebugLog(const char *name);
+  void EnableDebugLog(const char* name);
 
   // Deadlock detection
 
@@ -442,7 +461,7 @@ class ABSL_LOCKABLE Mutex {
 
   // A `MuHow` is a constant that indicates how a lock should be acquired.
   // Internal implementation detail.  Clients should ignore.
-  typedef const struct MuHowS *MuHow;
+  typedef const struct MuHowS* MuHow;
 
   // Mutex::InternalAttemptToUseMutexInFatalSignalHandler()
   //
@@ -464,37 +483,37 @@ class ABSL_LOCKABLE Mutex {
 
   // Post()/Wait() versus associated PerThreadSem; in class for required
   // friendship with PerThreadSem.
-  static void IncrementSynchSem(Mutex *mu, base_internal::PerThreadSynch *w);
-  static bool DecrementSynchSem(Mutex *mu, base_internal::PerThreadSynch *w,
+  static void IncrementSynchSem(Mutex* mu, base_internal::PerThreadSynch* w);
+  static bool DecrementSynchSem(Mutex* mu, base_internal::PerThreadSynch* w,
                                 synchronization_internal::KernelTimeout t);
 
   // slow path acquire
-  void LockSlowLoop(SynchWaitParams *waitp, int flags);
+  void LockSlowLoop(SynchWaitParams* waitp, int flags);
   // wrappers around LockSlowLoop()
-  bool LockSlowWithDeadline(MuHow how, const Condition *cond,
+  bool LockSlowWithDeadline(MuHow how, const Condition* cond,
                             synchronization_internal::KernelTimeout t,
                             int flags);
-  void LockSlow(MuHow how, const Condition *cond,
+  void LockSlow(MuHow how, const Condition* cond,
                 int flags) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_COLD;
   // slow path release
-  void UnlockSlow(SynchWaitParams *waitp) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_COLD;
+  void UnlockSlow(SynchWaitParams* waitp) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_COLD;
   // Common code between Await() and AwaitWithTimeout/Deadline()
-  bool AwaitCommon(const Condition &cond,
+  bool AwaitCommon(const Condition& cond,
                    synchronization_internal::KernelTimeout t);
   // Attempt to remove thread s from queue.
-  void TryRemove(base_internal::PerThreadSynch *s);
+  void TryRemove(base_internal::PerThreadSynch* s);
   // Block a thread on mutex.
-  void Block(base_internal::PerThreadSynch *s);
+  void Block(base_internal::PerThreadSynch* s);
   // Wake a thread; return successor.
-  base_internal::PerThreadSynch *Wakeup(base_internal::PerThreadSynch *w);
+  base_internal::PerThreadSynch* Wakeup(base_internal::PerThreadSynch* w);
 
   friend class CondVar;   // for access to Trans()/Fer().
   void Trans(MuHow how);  // used for CondVar->Mutex transfer
   void Fer(
-      base_internal::PerThreadSynch *w);  // used for CondVar->Mutex transfer
+      base_internal::PerThreadSynch* w);  // used for CondVar->Mutex transfer
 
   // Catch the error of writing Mutex when intending MutexLock.
-  Mutex(const volatile Mutex * /*ignored*/) {}  // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
+  explicit Mutex(const volatile Mutex* /*ignored*/) {}
 
   Mutex(const Mutex&) = delete;
   Mutex& operator=(const Mutex&) = delete;
@@ -529,28 +548,28 @@ class ABSL_SCOPED_LOCKABLE MutexLock {
   // Calls `mu->Lock()` and returns when that call returns. That is, `*mu` is
   // guaranteed to be locked when this object is constructed. Requires that
   // `mu` be dereferenceable.
-  explicit MutexLock(Mutex *mu) ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK_FUNCTION(mu) : mu_(mu) {
+  explicit MutexLock(Mutex* mu) ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK_FUNCTION(mu) : mu_(mu) {
     this->mu_->Lock();
   }
 
   // Like above, but calls `mu->LockWhen(cond)` instead. That is, in addition to
   // the above, the condition given by `cond` is also guaranteed to hold when
   // this object is constructed.
-  explicit MutexLock(Mutex *mu, const Condition &cond)
+  explicit MutexLock(Mutex* mu, const Condition& cond)
       ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK_FUNCTION(mu)
       : mu_(mu) {
     this->mu_->LockWhen(cond);
   }
 
-  MutexLock(const MutexLock &) = delete;  // NOLINT(runtime/mutex)
-  MutexLock(MutexLock&&) = delete;  // NOLINT(runtime/mutex)
+  MutexLock(const MutexLock&) = delete;  // NOLINT(runtime/mutex)
+  MutexLock(MutexLock&&) = delete;       // NOLINT(runtime/mutex)
   MutexLock& operator=(const MutexLock&) = delete;
   MutexLock& operator=(MutexLock&&) = delete;
 
   ~MutexLock() ABSL_UNLOCK_FUNCTION() { this->mu_->Unlock(); }
 
  private:
-  Mutex *const mu_;
+  Mutex* const mu_;
 };
 
 // ReaderMutexLock
@@ -559,11 +578,11 @@ class ABSL_SCOPED_LOCKABLE MutexLock {
 // releases a shared lock on a `Mutex` via RAII.
 class ABSL_SCOPED_LOCKABLE ReaderMutexLock {
  public:
-  explicit ReaderMutexLock(Mutex *mu) ABSL_SHARED_LOCK_FUNCTION(mu) : mu_(mu) {
+  explicit ReaderMutexLock(Mutex* mu) ABSL_SHARED_LOCK_FUNCTION(mu) : mu_(mu) {
     mu->ReaderLock();
   }
 
-  explicit ReaderMutexLock(Mutex *mu, const Condition &cond)
+  explicit ReaderMutexLock(Mutex* mu, const Condition& cond)
       ABSL_SHARED_LOCK_FUNCTION(mu)
       : mu_(mu) {
     mu->ReaderLockWhen(cond);
@@ -577,7 +596,7 @@ class ABSL_SCOPED_LOCKABLE ReaderMutexLock {
   ~ReaderMutexLock() ABSL_UNLOCK_FUNCTION() { this->mu_->ReaderUnlock(); }
 
  private:
-  Mutex *const mu_;
+  Mutex* const mu_;
 };
 
 // WriterMutexLock
@@ -586,12 +605,12 @@ class ABSL_SCOPED_LOCKABLE ReaderMutexLock {
 // releases a write (exclusive) lock on a `Mutex` via RAII.
 class ABSL_SCOPED_LOCKABLE WriterMutexLock {
  public:
-  explicit WriterMutexLock(Mutex *mu) ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK_FUNCTION(mu)
+  explicit WriterMutexLock(Mutex* mu) ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK_FUNCTION(mu)
       : mu_(mu) {
     mu->WriterLock();
   }
 
-  explicit WriterMutexLock(Mutex *mu, const Condition &cond)
+  explicit WriterMutexLock(Mutex* mu, const Condition& cond)
       ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK_FUNCTION(mu)
       : mu_(mu) {
     mu->WriterLockWhen(cond);
@@ -605,19 +624,19 @@ class ABSL_SCOPED_LOCKABLE WriterMutexLock {
   ~WriterMutexLock() ABSL_UNLOCK_FUNCTION() { this->mu_->WriterUnlock(); }
 
  private:
-  Mutex *const mu_;
+  Mutex* const mu_;
 };
 
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Condition
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 //
-// As noted above, `Mutex` contains a number of member functions which take a
-// `Condition` as an argument; clients can wait for conditions to become `true`
-// before attempting to acquire the mutex. These sections are known as
-// "condition critical" sections. To use a `Condition`, you simply need to
-// construct it, and use within an appropriate `Mutex` member function;
-// everything else in the `Condition` class is an implementation detail.
+// `Mutex` contains a number of member functions which take a `Condition` as an
+// argument; clients can wait for conditions to become `true` before attempting
+// to acquire the mutex. These sections are known as "condition critical"
+// sections. To use a `Condition`, you simply need to construct it, and use
+// within an appropriate `Mutex` member function; everything else in the
+// `Condition` class is an implementation detail.
 //
 // A `Condition` is specified as a function pointer which returns a boolean.
 // `Condition` functions should be pure functions -- their results should depend
@@ -663,7 +682,7 @@ class ABSL_SCOPED_LOCKABLE WriterMutexLock {
 class Condition {
  public:
   // A Condition that returns the result of "(*func)(arg)"
-  Condition(bool (*func)(void *), void *arg);
+  Condition(bool (*func)(void*), void* arg);
 
   // Templated version for people who are averse to casts.
   //
@@ -674,8 +693,22 @@ class Condition {
   // Note: lambdas in this case must contain no bound variables.
   //
   // See class comment for performance advice.
-  template<typename T>
-  Condition(bool (*func)(T *), T *arg);
+  template <typename T>
+  Condition(bool (*func)(T*), T* arg);
+
+  // Same as above, but allows for cases where `arg` comes from a pointer that
+  // is convertible to the function parameter type `T*` but not an exact match.
+  //
+  // For example, the argument might be `X*` but the function takes `const X*`,
+  // or the argument might be `Derived*` while the function takes `Base*`, and
+  // so on for cases where the argument pointer can be implicitly converted.
+  //
+  // Implementation notes: This constructor overload is required in addition to
+  // the one above to allow deduction of `T` from `arg` for cases such as where
+  // a function template is passed as `func`. Also, the dummy `typename = void`
+  // template parameter exists just to work around a MSVC mangling bug.
+  template <typename T, typename = void>
+  Condition(bool (*func)(T*), typename absl::internal::identity<T>::type* arg);
 
   // Templated version for invoking a method that returns a `bool`.
   //
@@ -685,16 +718,16 @@ class Condition {
   // Implementation Note: `absl::internal::identity` is used to allow methods to
   // come from base classes. A simpler signature like
   // `Condition(T*, bool (T::*)())` does not suffice.
-  template<typename T>
-  Condition(T *object, bool (absl::internal::identity<T>::type::* method)());
+  template <typename T>
+  Condition(T* object, bool (absl::internal::identity<T>::type::*method)());
 
   // Same as above, for const members
-  template<typename T>
-  Condition(const T *object,
-            bool (absl::internal::identity<T>::type::* method)() const);
+  template <typename T>
+  Condition(const T* object,
+            bool (absl::internal::identity<T>::type::*method)() const);
 
   // A Condition that returns the value of `*cond`
-  explicit Condition(const bool *cond);
+  explicit Condition(const bool* cond);
 
   // Templated version for invoking a functor that returns a `bool`.
   // This approach accepts pointers to non-mutable lambdas, `std::function`,
@@ -721,13 +754,23 @@ class Condition {
   // Implementation note: The second template parameter ensures that this
   // constructor doesn't participate in overload resolution if T doesn't have
   // `bool operator() const`.
-  template <typename T, typename E = decltype(
-      static_cast<bool (T::*)() const>(&T::operator()))>
-  explicit Condition(const T *obj)
+  template <typename T, typename E = decltype(static_cast<bool (T::*)() const>(
+                            &T::operator()))>
+  explicit Condition(const T* obj)
       : Condition(obj, static_cast<bool (T::*)() const>(&T::operator())) {}
 
   // A Condition that always returns `true`.
-  static const Condition kTrue;
+  // kTrue is only useful in a narrow set of circumstances, mostly when
+  // it's passed conditionally. For example:
+  //
+  //   mu.LockWhen(some_flag ? kTrue : SomeOtherCondition);
+  //
+  // Note: {LockWhen,Await}With{Deadline,Timeout} methods with kTrue condition
+  // don't return immediately when the timeout happens, they still block until
+  // the Mutex becomes available. The return value of these methods does
+  // not indicate if the timeout was reached; rather it indicates whether or
+  // not the condition is true.
+  ABSL_CONST_INIT static const Condition kTrue;
 
   // Evaluates the condition.
   bool Eval() const;
@@ -739,25 +782,59 @@ class Condition {
   // Two `Condition` values are guaranteed equal if both their `func` and `arg`
   // components are the same. A null pointer is equivalent to a `true`
   // condition.
-  static bool GuaranteedEqual(const Condition *a, const Condition *b);
+  static bool GuaranteedEqual(const Condition* a, const Condition* b);
 
  private:
-  typedef bool (*InternalFunctionType)(void * arg);
-  typedef bool (Condition::*InternalMethodType)();
-  typedef bool (*InternalMethodCallerType)(void * arg,
-                                           InternalMethodType internal_method);
-
-  bool (*eval_)(const Condition*);  // Actual evaluator
-  InternalFunctionType function_;   // function taking pointer returning bool
-  InternalMethodType method_;       // method returning bool
-  void *arg_;                       // arg of function_ or object of method_
-
-  Condition();        // null constructor used only to create kTrue
+  // Sizing an allocation for a method pointer can be subtle. In the Itanium
+  // specifications, a method pointer has a predictable, uniform size. On the
+  // other hand, MSVC ABI, method pointer sizes vary based on the
+  // inheritance of the class. Specifically, method pointers from classes with
+  // multiple inheritance are bigger than those of classes with single
+  // inheritance. Other variations also exist.
+
+#ifndef _MSC_VER
+  // Allocation for a function pointer or method pointer.
+  // The {0} initializer ensures that all unused bytes of this buffer are
+  // always zeroed out.  This is necessary, because GuaranteedEqual() compares
+  // all of the bytes, unaware of which bytes are relevant to a given `eval_`.
+  using MethodPtr = bool (Condition::*)();
+  char callback_[sizeof(MethodPtr)] = {0};
+#else
+  // It is well known that the larget MSVC pointer-to-member is 24 bytes. This
+  // may be the largest known pointer-to-member of any platform. For this
+  // reason we will allocate 24 bytes for MSVC platform toolchains.
+  char callback_[24] = {0};
+#endif
+
+  // Function with which to evaluate callbacks and/or arguments.
+  bool (*eval_)(const Condition*) = nullptr;
+
+  // Either an argument for a function call or an object for a method call.
+  void* arg_ = nullptr;
 
   // Various functions eval_ can point to:
   static bool CallVoidPtrFunction(const Condition*);
-  template <typename T> static bool CastAndCallFunction(const Condition* c);
-  template <typename T> static bool CastAndCallMethod(const Condition* c);
+  template <typename T>
+  static bool CastAndCallFunction(const Condition* c);
+  template <typename T>
+  static bool CastAndCallMethod(const Condition* c);
+
+  // Helper methods for storing, validating, and reading callback arguments.
+  template <typename T>
+  inline void StoreCallback(T callback) {
+    static_assert(
+        sizeof(callback) <= sizeof(callback_),
+        "An overlarge pointer was passed as a callback to Condition.");
+    std::memcpy(callback_, &callback, sizeof(callback));
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  inline void ReadCallback(T* callback) const {
+    std::memcpy(callback, callback_, sizeof(*callback));
+  }
+
+  // Used only to create kTrue.
+  constexpr Condition() = default;
 };
 
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -809,7 +886,7 @@ class CondVar {
   // spurious wakeup), then reacquires the `Mutex` and returns.
   //
   // Requires and ensures that the current thread holds the `Mutex`.
-  void Wait(Mutex *mu);
+  void Wait(Mutex* mu);
 
   // CondVar::WaitWithTimeout()
   //
@@ -824,7 +901,7 @@ class CondVar {
   // to return `true` or `false`.
   //
   // Requires and ensures that the current thread holds the `Mutex`.
-  bool WaitWithTimeout(Mutex *mu, absl::Duration timeout);
+  bool WaitWithTimeout(Mutex* mu, absl::Duration timeout);
 
   // CondVar::WaitWithDeadline()
   //
@@ -841,7 +918,7 @@ class CondVar {
   // to return `true` or `false`.
   //
   // Requires and ensures that the current thread holds the `Mutex`.
-  bool WaitWithDeadline(Mutex *mu, absl::Time deadline);
+  bool WaitWithDeadline(Mutex* mu, absl::Time deadline);
 
   // CondVar::Signal()
   //
@@ -858,18 +935,17 @@ class CondVar {
   // Causes all subsequent uses of this `CondVar` to be logged via
   // `ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO)`. Log entries are tagged with `name` if `name != 0`.
   // Note: this method substantially reduces `CondVar` performance.
-  void EnableDebugLog(const char *name);
+  void EnableDebugLog(const char* name);
 
  private:
-  bool WaitCommon(Mutex *mutex, synchronization_internal::KernelTimeout t);
-  void Remove(base_internal::PerThreadSynch *s);
-  void Wakeup(base_internal::PerThreadSynch *w);
+  bool WaitCommon(Mutex* mutex, synchronization_internal::KernelTimeout t);
+  void Remove(base_internal::PerThreadSynch* s);
+  void Wakeup(base_internal::PerThreadSynch* w);
   std::atomic<intptr_t> cv_;  // Condition variable state.
   CondVar(const CondVar&) = delete;
   CondVar& operator=(const CondVar&) = delete;
 };
 
-
 // Variants of MutexLock.
 //
 // If you find yourself using one of these, consider instead using
@@ -880,14 +956,14 @@ class CondVar {
 // MutexLockMaybe is like MutexLock, but is a no-op when mu is null.
 class ABSL_SCOPED_LOCKABLE MutexLockMaybe {
  public:
-  explicit MutexLockMaybe(Mutex *mu) ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK_FUNCTION(mu)
+  explicit MutexLockMaybe(Mutex* mu) ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK_FUNCTION(mu)
       : mu_(mu) {
     if (this->mu_ != nullptr) {
       this->mu_->Lock();
     }
   }
 
-  explicit MutexLockMaybe(Mutex *mu, const Condition &cond)
+  explicit MutexLockMaybe(Mutex* mu, const Condition& cond)
       ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK_FUNCTION(mu)
       : mu_(mu) {
     if (this->mu_ != nullptr) {
@@ -896,11 +972,13 @@ class ABSL_SCOPED_LOCKABLE MutexLockMaybe {
   }
 
   ~MutexLockMaybe() ABSL_UNLOCK_FUNCTION() {
-    if (this->mu_ != nullptr) { this->mu_->Unlock(); }
+    if (this->mu_ != nullptr) {
+      this->mu_->Unlock();
+    }
   }
 
  private:
-  Mutex *const mu_;
+  Mutex* const mu_;
   MutexLockMaybe(const MutexLockMaybe&) = delete;
   MutexLockMaybe(MutexLockMaybe&&) = delete;
   MutexLockMaybe& operator=(const MutexLockMaybe&) = delete;
@@ -913,25 +991,27 @@ class ABSL_SCOPED_LOCKABLE MutexLockMaybe {
 // mutex before destruction. `Release()` may be called at most once.
 class ABSL_SCOPED_LOCKABLE ReleasableMutexLock {
  public:
-  explicit ReleasableMutexLock(Mutex *mu) ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK_FUNCTION(mu)
+  explicit ReleasableMutexLock(Mutex* mu) ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK_FUNCTION(mu)
       : mu_(mu) {
     this->mu_->Lock();
   }
 
-  explicit ReleasableMutexLock(Mutex *mu, const Condition &cond)
+  explicit ReleasableMutexLock(Mutex* mu, const Condition& cond)
       ABSL_EXCLUSIVE_LOCK_FUNCTION(mu)
       : mu_(mu) {
     this->mu_->LockWhen(cond);
   }
 
   ~ReleasableMutexLock() ABSL_UNLOCK_FUNCTION() {
-    if (this->mu_ != nullptr) { this->mu_->Unlock(); }
+    if (this->mu_ != nullptr) {
+      this->mu_->Unlock();
+    }
   }
 
   void Release() ABSL_UNLOCK_FUNCTION();
 
  private:
-  Mutex *mu_;
+  Mutex* mu_;
   ReleasableMutexLock(const ReleasableMutexLock&) = delete;
   ReleasableMutexLock(ReleasableMutexLock&&) = delete;
   ReleasableMutexLock& operator=(const ReleasableMutexLock&) = delete;
@@ -948,57 +1028,67 @@ inline CondVar::CondVar() : cv_(0) {}
 
 // static
 template <typename T>
-bool Condition::CastAndCallMethod(const Condition *c) {
-  typedef bool (T::*MemberType)();
-  MemberType rm = reinterpret_cast<MemberType>(c->method_);
-  T *x = static_cast<T *>(c->arg_);
-  return (x->*rm)();
+bool Condition::CastAndCallMethod(const Condition* c) {
+  T* object = static_cast<T*>(c->arg_);
+  bool (T::*method_pointer)();
+  c->ReadCallback(&method_pointer);
+  return (object->*method_pointer)();
 }
 
 // static
 template <typename T>
-bool Condition::CastAndCallFunction(const Condition *c) {
-  typedef bool (*FuncType)(T *);
-  FuncType fn = reinterpret_cast<FuncType>(c->function_);
-  T *x = static_cast<T *>(c->arg_);
-  return (*fn)(x);
+bool Condition::CastAndCallFunction(const Condition* c) {
+  bool (*function)(T*);
+  c->ReadCallback(&function);
+  T* argument = static_cast<T*>(c->arg_);
+  return (*function)(argument);
 }
 
 template <typename T>
-inline Condition::Condition(bool (*func)(T *), T *arg)
+inline Condition::Condition(bool (*func)(T*), T* arg)
     : eval_(&CastAndCallFunction<T>),
-      function_(reinterpret_cast<InternalFunctionType>(func)),
-      method_(nullptr),
-      arg_(const_cast<void *>(static_cast<const void *>(arg))) {}
+      arg_(const_cast<void*>(static_cast<const void*>(arg))) {
+  static_assert(sizeof(&func) <= sizeof(callback_),
+                "An overlarge function pointer was passed to Condition.");
+  StoreCallback(func);
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename>
+inline Condition::Condition(bool (*func)(T*),
+                            typename absl::internal::identity<T>::type* arg)
+    // Just delegate to the overload above.
+    : Condition(func, arg) {}
 
 template <typename T>
-inline Condition::Condition(T *object,
+inline Condition::Condition(T* object,
                             bool (absl::internal::identity<T>::type::*method)())
-    : eval_(&CastAndCallMethod<T>),
-      function_(nullptr),
-      method_(reinterpret_cast<InternalMethodType>(method)),
-      arg_(object) {}
+    : eval_(&CastAndCallMethod<T>), arg_(object) {
+  static_assert(sizeof(&method) <= sizeof(callback_),
+                "An overlarge method pointer was passed to Condition.");
+  StoreCallback(method);
+}
 
 template <typename T>
-inline Condition::Condition(const T *object,
+inline Condition::Condition(const T* object,
                             bool (absl::internal::identity<T>::type::*method)()
                                 const)
     : eval_(&CastAndCallMethod<T>),
-      function_(nullptr),
-      method_(reinterpret_cast<InternalMethodType>(method)),
-      arg_(reinterpret_cast<void *>(const_cast<T *>(object))) {}
+      arg_(reinterpret_cast<void*>(const_cast<T*>(object))) {
+  StoreCallback(method);
+}
 
-// Register a hook for profiling support.
+// Register hooks for profiling support.
 //
 // The function pointer registered here will be called whenever a mutex is
 // contended.  The callback is given the cycles for which waiting happened (as
 // measured by //absl/base/internal/cycleclock.h, and which may not
 // be real "cycle" counts.)
 //
-// Calls to this function do not race or block, but there is no ordering
-// guaranteed between calls to this function and call to the provided hook.
-// In particular, the previously registered hook may still be called for some
-// time after this function returns.
+// There is no ordering guarantee between when the hook is registered and when
+// callbacks will begin.  Only a single profiler can be installed in a running
+// binary; if this function is called a second time with a different function
+// pointer, the value is ignored (and will cause an assertion failure in debug
+// mode.)
 void RegisterMutexProfiler(void (*fn)(int64_t wait_cycles));
 
 // Register a hook for Mutex tracing.
@@ -1011,13 +1101,11 @@ void RegisterMutexProfiler(void (*fn)(int64_t wait_cycles));
 //
 // The only event name currently sent is "slow release".
 //
-// This has the same memory ordering concerns as RegisterMutexProfiler() above.
-void RegisterMutexTracer(void (*fn)(const char *msg, const void *obj,
+// This has the same ordering and single-use limitations as
+// RegisterMutexProfiler() above.
+void RegisterMutexTracer(void (*fn)(const char* msg, const void* obj,
                                     int64_t wait_cycles));
 
-// TODO(gfalcon): Combine RegisterMutexProfiler() and RegisterMutexTracer()
-// into a single interface, since they are only ever called in pairs.
-
 // Register a hook for CondVar tracing.
 //
 // The function pointer registered here will be called here on various CondVar
@@ -1028,24 +1116,9 @@ void RegisterMutexTracer(void (*fn)(const char *msg, const void *obj,
 // Events that can be sent are "Wait", "Unwait", "Signal wakeup", and
 // "SignalAll wakeup".
 //
-// This has the same memory ordering concerns as RegisterMutexProfiler() above.
-void RegisterCondVarTracer(void (*fn)(const char *msg, const void *cv));
-
-// Register a hook for symbolizing stack traces in deadlock detector reports.
-//
-// 'pc' is the program counter being symbolized, 'out' is the buffer to write
-// into, and 'out_size' is the size of the buffer.  This function can return
-// false if symbolizing failed, or true if a NUL-terminated symbol was written
-// to 'out.'
-//
-// This has the same memory ordering concerns as RegisterMutexProfiler() above.
-//
-// DEPRECATED: The default symbolizer function is absl::Symbolize() and the
-// ability to register a different hook for symbolizing stack traces will be
-// removed on or after 2023-05-01.
-ABSL_DEPRECATED("absl::RegisterSymbolizer() is deprecated and will be removed "
-                "on or after 2023-05-01")
-void RegisterSymbolizer(bool (*fn)(const void *pc, char *out, int out_size));
+// This has the same ordering and single-use limitations as
+// RegisterMutexProfiler() above.
+void RegisterCondVarTracer(void (*fn)(const char* msg, const void* cv));
 
 // EnableMutexInvariantDebugging()
 //
@@ -1062,7 +1135,7 @@ void EnableMutexInvariantDebugging(bool enabled);
 enum class OnDeadlockCycle {
   kIgnore,  // Neither report on nor attempt to track cycles in lock ordering
   kReport,  // Report lock cycles to stderr when detected
-  kAbort,  // Report lock cycles to stderr when detected, then abort
+  kAbort,   // Report lock cycles to stderr when detected, then abort
 };
 
 // SetMutexDeadlockDetectionMode()
diff --git a/absl/synchronization/mutex_method_pointer_test.cc b/absl/synchronization/mutex_method_pointer_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f4c82d27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/synchronization/mutex_method_pointer_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+// Copyright 2017 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/synchronization/mutex.h"
+
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+
+namespace {
+
+class IncompleteClass;
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+// These tests verify expectations about sizes of MSVC pointers to methods.
+// Pointers to methods are distinguished by whether their class hierarchies
+// contain single inheritance, multiple inheritance, or virtual inheritance.
+
+// Declare classes of the various MSVC inheritance types.
+class __single_inheritance SingleInheritance{};
+class __multiple_inheritance MultipleInheritance;
+class __virtual_inheritance VirtualInheritance;
+
+TEST(MutexMethodPointerTest, MicrosoftMethodPointerSize) {
+  void (SingleInheritance::*single_inheritance_method_pointer)();
+  void (MultipleInheritance::*multiple_inheritance_method_pointer)();
+  void (VirtualInheritance::*virtual_inheritance_method_pointer)();
+
+#if defined(_M_IX86) || defined(_M_ARM)
+  static_assert(sizeof(single_inheritance_method_pointer) == 4,
+                "Unexpected sizeof(single_inheritance_method_pointer).");
+  static_assert(sizeof(multiple_inheritance_method_pointer) == 8,
+                "Unexpected sizeof(multiple_inheritance_method_pointer).");
+  static_assert(sizeof(virtual_inheritance_method_pointer) == 12,
+                "Unexpected sizeof(virtual_inheritance_method_pointer).");
+#elif defined(_M_X64) || defined(__aarch64__)
+  static_assert(sizeof(single_inheritance_method_pointer) == 8,
+                "Unexpected sizeof(single_inheritance_method_pointer).");
+  static_assert(sizeof(multiple_inheritance_method_pointer) == 16,
+                "Unexpected sizeof(multiple_inheritance_method_pointer).");
+  static_assert(sizeof(virtual_inheritance_method_pointer) == 16,
+                "Unexpected sizeof(virtual_inheritance_method_pointer).");
+#endif
+  void (IncompleteClass::*incomplete_class_method_pointer)();
+  static_assert(sizeof(incomplete_class_method_pointer) >=
+                    sizeof(virtual_inheritance_method_pointer),
+                "Failed invariant: sizeof(incomplete_class_method_pointer) >= "
+                "sizeof(virtual_inheritance_method_pointer)!");
+}
+
+class Callback {
+  bool x = true;
+
+ public:
+  Callback() {}
+  bool method() {
+    x = !x;
+    return x;
+  }
+};
+
+class M2 {
+  bool x = true;
+
+ public:
+  M2() {}
+  bool method2() {
+    x = !x;
+    return x;
+  }
+};
+
+class MultipleInheritance : public Callback, public M2 {};
+
+TEST(MutexMethodPointerTest, ConditionWithMultipleInheritanceMethod) {
+  // This test ensures that Condition can deal with method pointers from classes
+  // with multiple inheritance.
+  MultipleInheritance object = MultipleInheritance();
+  absl::Condition condition(&object, &MultipleInheritance::method);
+  EXPECT_FALSE(condition.Eval());
+  EXPECT_TRUE(condition.Eval());
+}
+
+class __virtual_inheritance VirtualInheritance : virtual public Callback {
+  bool x = false;
+
+ public:
+  VirtualInheritance() {}
+  bool method() {
+    x = !x;
+    return x;
+  }
+};
+
+TEST(MutexMethodPointerTest, ConditionWithVirtualInheritanceMethod) {
+  // This test ensures that Condition can deal with method pointers from classes
+  // with virtual inheritance.
+  VirtualInheritance object = VirtualInheritance();
+  absl::Condition condition(&object, &VirtualInheritance::method);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(condition.Eval());
+  EXPECT_FALSE(condition.Eval());
+}
+#endif  // #ifdef _MSC_VER
+
+TEST(MutexMethodPointerTest, ConditionWithIncompleteClassMethod) {
+  using IncompleteClassMethodPointer = void (IncompleteClass::*)();
+
+  union CallbackSlot {
+    void (*anonymous_function_pointer)();
+    IncompleteClassMethodPointer incomplete_class_method_pointer;
+  };
+
+  static_assert(sizeof(CallbackSlot) >= sizeof(IncompleteClassMethodPointer),
+                "The callback slot is not big enough for method pointers.");
+  static_assert(
+      sizeof(CallbackSlot) == sizeof(IncompleteClassMethodPointer),
+      "The callback slot is not big enough for anonymous function pointers.");
+
+#if defined(_MSC_VER)
+  static_assert(sizeof(IncompleteClassMethodPointer) <= 24,
+                "The pointer to a method of an incomplete class is too big.");
+#endif
+}
+
+}  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/synchronization/mutex_test.cc b/absl/synchronization/mutex_test.cc
index 99bb0175..b585c342 100644
--- a/absl/synchronization/mutex_test.cc
+++ b/absl/synchronization/mutex_test.cc
@@ -32,8 +32,9 @@
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
 #include "absl/base/attributes.h"
 #include "absl/base/config.h"
-#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
 #include "absl/base/internal/sysinfo.h"
+#include "absl/log/check.h"
+#include "absl/log/log.h"
 #include "absl/memory/memory.h"
 #include "absl/synchronization/internal/thread_pool.h"
 #include "absl/time/clock.h"
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ static void SetInvariantChecked(bool new_value) {
 
 static void CheckSumG0G1(void *v) {
   TestContext *cxt = static_cast<TestContext *>(v);
-  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(cxt->g0 == -cxt->g1, "Error in CheckSumG0G1");
+  CHECK_EQ(cxt->g0, -cxt->g1) << "Error in CheckSumG0G1";
   SetInvariantChecked(true);
 }
 
@@ -132,7 +133,7 @@ static void TestRW(TestContext *cxt, int c) {
   } else {
     for (int i = 0; i != cxt->iterations; i++) {
       absl::ReaderMutexLock l(&cxt->mu);
-      ABSL_RAW_CHECK(cxt->g0 == -cxt->g1, "Error in TestRW");
+      CHECK_EQ(cxt->g0, -cxt->g1) << "Error in TestRW";
       cxt->mu.AssertReaderHeld();
     }
   }
@@ -157,7 +158,7 @@ static void TestAwait(TestContext *cxt, int c) {
   cxt->mu.AssertHeld();
   while (cxt->g0 < cxt->iterations) {
     cxt->mu.Await(absl::Condition(&mc, &MyContext::MyTurn));
-    ABSL_RAW_CHECK(mc.MyTurn(), "Error in TestAwait");
+    CHECK(mc.MyTurn()) << "Error in TestAwait";
     cxt->mu.AssertHeld();
     if (cxt->g0 < cxt->iterations) {
       int a = cxt->g0 + 1;
@@ -185,7 +186,7 @@ static void TestSignalAll(TestContext *cxt, int c) {
 }
 
 static void TestSignal(TestContext *cxt, int c) {
-  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(cxt->threads == 2, "TestSignal should use 2 threads");
+  CHECK_EQ(cxt->threads, 2) << "TestSignal should use 2 threads";
   int target = c;
   absl::MutexLock l(&cxt->mu);
   cxt->mu.AssertHeld();
@@ -222,8 +223,8 @@ static void TestCVTimeout(TestContext *cxt, int c) {
 static bool G0GE2(TestContext *cxt) { return cxt->g0 >= 2; }
 
 static void TestTime(TestContext *cxt, int c, bool use_cv) {
-  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(cxt->iterations == 1, "TestTime should only use 1 iteration");
-  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(cxt->threads > 2, "TestTime should use more than 2 threads");
+  CHECK_EQ(cxt->iterations, 1) << "TestTime should only use 1 iteration";
+  CHECK_GT(cxt->threads, 2) << "TestTime should use more than 2 threads";
   const bool kFalse = false;
   absl::Condition false_cond(&kFalse);
   absl::Condition g0ge2(G0GE2, cxt);
@@ -234,26 +235,24 @@ static void TestTime(TestContext *cxt, int c, bool use_cv) {
     if (use_cv) {
       cxt->cv.WaitWithTimeout(&cxt->mu, absl::Seconds(1));
     } else {
-      ABSL_RAW_CHECK(!cxt->mu.AwaitWithTimeout(false_cond, absl::Seconds(1)),
-                     "TestTime failed");
+      CHECK(!cxt->mu.AwaitWithTimeout(false_cond, absl::Seconds(1)))
+          << "TestTime failed";
     }
     absl::Duration elapsed = absl::Now() - start;
-    ABSL_RAW_CHECK(
-        absl::Seconds(0.9) <= elapsed && elapsed <= absl::Seconds(2.0),
-        "TestTime failed");
-    ABSL_RAW_CHECK(cxt->g0 == 1, "TestTime failed");
+    CHECK(absl::Seconds(0.9) <= elapsed && elapsed <= absl::Seconds(2.0))
+        << "TestTime failed";
+    CHECK_EQ(cxt->g0, 1) << "TestTime failed";
 
     start = absl::Now();
     if (use_cv) {
       cxt->cv.WaitWithTimeout(&cxt->mu, absl::Seconds(1));
     } else {
-      ABSL_RAW_CHECK(!cxt->mu.AwaitWithTimeout(false_cond, absl::Seconds(1)),
-                     "TestTime failed");
+      CHECK(!cxt->mu.AwaitWithTimeout(false_cond, absl::Seconds(1)))
+          << "TestTime failed";
     }
     elapsed = absl::Now() - start;
-    ABSL_RAW_CHECK(
-        absl::Seconds(0.9) <= elapsed && elapsed <= absl::Seconds(2.0),
-        "TestTime failed");
+    CHECK(absl::Seconds(0.9) <= elapsed && elapsed <= absl::Seconds(2.0))
+        << "TestTime failed";
     cxt->g0++;
     if (use_cv) {
       cxt->cv.Signal();
@@ -263,26 +262,24 @@ static void TestTime(TestContext *cxt, int c, bool use_cv) {
     if (use_cv) {
       cxt->cv.WaitWithTimeout(&cxt->mu, absl::Seconds(4));
     } else {
-      ABSL_RAW_CHECK(!cxt->mu.AwaitWithTimeout(false_cond, absl::Seconds(4)),
-                     "TestTime failed");
+      CHECK(!cxt->mu.AwaitWithTimeout(false_cond, absl::Seconds(4)))
+          << "TestTime failed";
     }
     elapsed = absl::Now() - start;
-    ABSL_RAW_CHECK(
-        absl::Seconds(3.9) <= elapsed && elapsed <= absl::Seconds(6.0),
-        "TestTime failed");
-    ABSL_RAW_CHECK(cxt->g0 >= 3, "TestTime failed");
+    CHECK(absl::Seconds(3.9) <= elapsed && elapsed <= absl::Seconds(6.0))
+        << "TestTime failed";
+    CHECK_GE(cxt->g0, 3) << "TestTime failed";
 
     start = absl::Now();
     if (use_cv) {
       cxt->cv.WaitWithTimeout(&cxt->mu, absl::Seconds(1));
     } else {
-      ABSL_RAW_CHECK(!cxt->mu.AwaitWithTimeout(false_cond, absl::Seconds(1)),
-                     "TestTime failed");
+      CHECK(!cxt->mu.AwaitWithTimeout(false_cond, absl::Seconds(1)))
+          << "TestTime failed";
     }
     elapsed = absl::Now() - start;
-    ABSL_RAW_CHECK(
-        absl::Seconds(0.9) <= elapsed && elapsed <= absl::Seconds(2.0),
-        "TestTime failed");
+    CHECK(absl::Seconds(0.9) <= elapsed && elapsed <= absl::Seconds(2.0))
+        << "TestTime failed";
     if (use_cv) {
       cxt->cv.SignalAll();
     }
@@ -291,13 +288,13 @@ static void TestTime(TestContext *cxt, int c, bool use_cv) {
     if (use_cv) {
       cxt->cv.WaitWithTimeout(&cxt->mu, absl::Seconds(1));
     } else {
-      ABSL_RAW_CHECK(!cxt->mu.AwaitWithTimeout(false_cond, absl::Seconds(1)),
-                     "TestTime failed");
+      CHECK(!cxt->mu.AwaitWithTimeout(false_cond, absl::Seconds(1)))
+          << "TestTime failed";
     }
     elapsed = absl::Now() - start;
-    ABSL_RAW_CHECK(absl::Seconds(0.9) <= elapsed &&
-                   elapsed <= absl::Seconds(2.0), "TestTime failed");
-    ABSL_RAW_CHECK(cxt->g0 == cxt->threads, "TestTime failed");
+    CHECK(absl::Seconds(0.9) <= elapsed && elapsed <= absl::Seconds(2.0))
+        << "TestTime failed";
+    CHECK_EQ(cxt->g0, cxt->threads) << "TestTime failed";
 
   } else if (c == 1) {
     absl::MutexLock l(&cxt->mu);
@@ -305,14 +302,12 @@ static void TestTime(TestContext *cxt, int c, bool use_cv) {
     if (use_cv) {
       cxt->cv.WaitWithTimeout(&cxt->mu, absl::Milliseconds(500));
     } else {
-      ABSL_RAW_CHECK(
-          !cxt->mu.AwaitWithTimeout(false_cond, absl::Milliseconds(500)),
-          "TestTime failed");
+      CHECK(!cxt->mu.AwaitWithTimeout(false_cond, absl::Milliseconds(500)))
+          << "TestTime failed";
     }
     const absl::Duration elapsed = absl::Now() - start;
-    ABSL_RAW_CHECK(
-        absl::Seconds(0.4) <= elapsed && elapsed <= absl::Seconds(0.9),
-        "TestTime failed");
+    CHECK(absl::Seconds(0.4) <= elapsed && elapsed <= absl::Seconds(0.9))
+        << "TestTime failed";
     cxt->g0++;
   } else if (c == 2) {
     absl::MutexLock l(&cxt->mu);
@@ -321,8 +316,8 @@ static void TestTime(TestContext *cxt, int c, bool use_cv) {
         cxt->cv.WaitWithTimeout(&cxt->mu, absl::Seconds(100));
       }
     } else {
-      ABSL_RAW_CHECK(cxt->mu.AwaitWithTimeout(g0ge2, absl::Seconds(100)),
-                     "TestTime failed");
+      CHECK(cxt->mu.AwaitWithTimeout(g0ge2, absl::Seconds(100)))
+          << "TestTime failed";
     }
     cxt->g0++;
   } else {
@@ -343,7 +338,7 @@ static void TestMuTime(TestContext *cxt, int c) { TestTime(cxt, c, false); }
 static void TestCVTime(TestContext *cxt, int c) { TestTime(cxt, c, true); }
 
 static void EndTest(int *c0, int *c1, absl::Mutex *mu, absl::CondVar *cv,
-                    const std::function<void(int)>& cb) {
+                    const std::function<void(int)> &cb) {
   mu->Lock();
   int c = (*c0)++;
   mu->Unlock();
@@ -366,9 +361,9 @@ static int RunTestCommon(TestContext *cxt, void (*test)(TestContext *cxt, int),
   cxt->threads = threads;
   absl::synchronization_internal::ThreadPool tp(threads);
   for (int i = 0; i != threads; i++) {
-    tp.Schedule(std::bind(&EndTest, &c0, &c1, &mu2, &cv2,
-                          std::function<void(int)>(
-                              std::bind(test, cxt, std::placeholders::_1))));
+    tp.Schedule(std::bind(
+        &EndTest, &c0, &c1, &mu2, &cv2,
+        std::function<void(int)>(std::bind(test, cxt, std::placeholders::_1))));
   }
   mu2.Lock();
   while (c1 != threads) {
@@ -399,7 +394,7 @@ static int RunTestWithInvariantDebugging(void (*test)(TestContext *cxt, int),
   TestContext cxt;
   cxt.mu.EnableInvariantDebugging(invariant, &cxt);
   int ret = RunTestCommon(&cxt, test, threads, iterations, operations);
-  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(GetInvariantChecked(), "Invariant not checked");
+  CHECK(GetInvariantChecked()) << "Invariant not checked";
   absl::EnableMutexInvariantDebugging(false);  // Restore.
   return ret;
 }
@@ -682,14 +677,14 @@ struct LockWhenTestStruct {
   bool waiting = false;
 };
 
-static bool LockWhenTestIsCond(LockWhenTestStruct* s) {
+static bool LockWhenTestIsCond(LockWhenTestStruct *s) {
   s->mu2.Lock();
   s->waiting = true;
   s->mu2.Unlock();
   return s->cond;
 }
 
-static void LockWhenTestWaitForIsCond(LockWhenTestStruct* s) {
+static void LockWhenTestWaitForIsCond(LockWhenTestStruct *s) {
   s->mu1.LockWhen(absl::Condition(&LockWhenTestIsCond, s));
   s->mu1.Unlock();
 }
@@ -871,6 +866,111 @@ TEST(Mutex, LockedMutexDestructionBug) ABSL_NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS {
   }
 }
 
+// Some functions taking pointers to non-const.
+bool Equals42(int *p) { return *p == 42; }
+bool Equals43(int *p) { return *p == 43; }
+
+// Some functions taking pointers to const.
+bool ConstEquals42(const int *p) { return *p == 42; }
+bool ConstEquals43(const int *p) { return *p == 43; }
+
+// Some function templates taking pointers. Note it's possible for `T` to be
+// deduced as non-const or const, which creates the potential for ambiguity,
+// but which the implementation is careful to avoid.
+template <typename T>
+bool TemplateEquals42(T *p) {
+  return *p == 42;
+}
+template <typename T>
+bool TemplateEquals43(T *p) {
+  return *p == 43;
+}
+
+TEST(Mutex, FunctionPointerCondition) {
+  // Some arguments.
+  int x = 42;
+  const int const_x = 42;
+
+  // Parameter non-const, argument non-const.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::Condition(Equals42, &x).Eval());
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::Condition(Equals43, &x).Eval());
+
+  // Parameter const, argument non-const.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::Condition(ConstEquals42, &x).Eval());
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::Condition(ConstEquals43, &x).Eval());
+
+  // Parameter const, argument const.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::Condition(ConstEquals42, &const_x).Eval());
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::Condition(ConstEquals43, &const_x).Eval());
+
+  // Parameter type deduced, argument non-const.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::Condition(TemplateEquals42, &x).Eval());
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::Condition(TemplateEquals43, &x).Eval());
+
+  // Parameter type deduced, argument const.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::Condition(TemplateEquals42, &const_x).Eval());
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::Condition(TemplateEquals43, &const_x).Eval());
+
+  // Parameter non-const, argument const is not well-formed.
+  EXPECT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<absl::Condition, decltype(Equals42),
+                                      decltype(&const_x)>::value));
+  // Validate use of is_constructible by contrasting to a well-formed case.
+  EXPECT_TRUE((std::is_constructible<absl::Condition, decltype(ConstEquals42),
+                                     decltype(&const_x)>::value));
+}
+
+// Example base and derived class for use in predicates and test below. Not a
+// particularly realistic example, but it suffices for testing purposes.
+struct Base {
+  explicit Base(int v) : value(v) {}
+  int value;
+};
+struct Derived : Base {
+  explicit Derived(int v) : Base(v) {}
+};
+
+// Some functions taking pointer to non-const `Base`.
+bool BaseEquals42(Base *p) { return p->value == 42; }
+bool BaseEquals43(Base *p) { return p->value == 43; }
+
+// Some functions taking pointer to const `Base`.
+bool ConstBaseEquals42(const Base *p) { return p->value == 42; }
+bool ConstBaseEquals43(const Base *p) { return p->value == 43; }
+
+TEST(Mutex, FunctionPointerConditionWithDerivedToBaseConversion) {
+  // Some arguments.
+  Derived derived(42);
+  const Derived const_derived(42);
+
+  // Parameter non-const base, argument derived non-const.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::Condition(BaseEquals42, &derived).Eval());
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::Condition(BaseEquals43, &derived).Eval());
+
+  // Parameter const base, argument derived non-const.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::Condition(ConstBaseEquals42, &derived).Eval());
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::Condition(ConstBaseEquals43, &derived).Eval());
+
+  // Parameter const base, argument derived const.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::Condition(ConstBaseEquals42, &const_derived).Eval());
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::Condition(ConstBaseEquals43, &const_derived).Eval());
+
+  // Parameter const base, argument derived const.
+  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::Condition(ConstBaseEquals42, &const_derived).Eval());
+  EXPECT_FALSE(absl::Condition(ConstBaseEquals43, &const_derived).Eval());
+
+  // Parameter derived, argument base is not well-formed.
+  bool (*derived_pred)(const Derived *) = [](const Derived *) { return true; };
+  EXPECT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<absl::Condition, decltype(derived_pred),
+                                      Base *>::value));
+  EXPECT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<absl::Condition, decltype(derived_pred),
+                                      const Base *>::value));
+  // Validate use of is_constructible by contrasting to well-formed cases.
+  EXPECT_TRUE((std::is_constructible<absl::Condition, decltype(derived_pred),
+                                     Derived *>::value));
+  EXPECT_TRUE((std::is_constructible<absl::Condition, decltype(derived_pred),
+                                     const Derived *>::value));
+}
+
 struct True {
   template <class... Args>
   bool operator()(Args...) const {
@@ -987,7 +1087,7 @@ static bool ConditionWithAcquire(AcquireFromConditionStruct *x) {
                                absl::Milliseconds(100));
     x->mu1.Unlock();
   }
-  ABSL_RAW_CHECK(x->value < 4, "should not be invoked a fourth time");
+  CHECK_LT(x->value, 4) << "should not be invoked a fourth time";
 
   // We arrange for the condition to return true on only the 2nd and 3rd calls.
   return x->value == 2 || x->value == 3;
@@ -1130,6 +1230,25 @@ TEST(Mutex, DeadlockDetectorBazelWarning) {
   absl::SetMutexDeadlockDetectionMode(absl::OnDeadlockCycle::kAbort);
 }
 
+TEST(Mutex, DeadlockDetectorLongCycle) {
+  absl::SetMutexDeadlockDetectionMode(absl::OnDeadlockCycle::kReport);
+
+  // This test generates a warning if it passes, and crashes otherwise.
+  // Cause bazel to ignore the warning.
+  ScopedDisableBazelTestWarnings disable_bazel_test_warnings;
+
+  // Check that we survive a deadlock with a lock cycle.
+  std::vector<absl::Mutex> mutex(100);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i != mutex.size(); i++) {
+    mutex[i].Lock();
+    mutex[(i + 1) % mutex.size()].Lock();
+    mutex[i].Unlock();
+    mutex[(i + 1) % mutex.size()].Unlock();
+  }
+
+  absl::SetMutexDeadlockDetectionMode(absl::OnDeadlockCycle::kAbort);
+}
+
 // This test is tagged with NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS because the
 // annotation-based static thread-safety analysis is not currently
 // predicate-aware and cannot tell if the two for-loops that acquire and
@@ -1215,11 +1334,9 @@ static bool DelayIsWithinBounds(absl::Duration expected_delay,
   // different clock than absl::Now(), but these cases should be handled by the
   // the retry mechanism in each TimeoutTest.
   if (actual_delay < expected_delay) {
-    ABSL_RAW_LOG(WARNING,
-                 "Actual delay %s was too short, expected %s (difference %s)",
-                 absl::FormatDuration(actual_delay).c_str(),
-                 absl::FormatDuration(expected_delay).c_str(),
-                 absl::FormatDuration(actual_delay - expected_delay).c_str());
+    LOG(WARNING) << "Actual delay " << actual_delay
+                 << " was too short, expected " << expected_delay
+                 << " (difference " << actual_delay - expected_delay << ")";
     pass = false;
   }
   // If the expected delay is <= zero then allow a small error tolerance, since
@@ -1230,11 +1347,9 @@ static bool DelayIsWithinBounds(absl::Duration expected_delay,
                                  ? absl::Milliseconds(10)
                                  : TimeoutTestAllowedSchedulingDelay();
   if (actual_delay > expected_delay + tolerance) {
-    ABSL_RAW_LOG(WARNING,
-                 "Actual delay %s was too long, expected %s (difference %s)",
-                 absl::FormatDuration(actual_delay).c_str(),
-                 absl::FormatDuration(expected_delay).c_str(),
-                 absl::FormatDuration(actual_delay - expected_delay).c_str());
+    LOG(WARNING) << "Actual delay " << actual_delay
+                 << " was too long, expected " << expected_delay
+                 << " (difference " << actual_delay - expected_delay << ")";
     pass = false;
   }
   return pass;
@@ -1284,12 +1399,6 @@ std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const TimeoutTestParam &param) {
             << " expected_delay: " << param.expected_delay;
 }
 
-std::string FormatString(const TimeoutTestParam &param) {
-  std::ostringstream os;
-  os << param;
-  return os.str();
-}
-
 // Like `thread::Executor::ScheduleAt` except:
 // a) Delays zero or negative are executed immediately in the current thread.
 // b) Infinite delays are never scheduled.
@@ -1419,13 +1528,13 @@ INSTANTIATE_TEST_SUITE_P(All, TimeoutTest,
 
 TEST_P(TimeoutTest, Await) {
   const TimeoutTestParam params = GetParam();
-  ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "Params: %s", FormatString(params).c_str());
+  LOG(INFO) << "Params: " << params;
 
   // Because this test asserts bounds on scheduling delays it is flaky.  To
   // compensate it loops forever until it passes.  Failures express as test
   // timeouts, in which case the test log can be used to diagnose the issue.
   for (int attempt = 1;; ++attempt) {
-    ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "Attempt %d", attempt);
+    LOG(INFO) << "Attempt " << attempt;
 
     absl::Mutex mu;
     bool value = false;  // condition value (under mu)
@@ -1453,13 +1562,13 @@ TEST_P(TimeoutTest, Await) {
 
 TEST_P(TimeoutTest, LockWhen) {
   const TimeoutTestParam params = GetParam();
-  ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "Params: %s", FormatString(params).c_str());
+  LOG(INFO) << "Params: " << params;
 
   // Because this test asserts bounds on scheduling delays it is flaky.  To
   // compensate it loops forever until it passes.  Failures express as test
   // timeouts, in which case the test log can be used to diagnose the issue.
   for (int attempt = 1;; ++attempt) {
-    ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "Attempt %d", attempt);
+    LOG(INFO) << "Attempt " << attempt;
 
     absl::Mutex mu;
     bool value = false;  // condition value (under mu)
@@ -1488,13 +1597,13 @@ TEST_P(TimeoutTest, LockWhen) {
 
 TEST_P(TimeoutTest, ReaderLockWhen) {
   const TimeoutTestParam params = GetParam();
-  ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "Params: %s", FormatString(params).c_str());
+  LOG(INFO) << "Params: " << params;
 
   // Because this test asserts bounds on scheduling delays it is flaky.  To
   // compensate it loops forever until it passes.  Failures express as test
   // timeouts, in which case the test log can be used to diagnose the issue.
   for (int attempt = 0;; ++attempt) {
-    ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "Attempt %d", attempt);
+    LOG(INFO) << "Attempt " << attempt;
 
     absl::Mutex mu;
     bool value = false;  // condition value (under mu)
@@ -1524,13 +1633,13 @@ TEST_P(TimeoutTest, ReaderLockWhen) {
 
 TEST_P(TimeoutTest, Wait) {
   const TimeoutTestParam params = GetParam();
-  ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "Params: %s", FormatString(params).c_str());
+  LOG(INFO) << "Params: " << params;
 
   // Because this test asserts bounds on scheduling delays it is flaky.  To
   // compensate it loops forever until it passes.  Failures express as test
   // timeouts, in which case the test log can be used to diagnose the issue.
   for (int attempt = 0;; ++attempt) {
-    ABSL_RAW_LOG(INFO, "Attempt %d", attempt);
+    LOG(INFO) << "Attempt " << attempt;
 
     absl::Mutex mu;
     bool value = false;  // condition value (under mu)
@@ -1694,8 +1803,7 @@ TEST(Mutex, Timed) {
 TEST(Mutex, CVTime) {
   int threads = 10;  // Use a fixed thread count of 10
   int iterations = 1;
-  EXPECT_EQ(RunTest(&TestCVTime, threads, iterations, 1),
-            threads * iterations);
+  EXPECT_EQ(RunTest(&TestCVTime, threads, iterations, 1), threads * iterations);
 }
 
 TEST(Mutex, MuTime) {
@@ -1730,4 +1838,59 @@ TEST(Mutex, SignalExitedThread) {
   for (auto &th : top) th.join();
 }
 
+TEST(Mutex, WriterPriority) {
+  absl::Mutex mu;
+  bool wrote = false;
+  std::atomic<bool> saw_wrote{false};
+  auto readfunc = [&]() {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
+      absl::ReaderMutexLock lock(&mu);
+      if (wrote) {
+        saw_wrote = true;
+        break;
+      }
+      absl::SleepFor(absl::Seconds(1));
+    }
+  };
+  std::thread t1(readfunc);
+  absl::SleepFor(absl::Milliseconds(500));
+  std::thread t2(readfunc);
+  // Note: this test guards against a bug that was related to an uninit
+  // PerThreadSynch::priority, so the writer intentionally runs on a new thread.
+  std::thread t3([&]() {
+    // The writer should be able squeeze between the two alternating readers.
+    absl::MutexLock lock(&mu);
+    wrote = true;
+  });
+  t1.join();
+  t2.join();
+  t3.join();
+  EXPECT_TRUE(saw_wrote.load());
+}
+
+TEST(Mutex, LockWhenWithTimeoutResult) {
+  // Check various corner cases for Await/LockWhen return value
+  // with always true/always false conditions.
+  absl::Mutex mu;
+  const bool kAlwaysTrue = true, kAlwaysFalse = false;
+  const absl::Condition kTrueCond(&kAlwaysTrue), kFalseCond(&kAlwaysFalse);
+  EXPECT_TRUE(mu.LockWhenWithTimeout(kTrueCond, absl::Milliseconds(1)));
+  mu.Unlock();
+  EXPECT_FALSE(mu.LockWhenWithTimeout(kFalseCond, absl::Milliseconds(1)));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(mu.AwaitWithTimeout(kTrueCond, absl::Milliseconds(1)));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(mu.AwaitWithTimeout(kFalseCond, absl::Milliseconds(1)));
+  std::thread th1([&]() {
+    EXPECT_TRUE(mu.LockWhenWithTimeout(kTrueCond, absl::Milliseconds(1)));
+    mu.Unlock();
+  });
+  std::thread th2([&]() {
+    EXPECT_FALSE(mu.LockWhenWithTimeout(kFalseCond, absl::Milliseconds(1)));
+    mu.Unlock();
+  });
+  absl::SleepFor(absl::Milliseconds(100));
+  mu.Unlock();
+  th1.join();
+  th2.join();
+}
+
 }  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/synchronization/notification.cc b/absl/synchronization/notification.cc
index e91b9038..165ba669 100644
--- a/absl/synchronization/notification.cc
+++ b/absl/synchronization/notification.cc
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 
 #include <atomic>
 
-#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
 #include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
 #include "absl/synchronization/mutex.h"
 #include "absl/time/time.h"
diff --git a/absl/synchronization/notification.h b/absl/synchronization/notification.h
index 4bec2689..8986d9a4 100644
--- a/absl/synchronization/notification.h
+++ b/absl/synchronization/notification.h
@@ -53,7 +53,6 @@
 #include <atomic>
 
 #include "absl/base/attributes.h"
-#include "absl/base/macros.h"
 #include "absl/synchronization/mutex.h"
 #include "absl/time/time.h"
 
diff --git a/absl/synchronization/notification_test.cc b/absl/synchronization/notification_test.cc
index 100ea76f..49ce61a5 100644
--- a/absl/synchronization/notification_test.cc
+++ b/absl/synchronization/notification_test.cc
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ static void BasicTests(bool notify_before_waiting, Notification* notification) {
 
   // Allow for a slight early return, to account for quality of implementation
   // issues on various platforms.
-  const absl::Duration slop = absl::Microseconds(200);
+  const absl::Duration slop = absl::Milliseconds(5);
   EXPECT_LE(delay - slop, elapsed)
       << "WaitForNotificationWithTimeout returned " << delay - elapsed
       << " early (with " << slop << " slop), start time was " << start;
diff --git a/absl/time/BUILD.bazel b/absl/time/BUILD.bazel
index aa07df3d..88d20887 100644
--- a/absl/time/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/absl/time/BUILD.bazel
@@ -45,22 +45,21 @@ cc_library(
     linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
     deps = [
         "//absl/base",
+        "//absl/base:config",
         "//absl/base:core_headers",
         "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
         "//absl/numeric:int128",
         "//absl/strings",
         "//absl/time/internal/cctz:civil_time",
         "//absl/time/internal/cctz:time_zone",
+        "//absl/types:optional",
     ],
 )
 
 cc_library(
     name = "test_util",
     testonly = 1,
-    srcs = [
-        "internal/test_util.cc",
-        "internal/zoneinfo.inc",
-    ],
+    srcs = ["internal/test_util.cc"],
     hdrs = ["internal/test_util.h"],
     copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
     linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
@@ -69,8 +68,6 @@ cc_library(
         ":time",
         "//absl/base:config",
         "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
-        "//absl/time/internal/cctz:time_zone",
-        "@com_google_googletest//:gtest",
     ],
 )
 
@@ -85,6 +82,8 @@ cc_test(
         "time_zone_test.cc",
     ],
     copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    data = ["//absl/time/internal/cctz:zoneinfo"],
+    env = {"TZDIR": "absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo"},
     linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
     deps = [
         ":test_util",
@@ -92,12 +91,37 @@ cc_test(
         "//absl/base:config",
         "//absl/base:core_headers",
         "//absl/numeric:int128",
+        "//absl/strings:str_format",
         "//absl/time/internal/cctz:time_zone",
         "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
     ],
 )
 
 cc_test(
+    name = "flag_test",
+    srcs = [
+        "flag_test.cc",
+    ],
+    copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    tags = [
+        "no_test_android_arm",
+        "no_test_android_arm64",
+        "no_test_android_x86",
+        "no_test_ios_x86_64",
+        "no_test_lexan",
+        "no_test_loonix",
+        "no_test_wasm",
+    ],
+    deps = [
+        ":time",
+        "//absl/flags:flag",
+        "//absl/flags:reflection",
+        "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_test(
     name = "time_benchmark",
     srcs = [
         "civil_time_benchmark.cc",
@@ -107,6 +131,8 @@ cc_test(
         "time_benchmark.cc",
     ],
     copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    data = ["//absl/time/internal/cctz:zoneinfo"],
+    env = {"TZDIR": "absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo"},
     linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
     tags = [
         "benchmark",
diff --git a/absl/time/CMakeLists.txt b/absl/time/CMakeLists.txt
index debab3ba..e1ade7a3 100644
--- a/absl/time/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/absl/time/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -54,10 +54,6 @@ absl_cc_library(
     ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
 )
 
-if(APPLE)
-  find_library(CoreFoundation CoreFoundation)
-endif()
-
 absl_cc_library(
   NAME
     time_zone
@@ -84,7 +80,10 @@ absl_cc_library(
   COPTS
     ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
   DEPS
-    $<$<PLATFORM_ID:Darwin>:${CoreFoundation}>
+    Threads::Threads
+    # TODO(#1495): Use $<LINK_LIBRARY:FRAMEWORK,CoreFoundation> once our
+    # minimum CMake version >= 3.24
+    $<$<PLATFORM_ID:Darwin>:-Wl,-framework,CoreFoundation>
 )
 
 # Internal-only target, do not depend on directly.
@@ -95,7 +94,6 @@ absl_cc_library(
     "internal/test_util.h"
   SRCS
     "internal/test_util.cc"
-    "internal/zoneinfo.inc"
   COPTS
     ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
   DEPS
@@ -103,7 +101,6 @@ absl_cc_library(
     absl::config
     absl::raw_logging_internal
     absl::time_zone
-    GTest::gmock
   TESTONLY
 )
 
@@ -124,6 +121,21 @@ absl_cc_test(
     absl::time
     absl::config
     absl::core_headers
+    absl::strings
+    absl::str_format
     absl::time_zone
     GTest::gmock_main
 )
+
+absl_cc_test(
+  NAME
+    flag_test
+  SRCS
+    "flag_test.cc"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::flags
+    absl::flags_reflection
+    GTest::gmock_main
+)
diff --git a/absl/time/civil_time.cc b/absl/time/civil_time.cc
index 6a231edb..65df39d7 100644
--- a/absl/time/civil_time.cc
+++ b/absl/time/civil_time.cc
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #include "absl/time/civil_time.h"
 
 #include <cstdlib>
+#include <ostream>
 #include <string>
 
 #include "absl/strings/str_cat.h"
@@ -167,6 +168,31 @@ std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, CivilSecond s) {
   return os << FormatCivilTime(s);
 }
 
+bool AbslParseFlag(string_view s, CivilSecond* c, std::string*) {
+  return ParseLenientCivilTime(s, c);
+}
+bool AbslParseFlag(string_view s, CivilMinute* c, std::string*) {
+  return ParseLenientCivilTime(s, c);
+}
+bool AbslParseFlag(string_view s, CivilHour* c, std::string*) {
+  return ParseLenientCivilTime(s, c);
+}
+bool AbslParseFlag(string_view s, CivilDay* c, std::string*) {
+  return ParseLenientCivilTime(s, c);
+}
+bool AbslParseFlag(string_view s, CivilMonth* c, std::string*) {
+  return ParseLenientCivilTime(s, c);
+}
+bool AbslParseFlag(string_view s, CivilYear* c, std::string*) {
+  return ParseLenientCivilTime(s, c);
+}
+std::string AbslUnparseFlag(CivilSecond c) { return FormatCivilTime(c); }
+std::string AbslUnparseFlag(CivilMinute c) { return FormatCivilTime(c); }
+std::string AbslUnparseFlag(CivilHour c) { return FormatCivilTime(c); }
+std::string AbslUnparseFlag(CivilDay c) { return FormatCivilTime(c); }
+std::string AbslUnparseFlag(CivilMonth c) { return FormatCivilTime(c); }
+std::string AbslUnparseFlag(CivilYear c) { return FormatCivilTime(c); }
+
 }  // namespace time_internal
 
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
diff --git a/absl/time/civil_time.h b/absl/time/civil_time.h
index bb460044..5855bc73 100644
--- a/absl/time/civil_time.h
+++ b/absl/time/civil_time.h
@@ -70,8 +70,10 @@
 #ifndef ABSL_TIME_CIVIL_TIME_H_
 #define ABSL_TIME_CIVIL_TIME_H_
 
+#include <iosfwd>
 #include <string>
 
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
 #include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
 #include "absl/time/internal/cctz/include/cctz/civil_time.h"
 
@@ -530,6 +532,29 @@ std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, CivilHour h);
 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, CivilMinute m);
 std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, CivilSecond s);
 
+// AbslParseFlag()
+//
+// Parses the command-line flag string representation `s` into a civil-time
+// value. Flags must be specified in a format that is valid for
+// `absl::ParseLenientCivilTime()`.
+bool AbslParseFlag(absl::string_view s, CivilSecond* c, std::string* error);
+bool AbslParseFlag(absl::string_view s, CivilMinute* c, std::string* error);
+bool AbslParseFlag(absl::string_view s, CivilHour* c, std::string* error);
+bool AbslParseFlag(absl::string_view s, CivilDay* c, std::string* error);
+bool AbslParseFlag(absl::string_view s, CivilMonth* c, std::string* error);
+bool AbslParseFlag(absl::string_view s, CivilYear* c, std::string* error);
+
+// AbslUnparseFlag()
+//
+// Unparses a civil-time value into a command-line string representation using
+// the format specified by `absl::ParseCivilTime()`.
+std::string AbslUnparseFlag(CivilSecond c);
+std::string AbslUnparseFlag(CivilMinute c);
+std::string AbslUnparseFlag(CivilHour c);
+std::string AbslUnparseFlag(CivilDay c);
+std::string AbslUnparseFlag(CivilMonth c);
+std::string AbslUnparseFlag(CivilYear c);
+
 }  // namespace time_internal
 
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
diff --git a/absl/time/civil_time_test.cc b/absl/time/civil_time_test.cc
index 0ebd97ad..ec435ac7 100644
--- a/absl/time/civil_time_test.cc
+++ b/absl/time/civil_time_test.cc
@@ -1228,7 +1228,7 @@ TEST(CivilTime, DocumentationExample) {
   EXPECT_EQ(0, day_floor.hour());  // 09:09:09 is floored
   EXPECT_EQ(absl::CivilDay(2015, 1, 2), day_floor);
 
-  // Unspecified fields default to their minium value
+  // Unspecified fields default to their minimum value
   absl::CivilDay day_default(2015);  // Defaults to Jan 1
   EXPECT_EQ(absl::CivilDay(2015, 1, 1), day_default);
 
diff --git a/absl/time/clock.cc b/absl/time/clock.cc
index a091efdc..aa74367b 100644
--- a/absl/time/clock.cc
+++ b/absl/time/clock.cc
@@ -48,17 +48,16 @@ Time Now() {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
 }  // namespace absl
 
-// Decide if we should use the fast GetCurrentTimeNanos() algorithm
-// based on the cyclecounter, otherwise just get the time directly
-// from the OS on every call. This can be chosen at compile-time via
+// Decide if we should use the fast GetCurrentTimeNanos() algorithm based on the
+// cyclecounter, otherwise just get the time directly from the OS on every call.
+// By default, the fast algorithm based on the cyclecount is disabled because in
+// certain situations, for example, if the OS enters a "sleep" mode, it may
+// produce incorrect values immediately upon waking.
+// This can be chosen at compile-time via
 // -DABSL_USE_CYCLECLOCK_FOR_GET_CURRENT_TIME_NANOS=[0|1]
 #ifndef ABSL_USE_CYCLECLOCK_FOR_GET_CURRENT_TIME_NANOS
-#if ABSL_USE_UNSCALED_CYCLECLOCK
-#define ABSL_USE_CYCLECLOCK_FOR_GET_CURRENT_TIME_NANOS 1
-#else
 #define ABSL_USE_CYCLECLOCK_FOR_GET_CURRENT_TIME_NANOS 0
 #endif
-#endif
 
 #if defined(__APPLE__) || defined(_WIN32)
 #include "absl/time/internal/get_current_time_chrono.inc"
@@ -217,9 +216,11 @@ static int64_t GetCurrentTimeNanosFromKernel(uint64_t last_cycleclock,
   uint64_t elapsed_cycles;
   int loops = 0;
   do {
-    before_cycles = GET_CURRENT_TIME_NANOS_CYCLECLOCK_NOW();
+    before_cycles =
+        static_cast<uint64_t>(GET_CURRENT_TIME_NANOS_CYCLECLOCK_NOW());
     current_time_nanos_from_system = GET_CURRENT_TIME_NANOS_FROM_SYSTEM();
-    after_cycles = GET_CURRENT_TIME_NANOS_CYCLECLOCK_NOW();
+    after_cycles =
+        static_cast<uint64_t>(GET_CURRENT_TIME_NANOS_CYCLECLOCK_NOW());
     // elapsed_cycles is unsigned, so is large on overflow
     elapsed_cycles = after_cycles - before_cycles;
     if (elapsed_cycles >= local_approx_syscall_time_in_cycles &&
@@ -316,7 +317,8 @@ int64_t GetCurrentTimeNanos() {
   // contribute to register pressure - reading it early before initializing
   // the other pieces of the calculation minimizes spill/restore instructions,
   // minimizing icache cost.
-  uint64_t now_cycles = GET_CURRENT_TIME_NANOS_CYCLECLOCK_NOW();
+  uint64_t now_cycles =
+      static_cast<uint64_t>(GET_CURRENT_TIME_NANOS_CYCLECLOCK_NOW());
 
   // Acquire pairs with the barrier in SeqRelease - if this load sees that
   // store, the shared-data reads necessarily see that SeqRelease's updates
@@ -356,7 +358,8 @@ int64_t GetCurrentTimeNanos() {
   uint64_t delta_cycles;
   if (seq_read0 == seq_read1 && (seq_read0 & 1) == 0 &&
       (delta_cycles = now_cycles - base_cycles) < min_cycles_per_sample) {
-    return base_ns + ((delta_cycles * nsscaled_per_cycle) >> kScale);
+    return static_cast<int64_t>(
+        base_ns + ((delta_cycles * nsscaled_per_cycle) >> kScale));
   }
   return GetCurrentTimeNanosSlowPath();
 }
@@ -404,8 +407,8 @@ static int64_t GetCurrentTimeNanosSlowPath()
   // Sample the kernel time base.  This is the definition of
   // "now" if we take the slow path.
   uint64_t now_cycles;
-  uint64_t now_ns =
-      GetCurrentTimeNanosFromKernel(time_state.last_now_cycles, &now_cycles);
+  uint64_t now_ns = static_cast<uint64_t>(
+      GetCurrentTimeNanosFromKernel(time_state.last_now_cycles, &now_cycles));
   time_state.last_now_cycles = now_cycles;
 
   uint64_t estimated_base_ns;
@@ -432,7 +435,7 @@ static int64_t GetCurrentTimeNanosSlowPath()
 
   time_state.lock.Unlock();
 
-  return estimated_base_ns;
+  return static_cast<int64_t>(estimated_base_ns);
 }
 
 // Main part of the algorithm.  Locks out readers, updates the approximation
@@ -489,7 +492,8 @@ static uint64_t UpdateLastSample(uint64_t now_cycles, uint64_t now_ns,
     uint64_t assumed_next_sample_delta_cycles =
         SafeDivideAndScale(kMinNSBetweenSamples, measured_nsscaled_per_cycle);
 
-    int64_t diff_ns = now_ns - estimated_base_ns;  // estimate low by this much
+    // Estimate low by this much.
+    int64_t diff_ns = static_cast<int64_t>(now_ns - estimated_base_ns);
 
     // We want to set nsscaled_per_cycle so that our estimate of the ns time
     // at the assumed cycle time is the assumed ns time.
@@ -500,7 +504,8 @@ static uint64_t UpdateLastSample(uint64_t now_cycles, uint64_t now_ns,
     // of our current error, by solving:
     //  kMinNSBetweenSamples + diff_ns - (diff_ns / 16) ==
     //  (assumed_next_sample_delta_cycles * nsscaled_per_cycle) >> kScale
-    ns = kMinNSBetweenSamples + diff_ns - (diff_ns / 16);
+    ns = static_cast<uint64_t>(static_cast<int64_t>(kMinNSBetweenSamples) +
+                               diff_ns - (diff_ns / 16));
     uint64_t new_nsscaled_per_cycle =
         SafeDivideAndScale(ns, assumed_next_sample_delta_cycles);
     if (new_nsscaled_per_cycle != 0 &&
@@ -558,7 +563,7 @@ constexpr absl::Duration MaxSleep() {
 // REQUIRES: to_sleep <= MaxSleep().
 void SleepOnce(absl::Duration to_sleep) {
 #ifdef _WIN32
-  Sleep(to_sleep / absl::Milliseconds(1));
+  Sleep(static_cast<DWORD>(to_sleep / absl::Milliseconds(1)));
 #else
   struct timespec sleep_time = absl::ToTimespec(to_sleep);
   while (nanosleep(&sleep_time, &sleep_time) != 0 && errno == EINTR) {
diff --git a/absl/time/duration.cc b/absl/time/duration.cc
index 2bba62da..634e5d58 100644
--- a/absl/time/duration.cc
+++ b/absl/time/duration.cc
@@ -96,13 +96,6 @@ inline bool IsValidDivisor(double d) {
   return d != 0.0;
 }
 
-// Can't use std::round() because it is only available in C++11.
-// Note that we ignore the possibility of floating-point over/underflow.
-template <typename Double>
-inline double Round(Double d) {
-  return d < 0 ? std::ceil(d - 0.5) : std::floor(d + 0.5);
-}
-
 // *sec may be positive or negative.  *ticks must be in the range
 // -kTicksPerSecond < *ticks < kTicksPerSecond.  If *ticks is negative it
 // will be normalized to a positive value by adjusting *sec accordingly.
@@ -260,7 +253,7 @@ inline Duration ScaleDouble(Duration d, double r) {
   double lo_frac = std::modf(lo_doub, &lo_int);
 
   // Rolls lo into hi if necessary.
-  int64_t lo64 = Round(lo_frac * kTicksPerSecond);
+  int64_t lo64 = std::round(lo_frac * kTicksPerSecond);
 
   Duration ans;
   if (!SafeAddRepHi(hi_int, lo_int, &ans)) return ans;
@@ -407,16 +400,18 @@ int64_t IDivDuration(bool satq, const Duration num, const Duration den,
 Duration& Duration::operator+=(Duration rhs) {
   if (time_internal::IsInfiniteDuration(*this)) return *this;
   if (time_internal::IsInfiniteDuration(rhs)) return *this = rhs;
-  const int64_t orig_rep_hi = rep_hi_;
-  rep_hi_ =
-      DecodeTwosComp(EncodeTwosComp(rep_hi_) + EncodeTwosComp(rhs.rep_hi_));
+  const int64_t orig_rep_hi = rep_hi_.Get();
+  rep_hi_ = DecodeTwosComp(EncodeTwosComp(rep_hi_.Get()) +
+                           EncodeTwosComp(rhs.rep_hi_.Get()));
   if (rep_lo_ >= kTicksPerSecond - rhs.rep_lo_) {
-    rep_hi_ = DecodeTwosComp(EncodeTwosComp(rep_hi_) + 1);
+    rep_hi_ = DecodeTwosComp(EncodeTwosComp(rep_hi_.Get()) + 1);
     rep_lo_ -= kTicksPerSecond;
   }
   rep_lo_ += rhs.rep_lo_;
-  if (rhs.rep_hi_ < 0 ? rep_hi_ > orig_rep_hi : rep_hi_ < orig_rep_hi) {
-    return *this = rhs.rep_hi_ < 0 ? -InfiniteDuration() : InfiniteDuration();
+  if (rhs.rep_hi_.Get() < 0 ? rep_hi_.Get() > orig_rep_hi
+                            : rep_hi_.Get() < orig_rep_hi) {
+    return *this =
+               rhs.rep_hi_.Get() < 0 ? -InfiniteDuration() : InfiniteDuration();
   }
   return *this;
 }
@@ -424,18 +419,21 @@ Duration& Duration::operator+=(Duration rhs) {
 Duration& Duration::operator-=(Duration rhs) {
   if (time_internal::IsInfiniteDuration(*this)) return *this;
   if (time_internal::IsInfiniteDuration(rhs)) {
-    return *this = rhs.rep_hi_ >= 0 ? -InfiniteDuration() : InfiniteDuration();
+    return *this = rhs.rep_hi_.Get() >= 0 ? -InfiniteDuration()
+                                          : InfiniteDuration();
   }
-  const int64_t orig_rep_hi = rep_hi_;
-  rep_hi_ =
-      DecodeTwosComp(EncodeTwosComp(rep_hi_) - EncodeTwosComp(rhs.rep_hi_));
+  const int64_t orig_rep_hi = rep_hi_.Get();
+  rep_hi_ = DecodeTwosComp(EncodeTwosComp(rep_hi_.Get()) -
+                           EncodeTwosComp(rhs.rep_hi_.Get()));
   if (rep_lo_ < rhs.rep_lo_) {
-    rep_hi_ = DecodeTwosComp(EncodeTwosComp(rep_hi_) - 1);
+    rep_hi_ = DecodeTwosComp(EncodeTwosComp(rep_hi_.Get()) - 1);
     rep_lo_ += kTicksPerSecond;
   }
   rep_lo_ -= rhs.rep_lo_;
-  if (rhs.rep_hi_ < 0 ? rep_hi_ < orig_rep_hi : rep_hi_ > orig_rep_hi) {
-    return *this = rhs.rep_hi_ >= 0 ? -InfiniteDuration() : InfiniteDuration();
+  if (rhs.rep_hi_.Get() < 0 ? rep_hi_.Get() < orig_rep_hi
+                            : rep_hi_.Get() > orig_rep_hi) {
+    return *this = rhs.rep_hi_.Get() >= 0 ? -InfiniteDuration()
+                                          : InfiniteDuration();
   }
   return *this;
 }
@@ -446,7 +444,7 @@ Duration& Duration::operator-=(Duration rhs) {
 
 Duration& Duration::operator*=(int64_t r) {
   if (time_internal::IsInfiniteDuration(*this)) {
-    const bool is_neg = (r < 0) != (rep_hi_ < 0);
+    const bool is_neg = (r < 0) != (rep_hi_.Get() < 0);
     return *this = is_neg ? -InfiniteDuration() : InfiniteDuration();
   }
   return *this = ScaleFixed<SafeMultiply>(*this, r);
@@ -454,7 +452,7 @@ Duration& Duration::operator*=(int64_t r) {
 
 Duration& Duration::operator*=(double r) {
   if (time_internal::IsInfiniteDuration(*this) || !IsFinite(r)) {
-    const bool is_neg = (std::signbit(r) != 0) != (rep_hi_ < 0);
+    const bool is_neg = std::signbit(r) != (rep_hi_.Get() < 0);
     return *this = is_neg ? -InfiniteDuration() : InfiniteDuration();
   }
   return *this = ScaleDouble<std::multiplies>(*this, r);
@@ -462,7 +460,7 @@ Duration& Duration::operator*=(double r) {
 
 Duration& Duration::operator/=(int64_t r) {
   if (time_internal::IsInfiniteDuration(*this) || r == 0) {
-    const bool is_neg = (r < 0) != (rep_hi_ < 0);
+    const bool is_neg = (r < 0) != (rep_hi_.Get() < 0);
     return *this = is_neg ? -InfiniteDuration() : InfiniteDuration();
   }
   return *this = ScaleFixed<std::divides>(*this, r);
@@ -470,7 +468,7 @@ Duration& Duration::operator/=(int64_t r) {
 
 Duration& Duration::operator/=(double r) {
   if (time_internal::IsInfiniteDuration(*this) || !IsValidDivisor(r)) {
-    const bool is_neg = (std::signbit(r) != 0) != (rep_hi_ < 0);
+    const bool is_neg = std::signbit(r) != (rep_hi_.Get() < 0);
     return *this = is_neg ? -InfiniteDuration() : InfiniteDuration();
   }
   return *this = ScaleDouble<std::divides>(*this, r);
@@ -617,7 +615,7 @@ timespec ToTimespec(Duration d) {
         rep_lo -= kTicksPerSecond;
       }
     }
-    ts.tv_sec = rep_hi;
+    ts.tv_sec = static_cast<decltype(ts.tv_sec)>(rep_hi);
     if (ts.tv_sec == rep_hi) {  // no time_t narrowing
       ts.tv_nsec = rep_lo / kTicksPerNanosecond;
       return ts;
@@ -645,7 +643,7 @@ timeval ToTimeval(Duration d) {
       ts.tv_nsec -= 1000 * 1000 * 1000;
     }
   }
-  tv.tv_sec = ts.tv_sec;
+  tv.tv_sec = static_cast<decltype(tv.tv_sec)>(ts.tv_sec);
   if (tv.tv_sec != ts.tv_sec) {  // narrowing
     if (ts.tv_sec < 0) {
       tv.tv_sec = std::numeric_limits<decltype(tv.tv_sec)>::min();
@@ -691,7 +689,7 @@ namespace {
 char* Format64(char* ep, int width, int64_t v) {
   do {
     --width;
-    *--ep = '0' + (v % 10);  // contiguous digits
+    *--ep = static_cast<char>('0' + (v % 10));  // contiguous digits
   } while (v /= 10);
   while (--width >= 0) *--ep = '0';  // zero pad
   return ep;
@@ -728,7 +726,7 @@ void AppendNumberUnit(std::string* out, int64_t n, DisplayUnit unit) {
   char* const ep = buf + sizeof(buf);
   char* bp = Format64(ep, 0, n);
   if (*bp != '0' || bp + 1 != ep) {
-    out->append(bp, ep - bp);
+    out->append(bp, static_cast<size_t>(ep - bp));
     out->append(unit.abbr.data(), unit.abbr.size());
   }
 }
@@ -741,16 +739,16 @@ void AppendNumberUnit(std::string* out, double n, DisplayUnit unit) {
   char buf[kBufferSize];  // also large enough to hold integer part
   char* ep = buf + sizeof(buf);
   double d = 0;
-  int64_t frac_part = Round(std::modf(n, &d) * unit.pow10);
+  int64_t frac_part = std::round(std::modf(n, &d) * unit.pow10);
   int64_t int_part = d;
   if (int_part != 0 || frac_part != 0) {
     char* bp = Format64(ep, 0, int_part);  // always < 1000
-    out->append(bp, ep - bp);
+    out->append(bp, static_cast<size_t>(ep - bp));
     if (frac_part != 0) {
       out->push_back('.');
       bp = Format64(ep, prec, frac_part);
       while (ep[-1] == '0') --ep;
-      out->append(bp, ep - bp);
+      out->append(bp, static_cast<size_t>(ep - bp));
     }
     out->append(unit.abbr.data(), unit.abbr.size());
   }
@@ -841,7 +839,7 @@ bool ConsumeDurationNumber(const char** dpp, const char* ep, int64_t* int_part,
 // in "*unit".  The given string pointer is modified to point to the first
 // unconsumed char.
 bool ConsumeDurationUnit(const char** start, const char* end, Duration* unit) {
-  size_t size = end - *start;
+  size_t size = static_cast<size_t>(end - *start);
   switch (size) {
     case 0:
       return false;
diff --git a/absl/time/duration_test.cc b/absl/time/duration_test.cc
index b7abf4ba..dcf7aad6 100644
--- a/absl/time/duration_test.cc
+++ b/absl/time/duration_test.cc
@@ -16,8 +16,9 @@
 #include <winsock2.h>  // for timeval
 #endif
 
-#include <chrono>  // NOLINT(build/c++11)
+#include <array>
 #include <cfloat>
+#include <chrono>  // NOLINT(build/c++11)
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <ctime>
@@ -28,6 +29,7 @@
 
 #include "gmock/gmock.h"
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_format.h"
 #include "absl/time/time.h"
 
 namespace {
@@ -349,11 +351,6 @@ TEST(Duration, ToChrono) {
 }
 
 TEST(Duration, FactoryOverloads) {
-#if defined(ABSL_SKIP_TIME_TESTS_BROKEN_ON_MSVC_OPT) && \
-    ABSL_SKIP_TIME_TESTS_BROKEN_ON_MSVC_OPT
-  GTEST_SKIP();
-#endif
-
   enum E { kOne = 1 };
 #define TEST_FACTORY_OVERLOADS(NAME)                                          \
   EXPECT_EQ(1, NAME(kOne) / NAME(kOne));                                      \
@@ -884,11 +881,6 @@ TEST(Duration, RelationalOperators) {
 }
 
 TEST(Duration, Addition) {
-#if defined(ABSL_SKIP_TIME_TESTS_BROKEN_ON_MSVC_OPT) && \
-    ABSL_SKIP_TIME_TESTS_BROKEN_ON_MSVC_OPT
-  GTEST_SKIP();
-#endif
-
 #define TEST_ADD_OPS(UNIT)                  \
   do {                                      \
     EXPECT_EQ(UNIT(2), UNIT(1) + UNIT(1));  \
@@ -982,11 +974,6 @@ TEST(Duration, Negation) {
 }
 
 TEST(Duration, AbsoluteValue) {
-#if defined(ABSL_SKIP_TIME_TESTS_BROKEN_ON_MSVC_OPT) && \
-    ABSL_SKIP_TIME_TESTS_BROKEN_ON_MSVC_OPT
-  GTEST_SKIP();
-#endif
-
   EXPECT_EQ(absl::ZeroDuration(), AbsDuration(absl::ZeroDuration()));
   EXPECT_EQ(absl::Seconds(1), AbsDuration(absl::Seconds(1)));
   EXPECT_EQ(absl::Seconds(1), AbsDuration(absl::Seconds(-1)));
@@ -1004,11 +991,6 @@ TEST(Duration, AbsoluteValue) {
 }
 
 TEST(Duration, Multiplication) {
-#if defined(ABSL_SKIP_TIME_TESTS_BROKEN_ON_MSVC_OPT) && \
-    ABSL_SKIP_TIME_TESTS_BROKEN_ON_MSVC_OPT
-  GTEST_SKIP();
-#endif
-
 #define TEST_MUL_OPS(UNIT)                                    \
   do {                                                        \
     EXPECT_EQ(UNIT(5), UNIT(2) * 2.5);                        \
@@ -1261,11 +1243,6 @@ TEST(Duration, RoundTripUnits) {
 }
 
 TEST(Duration, TruncConversions) {
-#if defined(ABSL_SKIP_TIME_TESTS_BROKEN_ON_MSVC_OPT) && \
-    ABSL_SKIP_TIME_TESTS_BROKEN_ON_MSVC_OPT
-  GTEST_SKIP();
-#endif
-
   // Tests ToTimespec()/DurationFromTimespec()
   const struct {
     absl::Duration d;
@@ -1562,11 +1539,6 @@ TEST(Duration, ConversionSaturation) {
 }
 
 TEST(Duration, FormatDuration) {
-#if defined(ABSL_SKIP_TIME_TESTS_BROKEN_ON_MSVC_OPT) && \
-    ABSL_SKIP_TIME_TESTS_BROKEN_ON_MSVC_OPT
-  GTEST_SKIP();
-#endif
-
   // Example from Go's docs.
   EXPECT_EQ("72h3m0.5s",
             absl::FormatDuration(absl::Hours(72) + absl::Minutes(3) +
@@ -1701,11 +1673,6 @@ TEST(Duration, FormatDuration) {
 }
 
 TEST(Duration, ParseDuration) {
-#if defined(ABSL_SKIP_TIME_TESTS_BROKEN_ON_MSVC_OPT) && \
-    ABSL_SKIP_TIME_TESTS_BROKEN_ON_MSVC_OPT
-  GTEST_SKIP();
-#endif
-
   absl::Duration d;
 
   // No specified unit. Should only work for zero and infinity.
@@ -1853,4 +1820,18 @@ TEST(Duration, FormatParseRoundTrip) {
 #undef TEST_PARSE_ROUNDTRIP
 }
 
+TEST(Duration, AbslStringify) {
+  // FormatDuration is already well tested, so just use one test case here to
+  // verify that StrFormat("%v", d) works as expected.
+  absl::Duration d = absl::Seconds(1);
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrFormat("%v", d), absl::FormatDuration(d));
+}
+
+TEST(Duration, NoPadding) {
+  // Should match the size of a struct with uint32_t alignment and no padding.
+  using NoPadding = std::array<uint32_t, 3>;
+  EXPECT_EQ(sizeof(NoPadding), sizeof(absl::Duration));
+  EXPECT_EQ(alignof(NoPadding), alignof(absl::Duration));
+}
+
 }  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/time/flag_test.cc b/absl/time/flag_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8f8532b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/time/flag_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+// Copyright 2018 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/flags/flag.h"
+
+#include <string>
+
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+#include "absl/flags/reflection.h"
+#include "absl/time/civil_time.h"
+#include "absl/time/time.h"
+
+ABSL_FLAG(absl::CivilSecond, test_flag_civil_second,
+          absl::CivilSecond(2015, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5), "");
+ABSL_FLAG(absl::CivilMinute, test_flag_civil_minute,
+          absl::CivilMinute(2015, 1, 2, 3, 4), "");
+ABSL_FLAG(absl::CivilHour, test_flag_civil_hour, absl::CivilHour(2015, 1, 2, 3),
+          "");
+ABSL_FLAG(absl::CivilDay, test_flag_civil_day, absl::CivilDay(2015, 1, 2), "");
+ABSL_FLAG(absl::CivilMonth, test_flag_civil_month, absl::CivilMonth(2015, 1),
+          "");
+ABSL_FLAG(absl::CivilYear, test_flag_civil_year, absl::CivilYear(2015), "");
+
+ABSL_FLAG(absl::Duration, test_duration_flag, absl::Seconds(5),
+          "For testing support for Duration flags");
+ABSL_FLAG(absl::Time, test_time_flag, absl::InfinitePast(),
+          "For testing support for Time flags");
+
+namespace {
+
+bool SetFlagValue(absl::string_view flag_name, absl::string_view value) {
+  auto* flag = absl::FindCommandLineFlag(flag_name);
+  if (!flag) return false;
+  std::string err;
+  return flag->ParseFrom(value, &err);
+}
+
+bool GetFlagValue(absl::string_view flag_name, std::string& value) {
+  auto* flag = absl::FindCommandLineFlag(flag_name);
+  if (!flag) return false;
+  value = flag->CurrentValue();
+  return true;
+}
+
+TEST(CivilTime, FlagSupport) {
+  // Tests the default setting of the flags.
+  const absl::CivilSecond kDefaultSec(2015, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::CivilSecond(kDefaultSec),
+            absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_test_flag_civil_second));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::CivilMinute(kDefaultSec),
+            absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_test_flag_civil_minute));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::CivilHour(kDefaultSec),
+            absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_test_flag_civil_hour));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::CivilDay(kDefaultSec),
+            absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_test_flag_civil_day));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::CivilMonth(kDefaultSec),
+            absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_test_flag_civil_month));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::CivilYear(kDefaultSec),
+            absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_test_flag_civil_year));
+
+  // Sets flags to a new value.
+  const absl::CivilSecond kNewSec(2016, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10);
+  absl::SetFlag(&FLAGS_test_flag_civil_second, absl::CivilSecond(kNewSec));
+  absl::SetFlag(&FLAGS_test_flag_civil_minute, absl::CivilMinute(kNewSec));
+  absl::SetFlag(&FLAGS_test_flag_civil_hour, absl::CivilHour(kNewSec));
+  absl::SetFlag(&FLAGS_test_flag_civil_day, absl::CivilDay(kNewSec));
+  absl::SetFlag(&FLAGS_test_flag_civil_month, absl::CivilMonth(kNewSec));
+  absl::SetFlag(&FLAGS_test_flag_civil_year, absl::CivilYear(kNewSec));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::CivilSecond(kNewSec),
+            absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_test_flag_civil_second));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::CivilMinute(kNewSec),
+            absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_test_flag_civil_minute));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::CivilHour(kNewSec),
+            absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_test_flag_civil_hour));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::CivilDay(kNewSec), absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_test_flag_civil_day));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::CivilMonth(kNewSec),
+            absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_test_flag_civil_month));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::CivilYear(kNewSec),
+            absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_test_flag_civil_year));
+}
+
+TEST(Duration, FlagSupport) {
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::Seconds(5), absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_test_duration_flag));
+
+  absl::SetFlag(&FLAGS_test_duration_flag, absl::Seconds(10));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::Seconds(10), absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_test_duration_flag));
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(SetFlagValue("test_duration_flag", "20s"));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::Seconds(20), absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_test_duration_flag));
+
+  std::string current_flag_value;
+  EXPECT_TRUE(GetFlagValue("test_duration_flag", current_flag_value));
+  EXPECT_EQ("20s", current_flag_value);
+}
+
+TEST(Time, FlagSupport) {
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::InfinitePast(), absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_test_time_flag));
+
+  const absl::Time t = absl::FromCivil(absl::CivilSecond(2016, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5),
+                                       absl::UTCTimeZone());
+  absl::SetFlag(&FLAGS_test_time_flag, t);
+  EXPECT_EQ(t, absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_test_time_flag));
+
+  // Successful parse
+  EXPECT_TRUE(SetFlagValue("test_time_flag", "2016-01-02T03:04:06Z"));
+  EXPECT_EQ(t + absl::Seconds(1), absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_test_time_flag));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(SetFlagValue("test_time_flag", "2016-01-02T03:04:07.0Z"));
+  EXPECT_EQ(t + absl::Seconds(2), absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_test_time_flag));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(SetFlagValue("test_time_flag", "2016-01-02T03:04:08.000Z"));
+  EXPECT_EQ(t + absl::Seconds(3), absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_test_time_flag));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(SetFlagValue("test_time_flag", "2016-01-02T03:04:09+00:00"));
+  EXPECT_EQ(t + absl::Seconds(4), absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_test_time_flag));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(SetFlagValue("test_time_flag", "2016-01-02T03:04:05.123+00:00"));
+  EXPECT_EQ(t + absl::Milliseconds(123), absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_test_time_flag));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(SetFlagValue("test_time_flag", "2016-01-02T03:04:05.123+08:00"));
+  EXPECT_EQ(t + absl::Milliseconds(123) - absl::Hours(8),
+            absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_test_time_flag));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(SetFlagValue("test_time_flag", "infinite-future"));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::InfiniteFuture(), absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_test_time_flag));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(SetFlagValue("test_time_flag", "infinite-past"));
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::InfinitePast(), absl::GetFlag(FLAGS_test_time_flag));
+
+  EXPECT_FALSE(SetFlagValue("test_time_flag", "2016-01-02T03:04:06"));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(SetFlagValue("test_time_flag", "2016-01-02"));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(SetFlagValue("test_time_flag", "2016-01-02Z"));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(SetFlagValue("test_time_flag", "2016-01-02+00:00"));
+  EXPECT_FALSE(SetFlagValue("test_time_flag", "2016-99-99T03:04:06Z"));
+
+  EXPECT_TRUE(SetFlagValue("test_time_flag", "2016-01-02T03:04:05Z"));
+  std::string current_flag_value;
+  EXPECT_TRUE(GetFlagValue("test_time_flag", current_flag_value));
+  EXPECT_EQ("2016-01-02T03:04:05+00:00", current_flag_value);
+}
+
+}  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/time/format.cc b/absl/time/format.cc
index 4005fb70..15a26b14 100644
--- a/absl/time/format.cc
+++ b/absl/time/format.cc
@@ -64,7 +64,8 @@ cctz_parts Split(absl::Time t) {
 // details about rep_hi and rep_lo.
 absl::Time Join(const cctz_parts& parts) {
   const int64_t rep_hi = (parts.sec - unix_epoch()).count();
-  const uint32_t rep_lo = parts.fem.count() / (1000 * 1000 / 4);
+  const uint32_t rep_lo =
+      static_cast<uint32_t>(parts.fem.count() / (1000 * 1000 / 4));
   const auto d = time_internal::MakeDuration(rep_hi, rep_lo);
   return time_internal::FromUnixDuration(d);
 }
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/BUILD.bazel b/absl/time/internal/cctz/BUILD.bazel
index 7304d40d..4c5ad075 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/BUILD.bazel
@@ -16,25 +16,6 @@ package(features = ["-parse_headers"])
 
 licenses(["notice"])
 
-filegroup(
-    name = "zoneinfo",
-    srcs = glob(["testdata/zoneinfo/**"]),
-)
-
-config_setting(
-    name = "osx",
-    constraint_values = [
-        "@platforms//os:osx",
-    ],
-)
-
-config_setting(
-    name = "ios",
-    constraint_values = [
-        "@platforms//os:ios",
-    ],
-)
-
 ### libraries
 
 cc_library(
@@ -73,12 +54,8 @@ cc_library(
         "include/cctz/zone_info_source.h",
     ],
     linkopts = select({
-        ":osx": [
-            "-framework Foundation",
-        ],
-        ":ios": [
-            "-framework Foundation",
-        ],
+        "@platforms//os:osx": ["-Wl,-framework,CoreFoundation"],
+        "@platforms//os:ios": ["-Wl,-framework,CoreFoundation"],
         "//conditions:default": [],
     }),
     visibility = ["//visibility:public"],
@@ -115,6 +92,7 @@ cc_test(
     size = "small",
     srcs = ["src/time_zone_format_test.cc"],
     data = [":zoneinfo"],
+    env = {"TZDIR": "absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo"},
     tags = [
         "no_test_android_arm",
         "no_test_android_arm64",
@@ -135,6 +113,7 @@ cc_test(
     timeout = "moderate",
     srcs = ["src/time_zone_lookup_test.cc"],
     data = [":zoneinfo"],
+    env = {"TZDIR": "absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo"},
     tags = [
         "no_test_android_arm",
         "no_test_android_arm64",
@@ -170,6 +149,12 @@ cc_test(
     ],
 )
 
+filegroup(
+    name = "zoneinfo",
+    srcs = glob(["testdata/zoneinfo/**"]),
+    visibility = ["//absl/time:__subpackages__"],
+)
+
 ### examples
 
 ### binaries
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/include/cctz/time_zone.h b/absl/time/internal/cctz/include/cctz/time_zone.h
index 6e382dc6..b2b0cf6f 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/include/cctz/time_zone.h
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/include/cctz/time_zone.h
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 #include <chrono>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <limits>
+#include <ratio>  // NOLINT: We use std::ratio in this header
 #include <string>
 #include <utility>
 
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/cctz_benchmark.cc b/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/cctz_benchmark.cc
index 6770ad6b..c64f3801 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/cctz_benchmark.cc
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/cctz_benchmark.cc
@@ -554,6 +554,7 @@ const char* const kTimeZoneNames[] = {"Africa/Abidjan",
                                       "Europe/Kaliningrad",
                                       "Europe/Kiev",
                                       "Europe/Kirov",
+                                      "Europe/Kyiv",
                                       "Europe/Lisbon",
                                       "Europe/Ljubljana",
                                       "Europe/London",
@@ -593,6 +594,7 @@ const char* const kTimeZoneNames[] = {"Africa/Abidjan",
                                       "Europe/Zagreb",
                                       "Europe/Zaporozhye",
                                       "Europe/Zurich",
+                                      "Factory",
                                       "GB",
                                       "GB-Eire",
                                       "GMT",
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_fixed.cc b/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_fixed.cc
index f2b3294e..e09654ea 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_fixed.cc
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_fixed.cc
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ std::string FixedOffsetToName(const seconds& offset) {
   offset_minutes %= 60;
   const std::size_t prefix_len = sizeof(kFixedZonePrefix) - 1;
   char buf[prefix_len + sizeof("-24:00:00")];
-  char* ep = std::copy(kFixedZonePrefix, kFixedZonePrefix + prefix_len, buf);
+  char* ep = std::copy_n(kFixedZonePrefix, prefix_len, buf);
   *ep++ = sign;
   ep = Format02d(ep, offset_hours);
   *ep++ = ':';
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_format.cc b/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_format.cc
index d8cb0474..9b91f61c 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_format.cc
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_format.cc
@@ -13,14 +13,14 @@
 //   limitations under the License.
 
 #if !defined(HAS_STRPTIME)
-#if !defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__MINGW32__)
-#define HAS_STRPTIME 1  // assume everyone has strptime() except windows
+#if !defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__MINGW32__) && !defined(__VXWORKS__)
+#define HAS_STRPTIME 1  // Assume everyone else has strptime().
 #endif
 #endif
 
 #if defined(HAS_STRPTIME) && HAS_STRPTIME
-#if !defined(_XOPEN_SOURCE)
-#define _XOPEN_SOURCE  // Definedness suffices for strptime.
+#if !defined(_XOPEN_SOURCE) && !defined(__OpenBSD__)
+#define _XOPEN_SOURCE 500  // Exposes definitions for SUSv2 (UNIX 98).
 #endif
 #endif
 
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_format_test.cc b/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_format_test.cc
index f1f79a20..4a6c71f1 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_format_test.cc
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_format_test.cc
@@ -64,10 +64,13 @@ const char RFC1123_no_wday[] = "%d %b %Y %H:%M:%S %z";
 template <typename D>
 void TestFormatSpecifier(time_point<D> tp, time_zone tz, const std::string& fmt,
                          const std::string& ans) {
-  EXPECT_EQ(ans, format(fmt, tp, tz)) << fmt;
-  EXPECT_EQ("xxx " + ans, format("xxx " + fmt, tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ(ans + " yyy", format(fmt + " yyy", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("xxx " + ans + " yyy", format("xxx " + fmt + " yyy", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ(ans, absl::time_internal::cctz::format(fmt, tp, tz)) << fmt;
+  EXPECT_EQ("xxx " + ans,
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format("xxx " + fmt, tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ(ans + " yyy",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(fmt + " yyy", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("xxx " + ans + " yyy",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format("xxx " + fmt + " yyy", tp, tz));
 }
 
 }  // namespace
@@ -83,26 +86,29 @@ TEST(Format, TimePointResolution) {
       chrono::system_clock::from_time_t(1420167845) +
       chrono::milliseconds(123) + chrono::microseconds(456) +
       chrono::nanoseconds(789);
-  EXPECT_EQ(
-      "03:04:05.123456789",
-      format(kFmt, chrono::time_point_cast<chrono::nanoseconds>(t0), utc));
-  EXPECT_EQ(
-      "03:04:05.123456",
-      format(kFmt, chrono::time_point_cast<chrono::microseconds>(t0), utc));
-  EXPECT_EQ(
-      "03:04:05.123",
-      format(kFmt, chrono::time_point_cast<chrono::milliseconds>(t0), utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("03:04:05.123456789",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(
+                kFmt, chrono::time_point_cast<chrono::nanoseconds>(t0), utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("03:04:05.123456",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(
+                kFmt, chrono::time_point_cast<chrono::microseconds>(t0), utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("03:04:05.123",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(
+                kFmt, chrono::time_point_cast<chrono::milliseconds>(t0), utc));
   EXPECT_EQ("03:04:05",
-            format(kFmt, chrono::time_point_cast<chrono::seconds>(t0), utc));
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(
+                kFmt, chrono::time_point_cast<chrono::seconds>(t0), utc));
   EXPECT_EQ(
       "03:04:05",
-      format(kFmt,
-             chrono::time_point_cast<absl::time_internal::cctz::seconds>(t0),
-             utc));
+      absl::time_internal::cctz::format(
+          kFmt, chrono::time_point_cast<absl::time_internal::cctz::seconds>(t0),
+          utc));
   EXPECT_EQ("03:04:00",
-            format(kFmt, chrono::time_point_cast<chrono::minutes>(t0), utc));
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(
+                kFmt, chrono::time_point_cast<chrono::minutes>(t0), utc));
   EXPECT_EQ("03:00:00",
-            format(kFmt, chrono::time_point_cast<chrono::hours>(t0), utc));
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(
+                kFmt, chrono::time_point_cast<chrono::hours>(t0), utc));
 }
 
 TEST(Format, TimePointExtendedResolution) {
@@ -137,24 +143,28 @@ TEST(Format, Basics) {
   time_point<chrono::nanoseconds> tp = chrono::system_clock::from_time_t(0);
 
   // Starts with a couple basic edge cases.
-  EXPECT_EQ("", format("", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ(" ", format(" ", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("  ", format("  ", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("xxx", format("xxx", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ(" ", absl::time_internal::cctz::format(" ", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("  ", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("  ", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("xxx", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("xxx", tp, tz));
   std::string big(128, 'x');
-  EXPECT_EQ(big, format(big, tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ(big, absl::time_internal::cctz::format(big, tp, tz));
   // Cause the 1024-byte buffer to grow.
   std::string bigger(100000, 'x');
-  EXPECT_EQ(bigger, format(bigger, tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ(bigger, absl::time_internal::cctz::format(bigger, tp, tz));
 
   tp += chrono::hours(13) + chrono::minutes(4) + chrono::seconds(5);
   tp += chrono::milliseconds(6) + chrono::microseconds(7) +
         chrono::nanoseconds(8);
-  EXPECT_EQ("1970-01-01", format("%Y-%m-%d", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("13:04:05", format("%H:%M:%S", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("13:04:05.006", format("%H:%M:%E3S", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("13:04:05.006007", format("%H:%M:%E6S", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("13:04:05.006007008", format("%H:%M:%E9S", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("1970-01-01",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%Y-%m-%d", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("13:04:05", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%H:%M:%S", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("13:04:05.006",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%H:%M:%E3S", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("13:04:05.006007",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%H:%M:%E6S", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("13:04:05.006007008",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%H:%M:%E9S", tp, tz));
 }
 
 TEST(Format, PosixConversions) {
@@ -211,7 +221,8 @@ TEST(Format, LocaleSpecific) {
   TestFormatSpecifier(tp, tz, "%B", "January");
 
   // %c should at least produce the numeric year and time-of-day.
-  const std::string s = format("%c", tp, utc_time_zone());
+  const std::string s =
+      absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%c", tp, utc_time_zone());
   EXPECT_THAT(s, testing::HasSubstr("1970"));
   EXPECT_THAT(s, testing::HasSubstr("00:00:00"));
 
@@ -277,49 +288,61 @@ TEST(Format, ExtendedSeconds) {
   // No subseconds.
   time_point<chrono::nanoseconds> tp = chrono::system_clock::from_time_t(0);
   tp += chrono::seconds(5);
-  EXPECT_EQ("05", format("%E*S", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("05", format("%E0S", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("05.0", format("%E1S", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("05.00", format("%E2S", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("05.000", format("%E3S", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("05.0000", format("%E4S", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("05.00000", format("%E5S", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("05.000000", format("%E6S", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("05.0000000", format("%E7S", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("05.00000000", format("%E8S", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("05.000000000", format("%E9S", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("05.0000000000", format("%E10S", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("05.00000000000", format("%E11S", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("05.000000000000", format("%E12S", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("05.0000000000000", format("%E13S", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("05.00000000000000", format("%E14S", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("05.000000000000000", format("%E15S", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E*S", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E0S", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05.0", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E1S", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05.00", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E2S", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05.000", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E3S", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05.0000", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E4S", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05.00000", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E5S", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05.000000", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E6S", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05.0000000", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E7S", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05.00000000", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E8S", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05.000000000", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E9S", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05.0000000000",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E10S", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05.00000000000",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E11S", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05.000000000000",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E12S", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05.0000000000000",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E13S", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05.00000000000000",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E14S", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05.000000000000000",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E15S", tp, tz));
 
   // With subseconds.
   tp += chrono::milliseconds(6) + chrono::microseconds(7) +
         chrono::nanoseconds(8);
-  EXPECT_EQ("05.006007008", format("%E*S", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("05", format("%E0S", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("05.0", format("%E1S", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("05.00", format("%E2S", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("05.006", format("%E3S", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("05.0060", format("%E4S", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("05.00600", format("%E5S", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("05.006007", format("%E6S", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("05.0060070", format("%E7S", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("05.00600700", format("%E8S", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("05.006007008", format("%E9S", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("05.0060070080", format("%E10S", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("05.00600700800", format("%E11S", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("05.006007008000", format("%E12S", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("05.0060070080000", format("%E13S", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("05.00600700800000", format("%E14S", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("05.006007008000000", format("%E15S", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05.006007008", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E*S", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E0S", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05.0", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E1S", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05.00", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E2S", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05.006", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E3S", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05.0060", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E4S", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05.00600", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E5S", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05.006007", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E6S", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05.0060070", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E7S", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05.00600700", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E8S", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05.006007008", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E9S", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05.0060070080",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E10S", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05.00600700800",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E11S", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05.006007008000",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E12S", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05.0060070080000",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E13S", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05.00600700800000",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E14S", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05.006007008000000",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E15S", tp, tz));
 
   // Times before the Unix epoch.
   tp = chrono::system_clock::from_time_t(0) + chrono::microseconds(-1);
   EXPECT_EQ("1969-12-31 23:59:59.999999",
-            format("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%E*S", tp, tz));
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%E*S", tp, tz));
 
   // Here is a "%E*S" case we got wrong for a while.  While the first
   // instant below is correctly rendered as "...:07.333304", the second
@@ -327,10 +350,10 @@ TEST(Format, ExtendedSeconds) {
   tp = chrono::system_clock::from_time_t(0) +
        chrono::microseconds(1395024427333304);
   EXPECT_EQ("2014-03-17 02:47:07.333304",
-            format("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%E*S", tp, tz));
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%E*S", tp, tz));
   tp += chrono::microseconds(1);
   EXPECT_EQ("2014-03-17 02:47:07.333305",
-            format("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%E*S", tp, tz));
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%E*S", tp, tz));
 }
 
 TEST(Format, ExtendedSubeconds) {
@@ -339,60 +362,69 @@ TEST(Format, ExtendedSubeconds) {
   // No subseconds.
   time_point<chrono::nanoseconds> tp = chrono::system_clock::from_time_t(0);
   tp += chrono::seconds(5);
-  EXPECT_EQ("0", format("%E*f", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("", format("%E0f", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("0", format("%E1f", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("00", format("%E2f", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("000", format("%E3f", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("0000", format("%E4f", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("00000", format("%E5f", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("000000", format("%E6f", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("0000000", format("%E7f", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("00000000", format("%E8f", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("000000000", format("%E9f", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("0000000000", format("%E10f", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("00000000000", format("%E11f", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("000000000000", format("%E12f", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("0000000000000", format("%E13f", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("00000000000000", format("%E14f", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("000000000000000", format("%E15f", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("0", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E*f", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E0f", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("0", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E1f", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("00", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E2f", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("000", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E3f", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("0000", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E4f", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("00000", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E5f", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("000000", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E6f", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("0000000", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E7f", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("00000000", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E8f", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("000000000", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E9f", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("0000000000", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E10f", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("00000000000", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E11f", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("000000000000", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E12f", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("0000000000000",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E13f", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("00000000000000",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E14f", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("000000000000000",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E15f", tp, tz));
 
   // With subseconds.
   tp += chrono::milliseconds(6) + chrono::microseconds(7) +
         chrono::nanoseconds(8);
-  EXPECT_EQ("006007008", format("%E*f", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("", format("%E0f", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("0", format("%E1f", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("00", format("%E2f", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("006", format("%E3f", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("0060", format("%E4f", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("00600", format("%E5f", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("006007", format("%E6f", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("0060070", format("%E7f", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("00600700", format("%E8f", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("006007008", format("%E9f", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("0060070080", format("%E10f", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("00600700800", format("%E11f", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("006007008000", format("%E12f", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("0060070080000", format("%E13f", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("00600700800000", format("%E14f", tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("006007008000000", format("%E15f", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("006007008", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E*f", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E0f", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("0", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E1f", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("00", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E2f", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("006", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E3f", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("0060", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E4f", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("00600", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E5f", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("006007", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E6f", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("0060070", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E7f", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("00600700", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E8f", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("006007008", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E9f", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("0060070080", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E10f", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("00600700800", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E11f", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("006007008000", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E12f", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("0060070080000",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E13f", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("00600700800000",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E14f", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("006007008000000",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%E15f", tp, tz));
 
   // Times before the Unix epoch.
   tp = chrono::system_clock::from_time_t(0) + chrono::microseconds(-1);
-  EXPECT_EQ("1969-12-31 23:59:59.999999",
-            format("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%E*f", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ(
+      "1969-12-31 23:59:59.999999",
+      absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%E*f", tp, tz));
 
   // Here is a "%E*S" case we got wrong for a while.  While the first
   // instant below is correctly rendered as "...:07.333304", the second
   // one used to appear as "...:07.33330499999999999".
   tp = chrono::system_clock::from_time_t(0) +
        chrono::microseconds(1395024427333304);
-  EXPECT_EQ("2014-03-17 02:47:07.333304",
-            format("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%E*f", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ(
+      "2014-03-17 02:47:07.333304",
+      absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%E*f", tp, tz));
   tp += chrono::microseconds(1);
-  EXPECT_EQ("2014-03-17 02:47:07.333305",
-            format("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%E*f", tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ(
+      "2014-03-17 02:47:07.333305",
+      absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%E*f", tp, tz));
 }
 
 TEST(Format, CompareExtendSecondsVsSubseconds) {
@@ -408,15 +440,17 @@ TEST(Format, CompareExtendSecondsVsSubseconds) {
   time_point<chrono::nanoseconds> tp = chrono::system_clock::from_time_t(0);
   tp += chrono::seconds(5);
   // ... %E*S and %S.%E*f are different.
-  EXPECT_EQ("05", format(fmt_A("*"), tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("05.0", format(fmt_B("*"), tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05", absl::time_internal::cctz::format(fmt_A("*"), tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05.0", absl::time_internal::cctz::format(fmt_B("*"), tp, tz));
   // ... %E0S and %S.%E0f are different.
-  EXPECT_EQ("05", format(fmt_A("0"), tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("05.", format(fmt_B("0"), tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05", absl::time_internal::cctz::format(fmt_A("0"), tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05.", absl::time_internal::cctz::format(fmt_B("0"), tp, tz));
   // ... %E<prec>S and %S.%E<prec>f are the same for prec in [1:15].
   for (int prec = 1; prec <= 15; ++prec) {
-    const std::string a = format(fmt_A(std::to_string(prec)), tp, tz);
-    const std::string b = format(fmt_B(std::to_string(prec)), tp, tz);
+    const std::string a =
+        absl::time_internal::cctz::format(fmt_A(std::to_string(prec)), tp, tz);
+    const std::string b =
+        absl::time_internal::cctz::format(fmt_B(std::to_string(prec)), tp, tz);
     EXPECT_EQ(a, b) << "prec=" << prec;
   }
 
@@ -424,15 +458,19 @@ TEST(Format, CompareExtendSecondsVsSubseconds) {
   // ... %E*S and %S.%E*f are the same.
   tp += chrono::milliseconds(6) + chrono::microseconds(7) +
         chrono::nanoseconds(8);
-  EXPECT_EQ("05.006007008", format(fmt_A("*"), tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("05.006007008", format(fmt_B("*"), tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05.006007008",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(fmt_A("*"), tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05.006007008",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(fmt_B("*"), tp, tz));
   // ... %E0S and %S.%E0f are different.
-  EXPECT_EQ("05", format(fmt_A("0"), tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("05.", format(fmt_B("0"), tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05", absl::time_internal::cctz::format(fmt_A("0"), tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("05.", absl::time_internal::cctz::format(fmt_B("0"), tp, tz));
   // ... %E<prec>S and %S.%E<prec>f are the same for prec in [1:15].
   for (int prec = 1; prec <= 15; ++prec) {
-    const std::string a = format(fmt_A(std::to_string(prec)), tp, tz);
-    const std::string b = format(fmt_B(std::to_string(prec)), tp, tz);
+    const std::string a =
+        absl::time_internal::cctz::format(fmt_A(std::to_string(prec)), tp, tz);
+    const std::string b =
+        absl::time_internal::cctz::format(fmt_B(std::to_string(prec)), tp, tz);
     EXPECT_EQ(a, b) << "prec=" << prec;
   }
 }
@@ -605,31 +643,31 @@ TEST(Format, ExtendedYears) {
 
   // %E4Y zero-pads the year to produce at least 4 chars, including the sign.
   auto tp = convert(civil_second(-999, 11, 27, 0, 0, 0), utc);
-  EXPECT_EQ("-9991127", format(e4y_fmt, tp, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("-9991127", absl::time_internal::cctz::format(e4y_fmt, tp, utc));
   tp = convert(civil_second(-99, 11, 27, 0, 0, 0), utc);
-  EXPECT_EQ("-0991127", format(e4y_fmt, tp, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("-0991127", absl::time_internal::cctz::format(e4y_fmt, tp, utc));
   tp = convert(civil_second(-9, 11, 27, 0, 0, 0), utc);
-  EXPECT_EQ("-0091127", format(e4y_fmt, tp, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("-0091127", absl::time_internal::cctz::format(e4y_fmt, tp, utc));
   tp = convert(civil_second(-1, 11, 27, 0, 0, 0), utc);
-  EXPECT_EQ("-0011127", format(e4y_fmt, tp, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("-0011127", absl::time_internal::cctz::format(e4y_fmt, tp, utc));
   tp = convert(civil_second(0, 11, 27, 0, 0, 0), utc);
-  EXPECT_EQ("00001127", format(e4y_fmt, tp, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("00001127", absl::time_internal::cctz::format(e4y_fmt, tp, utc));
   tp = convert(civil_second(1, 11, 27, 0, 0, 0), utc);
-  EXPECT_EQ("00011127", format(e4y_fmt, tp, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("00011127", absl::time_internal::cctz::format(e4y_fmt, tp, utc));
   tp = convert(civil_second(9, 11, 27, 0, 0, 0), utc);
-  EXPECT_EQ("00091127", format(e4y_fmt, tp, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("00091127", absl::time_internal::cctz::format(e4y_fmt, tp, utc));
   tp = convert(civil_second(99, 11, 27, 0, 0, 0), utc);
-  EXPECT_EQ("00991127", format(e4y_fmt, tp, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("00991127", absl::time_internal::cctz::format(e4y_fmt, tp, utc));
   tp = convert(civil_second(999, 11, 27, 0, 0, 0), utc);
-  EXPECT_EQ("09991127", format(e4y_fmt, tp, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("09991127", absl::time_internal::cctz::format(e4y_fmt, tp, utc));
   tp = convert(civil_second(9999, 11, 27, 0, 0, 0), utc);
-  EXPECT_EQ("99991127", format(e4y_fmt, tp, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("99991127", absl::time_internal::cctz::format(e4y_fmt, tp, utc));
 
   // When the year is outside [-999:9999], more than 4 chars are produced.
   tp = convert(civil_second(-1000, 11, 27, 0, 0, 0), utc);
-  EXPECT_EQ("-10001127", format(e4y_fmt, tp, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("-10001127", absl::time_internal::cctz::format(e4y_fmt, tp, utc));
   tp = convert(civil_second(10000, 11, 27, 0, 0, 0), utc);
-  EXPECT_EQ("100001127", format(e4y_fmt, tp, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("100001127", absl::time_internal::cctz::format(e4y_fmt, tp, utc));
 }
 
 TEST(Format, RFC3339Format) {
@@ -638,45 +676,64 @@ TEST(Format, RFC3339Format) {
 
   time_point<chrono::nanoseconds> tp =
       convert(civil_second(1977, 6, 28, 9, 8, 7), tz);
-  EXPECT_EQ("1977-06-28T09:08:07-07:00", format(RFC3339_full, tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("1977-06-28T09:08:07-07:00", format(RFC3339_sec, tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("1977-06-28T09:08:07-07:00",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC3339_full, tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("1977-06-28T09:08:07-07:00",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC3339_sec, tp, tz));
 
   tp += chrono::milliseconds(100);
-  EXPECT_EQ("1977-06-28T09:08:07.1-07:00", format(RFC3339_full, tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("1977-06-28T09:08:07-07:00", format(RFC3339_sec, tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("1977-06-28T09:08:07.1-07:00",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC3339_full, tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("1977-06-28T09:08:07-07:00",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC3339_sec, tp, tz));
 
   tp += chrono::milliseconds(20);
-  EXPECT_EQ("1977-06-28T09:08:07.12-07:00", format(RFC3339_full, tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("1977-06-28T09:08:07-07:00", format(RFC3339_sec, tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("1977-06-28T09:08:07.12-07:00",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC3339_full, tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("1977-06-28T09:08:07-07:00",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC3339_sec, tp, tz));
 
   tp += chrono::milliseconds(3);
-  EXPECT_EQ("1977-06-28T09:08:07.123-07:00", format(RFC3339_full, tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("1977-06-28T09:08:07-07:00", format(RFC3339_sec, tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("1977-06-28T09:08:07.123-07:00",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC3339_full, tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("1977-06-28T09:08:07-07:00",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC3339_sec, tp, tz));
 
   tp += chrono::microseconds(400);
-  EXPECT_EQ("1977-06-28T09:08:07.1234-07:00", format(RFC3339_full, tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("1977-06-28T09:08:07-07:00", format(RFC3339_sec, tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("1977-06-28T09:08:07.1234-07:00",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC3339_full, tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("1977-06-28T09:08:07-07:00",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC3339_sec, tp, tz));
 
   tp += chrono::microseconds(50);
-  EXPECT_EQ("1977-06-28T09:08:07.12345-07:00", format(RFC3339_full, tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("1977-06-28T09:08:07-07:00", format(RFC3339_sec, tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("1977-06-28T09:08:07.12345-07:00",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC3339_full, tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("1977-06-28T09:08:07-07:00",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC3339_sec, tp, tz));
 
   tp += chrono::microseconds(6);
-  EXPECT_EQ("1977-06-28T09:08:07.123456-07:00", format(RFC3339_full, tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("1977-06-28T09:08:07-07:00", format(RFC3339_sec, tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("1977-06-28T09:08:07.123456-07:00",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC3339_full, tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("1977-06-28T09:08:07-07:00",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC3339_sec, tp, tz));
 
   tp += chrono::nanoseconds(700);
-  EXPECT_EQ("1977-06-28T09:08:07.1234567-07:00", format(RFC3339_full, tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("1977-06-28T09:08:07-07:00", format(RFC3339_sec, tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("1977-06-28T09:08:07.1234567-07:00",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC3339_full, tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("1977-06-28T09:08:07-07:00",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC3339_sec, tp, tz));
 
   tp += chrono::nanoseconds(80);
-  EXPECT_EQ("1977-06-28T09:08:07.12345678-07:00", format(RFC3339_full, tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("1977-06-28T09:08:07-07:00", format(RFC3339_sec, tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("1977-06-28T09:08:07.12345678-07:00",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC3339_full, tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("1977-06-28T09:08:07-07:00",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC3339_sec, tp, tz));
 
   tp += chrono::nanoseconds(9);
   EXPECT_EQ("1977-06-28T09:08:07.123456789-07:00",
-            format(RFC3339_full, tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("1977-06-28T09:08:07-07:00", format(RFC3339_sec, tp, tz));
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC3339_full, tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("1977-06-28T09:08:07-07:00",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC3339_sec, tp, tz));
 }
 
 TEST(Format, RFC1123Format) {  // locale specific
@@ -684,36 +741,50 @@ TEST(Format, RFC1123Format) {  // locale specific
   EXPECT_TRUE(load_time_zone("America/Los_Angeles", &tz));
 
   auto tp = convert(civil_second(1977, 6, 28, 9, 8, 7), tz);
-  EXPECT_EQ("Tue, 28 Jun 1977 09:08:07 -0700", format(RFC1123_full, tp, tz));
-  EXPECT_EQ("28 Jun 1977 09:08:07 -0700", format(RFC1123_no_wday, tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("Tue, 28 Jun 1977 09:08:07 -0700",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC1123_full, tp, tz));
+  EXPECT_EQ("28 Jun 1977 09:08:07 -0700",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC1123_no_wday, tp, tz));
 }
 
 TEST(Format, Week) {
   const time_zone utc = utc_time_zone();
 
   auto tp = convert(civil_second(2017, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0), utc);
-  EXPECT_EQ("2017-01-7", format("%Y-%U-%u", tp, utc));
-  EXPECT_EQ("2017-00-0", format("%Y-%W-%w", tp, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("2017-01-7",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%Y-%U-%u", tp, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("2017-00-0",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%Y-%W-%w", tp, utc));
 
   tp = convert(civil_second(2017, 12, 31, 0, 0, 0), utc);
-  EXPECT_EQ("2017-53-7", format("%Y-%U-%u", tp, utc));
-  EXPECT_EQ("2017-52-0", format("%Y-%W-%w", tp, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("2017-53-7",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%Y-%U-%u", tp, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("2017-52-0",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%Y-%W-%w", tp, utc));
 
   tp = convert(civil_second(2018, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0), utc);
-  EXPECT_EQ("2018-00-1", format("%Y-%U-%u", tp, utc));
-  EXPECT_EQ("2018-01-1", format("%Y-%W-%w", tp, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("2018-00-1",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%Y-%U-%u", tp, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("2018-01-1",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%Y-%W-%w", tp, utc));
 
   tp = convert(civil_second(2018, 12, 31, 0, 0, 0), utc);
-  EXPECT_EQ("2018-52-1", format("%Y-%U-%u", tp, utc));
-  EXPECT_EQ("2018-53-1", format("%Y-%W-%w", tp, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("2018-52-1",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%Y-%U-%u", tp, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("2018-53-1",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%Y-%W-%w", tp, utc));
 
   tp = convert(civil_second(2019, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0), utc);
-  EXPECT_EQ("2019-00-2", format("%Y-%U-%u", tp, utc));
-  EXPECT_EQ("2019-00-2", format("%Y-%W-%w", tp, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("2019-00-2",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%Y-%U-%u", tp, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("2019-00-2",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%Y-%W-%w", tp, utc));
 
   tp = convert(civil_second(2019, 12, 31, 0, 0, 0), utc);
-  EXPECT_EQ("2019-52-2", format("%Y-%U-%u", tp, utc));
-  EXPECT_EQ("2019-52-2", format("%Y-%W-%w", tp, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("2019-52-2",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%Y-%U-%u", tp, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("2019-52-2",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%Y-%W-%w", tp, utc));
 }
 
 //
@@ -726,39 +797,46 @@ TEST(Parse, TimePointResolution) {
 
   time_point<chrono::nanoseconds> tp_ns;
   EXPECT_TRUE(parse(kFmt, "03:04:05.123456789", utc, &tp_ns));
-  EXPECT_EQ("03:04:05.123456789", format(kFmt, tp_ns, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("03:04:05.123456789",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(kFmt, tp_ns, utc));
   EXPECT_TRUE(parse(kFmt, "03:04:05.123456", utc, &tp_ns));
-  EXPECT_EQ("03:04:05.123456", format(kFmt, tp_ns, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("03:04:05.123456",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(kFmt, tp_ns, utc));
 
   time_point<chrono::microseconds> tp_us;
   EXPECT_TRUE(parse(kFmt, "03:04:05.123456789", utc, &tp_us));
-  EXPECT_EQ("03:04:05.123456", format(kFmt, tp_us, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("03:04:05.123456",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(kFmt, tp_us, utc));
   EXPECT_TRUE(parse(kFmt, "03:04:05.123456", utc, &tp_us));
-  EXPECT_EQ("03:04:05.123456", format(kFmt, tp_us, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("03:04:05.123456",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(kFmt, tp_us, utc));
   EXPECT_TRUE(parse(kFmt, "03:04:05.123", utc, &tp_us));
-  EXPECT_EQ("03:04:05.123", format(kFmt, tp_us, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("03:04:05.123",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(kFmt, tp_us, utc));
 
   time_point<chrono::milliseconds> tp_ms;
   EXPECT_TRUE(parse(kFmt, "03:04:05.123456", utc, &tp_ms));
-  EXPECT_EQ("03:04:05.123", format(kFmt, tp_ms, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("03:04:05.123",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(kFmt, tp_ms, utc));
   EXPECT_TRUE(parse(kFmt, "03:04:05.123", utc, &tp_ms));
-  EXPECT_EQ("03:04:05.123", format(kFmt, tp_ms, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("03:04:05.123",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(kFmt, tp_ms, utc));
   EXPECT_TRUE(parse(kFmt, "03:04:05", utc, &tp_ms));
-  EXPECT_EQ("03:04:05", format(kFmt, tp_ms, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("03:04:05", absl::time_internal::cctz::format(kFmt, tp_ms, utc));
 
   time_point<chrono::seconds> tp_s;
   EXPECT_TRUE(parse(kFmt, "03:04:05.123", utc, &tp_s));
-  EXPECT_EQ("03:04:05", format(kFmt, tp_s, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("03:04:05", absl::time_internal::cctz::format(kFmt, tp_s, utc));
   EXPECT_TRUE(parse(kFmt, "03:04:05", utc, &tp_s));
-  EXPECT_EQ("03:04:05", format(kFmt, tp_s, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("03:04:05", absl::time_internal::cctz::format(kFmt, tp_s, utc));
 
   time_point<chrono::minutes> tp_m;
   EXPECT_TRUE(parse(kFmt, "03:04:05", utc, &tp_m));
-  EXPECT_EQ("03:04:00", format(kFmt, tp_m, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("03:04:00", absl::time_internal::cctz::format(kFmt, tp_m, utc));
 
   time_point<chrono::hours> tp_h;
   EXPECT_TRUE(parse(kFmt, "03:04:05", utc, &tp_h));
-  EXPECT_EQ("03:00:00", format(kFmt, tp_h, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("03:00:00", absl::time_internal::cctz::format(kFmt, tp_h, utc));
 }
 
 TEST(Parse, TimePointExtendedResolution) {
@@ -1550,7 +1628,7 @@ TEST(Parse, TimePointOverflow) {
       parse(RFC3339_full, "2262-04-11T23:47:16.8547758079+00:00", utc, &tp));
   EXPECT_EQ(tp, time_point<D>::max());
   EXPECT_EQ("2262-04-11T23:47:16.854775807+00:00",
-            format(RFC3339_full, tp, utc));
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC3339_full, tp, utc));
 #if 0
   // TODO(#199): Will fail until cctz::parse() properly detects overflow.
   EXPECT_FALSE(
@@ -1559,7 +1637,7 @@ TEST(Parse, TimePointOverflow) {
       parse(RFC3339_full, "1677-09-21T00:12:43.1452241920+00:00", utc, &tp));
   EXPECT_EQ(tp, time_point<D>::min());
   EXPECT_EQ("1677-09-21T00:12:43.145224192+00:00",
-            format(RFC3339_full, tp, utc));
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC3339_full, tp, utc));
   EXPECT_FALSE(
       parse(RFC3339_full, "1677-09-21T00:12:43.1452241919+00:00", utc, &tp));
 #endif
@@ -1569,12 +1647,14 @@ TEST(Parse, TimePointOverflow) {
 
   EXPECT_TRUE(parse(RFC3339_full, "1970-01-01T00:02:07.9+00:00", utc, &stp));
   EXPECT_EQ(stp, time_point<DS>::max());
-  EXPECT_EQ("1970-01-01T00:02:07+00:00", format(RFC3339_full, stp, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("1970-01-01T00:02:07+00:00",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC3339_full, stp, utc));
   EXPECT_FALSE(parse(RFC3339_full, "1970-01-01T00:02:08+00:00", utc, &stp));
 
   EXPECT_TRUE(parse(RFC3339_full, "1969-12-31T23:57:52+00:00", utc, &stp));
   EXPECT_EQ(stp, time_point<DS>::min());
-  EXPECT_EQ("1969-12-31T23:57:52+00:00", format(RFC3339_full, stp, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("1969-12-31T23:57:52+00:00",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC3339_full, stp, utc));
   EXPECT_FALSE(parse(RFC3339_full, "1969-12-31T23:57:51.9+00:00", utc, &stp));
 
   using DM = chrono::duration<std::int8_t, chrono::minutes::period>;
@@ -1582,12 +1662,14 @@ TEST(Parse, TimePointOverflow) {
 
   EXPECT_TRUE(parse(RFC3339_full, "1970-01-01T02:07:59+00:00", utc, &mtp));
   EXPECT_EQ(mtp, time_point<DM>::max());
-  EXPECT_EQ("1970-01-01T02:07:00+00:00", format(RFC3339_full, mtp, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("1970-01-01T02:07:00+00:00",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC3339_full, mtp, utc));
   EXPECT_FALSE(parse(RFC3339_full, "1970-01-01T02:08:00+00:00", utc, &mtp));
 
   EXPECT_TRUE(parse(RFC3339_full, "1969-12-31T21:52:00+00:00", utc, &mtp));
   EXPECT_EQ(mtp, time_point<DM>::min());
-  EXPECT_EQ("1969-12-31T21:52:00+00:00", format(RFC3339_full, mtp, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("1969-12-31T21:52:00+00:00",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC3339_full, mtp, utc));
   EXPECT_FALSE(parse(RFC3339_full, "1969-12-31T21:51:59+00:00", utc, &mtp));
 }
 
@@ -1601,7 +1683,7 @@ TEST(Parse, TimePointOverflowFloor) {
       parse(RFC3339_full, "294247-01-10T04:00:54.7758079+00:00", utc, &tp));
   EXPECT_EQ(tp, time_point<D>::max());
   EXPECT_EQ("294247-01-10T04:00:54.775807+00:00",
-            format(RFC3339_full, tp, utc));
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC3339_full, tp, utc));
 #if 0
   // TODO(#199): Will fail until cctz::parse() properly detects overflow.
   EXPECT_FALSE(
@@ -1610,7 +1692,7 @@ TEST(Parse, TimePointOverflowFloor) {
       parse(RFC3339_full, "-290308-12-21T19:59:05.2241920+00:00", utc, &tp));
   EXPECT_EQ(tp, time_point<D>::min());
   EXPECT_EQ("-290308-12-21T19:59:05.224192+00:00",
-            format(RFC3339_full, tp, utc));
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC3339_full, tp, utc));
   EXPECT_FALSE(
       parse(RFC3339_full, "-290308-12-21T19:59:05.2241919+00:00", utc, &tp));
 #endif
@@ -1629,7 +1711,8 @@ TEST(FormatParse, RoundTrip) {
   // RFC3339, which renders subseconds.
   {
     time_point<chrono::nanoseconds> out;
-    const std::string s = format(RFC3339_full, in + subseconds, lax);
+    const std::string s =
+        absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC3339_full, in + subseconds, lax);
     EXPECT_TRUE(parse(RFC3339_full, s, lax, &out)) << s;
     EXPECT_EQ(in + subseconds, out);  // RFC3339_full includes %Ez
   }
@@ -1637,7 +1720,8 @@ TEST(FormatParse, RoundTrip) {
   // RFC1123, which only does whole seconds.
   {
     time_point<chrono::nanoseconds> out;
-    const std::string s = format(RFC1123_full, in, lax);
+    const std::string s =
+        absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC1123_full, in, lax);
     EXPECT_TRUE(parse(RFC1123_full, s, lax, &out)) << s;
     EXPECT_EQ(in, out);  // RFC1123_full includes %z
   }
@@ -1655,7 +1739,7 @@ TEST(FormatParse, RoundTrip) {
   {
     time_point<chrono::nanoseconds> out;
     time_zone utc = utc_time_zone();
-    const std::string s = format("%c", in, utc);
+    const std::string s = absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%c", in, utc);
     EXPECT_TRUE(parse("%c", s, utc, &out)) << s;
     EXPECT_EQ(in, out);
   }
@@ -1666,7 +1750,8 @@ TEST(FormatParse, RoundTripDistantFuture) {
   const time_zone utc = utc_time_zone();
   const time_point<absl::time_internal::cctz::seconds> in =
       time_point<absl::time_internal::cctz::seconds>::max();
-  const std::string s = format(RFC3339_full, in, utc);
+  const std::string s =
+      absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC3339_full, in, utc);
   time_point<absl::time_internal::cctz::seconds> out;
   EXPECT_TRUE(parse(RFC3339_full, s, utc, &out)) << s;
   EXPECT_EQ(in, out);
@@ -1676,7 +1761,8 @@ TEST(FormatParse, RoundTripDistantPast) {
   const time_zone utc = utc_time_zone();
   const time_point<absl::time_internal::cctz::seconds> in =
       time_point<absl::time_internal::cctz::seconds>::min();
-  const std::string s = format(RFC3339_full, in, utc);
+  const std::string s =
+      absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC3339_full, in, utc);
   time_point<absl::time_internal::cctz::seconds> out;
   EXPECT_TRUE(parse(RFC3339_full, s, utc, &out)) << s;
   EXPECT_EQ(in, out);
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_if.cc b/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_if.cc
index 0319b2f9..0e65cd9e 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_if.cc
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_if.cc
@@ -23,17 +23,19 @@ ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 namespace time_internal {
 namespace cctz {
 
-std::unique_ptr<TimeZoneIf> TimeZoneIf::Load(const std::string& name) {
+std::unique_ptr<TimeZoneIf> TimeZoneIf::UTC() { return TimeZoneInfo::UTC(); }
+
+std::unique_ptr<TimeZoneIf> TimeZoneIf::Make(const std::string& name) {
   // Support "libc:localtime" and "libc:*" to access the legacy
   // localtime and UTC support respectively from the C library.
+  // NOTE: The "libc:*" zones are internal, test-only interfaces, and
+  // are subject to change/removal without notice. Do not use them.
   if (name.compare(0, 5, "libc:") == 0) {
-    return std::unique_ptr<TimeZoneIf>(new TimeZoneLibC(name.substr(5)));
+    return TimeZoneLibC::Make(name.substr(5));
   }
 
-  // Otherwise use the "zoneinfo" implementation by default.
-  std::unique_ptr<TimeZoneInfo> tz(new TimeZoneInfo);
-  if (!tz->Load(name)) tz.reset();
-  return std::unique_ptr<TimeZoneIf>(tz.release());
+  // Otherwise use the "zoneinfo" implementation.
+  return TimeZoneInfo::Make(name);
 }
 
 // Defined out-of-line to avoid emitting a weak vtable in all TUs.
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_if.h b/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_if.h
index 7d3e42d3..bec9beb5 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_if.h
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_if.h
@@ -33,8 +33,9 @@ namespace cctz {
 // Subclasses implement the functions for civil-time conversions in the zone.
 class TimeZoneIf {
  public:
-  // A factory function for TimeZoneIf implementations.
-  static std::unique_ptr<TimeZoneIf> Load(const std::string& name);
+  // Factory functions for TimeZoneIf implementations.
+  static std::unique_ptr<TimeZoneIf> UTC();  // never fails
+  static std::unique_ptr<TimeZoneIf> Make(const std::string& name);
 
   virtual ~TimeZoneIf();
 
@@ -51,7 +52,9 @@ class TimeZoneIf {
   virtual std::string Description() const = 0;
 
  protected:
-  TimeZoneIf() {}
+  TimeZoneIf() = default;
+  TimeZoneIf(const TimeZoneIf&) = delete;
+  TimeZoneIf& operator=(const TimeZoneIf&) = delete;
 };
 
 // Convert between time_point<seconds> and a count of seconds since the
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_impl.cc b/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_impl.cc
index f34e3aec..aadbb77d 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_impl.cc
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_impl.cc
@@ -99,11 +99,13 @@ void time_zone::Impl::ClearTimeZoneMapTestOnly() {
   }
 }
 
+time_zone::Impl::Impl() : name_("UTC"), zone_(TimeZoneIf::UTC()) {}
+
 time_zone::Impl::Impl(const std::string& name)
-    : name_(name), zone_(TimeZoneIf::Load(name_)) {}
+    : name_(name), zone_(TimeZoneIf::Make(name_)) {}
 
 const time_zone::Impl* time_zone::Impl::UTCImpl() {
-  static const Impl* utc_impl = new Impl("UTC");  // never fails
+  static const Impl* utc_impl = new Impl;
   return utc_impl;
 }
 
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_impl.h b/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_impl.h
index 7d747ba9..8308a3b4 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_impl.h
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_impl.h
@@ -78,7 +78,11 @@ class time_zone::Impl {
   std::string Description() const { return zone_->Description(); }
 
  private:
+  Impl();
   explicit Impl(const std::string& name);
+  Impl(const Impl&) = delete;
+  Impl& operator=(const Impl&) = delete;
+
   static const Impl* UTCImpl();
 
   const std::string name_;
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_info.cc b/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_info.cc
index 4f175d95..f46198ff 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_info.cc
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_info.cc
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@
 #include <sstream>
 #include <string>
 #include <utility>
+#include <vector>
 
 #include "absl/base/config.h"
 #include "absl/time/internal/cctz/include/cctz/civil_time.h"
@@ -134,6 +135,64 @@ std::int_fast64_t Decode64(const char* cp) {
   return static_cast<std::int_fast64_t>(v - s64maxU - 1) - s64max - 1;
 }
 
+struct Header {            // counts of:
+  std::size_t timecnt;     // transition times
+  std::size_t typecnt;     // transition types
+  std::size_t charcnt;     // zone abbreviation characters
+  std::size_t leapcnt;     // leap seconds (we expect none)
+  std::size_t ttisstdcnt;  // UTC/local indicators (unused)
+  std::size_t ttisutcnt;   // standard/wall indicators (unused)
+
+  bool Build(const tzhead& tzh);
+  std::size_t DataLength(std::size_t time_len) const;
+};
+
+// Builds the in-memory header using the raw bytes from the file.
+bool Header::Build(const tzhead& tzh) {
+  std::int_fast32_t v;
+  if ((v = Decode32(tzh.tzh_timecnt)) < 0) return false;
+  timecnt = static_cast<std::size_t>(v);
+  if ((v = Decode32(tzh.tzh_typecnt)) < 0) return false;
+  typecnt = static_cast<std::size_t>(v);
+  if ((v = Decode32(tzh.tzh_charcnt)) < 0) return false;
+  charcnt = static_cast<std::size_t>(v);
+  if ((v = Decode32(tzh.tzh_leapcnt)) < 0) return false;
+  leapcnt = static_cast<std::size_t>(v);
+  if ((v = Decode32(tzh.tzh_ttisstdcnt)) < 0) return false;
+  ttisstdcnt = static_cast<std::size_t>(v);
+  if ((v = Decode32(tzh.tzh_ttisutcnt)) < 0) return false;
+  ttisutcnt = static_cast<std::size_t>(v);
+  return true;
+}
+
+// How many bytes of data are associated with this header. The result
+// depends upon whether this is a section with 4-byte or 8-byte times.
+std::size_t Header::DataLength(std::size_t time_len) const {
+  std::size_t len = 0;
+  len += (time_len + 1) * timecnt;  // unix_time + type_index
+  len += (4 + 1 + 1) * typecnt;     // utc_offset + is_dst + abbr_index
+  len += 1 * charcnt;               // abbreviations
+  len += (time_len + 4) * leapcnt;  // leap-time + TAI-UTC
+  len += 1 * ttisstdcnt;            // UTC/local indicators
+  len += 1 * ttisutcnt;             // standard/wall indicators
+  return len;
+}
+
+// Does the rule for future transitions call for year-round daylight time?
+// See tz/zic.c:stringzone() for the details on how such rules are encoded.
+bool AllYearDST(const PosixTimeZone& posix) {
+  if (posix.dst_start.date.fmt != PosixTransition::N) return false;
+  if (posix.dst_start.date.n.day != 0) return false;
+  if (posix.dst_start.time.offset != 0) return false;
+
+  if (posix.dst_end.date.fmt != PosixTransition::J) return false;
+  if (posix.dst_end.date.j.day != kDaysPerYear[0]) return false;
+  const auto offset = posix.std_offset - posix.dst_offset;
+  if (posix.dst_end.time.offset + offset != kSecsPerDay) return false;
+
+  return true;
+}
+
 // Generate a year-relative offset for a PosixTransition.
 std::int_fast64_t TransOffset(bool leap_year, int jan1_weekday,
                               const PosixTransition& pt) {
@@ -202,98 +261,6 @@ inline civil_second YearShift(const civil_second& cs, year_t shift) {
 
 }  // namespace
 
-// What (no leap-seconds) UTC+seconds zoneinfo would look like.
-bool TimeZoneInfo::ResetToBuiltinUTC(const seconds& offset) {
-  transition_types_.resize(1);
-  TransitionType& tt(transition_types_.back());
-  tt.utc_offset = static_cast<std::int_least32_t>(offset.count());
-  tt.is_dst = false;
-  tt.abbr_index = 0;
-
-  // We temporarily add some redundant, contemporary (2015 through 2025)
-  // transitions for performance reasons.  See TimeZoneInfo::LocalTime().
-  // TODO: Fix the performance issue and remove the extra transitions.
-  transitions_.clear();
-  transitions_.reserve(12);
-  for (const std::int_fast64_t unix_time : {
-           -(1LL << 59),  // a "first half" transition
-           1420070400LL,  // 2015-01-01T00:00:00+00:00
-           1451606400LL,  // 2016-01-01T00:00:00+00:00
-           1483228800LL,  // 2017-01-01T00:00:00+00:00
-           1514764800LL,  // 2018-01-01T00:00:00+00:00
-           1546300800LL,  // 2019-01-01T00:00:00+00:00
-           1577836800LL,  // 2020-01-01T00:00:00+00:00
-           1609459200LL,  // 2021-01-01T00:00:00+00:00
-           1640995200LL,  // 2022-01-01T00:00:00+00:00
-           1672531200LL,  // 2023-01-01T00:00:00+00:00
-           1704067200LL,  // 2024-01-01T00:00:00+00:00
-           1735689600LL,  // 2025-01-01T00:00:00+00:00
-       }) {
-    Transition& tr(*transitions_.emplace(transitions_.end()));
-    tr.unix_time = unix_time;
-    tr.type_index = 0;
-    tr.civil_sec = LocalTime(tr.unix_time, tt).cs;
-    tr.prev_civil_sec = tr.civil_sec - 1;
-  }
-
-  default_transition_type_ = 0;
-  abbreviations_ = FixedOffsetToAbbr(offset);
-  abbreviations_.append(1, '\0');
-  future_spec_.clear();  // never needed for a fixed-offset zone
-  extended_ = false;
-
-  tt.civil_max = LocalTime(seconds::max().count(), tt).cs;
-  tt.civil_min = LocalTime(seconds::min().count(), tt).cs;
-
-  transitions_.shrink_to_fit();
-  return true;
-}
-
-// Builds the in-memory header using the raw bytes from the file.
-bool TimeZoneInfo::Header::Build(const tzhead& tzh) {
-  std::int_fast32_t v;
-  if ((v = Decode32(tzh.tzh_timecnt)) < 0) return false;
-  timecnt = static_cast<std::size_t>(v);
-  if ((v = Decode32(tzh.tzh_typecnt)) < 0) return false;
-  typecnt = static_cast<std::size_t>(v);
-  if ((v = Decode32(tzh.tzh_charcnt)) < 0) return false;
-  charcnt = static_cast<std::size_t>(v);
-  if ((v = Decode32(tzh.tzh_leapcnt)) < 0) return false;
-  leapcnt = static_cast<std::size_t>(v);
-  if ((v = Decode32(tzh.tzh_ttisstdcnt)) < 0) return false;
-  ttisstdcnt = static_cast<std::size_t>(v);
-  if ((v = Decode32(tzh.tzh_ttisutcnt)) < 0) return false;
-  ttisutcnt = static_cast<std::size_t>(v);
-  return true;
-}
-
-// How many bytes of data are associated with this header. The result
-// depends upon whether this is a section with 4-byte or 8-byte times.
-std::size_t TimeZoneInfo::Header::DataLength(std::size_t time_len) const {
-  std::size_t len = 0;
-  len += (time_len + 1) * timecnt;  // unix_time + type_index
-  len += (4 + 1 + 1) * typecnt;     // utc_offset + is_dst + abbr_index
-  len += 1 * charcnt;               // abbreviations
-  len += (time_len + 4) * leapcnt;  // leap-time + TAI-UTC
-  len += 1 * ttisstdcnt;            // UTC/local indicators
-  len += 1 * ttisutcnt;             // standard/wall indicators
-  return len;
-}
-
-// zic(8) can generate no-op transitions when a zone changes rules at an
-// instant when there is actually no discontinuity.  So we check whether
-// two transitions have equivalent types (same offset/is_dst/abbr).
-bool TimeZoneInfo::EquivTransitions(std::uint_fast8_t tt1_index,
-                                    std::uint_fast8_t tt2_index) const {
-  if (tt1_index == tt2_index) return true;
-  const TransitionType& tt1(transition_types_[tt1_index]);
-  const TransitionType& tt2(transition_types_[tt2_index]);
-  if (tt1.utc_offset != tt2.utc_offset) return false;
-  if (tt1.is_dst != tt2.is_dst) return false;
-  if (tt1.abbr_index != tt2.abbr_index) return false;
-  return true;
-}
-
 // Find/make a transition type with these attributes.
 bool TimeZoneInfo::GetTransitionType(std::int_fast32_t utc_offset, bool is_dst,
                                      const std::string& abbr,
@@ -326,6 +293,20 @@ bool TimeZoneInfo::GetTransitionType(std::int_fast32_t utc_offset, bool is_dst,
   return true;
 }
 
+// zic(8) can generate no-op transitions when a zone changes rules at an
+// instant when there is actually no discontinuity.  So we check whether
+// two transitions have equivalent types (same offset/is_dst/abbr).
+bool TimeZoneInfo::EquivTransitions(std::uint_fast8_t tt1_index,
+                                    std::uint_fast8_t tt2_index) const {
+  if (tt1_index == tt2_index) return true;
+  const TransitionType& tt1(transition_types_[tt1_index]);
+  const TransitionType& tt2(transition_types_[tt2_index]);
+  if (tt1.utc_offset != tt2.utc_offset) return false;
+  if (tt1.is_dst != tt2.is_dst) return false;
+  if (tt1.abbr_index != tt2.abbr_index) return false;
+  return true;
+}
+
 // Use the POSIX-TZ-environment-variable-style string to handle times
 // in years after the last transition stored in the zoneinfo data.
 bool TimeZoneInfo::ExtendTransitions() {
@@ -351,11 +332,19 @@ bool TimeZoneInfo::ExtendTransitions() {
   if (!GetTransitionType(posix.dst_offset, true, posix.dst_abbr, &dst_ti))
     return false;
 
-  // Extend the transitions for an additional 400 years using the
-  // future specification. Years beyond those can be handled by
-  // mapping back to a cycle-equivalent year within that range.
-  // We may need two additional transitions for the current year.
-  transitions_.reserve(transitions_.size() + 400 * 2 + 2);
+  if (AllYearDST(posix)) {  // dst only
+    // The future specification should match the last transition, and
+    // that means that handling the future will fall out naturally.
+    return EquivTransitions(transitions_.back().type_index, dst_ti);
+  }
+
+  // Extend the transitions for an additional 401 years using the future
+  // specification. Years beyond those can be handled by mapping back to
+  // a cycle-equivalent year within that range. Note that we need 401
+  // (well, at least the first transition in the 401st year) so that the
+  // end of the 400th year is mapped back to an extended year. And first
+  // we may also need two additional transitions for the current year.
+  transitions_.reserve(transitions_.size() + 2 + 401 * 2);
   extended_ = true;
 
   const Transition& last(transitions_.back());
@@ -369,7 +358,7 @@ bool TimeZoneInfo::ExtendTransitions() {
 
   Transition dst = {0, dst_ti, civil_second(), civil_second()};
   Transition std = {0, std_ti, civil_second(), civil_second()};
-  for (const year_t limit = last_year_ + 400;; ++last_year_) {
+  for (const year_t limit = last_year_ + 401;; ++last_year_) {
     auto dst_trans_off = TransOffset(leap_year, jan1_weekday, posix.dst_start);
     auto std_trans_off = TransOffset(leap_year, jan1_weekday, posix.dst_end);
     dst.unix_time = jan1_time + dst_trans_off - posix.std_offset;
@@ -389,193 +378,6 @@ bool TimeZoneInfo::ExtendTransitions() {
   return true;
 }
 
-bool TimeZoneInfo::Load(ZoneInfoSource* zip) {
-  // Read and validate the header.
-  tzhead tzh;
-  if (zip->Read(&tzh, sizeof(tzh)) != sizeof(tzh)) return false;
-  if (strncmp(tzh.tzh_magic, TZ_MAGIC, sizeof(tzh.tzh_magic)) != 0)
-    return false;
-  Header hdr;
-  if (!hdr.Build(tzh)) return false;
-  std::size_t time_len = 4;
-  if (tzh.tzh_version[0] != '\0') {
-    // Skip the 4-byte data.
-    if (zip->Skip(hdr.DataLength(time_len)) != 0) return false;
-    // Read and validate the header for the 8-byte data.
-    if (zip->Read(&tzh, sizeof(tzh)) != sizeof(tzh)) return false;
-    if (strncmp(tzh.tzh_magic, TZ_MAGIC, sizeof(tzh.tzh_magic)) != 0)
-      return false;
-    if (tzh.tzh_version[0] == '\0') return false;
-    if (!hdr.Build(tzh)) return false;
-    time_len = 8;
-  }
-  if (hdr.typecnt == 0) return false;
-  if (hdr.leapcnt != 0) {
-    // This code assumes 60-second minutes so we do not want
-    // the leap-second encoded zoneinfo. We could reverse the
-    // compensation, but the "right" encoding is rarely used
-    // so currently we simply reject such data.
-    return false;
-  }
-  if (hdr.ttisstdcnt != 0 && hdr.ttisstdcnt != hdr.typecnt) return false;
-  if (hdr.ttisutcnt != 0 && hdr.ttisutcnt != hdr.typecnt) return false;
-
-  // Read the data into a local buffer.
-  std::size_t len = hdr.DataLength(time_len);
-  std::vector<char> tbuf(len);
-  if (zip->Read(tbuf.data(), len) != len) return false;
-  const char* bp = tbuf.data();
-
-  // Decode and validate the transitions.
-  transitions_.reserve(hdr.timecnt + 2);
-  transitions_.resize(hdr.timecnt);
-  for (std::size_t i = 0; i != hdr.timecnt; ++i) {
-    transitions_[i].unix_time = (time_len == 4) ? Decode32(bp) : Decode64(bp);
-    bp += time_len;
-    if (i != 0) {
-      // Check that the transitions are ordered by time (as zic guarantees).
-      if (!Transition::ByUnixTime()(transitions_[i - 1], transitions_[i]))
-        return false;  // out of order
-    }
-  }
-  bool seen_type_0 = false;
-  for (std::size_t i = 0; i != hdr.timecnt; ++i) {
-    transitions_[i].type_index = Decode8(bp++);
-    if (transitions_[i].type_index >= hdr.typecnt) return false;
-    if (transitions_[i].type_index == 0) seen_type_0 = true;
-  }
-
-  // Decode and validate the transition types.
-  transition_types_.reserve(hdr.typecnt + 2);
-  transition_types_.resize(hdr.typecnt);
-  for (std::size_t i = 0; i != hdr.typecnt; ++i) {
-    transition_types_[i].utc_offset =
-        static_cast<std::int_least32_t>(Decode32(bp));
-    if (transition_types_[i].utc_offset >= kSecsPerDay ||
-        transition_types_[i].utc_offset <= -kSecsPerDay)
-      return false;
-    bp += 4;
-    transition_types_[i].is_dst = (Decode8(bp++) != 0);
-    transition_types_[i].abbr_index = Decode8(bp++);
-    if (transition_types_[i].abbr_index >= hdr.charcnt) return false;
-  }
-
-  // Determine the before-first-transition type.
-  default_transition_type_ = 0;
-  if (seen_type_0 && hdr.timecnt != 0) {
-    std::uint_fast8_t index = 0;
-    if (transition_types_[0].is_dst) {
-      index = transitions_[0].type_index;
-      while (index != 0 && transition_types_[index].is_dst) --index;
-    }
-    while (index != hdr.typecnt && transition_types_[index].is_dst) ++index;
-    if (index != hdr.typecnt) default_transition_type_ = index;
-  }
-
-  // Copy all the abbreviations.
-  abbreviations_.reserve(hdr.charcnt + 10);
-  abbreviations_.assign(bp, hdr.charcnt);
-  bp += hdr.charcnt;
-
-  // Skip the unused portions. We've already dispensed with leap-second
-  // encoded zoneinfo. The ttisstd/ttisgmt indicators only apply when
-  // interpreting a POSIX spec that does not include start/end rules, and
-  // that isn't the case here (see "zic -p").
-  bp += (8 + 4) * hdr.leapcnt;  // leap-time + TAI-UTC
-  bp += 1 * hdr.ttisstdcnt;     // UTC/local indicators
-  bp += 1 * hdr.ttisutcnt;      // standard/wall indicators
-  assert(bp == tbuf.data() + tbuf.size());
-
-  future_spec_.clear();
-  if (tzh.tzh_version[0] != '\0') {
-    // Snarf up the NL-enclosed future POSIX spec. Note
-    // that version '3' files utilize an extended format.
-    auto get_char = [](ZoneInfoSource* azip) -> int {
-      unsigned char ch;  // all non-EOF results are positive
-      return (azip->Read(&ch, 1) == 1) ? ch : EOF;
-    };
-    if (get_char(zip) != '\n') return false;
-    for (int c = get_char(zip); c != '\n'; c = get_char(zip)) {
-      if (c == EOF) return false;
-      future_spec_.push_back(static_cast<char>(c));
-    }
-  }
-
-  // We don't check for EOF so that we're forwards compatible.
-
-  // If we did not find version information during the standard loading
-  // process (as of tzh_version '3' that is unsupported), then ask the
-  // ZoneInfoSource for any out-of-bound version string it may be privy to.
-  if (version_.empty()) {
-    version_ = zip->Version();
-  }
-
-  // Trim redundant transitions. zic may have added these to work around
-  // differences between the glibc and reference implementations (see
-  // zic.c:dontmerge) and the Qt library (see zic.c:WORK_AROUND_QTBUG_53071).
-  // For us, they just get in the way when we do future_spec_ extension.
-  while (hdr.timecnt > 1) {
-    if (!EquivTransitions(transitions_[hdr.timecnt - 1].type_index,
-                          transitions_[hdr.timecnt - 2].type_index)) {
-      break;
-    }
-    hdr.timecnt -= 1;
-  }
-  transitions_.resize(hdr.timecnt);
-
-  // Ensure that there is always a transition in the first half of the
-  // time line (the second half is handled below) so that the signed
-  // difference between a civil_second and the civil_second of its
-  // previous transition is always representable, without overflow.
-  if (transitions_.empty() || transitions_.front().unix_time >= 0) {
-    Transition& tr(*transitions_.emplace(transitions_.begin()));
-    tr.unix_time = -(1LL << 59);  // -18267312070-10-26T17:01:52+00:00
-    tr.type_index = default_transition_type_;
-  }
-
-  // Extend the transitions using the future specification.
-  if (!ExtendTransitions()) return false;
-
-  // Ensure that there is always a transition in the second half of the
-  // time line (the first half is handled above) so that the signed
-  // difference between a civil_second and the civil_second of its
-  // previous transition is always representable, without overflow.
-  const Transition& last(transitions_.back());
-  if (last.unix_time < 0) {
-    const std::uint_fast8_t type_index = last.type_index;
-    Transition& tr(*transitions_.emplace(transitions_.end()));
-    tr.unix_time = 2147483647;  // 2038-01-19T03:14:07+00:00
-    tr.type_index = type_index;
-  }
-
-  // Compute the local civil time for each transition and the preceding
-  // second. These will be used for reverse conversions in MakeTime().
-  const TransitionType* ttp = &transition_types_[default_transition_type_];
-  for (std::size_t i = 0; i != transitions_.size(); ++i) {
-    Transition& tr(transitions_[i]);
-    tr.prev_civil_sec = LocalTime(tr.unix_time, *ttp).cs - 1;
-    ttp = &transition_types_[tr.type_index];
-    tr.civil_sec = LocalTime(tr.unix_time, *ttp).cs;
-    if (i != 0) {
-      // Check that the transitions are ordered by civil time. Essentially
-      // this means that an offset change cannot cross another such change.
-      // No one does this in practice, and we depend on it in MakeTime().
-      if (!Transition::ByCivilTime()(transitions_[i - 1], tr))
-        return false;  // out of order
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Compute the maximum/minimum civil times that can be converted to a
-  // time_point<seconds> for each of the zone's transition types.
-  for (auto& tt : transition_types_) {
-    tt.civil_max = LocalTime(seconds::max().count(), tt).cs;
-    tt.civil_min = LocalTime(seconds::min().count(), tt).cs;
-  }
-
-  transitions_.shrink_to_fit();
-  return true;
-}
-
 namespace {
 
 using FilePtr = std::unique_ptr<FILE, int (*)(FILE*)>;
@@ -774,6 +576,240 @@ std::unique_ptr<ZoneInfoSource> FuchsiaZoneInfoSource::Open(
 
 }  // namespace
 
+// What (no leap-seconds) UTC+seconds zoneinfo would look like.
+bool TimeZoneInfo::ResetToBuiltinUTC(const seconds& offset) {
+  transition_types_.resize(1);
+  TransitionType& tt(transition_types_.back());
+  tt.utc_offset = static_cast<std::int_least32_t>(offset.count());
+  tt.is_dst = false;
+  tt.abbr_index = 0;
+
+  // We temporarily add some redundant, contemporary (2015 through 2025)
+  // transitions for performance reasons.  See TimeZoneInfo::LocalTime().
+  // TODO: Fix the performance issue and remove the extra transitions.
+  transitions_.clear();
+  transitions_.reserve(12);
+  for (const std::int_fast64_t unix_time : {
+           -(1LL << 59),  // a "first half" transition
+           1420070400LL,  // 2015-01-01T00:00:00+00:00
+           1451606400LL,  // 2016-01-01T00:00:00+00:00
+           1483228800LL,  // 2017-01-01T00:00:00+00:00
+           1514764800LL,  // 2018-01-01T00:00:00+00:00
+           1546300800LL,  // 2019-01-01T00:00:00+00:00
+           1577836800LL,  // 2020-01-01T00:00:00+00:00
+           1609459200LL,  // 2021-01-01T00:00:00+00:00
+           1640995200LL,  // 2022-01-01T00:00:00+00:00
+           1672531200LL,  // 2023-01-01T00:00:00+00:00
+           1704067200LL,  // 2024-01-01T00:00:00+00:00
+           1735689600LL,  // 2025-01-01T00:00:00+00:00
+       }) {
+    Transition& tr(*transitions_.emplace(transitions_.end()));
+    tr.unix_time = unix_time;
+    tr.type_index = 0;
+    tr.civil_sec = LocalTime(tr.unix_time, tt).cs;
+    tr.prev_civil_sec = tr.civil_sec - 1;
+  }
+
+  default_transition_type_ = 0;
+  abbreviations_ = FixedOffsetToAbbr(offset);
+  abbreviations_.append(1, '\0');
+  future_spec_.clear();  // never needed for a fixed-offset zone
+  extended_ = false;
+
+  tt.civil_max = LocalTime(seconds::max().count(), tt).cs;
+  tt.civil_min = LocalTime(seconds::min().count(), tt).cs;
+
+  transitions_.shrink_to_fit();
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool TimeZoneInfo::Load(ZoneInfoSource* zip) {
+  // Read and validate the header.
+  tzhead tzh;
+  if (zip->Read(&tzh, sizeof(tzh)) != sizeof(tzh)) return false;
+  if (strncmp(tzh.tzh_magic, TZ_MAGIC, sizeof(tzh.tzh_magic)) != 0)
+    return false;
+  Header hdr;
+  if (!hdr.Build(tzh)) return false;
+  std::size_t time_len = 4;
+  if (tzh.tzh_version[0] != '\0') {
+    // Skip the 4-byte data.
+    if (zip->Skip(hdr.DataLength(time_len)) != 0) return false;
+    // Read and validate the header for the 8-byte data.
+    if (zip->Read(&tzh, sizeof(tzh)) != sizeof(tzh)) return false;
+    if (strncmp(tzh.tzh_magic, TZ_MAGIC, sizeof(tzh.tzh_magic)) != 0)
+      return false;
+    if (tzh.tzh_version[0] == '\0') return false;
+    if (!hdr.Build(tzh)) return false;
+    time_len = 8;
+  }
+  if (hdr.typecnt == 0) return false;
+  if (hdr.leapcnt != 0) {
+    // This code assumes 60-second minutes so we do not want
+    // the leap-second encoded zoneinfo. We could reverse the
+    // compensation, but the "right" encoding is rarely used
+    // so currently we simply reject such data.
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (hdr.ttisstdcnt != 0 && hdr.ttisstdcnt != hdr.typecnt) return false;
+  if (hdr.ttisutcnt != 0 && hdr.ttisutcnt != hdr.typecnt) return false;
+
+  // Read the data into a local buffer.
+  std::size_t len = hdr.DataLength(time_len);
+  std::vector<char> tbuf(len);
+  if (zip->Read(tbuf.data(), len) != len) return false;
+  const char* bp = tbuf.data();
+
+  // Decode and validate the transitions.
+  transitions_.reserve(hdr.timecnt + 2);
+  transitions_.resize(hdr.timecnt);
+  for (std::size_t i = 0; i != hdr.timecnt; ++i) {
+    transitions_[i].unix_time = (time_len == 4) ? Decode32(bp) : Decode64(bp);
+    bp += time_len;
+    if (i != 0) {
+      // Check that the transitions are ordered by time (as zic guarantees).
+      if (!Transition::ByUnixTime()(transitions_[i - 1], transitions_[i]))
+        return false;  // out of order
+    }
+  }
+  bool seen_type_0 = false;
+  for (std::size_t i = 0; i != hdr.timecnt; ++i) {
+    transitions_[i].type_index = Decode8(bp++);
+    if (transitions_[i].type_index >= hdr.typecnt) return false;
+    if (transitions_[i].type_index == 0) seen_type_0 = true;
+  }
+
+  // Decode and validate the transition types.
+  transition_types_.reserve(hdr.typecnt + 2);
+  transition_types_.resize(hdr.typecnt);
+  for (std::size_t i = 0; i != hdr.typecnt; ++i) {
+    transition_types_[i].utc_offset =
+        static_cast<std::int_least32_t>(Decode32(bp));
+    if (transition_types_[i].utc_offset >= kSecsPerDay ||
+        transition_types_[i].utc_offset <= -kSecsPerDay)
+      return false;
+    bp += 4;
+    transition_types_[i].is_dst = (Decode8(bp++) != 0);
+    transition_types_[i].abbr_index = Decode8(bp++);
+    if (transition_types_[i].abbr_index >= hdr.charcnt) return false;
+  }
+
+  // Determine the before-first-transition type.
+  default_transition_type_ = 0;
+  if (seen_type_0 && hdr.timecnt != 0) {
+    std::uint_fast8_t index = 0;
+    if (transition_types_[0].is_dst) {
+      index = transitions_[0].type_index;
+      while (index != 0 && transition_types_[index].is_dst) --index;
+    }
+    while (index != hdr.typecnt && transition_types_[index].is_dst) ++index;
+    if (index != hdr.typecnt) default_transition_type_ = index;
+  }
+
+  // Copy all the abbreviations.
+  abbreviations_.reserve(hdr.charcnt + 10);
+  abbreviations_.assign(bp, hdr.charcnt);
+  bp += hdr.charcnt;
+
+  // Skip the unused portions. We've already dispensed with leap-second
+  // encoded zoneinfo. The ttisstd/ttisgmt indicators only apply when
+  // interpreting a POSIX spec that does not include start/end rules, and
+  // that isn't the case here (see "zic -p").
+  bp += (time_len + 4) * hdr.leapcnt;  // leap-time + TAI-UTC
+  bp += 1 * hdr.ttisstdcnt;            // UTC/local indicators
+  bp += 1 * hdr.ttisutcnt;             // standard/wall indicators
+  assert(bp == tbuf.data() + tbuf.size());
+
+  future_spec_.clear();
+  if (tzh.tzh_version[0] != '\0') {
+    // Snarf up the NL-enclosed future POSIX spec. Note
+    // that version '3' files utilize an extended format.
+    auto get_char = [](ZoneInfoSource* azip) -> int {
+      unsigned char ch;  // all non-EOF results are positive
+      return (azip->Read(&ch, 1) == 1) ? ch : EOF;
+    };
+    if (get_char(zip) != '\n') return false;
+    for (int c = get_char(zip); c != '\n'; c = get_char(zip)) {
+      if (c == EOF) return false;
+      future_spec_.push_back(static_cast<char>(c));
+    }
+  }
+
+  // We don't check for EOF so that we're forwards compatible.
+
+  // If we did not find version information during the standard loading
+  // process (as of tzh_version '3' that is unsupported), then ask the
+  // ZoneInfoSource for any out-of-bound version string it may be privy to.
+  if (version_.empty()) {
+    version_ = zip->Version();
+  }
+
+  // Trim redundant transitions. zic may have added these to work around
+  // differences between the glibc and reference implementations (see
+  // zic.c:dontmerge) or to avoid bugs in old readers. For us, they just
+  // get in the way when we do future_spec_ extension.
+  while (hdr.timecnt > 1) {
+    if (!EquivTransitions(transitions_[hdr.timecnt - 1].type_index,
+                          transitions_[hdr.timecnt - 2].type_index)) {
+      break;
+    }
+    hdr.timecnt -= 1;
+  }
+  transitions_.resize(hdr.timecnt);
+
+  // Ensure that there is always a transition in the first half of the
+  // time line (the second half is handled below) so that the signed
+  // difference between a civil_second and the civil_second of its
+  // previous transition is always representable, without overflow.
+  if (transitions_.empty() || transitions_.front().unix_time >= 0) {
+    Transition& tr(*transitions_.emplace(transitions_.begin()));
+    tr.unix_time = -(1LL << 59);  // -18267312070-10-26T17:01:52+00:00
+    tr.type_index = default_transition_type_;
+  }
+
+  // Extend the transitions using the future specification.
+  if (!ExtendTransitions()) return false;
+
+  // Ensure that there is always a transition in the second half of the
+  // time line (the first half is handled above) so that the signed
+  // difference between a civil_second and the civil_second of its
+  // previous transition is always representable, without overflow.
+  const Transition& last(transitions_.back());
+  if (last.unix_time < 0) {
+    const std::uint_fast8_t type_index = last.type_index;
+    Transition& tr(*transitions_.emplace(transitions_.end()));
+    tr.unix_time = 2147483647;  // 2038-01-19T03:14:07+00:00
+    tr.type_index = type_index;
+  }
+
+  // Compute the local civil time for each transition and the preceding
+  // second. These will be used for reverse conversions in MakeTime().
+  const TransitionType* ttp = &transition_types_[default_transition_type_];
+  for (std::size_t i = 0; i != transitions_.size(); ++i) {
+    Transition& tr(transitions_[i]);
+    tr.prev_civil_sec = LocalTime(tr.unix_time, *ttp).cs - 1;
+    ttp = &transition_types_[tr.type_index];
+    tr.civil_sec = LocalTime(tr.unix_time, *ttp).cs;
+    if (i != 0) {
+      // Check that the transitions are ordered by civil time. Essentially
+      // this means that an offset change cannot cross another such change.
+      // No one does this in practice, and we depend on it in MakeTime().
+      if (!Transition::ByCivilTime()(transitions_[i - 1], tr))
+        return false;  // out of order
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Compute the maximum/minimum civil times that can be converted to a
+  // time_point<seconds> for each of the zone's transition types.
+  for (auto& tt : transition_types_) {
+    tt.civil_max = LocalTime(seconds::max().count(), tt).cs;
+    tt.civil_min = LocalTime(seconds::min().count(), tt).cs;
+  }
+
+  transitions_.shrink_to_fit();
+  return true;
+}
+
 bool TimeZoneInfo::Load(const std::string& name) {
   // We can ensure that the loading of UTC or any other fixed-offset
   // zone never fails because the simple, fixed-offset state can be
@@ -795,6 +831,18 @@ bool TimeZoneInfo::Load(const std::string& name) {
   return zip != nullptr && Load(zip.get());
 }
 
+std::unique_ptr<TimeZoneInfo> TimeZoneInfo::UTC() {
+  auto tz = std::unique_ptr<TimeZoneInfo>(new TimeZoneInfo);
+  tz->ResetToBuiltinUTC(seconds::zero());
+  return tz;
+}
+
+std::unique_ptr<TimeZoneInfo> TimeZoneInfo::Make(const std::string& name) {
+  auto tz = std::unique_ptr<TimeZoneInfo>(new TimeZoneInfo);
+  if (!tz->Load(name)) tz.reset();  // fallback to UTC
+  return tz;
+}
+
 // BreakTime() translation for a particular transition type.
 time_zone::absolute_lookup TimeZoneInfo::LocalTime(
     std::int_fast64_t unix_time, const TransitionType& tt) const {
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_info.h b/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_info.h
index 2467ff55..689df6f9 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_info.h
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_info.h
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include <atomic>
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <cstdint>
+#include <memory>
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 
@@ -64,12 +65,9 @@ struct TransitionType {
 // A time zone backed by the IANA Time Zone Database (zoneinfo).
 class TimeZoneInfo : public TimeZoneIf {
  public:
-  TimeZoneInfo() = default;
-  TimeZoneInfo(const TimeZoneInfo&) = delete;
-  TimeZoneInfo& operator=(const TimeZoneInfo&) = delete;
-
-  // Loads the zoneinfo for the given name, returning true if successful.
-  bool Load(const std::string& name);
+  // Factories.
+  static std::unique_ptr<TimeZoneInfo> UTC();  // never fails
+  static std::unique_ptr<TimeZoneInfo> Make(const std::string& name);
 
   // TimeZoneIf implementations.
   time_zone::absolute_lookup BreakTime(
@@ -83,17 +81,9 @@ class TimeZoneInfo : public TimeZoneIf {
   std::string Description() const override;
 
  private:
-  struct Header {            // counts of:
-    std::size_t timecnt;     // transition times
-    std::size_t typecnt;     // transition types
-    std::size_t charcnt;     // zone abbreviation characters
-    std::size_t leapcnt;     // leap seconds (we expect none)
-    std::size_t ttisstdcnt;  // UTC/local indicators (unused)
-    std::size_t ttisutcnt;   // standard/wall indicators (unused)
-
-    bool Build(const tzhead& tzh);
-    std::size_t DataLength(std::size_t time_len) const;
-  };
+  TimeZoneInfo() = default;
+  TimeZoneInfo(const TimeZoneInfo&) = delete;
+  TimeZoneInfo& operator=(const TimeZoneInfo&) = delete;
 
   bool GetTransitionType(std::int_fast32_t utc_offset, bool is_dst,
                          const std::string& abbr, std::uint_least8_t* index);
@@ -102,6 +92,7 @@ class TimeZoneInfo : public TimeZoneIf {
   bool ExtendTransitions();
 
   bool ResetToBuiltinUTC(const seconds& offset);
+  bool Load(const std::string& name);
   bool Load(ZoneInfoSource* zip);
 
   // Helpers for BreakTime() and MakeTime().
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_libc.cc b/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_libc.cc
index 887dd097..d0146122 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_libc.cc
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_libc.cc
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ auto tm_zone(const std::tm& tm) -> decltype(tzname[0]) {
 }
 #elif defined(__native_client__) || defined(__myriad2__) || \
     defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
-// Uses the globals: 'timezone' and 'tzname'.
+// Uses the globals: '_timezone' and 'tzname'.
 auto tm_gmtoff(const std::tm& tm) -> decltype(_timezone + 0) {
   const bool is_dst = tm.tm_isdst > 0;
   return _timezone + (is_dst ? 60 * 60 : 0);
@@ -71,6 +71,16 @@ auto tm_zone(const std::tm& tm) -> decltype(tzname[0]) {
   const bool is_dst = tm.tm_isdst > 0;
   return tzname[is_dst];
 }
+#elif defined(__VXWORKS__)
+// Uses the globals: 'timezone' and 'tzname'.
+auto tm_gmtoff(const std::tm& tm) -> decltype(timezone + 0) {
+  const bool is_dst = tm.tm_isdst > 0;
+  return timezone + (is_dst ? 60 * 60 : 0);
+}
+auto tm_zone(const std::tm& tm) -> decltype(tzname[0]) {
+  const bool is_dst = tm.tm_isdst > 0;
+  return tzname[is_dst];
+}
 #else
 // Adapt to different spellings of the struct std::tm extension fields.
 #if defined(tm_gmtoff)
@@ -108,6 +118,7 @@ auto tm_zone(const T& tm) -> decltype(tm.__tm_zone) {
 }
 #endif  // tm_zone
 #endif
+using tm_gmtoff_t = decltype(tm_gmtoff(std::tm{}));
 
 inline std::tm* gm_time(const std::time_t* timep, std::tm* result) {
 #if defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64)
@@ -125,37 +136,36 @@ inline std::tm* local_time(const std::time_t* timep, std::tm* result) {
 #endif
 }
 
-// Converts a civil second and "dst" flag into a time_t and UTC offset.
+// Converts a civil second and "dst" flag into a time_t and a struct tm.
 // Returns false if time_t cannot represent the requested civil second.
 // Caller must have already checked that cs.year() will fit into a tm_year.
-bool make_time(const civil_second& cs, int is_dst, std::time_t* t, int* off) {
-  std::tm tm;
-  tm.tm_year = static_cast<int>(cs.year() - year_t{1900});
-  tm.tm_mon = cs.month() - 1;
-  tm.tm_mday = cs.day();
-  tm.tm_hour = cs.hour();
-  tm.tm_min = cs.minute();
-  tm.tm_sec = cs.second();
-  tm.tm_isdst = is_dst;
-  *t = std::mktime(&tm);
+bool make_time(const civil_second& cs, int is_dst, std::time_t* t,
+               std::tm* tm) {
+  tm->tm_year = static_cast<int>(cs.year() - year_t{1900});
+  tm->tm_mon = cs.month() - 1;
+  tm->tm_mday = cs.day();
+  tm->tm_hour = cs.hour();
+  tm->tm_min = cs.minute();
+  tm->tm_sec = cs.second();
+  tm->tm_isdst = is_dst;
+  *t = std::mktime(tm);
   if (*t == std::time_t{-1}) {
     std::tm tm2;
     const std::tm* tmp = local_time(t, &tm2);
-    if (tmp == nullptr || tmp->tm_year != tm.tm_year ||
-        tmp->tm_mon != tm.tm_mon || tmp->tm_mday != tm.tm_mday ||
-        tmp->tm_hour != tm.tm_hour || tmp->tm_min != tm.tm_min ||
-        tmp->tm_sec != tm.tm_sec) {
+    if (tmp == nullptr || tmp->tm_year != tm->tm_year ||
+        tmp->tm_mon != tm->tm_mon || tmp->tm_mday != tm->tm_mday ||
+        tmp->tm_hour != tm->tm_hour || tmp->tm_min != tm->tm_min ||
+        tmp->tm_sec != tm->tm_sec) {
       // A true error (not just one second before the epoch).
       return false;
     }
   }
-  *off = static_cast<int>(tm_gmtoff(tm));
   return true;
 }
 
 // Find the least time_t in [lo:hi] where local time matches offset, given:
 // (1) lo doesn't match, (2) hi does, and (3) there is only one transition.
-std::time_t find_trans(std::time_t lo, std::time_t hi, int offset) {
+std::time_t find_trans(std::time_t lo, std::time_t hi, tm_gmtoff_t offset) {
   std::tm tm;
   while (lo + 1 != hi) {
     const std::time_t mid = lo + (hi - lo) / 2;
@@ -183,8 +193,9 @@ std::time_t find_trans(std::time_t lo, std::time_t hi, int offset) {
 
 }  // namespace
 
-TimeZoneLibC::TimeZoneLibC(const std::string& name)
-    : local_(name == "localtime") {}
+std::unique_ptr<TimeZoneLibC> TimeZoneLibC::Make(const std::string& name) {
+  return std::unique_ptr<TimeZoneLibC>(new TimeZoneLibC(name));
+}
 
 time_zone::absolute_lookup TimeZoneLibC::BreakTime(
     const time_point<seconds>& tp) const {
@@ -254,33 +265,37 @@ time_zone::civil_lookup TimeZoneLibC::MakeTime(const civil_second& cs) const {
   // We probe with "is_dst" values of 0 and 1 to try to distinguish unique
   // civil seconds from skipped or repeated ones.  This is not always possible
   // however, as the "dst" flag does not change over some offset transitions.
-  // We are also subject to the vagaries of mktime() implementations.
+  // We are also subject to the vagaries of mktime() implementations. For
+  // example, some implementations treat "tm_isdst" as a demand (useless),
+  // and some as a disambiguator (useful).
   std::time_t t0, t1;
-  int offset0, offset1;
-  if (make_time(cs, 0, &t0, &offset0) && make_time(cs, 1, &t1, &offset1)) {
-    if (t0 == t1) {
+  std::tm tm0, tm1;
+  if (make_time(cs, 0, &t0, &tm0) && make_time(cs, 1, &t1, &tm1)) {
+    if (tm0.tm_isdst == tm1.tm_isdst) {
       // The civil time was singular (pre == trans == post).
-      const time_point<seconds> tp = FromUnixSeconds(t0);
+      const time_point<seconds> tp = FromUnixSeconds(tm0.tm_isdst ? t1 : t0);
       return {time_zone::civil_lookup::UNIQUE, tp, tp, tp};
     }
 
-    if (t0 > t1) {
+    tm_gmtoff_t offset = tm_gmtoff(tm0);
+    if (t0 < t1) {  // negative DST
       std::swap(t0, t1);
-      std::swap(offset0, offset1);
+      offset = tm_gmtoff(tm1);
     }
-    const std::time_t tt = find_trans(t0, t1, offset1);
+
+    const std::time_t tt = find_trans(t1, t0, offset);
     const time_point<seconds> trans = FromUnixSeconds(tt);
 
-    if (offset0 < offset1) {
+    if (tm0.tm_isdst) {
       // The civil time did not exist (pre >= trans > post).
-      const time_point<seconds> pre = FromUnixSeconds(t1);
-      const time_point<seconds> post = FromUnixSeconds(t0);
+      const time_point<seconds> pre = FromUnixSeconds(t0);
+      const time_point<seconds> post = FromUnixSeconds(t1);
       return {time_zone::civil_lookup::SKIPPED, pre, trans, post};
     }
 
     // The civil time was ambiguous (pre < trans <= post).
-    const time_point<seconds> pre = FromUnixSeconds(t0);
-    const time_point<seconds> post = FromUnixSeconds(t1);
+    const time_point<seconds> pre = FromUnixSeconds(t1);
+    const time_point<seconds> post = FromUnixSeconds(t0);
     return {time_zone::civil_lookup::REPEATED, pre, trans, post};
   }
 
@@ -309,6 +324,9 @@ std::string TimeZoneLibC::Description() const {
   return local_ ? "localtime" : "UTC";
 }
 
+TimeZoneLibC::TimeZoneLibC(const std::string& name)
+    : local_(name == "localtime") {}
+
 }  // namespace cctz
 }  // namespace time_internal
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_libc.h b/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_libc.h
index 1da9039a..ae210737 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_libc.h
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_libc.h
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #ifndef ABSL_TIME_INTERNAL_CCTZ_TIME_ZONE_LIBC_H_
 #define ABSL_TIME_INTERNAL_CCTZ_TIME_ZONE_LIBC_H_
 
+#include <memory>
 #include <string>
 
 #include "absl/base/config.h"
@@ -27,10 +28,10 @@ namespace cctz {
 
 // A time zone backed by gmtime_r(3), localtime_r(3), and mktime(3),
 // and which therefore only supports UTC and the local time zone.
-// TODO: Add support for fixed offsets from UTC.
 class TimeZoneLibC : public TimeZoneIf {
  public:
-  explicit TimeZoneLibC(const std::string& name);
+  // Factory.
+  static std::unique_ptr<TimeZoneLibC> Make(const std::string& name);
 
   // TimeZoneIf implementations.
   time_zone::absolute_lookup BreakTime(
@@ -44,6 +45,10 @@ class TimeZoneLibC : public TimeZoneIf {
   std::string Description() const override;
 
  private:
+  explicit TimeZoneLibC(const std::string& name);
+  TimeZoneLibC(const TimeZoneLibC&) = delete;
+  TimeZoneLibC& operator=(const TimeZoneLibC&) = delete;
+
   const bool local_;  // localtime or UTC
 };
 
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_lookup.cc b/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_lookup.cc
index 898d04c1..d22691bd 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_lookup.cc
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_lookup.cc
@@ -31,10 +31,28 @@
 #if defined(__Fuchsia__)
 #include <fuchsia/intl/cpp/fidl.h>
 #include <lib/async-loop/cpp/loop.h>
-#include <lib/sys/cpp/component_context.h>
+#include <lib/fdio/directory.h>
 #include <zircon/types.h>
 #endif
 
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+#include <sdkddkver.h>
+// Include only when the SDK is for Windows 10 (and later), and the binary is
+// targeted for Windows XP and later.
+// Note: The Windows SDK added windows.globalization.h file for Windows 10, but
+// MinGW did not add it until NTDDI_WIN10_NI (SDK version 10.0.22621.0).
+#if ((defined(_WIN32_WINNT_WIN10) && !defined(__MINGW32__)) ||        \
+     (defined(NTDDI_WIN10_NI) && NTDDI_VERSION >= NTDDI_WIN10_NI)) && \
+    (_WIN32_WINNT >= _WIN32_WINNT_WINXP)
+#define USE_WIN32_LOCAL_TIME_ZONE
+#include <roapi.h>
+#include <tchar.h>
+#include <wchar.h>
+#include <windows.globalization.h>
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif
+#endif
+
 #include <cstdlib>
 #include <cstring>
 #include <string>
@@ -47,8 +65,8 @@ ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 namespace time_internal {
 namespace cctz {
 
-#if defined(__ANDROID__) && defined(__ANDROID_API__) && __ANDROID_API__ >= 21
 namespace {
+#if defined(__ANDROID__) && defined(__ANDROID_API__) && __ANDROID_API__ >= 21
 // Android 'L' removes __system_property_get() from the NDK, however
 // it is still a hidden symbol in libc so we use dlsym() to access it.
 // See Chromium's base/sys_info_android.cc for a similar example.
@@ -72,9 +90,84 @@ int __system_property_get(const char* name, char* value) {
   static property_get_func system_property_get = LoadSystemPropertyGet();
   return system_property_get ? system_property_get(name, value) : -1;
 }
+#endif
 
-}  // namespace
+#if defined(USE_WIN32_LOCAL_TIME_ZONE)
+// Calls the WinRT Calendar.GetTimeZone method to obtain the IANA ID of the
+// local time zone. Returns an empty vector in case of an error.
+std::string win32_local_time_zone(const HMODULE combase) {
+  std::string result;
+  const auto ro_activate_instance =
+      reinterpret_cast<decltype(&RoActivateInstance)>(
+          GetProcAddress(combase, "RoActivateInstance"));
+  if (!ro_activate_instance) {
+    return result;
+  }
+  const auto windows_create_string_reference =
+      reinterpret_cast<decltype(&WindowsCreateStringReference)>(
+          GetProcAddress(combase, "WindowsCreateStringReference"));
+  if (!windows_create_string_reference) {
+    return result;
+  }
+  const auto windows_delete_string =
+      reinterpret_cast<decltype(&WindowsDeleteString)>(
+          GetProcAddress(combase, "WindowsDeleteString"));
+  if (!windows_delete_string) {
+    return result;
+  }
+  const auto windows_get_string_raw_buffer =
+      reinterpret_cast<decltype(&WindowsGetStringRawBuffer)>(
+          GetProcAddress(combase, "WindowsGetStringRawBuffer"));
+  if (!windows_get_string_raw_buffer) {
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  // The string returned by WindowsCreateStringReference doesn't need to be
+  // deleted.
+  HSTRING calendar_class_id;
+  HSTRING_HEADER calendar_class_id_header;
+  HRESULT hr = windows_create_string_reference(
+      RuntimeClass_Windows_Globalization_Calendar,
+      sizeof(RuntimeClass_Windows_Globalization_Calendar) / sizeof(wchar_t) - 1,
+      &calendar_class_id_header, &calendar_class_id);
+  if (FAILED(hr)) {
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  IInspectable* calendar;
+  hr = ro_activate_instance(calendar_class_id, &calendar);
+  if (FAILED(hr)) {
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  ABI::Windows::Globalization::ITimeZoneOnCalendar* time_zone;
+  hr = calendar->QueryInterface(IID_PPV_ARGS(&time_zone));
+  if (FAILED(hr)) {
+    calendar->Release();
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  HSTRING tz_hstr;
+  hr = time_zone->GetTimeZone(&tz_hstr);
+  if (SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
+    UINT32 wlen;
+    const PCWSTR tz_wstr = windows_get_string_raw_buffer(tz_hstr, &wlen);
+    if (tz_wstr) {
+      const int size =
+          WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, tz_wstr, static_cast<int>(wlen),
+                              nullptr, 0, nullptr, nullptr);
+      result.resize(static_cast<size_t>(size));
+      WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, tz_wstr, static_cast<int>(wlen),
+                          &result[0], size, nullptr, nullptr);
+    }
+    windows_delete_string(tz_hstr);
+  }
+  time_zone->Release();
+  calendar->Release();
+  return result;
+}
 #endif
+}  // namespace
 
 std::string time_zone::name() const { return effective_impl().Name(); }
 
@@ -140,8 +233,9 @@ time_zone local_time_zone() {
   if (CFStringRef tz_name = CFTimeZoneGetName(tz_default)) {
     CFStringEncoding encoding = kCFStringEncodingUTF8;
     CFIndex length = CFStringGetLength(tz_name);
-    buffer.resize(CFStringGetMaximumSizeForEncoding(length, encoding) + 1);
-    if (CFStringGetCString(tz_name, &buffer[0], buffer.size(), encoding)) {
+    CFIndex max_size = CFStringGetMaximumSizeForEncoding(length, encoding) + 1;
+    buffer.resize(static_cast<size_t>(max_size));
+    if (CFStringGetCString(tz_name, &buffer[0], max_size, encoding)) {
       zone = &buffer[0];
     }
   }
@@ -160,11 +254,11 @@ time_zone local_time_zone() {
     // would be set to null when the loop is destroyed, causing any other FIDL
     // code running on the same thread to crash.
     async::Loop loop(&kAsyncLoopConfigNeverAttachToThread);
-    std::unique_ptr<sys::ComponentContext> context =
-        sys::ComponentContext::Create();
 
     fuchsia::intl::PropertyProviderHandle handle;
-    zx_status_t status = context->svc()->Connect(handle.NewRequest());
+    zx_status_t status = fdio_service_connect_by_name(
+        fuchsia::intl::PropertyProvider::Name_,
+        handle.NewRequest().TakeChannel().release());
     if (status != ZX_OK) {
       return;
     }
@@ -189,6 +283,39 @@ time_zone local_time_zone() {
     zone = primary_tz.c_str();
   }
 #endif
+#if defined(USE_WIN32_LOCAL_TIME_ZONE)
+  // Use the WinRT Calendar class to get the local time zone. This feature is
+  // available on Windows 10 and later. The library is dynamically linked to
+  // maintain binary compatibility with Windows XP - Windows 7. On Windows 8,
+  // The combase.dll API functions are available but the RoActivateInstance
+  // call will fail for the Calendar class.
+  std::string winrt_tz;
+  const HMODULE combase =
+      LoadLibraryEx(_T("combase.dll"), nullptr, LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_SYSTEM32);
+  if (combase) {
+    const auto ro_initialize = reinterpret_cast<decltype(&::RoInitialize)>(
+        GetProcAddress(combase, "RoInitialize"));
+    const auto ro_uninitialize = reinterpret_cast<decltype(&::RoUninitialize)>(
+        GetProcAddress(combase, "RoUninitialize"));
+    if (ro_initialize && ro_uninitialize) {
+      const HRESULT hr = ro_initialize(RO_INIT_MULTITHREADED);
+      // RPC_E_CHANGED_MODE means that a previous RoInitialize call specified
+      // a different concurrency model. The WinRT runtime is initialized and
+      // should work for our purpose here, but we should *not* call
+      // RoUninitialize because it's a failure.
+      if (SUCCEEDED(hr) || hr == RPC_E_CHANGED_MODE) {
+        winrt_tz = win32_local_time_zone(combase);
+        if (SUCCEEDED(hr)) {
+          ro_uninitialize();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    FreeLibrary(combase);
+  }
+  if (!winrt_tz.empty()) {
+    zone = winrt_tz.c_str();
+  }
+#endif
 
   // Allow ${TZ} to override to default zone.
   char* tz_env = nullptr;
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_lookup_test.cc b/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_lookup_test.cc
index 27a53c5c..4884c32e 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_lookup_test.cc
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_lookup_test.cc
@@ -135,6 +135,7 @@ const char* const kTimeZoneNames[] = {"Africa/Abidjan",
                                       "America/Cayman",
                                       "America/Chicago",
                                       "America/Chihuahua",
+                                      "America/Ciudad_Juarez",
                                       "America/Coral_Harbour",
                                       "America/Cordoba",
                                       "America/Costa_Rica",
@@ -489,6 +490,7 @@ const char* const kTimeZoneNames[] = {"Africa/Abidjan",
                                       "Europe/Kaliningrad",
                                       "Europe/Kiev",
                                       "Europe/Kirov",
+                                      "Europe/Kyiv",
                                       "Europe/Lisbon",
                                       "Europe/Ljubljana",
                                       "Europe/London",
@@ -528,6 +530,7 @@ const char* const kTimeZoneNames[] = {"Africa/Abidjan",
                                       "Europe/Zagreb",
                                       "Europe/Zaporozhye",
                                       "Europe/Zurich",
+                                      "Factory",
                                       "GB",
                                       "GB-Eire",
                                       "GMT",
@@ -732,6 +735,10 @@ TEST(TimeZone, UTC) {
   time_zone loaded_utc0;
   EXPECT_TRUE(load_time_zone("UTC0", &loaded_utc0));
   EXPECT_EQ(loaded_utc0, utc);
+
+  time_zone loaded_bad;
+  EXPECT_FALSE(load_time_zone("Invalid/TimeZone", &loaded_bad));
+  EXPECT_EQ(loaded_bad, utc);
 }
 
 TEST(TimeZone, NamedTimeZones) {
@@ -909,19 +916,19 @@ TEST(MakeTime, TimePointResolution) {
   const time_zone utc = utc_time_zone();
   const time_point<chrono::nanoseconds> tp_ns =
       convert(civil_second(2015, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5), utc);
-  EXPECT_EQ("04:05", format("%M:%E*S", tp_ns, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("04:05", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%M:%E*S", tp_ns, utc));
   const time_point<chrono::microseconds> tp_us =
       convert(civil_second(2015, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5), utc);
-  EXPECT_EQ("04:05", format("%M:%E*S", tp_us, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("04:05", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%M:%E*S", tp_us, utc));
   const time_point<chrono::milliseconds> tp_ms =
       convert(civil_second(2015, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5), utc);
-  EXPECT_EQ("04:05", format("%M:%E*S", tp_ms, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("04:05", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%M:%E*S", tp_ms, utc));
   const time_point<chrono::seconds> tp_s =
       convert(civil_second(2015, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5), utc);
-  EXPECT_EQ("04:05", format("%M:%E*S", tp_s, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("04:05", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%M:%E*S", tp_s, utc));
   const time_point<absl::time_internal::cctz::seconds> tp_s64 =
       convert(civil_second(2015, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5), utc);
-  EXPECT_EQ("04:05", format("%M:%E*S", tp_s64, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("04:05", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%M:%E*S", tp_s64, utc));
 
   // These next two require chrono::time_point_cast because the conversion
   // from a resolution of seconds (the return value of convert()) to a
@@ -929,10 +936,10 @@ TEST(MakeTime, TimePointResolution) {
   const time_point<chrono::minutes> tp_m =
       chrono::time_point_cast<chrono::minutes>(
           convert(civil_second(2015, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5), utc));
-  EXPECT_EQ("04:00", format("%M:%E*S", tp_m, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("04:00", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%M:%E*S", tp_m, utc));
   const time_point<chrono::hours> tp_h = chrono::time_point_cast<chrono::hours>(
       convert(civil_second(2015, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5), utc));
-  EXPECT_EQ("00:00", format("%M:%E*S", tp_h, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("00:00", absl::time_internal::cctz::format("%M:%E*S", tp_h, utc));
 }
 
 TEST(MakeTime, Normalization) {
@@ -958,9 +965,11 @@ TEST(MakeTime, SysSecondsLimits) {
 
   // Approach the maximal time_point<cctz::seconds> value from below.
   tp = convert(civil_second(292277026596, 12, 4, 15, 30, 6), utc);
-  EXPECT_EQ("292277026596-12-04T15:30:06+00:00", format(RFC3339, tp, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("292277026596-12-04T15:30:06+00:00",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC3339, tp, utc));
   tp = convert(civil_second(292277026596, 12, 4, 15, 30, 7), utc);
-  EXPECT_EQ("292277026596-12-04T15:30:07+00:00", format(RFC3339, tp, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("292277026596-12-04T15:30:07+00:00",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC3339, tp, utc));
   EXPECT_EQ(time_point<absl::time_internal::cctz::seconds>::max(), tp);
   tp = convert(civil_second(292277026596, 12, 4, 15, 30, 8), utc);
   EXPECT_EQ(time_point<absl::time_internal::cctz::seconds>::max(), tp);
@@ -969,7 +978,8 @@ TEST(MakeTime, SysSecondsLimits) {
 
   // Checks that we can also get the maximal value for a far-east zone.
   tp = convert(civil_second(292277026596, 12, 5, 5, 30, 7), east);
-  EXPECT_EQ("292277026596-12-05T05:30:07+14:00", format(RFC3339, tp, east));
+  EXPECT_EQ("292277026596-12-05T05:30:07+14:00",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC3339, tp, east));
   EXPECT_EQ(time_point<absl::time_internal::cctz::seconds>::max(), tp);
   tp = convert(civil_second(292277026596, 12, 5, 5, 30, 8), east);
   EXPECT_EQ(time_point<absl::time_internal::cctz::seconds>::max(), tp);
@@ -978,7 +988,8 @@ TEST(MakeTime, SysSecondsLimits) {
 
   // Checks that we can also get the maximal value for a far-west zone.
   tp = convert(civil_second(292277026596, 12, 4, 1, 30, 7), west);
-  EXPECT_EQ("292277026596-12-04T01:30:07-14:00", format(RFC3339, tp, west));
+  EXPECT_EQ("292277026596-12-04T01:30:07-14:00",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC3339, tp, west));
   EXPECT_EQ(time_point<absl::time_internal::cctz::seconds>::max(), tp);
   tp = convert(civil_second(292277026596, 12, 4, 7, 30, 8), west);
   EXPECT_EQ(time_point<absl::time_internal::cctz::seconds>::max(), tp);
@@ -987,9 +998,11 @@ TEST(MakeTime, SysSecondsLimits) {
 
   // Approach the minimal time_point<cctz::seconds> value from above.
   tp = convert(civil_second(-292277022657, 1, 27, 8, 29, 53), utc);
-  EXPECT_EQ("-292277022657-01-27T08:29:53+00:00", format(RFC3339, tp, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("-292277022657-01-27T08:29:53+00:00",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC3339, tp, utc));
   tp = convert(civil_second(-292277022657, 1, 27, 8, 29, 52), utc);
-  EXPECT_EQ("-292277022657-01-27T08:29:52+00:00", format(RFC3339, tp, utc));
+  EXPECT_EQ("-292277022657-01-27T08:29:52+00:00",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC3339, tp, utc));
   EXPECT_EQ(time_point<absl::time_internal::cctz::seconds>::min(), tp);
   tp = convert(civil_second(-292277022657, 1, 27, 8, 29, 51), utc);
   EXPECT_EQ(time_point<absl::time_internal::cctz::seconds>::min(), tp);
@@ -998,7 +1011,8 @@ TEST(MakeTime, SysSecondsLimits) {
 
   // Checks that we can also get the minimal value for a far-east zone.
   tp = convert(civil_second(-292277022657, 1, 27, 22, 29, 52), east);
-  EXPECT_EQ("-292277022657-01-27T22:29:52+14:00", format(RFC3339, tp, east));
+  EXPECT_EQ("-292277022657-01-27T22:29:52+14:00",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC3339, tp, east));
   EXPECT_EQ(time_point<absl::time_internal::cctz::seconds>::min(), tp);
   tp = convert(civil_second(-292277022657, 1, 27, 22, 29, 51), east);
   EXPECT_EQ(time_point<absl::time_internal::cctz::seconds>::min(), tp);
@@ -1007,7 +1021,8 @@ TEST(MakeTime, SysSecondsLimits) {
 
   // Checks that we can also get the minimal value for a far-west zone.
   tp = convert(civil_second(-292277022657, 1, 26, 18, 29, 52), west);
-  EXPECT_EQ("-292277022657-01-26T18:29:52-14:00", format(RFC3339, tp, west));
+  EXPECT_EQ("-292277022657-01-26T18:29:52-14:00",
+            absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC3339, tp, west));
   EXPECT_EQ(time_point<absl::time_internal::cctz::seconds>::min(), tp);
   tp = convert(civil_second(-292277022657, 1, 26, 18, 29, 51), west);
   EXPECT_EQ(time_point<absl::time_internal::cctz::seconds>::min(), tp);
@@ -1024,17 +1039,19 @@ TEST(MakeTime, SysSecondsLimits) {
     const time_zone cut = LoadZone("libc:UTC");
     const year_t max_tm_year = year_t{std::numeric_limits<int>::max()} + 1900;
     tp = convert(civil_second(max_tm_year, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59), cut);
-#if defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__OpenBSD__)
-    // The BSD gmtime_r() fails on extreme positive tm_year values.
+#if defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__OpenBSD__) || defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
+    // Some gmtime_r() impls fail on extreme positive values.
 #else
-    EXPECT_EQ("2147485547-12-31T23:59:59+00:00", format(RFC3339, tp, cut));
+    EXPECT_EQ("2147485547-12-31T23:59:59+00:00",
+              absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC3339, tp, cut));
 #endif
     const year_t min_tm_year = year_t{std::numeric_limits<int>::min()} + 1900;
     tp = convert(civil_second(min_tm_year, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0), cut);
-#if defined(__Fuchsia__)
-    // Fuchsia's gmtime_r() fails on extreme negative values (fxbug.dev/78527).
+#if defined(__Fuchsia__) || defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
+    // Some gmtime_r() impls fail on extreme negative values (fxbug.dev/78527).
 #else
-    EXPECT_EQ("-2147481748-01-01T00:00:00+00:00", format(RFC3339, tp, cut));
+    EXPECT_EQ("-2147481748-01-01T00:00:00+00:00",
+              absl::time_internal::cctz::format(RFC3339, tp, cut));
 #endif
 #endif
   }
@@ -1060,7 +1077,7 @@ TEST(MakeTime, LocalTimeLibC) {
          tp = zi.lookup(transition.to).trans) {
       const auto fcl = zi.lookup(transition.from);
       const auto tcl = zi.lookup(transition.to);
-      civil_second cs;  // compare cs in zi and lc
+      civil_second cs, us;  // compare cs and us in zi and lc
       if (fcl.kind == time_zone::civil_lookup::UNIQUE) {
         if (tcl.kind == time_zone::civil_lookup::UNIQUE) {
           // Both unique; must be an is_dst or abbr change.
@@ -1076,12 +1093,14 @@ TEST(MakeTime, LocalTimeLibC) {
         }
         ASSERT_EQ(time_zone::civil_lookup::REPEATED, tcl.kind);
         cs = transition.to;
+        us = transition.from;
       } else {
         ASSERT_EQ(time_zone::civil_lookup::UNIQUE, tcl.kind);
         ASSERT_EQ(time_zone::civil_lookup::SKIPPED, fcl.kind);
         cs = transition.from;
+        us = transition.to;
       }
-      if (cs.year() > 2037) break;  // limit test time (and to 32-bit time_t)
+      if (us.year() > 2037) break;  // limit test time (and to 32-bit time_t)
       const auto cl_zi = zi.lookup(cs);
       if (zi.lookup(cl_zi.pre).is_dst == zi.lookup(cl_zi.post).is_dst) {
         // The "libc" implementation cannot correctly classify transitions
@@ -1113,6 +1132,13 @@ TEST(MakeTime, LocalTimeLibC) {
       EXPECT_EQ(cl_zi.pre, cl_lc.pre);
       EXPECT_EQ(cl_zi.trans, cl_lc.trans);
       EXPECT_EQ(cl_zi.post, cl_lc.post);
+      const auto ucl_zi = zi.lookup(us);
+      const auto ucl_lc = lc.lookup(us);
+      SCOPED_TRACE(testing::Message() << "For " << us << " in " << *np);
+      EXPECT_EQ(ucl_zi.kind, ucl_lc.kind);
+      EXPECT_EQ(ucl_zi.pre, ucl_lc.pre);
+      EXPECT_EQ(ucl_zi.trans, ucl_lc.trans);
+      EXPECT_EQ(ucl_zi.post, ucl_lc.post);
     }
   }
   if (ep == nullptr) {
@@ -1188,11 +1214,12 @@ TEST(PrevTransition, AmericaNewYork) {
 
 TEST(NextTransition, Scan) {
   for (const char* const* np = kTimeZoneNames; *np != nullptr; ++np) {
+    SCOPED_TRACE(testing::Message() << "In " << *np);
     time_zone tz;
+    // EXPECT_TRUE(load_time_zone(*np, &tz));
     if (!load_time_zone(*np, &tz)) {
       continue;  // tolerate kTimeZoneNames/zoneinfo skew
     }
-    SCOPED_TRACE(testing::Message() << "In " << *np);
 
     auto tp = time_point<absl::time_internal::cctz::seconds>::min();
     time_zone::civil_transition trans;
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_posix.h b/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_posix.h
index 0cf29055..7fd2b9ec 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_posix.h
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/time_zone_posix.h
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ struct PosixTransition {
 
 // The entirety of a POSIX-string specified time-zone rule. The standard
 // abbreviation and offset are always given. If the time zone includes
-// daylight saving, then the daylight abbrevation is non-empty and the
+// daylight saving, then the daylight abbreviation is non-empty and the
 // remaining fields are also valid. Note that the start/end transitions
 // are not ordered---in the southern hemisphere the transition to end
 // daylight time occurs first in any particular year.
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/tzfile.h b/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/tzfile.h
index 31e85982..9613055d 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/tzfile.h
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/tzfile.h
@@ -102,20 +102,24 @@ struct tzhead {
 */
 
 #ifndef TZ_MAX_TIMES
+/* This must be at least 242 for Europe/London with 'zic -b fat'.  */
 #define TZ_MAX_TIMES 2000
 #endif /* !defined TZ_MAX_TIMES */
 
 #ifndef TZ_MAX_TYPES
-/* This must be at least 17 for Europe/Samara and Europe/Vilnius.  */
+/* This must be at least 18 for Europe/Vilnius with 'zic -b fat'.  */
 #define TZ_MAX_TYPES 256 /* Limited by what (unsigned char)'s can hold */
 #endif                   /* !defined TZ_MAX_TYPES */
 
 #ifndef TZ_MAX_CHARS
+/* This must be at least 40 for America/Anchorage.  */
 #define TZ_MAX_CHARS 50 /* Maximum number of abbreviation characters */
                         /* (limited by what unsigned chars can hold) */
 #endif                  /* !defined TZ_MAX_CHARS */
 
 #ifndef TZ_MAX_LEAPS
+/* This must be at least 27 for leap seconds from 1972 through mid-2023.
+   There's a plan to discontinue leap seconds by 2035.  */
 #define TZ_MAX_LEAPS 50 /* Maximum number of leap second corrections */
 #endif                  /* !defined TZ_MAX_LEAPS */
 
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/zone_info_source.cc b/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/zone_info_source.cc
index 5ab5a59e..9bc8197b 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/zone_info_source.cc
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/src/zone_info_source.cc
@@ -58,7 +58,8 @@ std::unique_ptr<absl::time_internal::cctz::ZoneInfoSource> DefaultFactory(
 // MinGW is GCC on Windows, so while it asserts __has_attribute(weak), the
 // Windows linker cannot handle that. Nor does the MinGW compiler know how to
 // pass "#pragma comment(linker, ...)" to the Windows linker.
-#if (__has_attribute(weak) || defined(__GNUC__)) && !defined(__MINGW32__)
+#if (__has_attribute(weak) || defined(__GNUC__)) && !defined(__MINGW32__) && \
+    !defined(__CYGWIN__)
 ZoneInfoSourceFactory zone_info_source_factory __attribute__((weak)) =
     DefaultFactory;
 #elif defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__MINGW32__) && !defined(_LIBCPP_VERSION)
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/README.zoneinfo b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/README.zoneinfo
index a41c7b88..67e9c404 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/README.zoneinfo
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/README.zoneinfo
@@ -13,12 +13,7 @@ New versions can be generated using the following shell script.
   trap "rm -fr ${DESTDIR}" 0 2 15
   (
     cd ${DESTDIR}
-    if [ -n "${USE_GLOBAL_TZ}" ]
-    then
-      git clone -b global-tz https://github.com/JodaOrg/global-tz.git tz
-    else
-      git clone https://github.com/eggert/tz.git
-    fi
+    git clone https://github.com/eggert/tz.git
     make --directory=tz \
         install DESTDIR=${DESTDIR} \
                 DATAFORM=vanguard \
@@ -26,6 +21,7 @@ New versions can be generated using the following shell script.
                 REDO=posix_only \
                 LOCALTIME=Factory \
                 TZDATA_TEXT= \
+                PACKRATDATA=backzone PACKRATLIST=zone.tab \
                 ZONETABLES=zone1970.tab
     tar --create --dereference --hard-dereference --file tzfile.tar \
         --directory=tz tzfile.h
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/version b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/version
index ca002de2..7daa77e0 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/version
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/version
@@ -1 +1 @@
-2022a
+2023c
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Accra b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Accra
index 8906e88c..c39ae382 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Accra
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Accra
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Addis_Ababa b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Addis_Ababa
index 5f4ebcb7..4e8951f5 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Addis_Ababa
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Addis_Ababa
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Asmara b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Asmara
index 5f4ebcb7..194e9869 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Asmara
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Asmara
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Asmera b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Asmera
index 5f4ebcb7..194e9869 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Asmera
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Asmera
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Bamako b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Bamako
index 8906e88c..3cb875fa 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Bamako
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Bamako
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Bangui b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Bangui
index 3d7a71ba..0021d2d7 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Bangui
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Bangui
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Banjul b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Banjul
index 8906e88c..b2357443 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Banjul
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Banjul
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Blantyre b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Blantyre
index 651e5cf6..d7bca1e6 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Blantyre
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Blantyre
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Brazzaville b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Brazzaville
index 3d7a71ba..57a723b2 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Brazzaville
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Brazzaville
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Bujumbura b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Bujumbura
index 651e5cf6..90b8679b 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Bujumbura
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Bujumbura
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo
index ea38c970..1e6d48d1 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Casablanca b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Casablanca
index 0263c90b..240ebb2b 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Casablanca
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Casablanca
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Conakry b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Conakry
index 8906e88c..c22c328b 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Conakry
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Conakry
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Dakar b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Dakar
index 8906e88c..1f04c586 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Dakar
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Dakar
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Dar_es_Salaam b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Dar_es_Salaam
index 5f4ebcb7..b37c2b44 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Dar_es_Salaam
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Dar_es_Salaam
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Djibouti b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Djibouti
index 5f4ebcb7..e9bbc7ad 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Djibouti
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Djibouti
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Douala b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Douala
index 3d7a71ba..65001f60 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Douala
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Douala
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/El_Aaiun b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/El_Aaiun
index 772e23c4..909c5f96 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/El_Aaiun
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/El_Aaiun
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Freetown b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Freetown
index 8906e88c..8431ed65 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Freetown
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Freetown
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Gaborone b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Gaborone
index 651e5cf6..e4420989 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Gaborone
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Gaborone
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Harare b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Harare
index 651e5cf6..c4a502cf 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Harare
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Harare
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Kampala b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Kampala
index 5f4ebcb7..3021d844 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Kampala
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Kampala
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Kigali b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Kigali
index 651e5cf6..b2eff570 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Kigali
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Kigali
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Kinshasa b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Kinshasa
index 3d7a71ba..8d6f2a8c 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Kinshasa
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Kinshasa
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Libreville b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Libreville
index 3d7a71ba..1544cf5b 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Libreville
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Libreville
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Lome b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Lome
index 8906e88c..8e2b7001 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Lome
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Lome
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Luanda b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Luanda
index 3d7a71ba..226d87f0 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Luanda
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Luanda
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Lubumbashi b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Lubumbashi
index 651e5cf6..14e1ee16 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Lubumbashi
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Lubumbashi
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Lusaka b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Lusaka
index 651e5cf6..18fcb168 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Lusaka
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Lusaka
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Malabo b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Malabo
index 3d7a71ba..8a3f4e9a 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Malabo
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Malabo
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Maseru b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Maseru
index bada0638..820d8521 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Maseru
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Maseru
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Mbabane b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Mbabane
index bada0638..d57a53c4 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Mbabane
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Mbabane
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Mogadishu b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Mogadishu
index 5f4ebcb7..25a59739 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Mogadishu
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Mogadishu
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Niamey b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Niamey
index 3d7a71ba..bdf222af 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Niamey
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Niamey
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Nouakchott b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Nouakchott
index 8906e88c..faa6f324 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Nouakchott
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Nouakchott
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Ouagadougou b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Ouagadougou
index 8906e88c..f4e55aeb 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Ouagadougou
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Ouagadougou
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Porto-Novo b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Porto-Novo
index 3d7a71ba..a869ec3f 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Porto-Novo
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Porto-Novo
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Timbuktu b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Timbuktu
index 8906e88c..3cb875fa 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Timbuktu
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Africa/Timbuktu
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Anguilla b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Anguilla
index 47b4dc34..d0577350 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Anguilla
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Anguilla
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Antigua b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Antigua
index 47b4dc34..7ef2cc99 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Antigua
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Antigua
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Aruba b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Aruba
index 47b4dc34..6158ca50 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Aruba
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Aruba
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Atikokan b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Atikokan
index 9154643f..c8287152 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Atikokan
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Atikokan
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Bahia_Banderas b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Bahia_Banderas
index cbe22a76..48faea2e 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Bahia_Banderas
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Bahia_Banderas
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Blanc-Sablon b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Blanc-Sablon
index 47b4dc34..7096b69a 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Blanc-Sablon
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Blanc-Sablon
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Bogota b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Bogota
index 6cb53d4e..85b90333 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Bogota
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Bogota
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Cambridge_Bay b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Cambridge_Bay
index 0a222524..1092f4b6 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Cambridge_Bay
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Cambridge_Bay
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Cayman b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Cayman
index 9154643f..8be55156 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Cayman
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Cayman
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Chihuahua b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Chihuahua
index e1780a57..5e0a54f0 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Chihuahua
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Chihuahua
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Ciudad_Juarez b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Ciudad_Juarez
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f636ee64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Ciudad_Juarez
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Coral_Harbour b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Coral_Harbour
index 9154643f..c8287152 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Coral_Harbour
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Coral_Harbour
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Creston b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Creston
index c2bd2f94..9d69a0ab 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Creston
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Creston
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Curacao b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Curacao
index 47b4dc34..d6ddf7d8 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Curacao
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Curacao
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Dominica b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Dominica
index 47b4dc34..7c7cebfa 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Dominica
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Dominica
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Ensenada b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Ensenada
index 19ccd357..e8be26b1 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Ensenada
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Ensenada
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Godthab b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Godthab
index 4ddc99d8..00b57bb1 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Godthab
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Godthab
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Grenada b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Grenada
index 47b4dc34..a58e63a4 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Grenada
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Grenada
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Guadeloupe b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Guadeloupe
index 47b4dc34..71747383 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Guadeloupe
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Guadeloupe
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Hermosillo b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Hermosillo
index 8283239e..5c92e296 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Hermosillo
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Hermosillo
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Inuvik b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Inuvik
index af3107db..86639f6e 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Inuvik
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Inuvik
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Iqaluit b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Iqaluit
index eb2c99cc..95e055cb 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Iqaluit
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Iqaluit
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Kralendijk b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Kralendijk
index 47b4dc34..d6ddf7d8 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Kralendijk
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Kralendijk
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Lower_Princes b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Lower_Princes
index 47b4dc34..d6ddf7d8 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Lower_Princes
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Lower_Princes
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Marigot b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Marigot
index 47b4dc34..f4fe5903 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Marigot
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Marigot
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Matamoros b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Matamoros
index 722751b2..88cabcd1 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Matamoros
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Matamoros
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Mazatlan b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Mazatlan
index 4c819fab..97d4d36c 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Mazatlan
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Mazatlan
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Merida b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Merida
index d3b0ca12..e5de1131 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Merida
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Merida
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Mexico_City b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Mexico_City
index ffcf8bee..80a415c7 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Mexico_City
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Mexico_City
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Monterrey b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Monterrey
index dea9e3f5..a5822e2c 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Monterrey
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Monterrey
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Montserrat b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Montserrat
index 47b4dc34..41bf898b 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Montserrat
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Montserrat
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Nassau b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Nassau
index fe6be8ea..2ef2aa89 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Nassau
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Nassau
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Nipigon b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Nipigon
index b9f67a9f..fe6be8ea 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Nipigon
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Nipigon
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Nuuk b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Nuuk
index 4ddc99d8..00b57bb1 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Nuuk
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Nuuk
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Ojinaga b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Ojinaga
index da0909cb..2fc74e94 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Ojinaga
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Ojinaga
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Pangnirtung b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Pangnirtung
index 5be6f9b0..95e055cb 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Pangnirtung
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Pangnirtung
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Port_of_Spain b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Port_of_Spain
index 47b4dc34..f4fe5903 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Port_of_Spain
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Port_of_Spain
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Punta_Arenas b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Punta_Arenas
index c0421040..aa839ea7 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Punta_Arenas
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Punta_Arenas
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Rainy_River b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Rainy_River
index d6ddda48..7e646d18 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Rainy_River
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Rainy_River
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Rankin_Inlet b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Rankin_Inlet
index 92e2ed2d..6d1d90de 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Rankin_Inlet
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Rankin_Inlet
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Resolute b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Resolute
index a84d1dfd..97eb8a9c 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Resolute
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Resolute
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Santa_Isabel b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Santa_Isabel
index 19ccd357..e8be26b1 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Santa_Isabel
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Santa_Isabel
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Santiago b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Santiago
index cde8dbbf..d3fc9b83 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Santiago
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Santiago
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/St_Barthelemy b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/St_Barthelemy
index 47b4dc34..f4fe5903 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/St_Barthelemy
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/St_Barthelemy
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/St_Kitts b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/St_Kitts
index 47b4dc34..6170b6c0 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/St_Kitts
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/St_Kitts
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/St_Lucia b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/St_Lucia
index 47b4dc34..e265baff 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/St_Lucia
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/St_Lucia
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/St_Thomas b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/St_Thomas
index 47b4dc34..0e62d30b 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/St_Thomas
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/St_Thomas
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/St_Vincent b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/St_Vincent
index 47b4dc34..64cbf902 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/St_Vincent
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/St_Vincent
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Thunder_Bay b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Thunder_Bay
index fcb03280..fe6be8ea 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Thunder_Bay
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Thunder_Bay
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Tijuana b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Tijuana
index 19ccd357..e8be26b1 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Tijuana
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Tijuana
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Tortola b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Tortola
index 47b4dc34..a0a5d602 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Tortola
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Tortola
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Virgin b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Virgin
index 47b4dc34..0e62d30b 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Virgin
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Virgin
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Whitehorse b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Whitehorse
index 878b6a92..40baa9ab 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Whitehorse
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Whitehorse
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Yellowknife b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Yellowknife
index c779cef9..645ee945 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Yellowknife
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/America/Yellowknife
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Antarctica/DumontDUrville b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Antarctica/DumontDUrville
index 5d8fc3a1..c0cfc85a 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Antarctica/DumontDUrville
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Antarctica/DumontDUrville
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Antarctica/McMurdo b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Antarctica/McMurdo
index afb39293..ea1f8f8a 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Antarctica/McMurdo
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Antarctica/McMurdo
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Antarctica/South_Pole b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Antarctica/South_Pole
index afb39293..ea1f8f8a 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Antarctica/South_Pole
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Antarctica/South_Pole
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Antarctica/Syowa b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Antarctica/Syowa
index 01c47ccb..97d80d75 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Antarctica/Syowa
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Antarctica/Syowa
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Aden b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Aden
index 01c47ccb..ac571479 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Aden
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Aden
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Amman b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Amman
index d97d308d..a3f9dff5 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Amman
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Amman
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Bahrain b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Bahrain
index 7409d749..33f7a207 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Bahrain
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Bahrain
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Damascus b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Damascus
index 168ef9ba..bd1624de 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Damascus
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Damascus
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Gaza b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Gaza
index effc4df5..7e833898 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Gaza
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Gaza
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Hebron b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Hebron
index aa52bd26..fcf923bd 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Hebron
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Hebron
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh
index 7ca99725..de53596d 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Kuala_Lumpur b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Kuala_Lumpur
index e93dd514..b396deca 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Kuala_Lumpur
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Kuala_Lumpur
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Kuwait b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Kuwait
index 01c47ccb..5c7f106a 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Kuwait
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Kuwait
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Muscat b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Muscat
index 58d75bc2..cce5e193 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Muscat
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Muscat
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Phnom_Penh b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Phnom_Penh
index ed687d29..c49800e7 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Phnom_Penh
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Phnom_Penh
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Saigon b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Saigon
index 7ca99725..de53596d 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Saigon
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Saigon
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Singapore b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Singapore
index 350d77e2..dbbdea3c 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Singapore
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Singapore
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Tehran b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Tehran
index f1555f00..824acb04 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Tehran
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Tehran
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Vientiane b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Vientiane
index ed687d29..659e511d 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Vientiane
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Asia/Vientiane
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Atlantic/St_Helena b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Atlantic/St_Helena
index 8906e88c..6f750680 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Atlantic/St_Helena
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Atlantic/St_Helena
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Canada/Yukon b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Canada/Yukon
index 878b6a92..40baa9ab 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Canada/Yukon
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Canada/Yukon
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Chile/Continental b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Chile/Continental
index cde8dbbf..d3fc9b83 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Chile/Continental
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Chile/Continental
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Chile/EasterIsland b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Chile/EasterIsland
index d29bcd68..54dff005 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Chile/EasterIsland
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Chile/EasterIsland
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Egypt b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Egypt
index ea38c970..1e6d48d1 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Egypt
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Egypt
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Eire b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Eire
index 4a45ea8f..17d2b158 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Eire
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Eire
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Dublin b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Dublin
index 4a45ea8f..17d2b158 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Dublin
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Dublin
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Guernsey b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Guernsey
index 323cd381..d40bcaa3 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Guernsey
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Guernsey
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Isle_of_Man b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Isle_of_Man
index 323cd381..b0a37e7e 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Isle_of_Man
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Isle_of_Man
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Jersey b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Jersey
index 323cd381..9a10a2ec 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Jersey
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Jersey
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Kirov b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Kirov
index d1c93c54..bfac5611 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Kirov
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Kirov
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Kyiv b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Kyiv
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4e026859
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Kyiv
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Ljubljana b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Ljubljana
index a1bf9281..fdb9e86d 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Ljubljana
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Ljubljana
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Sarajevo b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Sarajevo
index a1bf9281..53db0568 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Sarajevo
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Sarajevo
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Simferopol b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Simferopol
index 40d23c02..298b8326 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Simferopol
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Simferopol
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Skopje b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Skopje
index a1bf9281..036361cf 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Skopje
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Skopje
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Uzhgorod b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Uzhgorod
index d4c35914..4e026859 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Uzhgorod
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Uzhgorod
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Vaduz b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Vaduz
index 388df296..28465d83 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Vaduz
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Vaduz
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Volgograd b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Volgograd
index c5170026..0715d58b 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Volgograd
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Volgograd
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Zagreb b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Zagreb
index a1bf9281..8e13ede8 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Zagreb
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Zagreb
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Zaporozhye b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Zaporozhye
index 71819a5a..4e026859 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Zaporozhye
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Europe/Zaporozhye
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Indian/Antananarivo b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Indian/Antananarivo
index 5f4ebcb7..0bf86f02 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Indian/Antananarivo
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Indian/Antananarivo
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Indian/Comoro b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Indian/Comoro
index 5f4ebcb7..640b3e88 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Indian/Comoro
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Indian/Comoro
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Indian/Mayotte b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Indian/Mayotte
index 5f4ebcb7..7a009c31 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Indian/Mayotte
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Indian/Mayotte
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Iran b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Iran
index f1555f00..824acb04 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Iran
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Iran
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Mexico/BajaNorte b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Mexico/BajaNorte
index 19ccd357..e8be26b1 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Mexico/BajaNorte
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Mexico/BajaNorte
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Mexico/BajaSur b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Mexico/BajaSur
index 4c819fab..97d4d36c 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Mexico/BajaSur
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Mexico/BajaSur
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Mexico/General b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Mexico/General
index ffcf8bee..80a415c7 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Mexico/General
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Mexico/General
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Pacific/Easter b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Pacific/Easter
index d29bcd68..54dff005 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Pacific/Easter
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Pacific/Easter
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Pacific/Fiji b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Pacific/Fiji
index 8b2dd52b..610b850b 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Pacific/Fiji
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Pacific/Fiji
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Pacific/Midway b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Pacific/Midway
index 001289ce..b25364c5 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Pacific/Midway
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Pacific/Midway
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Pacific/Saipan b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Pacific/Saipan
index bf9a2d95..9539353b 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Pacific/Saipan
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Pacific/Saipan
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Singapore b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Singapore
index 350d77e2..dbbdea3c 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Singapore
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/Singapore
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/iso3166.tab b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/iso3166.tab
index a4ff61a4..be3348d1 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/iso3166.tab
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/iso3166.tab
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@
 # This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
 # 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
 #
-# From Paul Eggert (2015-05-02):
+# From Paul Eggert (2022-11-18):
 # This file contains a table of two-letter country codes.  Columns are
 # separated by a single tab.  Lines beginning with '#' are comments.
 # All text uses UTF-8 encoding.  The columns of the table are as follows:
 #
 # 1.  ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code, current as of
-#     ISO 3166-1 N976 (2018-11-06).  See: Updates on ISO 3166-1
+#     ISO 3166-1 N1087 (2022-09-02).  See: Updates on ISO 3166-1
 #     https://isotc.iso.org/livelink/livelink/Open/16944257
 # 2.  The usual English name for the coded region,
 #     chosen so that alphabetic sorting of subsets produces helpful lists.
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ SY	Syria
 SZ	Eswatini (Swaziland)
 TC	Turks & Caicos Is
 TD	Chad
-TF	French Southern & Antarctic Lands
+TF	French S. Terr.
 TG	Togo
 TH	Thailand
 TJ	Tajikistan
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/localtime b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/localtime
deleted file mode 100644
index afeeb88d..00000000
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/localtime
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/zone1970.tab b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/zone1970.tab
index c614be81..1f1cecb8 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/zone1970.tab
+++ b/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo/zone1970.tab
@@ -18,7 +18,10 @@
 #     Please see the theory.html file for how these names are chosen.
 #     If multiple timezones overlap a country, each has a row in the
 #     table, with each column 1 containing the country code.
-# 4.  Comments; present if and only if a country has multiple timezones.
+# 4.  Comments; present if and only if countries have multiple timezones,
+#     and useful only for those countries.  For example, the comments
+#     for the row with countries CH,DE,LI and name Europe/Zurich
+#     are useful only for DE, since CH and LI have no other timezones.
 #
 # If a timezone covers multiple countries, the most-populous city is used,
 # and that country is listed first in column 1; any other countries
@@ -34,7 +37,7 @@
 #country-
 #codes	coordinates	TZ	comments
 AD	+4230+00131	Europe/Andorra
-AE,OM	+2518+05518	Asia/Dubai
+AE,OM,RE,SC,TF	+2518+05518	Asia/Dubai	Crozet, Scattered Is
 AF	+3431+06912	Asia/Kabul
 AL	+4120+01950	Europe/Tirane
 AM	+4011+04430	Asia/Yerevan
@@ -44,9 +47,8 @@ AQ	-6736+06253	Antarctica/Mawson	Mawson
 AQ	-6448-06406	Antarctica/Palmer	Palmer
 AQ	-6734-06808	Antarctica/Rothera	Rothera
 AQ	-720041+0023206	Antarctica/Troll	Troll
-AQ	-7824+10654	Antarctica/Vostok	Vostok
 AR	-3436-05827	America/Argentina/Buenos_Aires	Buenos Aires (BA, CF)
-AR	-3124-06411	America/Argentina/Cordoba	Argentina (most areas: CB, CC, CN, ER, FM, MN, SE, SF)
+AR	-3124-06411	America/Argentina/Cordoba	most areas: CB, CC, CN, ER, FM, MN, SE, SF
 AR	-2447-06525	America/Argentina/Salta	Salta (SA, LP, NQ, RN)
 AR	-2411-06518	America/Argentina/Jujuy	Jujuy (JY)
 AR	-2649-06513	America/Argentina/Tucuman	Tucumán (TM)
@@ -57,7 +59,7 @@ AR	-3253-06849	America/Argentina/Mendoza	Mendoza (MZ)
 AR	-3319-06621	America/Argentina/San_Luis	San Luis (SL)
 AR	-5138-06913	America/Argentina/Rio_Gallegos	Santa Cruz (SC)
 AR	-5448-06818	America/Argentina/Ushuaia	Tierra del Fuego (TF)
-AS,UM	-1416-17042	Pacific/Pago_Pago	Samoa, Midway
+AS,UM	-1416-17042	Pacific/Pago_Pago	Midway
 AT	+4813+01620	Europe/Vienna
 AU	-3133+15905	Australia/Lord_Howe	Lord Howe Island
 AU	-5430+15857	Antarctica/Macquarie	Macquarie Island
@@ -74,10 +76,9 @@ AU	-3143+12852	Australia/Eucla	Western Australia (Eucla)
 AZ	+4023+04951	Asia/Baku
 BB	+1306-05937	America/Barbados
 BD	+2343+09025	Asia/Dhaka
-BE	+5050+00420	Europe/Brussels
+BE,LU,NL	+5050+00420	Europe/Brussels
 BG	+4241+02319	Europe/Sofia
 BM	+3217-06446	Atlantic/Bermuda
-BN	+0456+11455	Asia/Brunei
 BO	-1630-06809	America/La_Paz
 BR	-0351-03225	America/Noronha	Atlantic islands
 BR	-0127-04829	America/Belem	Pará (east); Amapá
@@ -103,45 +104,37 @@ CA	+4439-06336	America/Halifax	Atlantic - NS (most areas); PE
 CA	+4612-05957	America/Glace_Bay	Atlantic - NS (Cape Breton)
 CA	+4606-06447	America/Moncton	Atlantic - New Brunswick
 CA	+5320-06025	America/Goose_Bay	Atlantic - Labrador (most areas)
-CA,BS	+4339-07923	America/Toronto	Eastern - ON, QC (most areas), Bahamas
-CA	+4901-08816	America/Nipigon	Eastern - ON, QC (no DST 1967-73)
-CA	+4823-08915	America/Thunder_Bay	Eastern - ON (Thunder Bay)
-CA	+6344-06828	America/Iqaluit	Eastern - NU (most east areas)
-CA	+6608-06544	America/Pangnirtung	Eastern - NU (Pangnirtung)
+CA,BS	+4339-07923	America/Toronto	Eastern - ON, QC (most areas)
+CA	+6344-06828	America/Iqaluit	Eastern - NU (most areas)
 CA	+4953-09709	America/Winnipeg	Central - ON (west); Manitoba
-CA	+4843-09434	America/Rainy_River	Central - ON (Rainy R, Ft Frances)
 CA	+744144-0944945	America/Resolute	Central - NU (Resolute)
 CA	+624900-0920459	America/Rankin_Inlet	Central - NU (central)
 CA	+5024-10439	America/Regina	CST - SK (most areas)
 CA	+5017-10750	America/Swift_Current	CST - SK (midwest)
-CA	+5333-11328	America/Edmonton	Mountain - AB; BC (E); SK (W)
+CA	+5333-11328	America/Edmonton	Mountain - AB; BC (E); NT (E); SK (W)
 CA	+690650-1050310	America/Cambridge_Bay	Mountain - NU (west)
-CA	+6227-11421	America/Yellowknife	Mountain - NT (central)
 CA	+682059-1334300	America/Inuvik	Mountain - NT (west)
-CA	+5946-12014	America/Dawson_Creek	MST - BC (Dawson Cr, Ft St John)
+CA	+5546-12014	America/Dawson_Creek	MST - BC (Dawson Cr, Ft St John)
 CA	+5848-12242	America/Fort_Nelson	MST - BC (Ft Nelson)
 CA	+6043-13503	America/Whitehorse	MST - Yukon (east)
 CA	+6404-13925	America/Dawson	MST - Yukon (west)
 CA	+4916-12307	America/Vancouver	Pacific - BC (most areas)
-CC	-1210+09655	Indian/Cocos
-CH,DE,LI	+4723+00832	Europe/Zurich	Swiss time
-CI,BF,GH,GM,GN,ML,MR,SH,SL,SN,TG	+0519-00402	Africa/Abidjan
+CH,DE,LI	+4723+00832	Europe/Zurich	Büsingen
+CI,BF,GH,GM,GN,IS,ML,MR,SH,SL,SN,TG	+0519-00402	Africa/Abidjan
 CK	-2114-15946	Pacific/Rarotonga
-CL	-3327-07040	America/Santiago	Chile (most areas)
+CL	-3327-07040	America/Santiago	most of Chile
 CL	-5309-07055	America/Punta_Arenas	Region of Magallanes
 CL	-2709-10926	Pacific/Easter	Easter Island
 CN	+3114+12128	Asia/Shanghai	Beijing Time
-CN	+4348+08735	Asia/Urumqi	Xinjiang Time
+CN,AQ	+4348+08735	Asia/Urumqi	Xinjiang Time, Vostok
 CO	+0436-07405	America/Bogota
 CR	+0956-08405	America/Costa_Rica
 CU	+2308-08222	America/Havana
 CV	+1455-02331	Atlantic/Cape_Verde
-CX	-1025+10543	Indian/Christmas
-CY	+3510+03322	Asia/Nicosia	Cyprus (most areas)
+CY	+3510+03322	Asia/Nicosia	most of Cyprus
 CY	+3507+03357	Asia/Famagusta	Northern Cyprus
 CZ,SK	+5005+01426	Europe/Prague
-DE	+5230+01322	Europe/Berlin	Germany (most areas)
-DK	+5540+01235	Europe/Copenhagen
+DE,DK,NO,SE,SJ	+5230+01322	Europe/Berlin	most of Germany
 DO	+1828-06954	America/Santo_Domingo
 DZ	+3647+00303	Africa/Algiers
 EC	-0210-07950	America/Guayaquil	Ecuador (mainland)
@@ -155,16 +148,14 @@ ES	+2806-01524	Atlantic/Canary	Canary Islands
 FI,AX	+6010+02458	Europe/Helsinki
 FJ	-1808+17825	Pacific/Fiji
 FK	-5142-05751	Atlantic/Stanley
-FM	+0725+15147	Pacific/Chuuk	Chuuk/Truk, Yap
-FM	+0658+15813	Pacific/Pohnpei	Pohnpei/Ponape
 FM	+0519+16259	Pacific/Kosrae	Kosrae
 FO	+6201-00646	Atlantic/Faroe
-FR	+4852+00220	Europe/Paris
+FR,MC	+4852+00220	Europe/Paris
 GB,GG,IM,JE	+513030-0000731	Europe/London
 GE	+4143+04449	Asia/Tbilisi
 GF	+0456-05220	America/Cayenne
 GI	+3608-00521	Europe/Gibraltar
-GL	+6411-05144	America/Nuuk	Greenland (most areas)
+GL	+6411-05144	America/Nuuk	most of Greenland
 GL	+7646-01840	America/Danmarkshavn	National Park (east coast)
 GL	+7029-02158	America/Scoresbysund	Scoresbysund/Ittoqqortoormiit
 GL	+7634-06847	America/Thule	Thule/Pituffik
@@ -188,19 +179,18 @@ IN	+2232+08822	Asia/Kolkata
 IO	-0720+07225	Indian/Chagos
 IQ	+3321+04425	Asia/Baghdad
 IR	+3540+05126	Asia/Tehran
-IS	+6409-02151	Atlantic/Reykjavik
 IT,SM,VA	+4154+01229	Europe/Rome
 JM	+175805-0764736	America/Jamaica
 JO	+3157+03556	Asia/Amman
 JP	+353916+1394441	Asia/Tokyo
 KE,DJ,ER,ET,KM,MG,SO,TZ,UG,YT	-0117+03649	Africa/Nairobi
 KG	+4254+07436	Asia/Bishkek
-KI	+0125+17300	Pacific/Tarawa	Gilbert Islands
+KI,MH,TV,UM,WF	+0125+17300	Pacific/Tarawa	Gilberts, Marshalls, Wake
 KI	-0247-17143	Pacific/Kanton	Phoenix Islands
 KI	+0152-15720	Pacific/Kiritimati	Line Islands
 KP	+3901+12545	Asia/Pyongyang
 KR	+3733+12658	Asia/Seoul
-KZ	+4315+07657	Asia/Almaty	Kazakhstan (most areas)
+KZ	+4315+07657	Asia/Almaty	most of Kazakhstan
 KZ	+4448+06528	Asia/Qyzylorda	Qyzylorda/Kyzylorda/Kzyl-Orda
 KZ	+5312+06337	Asia/Qostanay	Qostanay/Kostanay/Kustanay
 KZ	+5017+05710	Asia/Aqtobe	Aqtöbe/Aktobe
@@ -211,55 +201,50 @@ LB	+3353+03530	Asia/Beirut
 LK	+0656+07951	Asia/Colombo
 LR	+0618-01047	Africa/Monrovia
 LT	+5441+02519	Europe/Vilnius
-LU	+4936+00609	Europe/Luxembourg
 LV	+5657+02406	Europe/Riga
 LY	+3254+01311	Africa/Tripoli
 MA	+3339-00735	Africa/Casablanca
-MC	+4342+00723	Europe/Monaco
 MD	+4700+02850	Europe/Chisinau
-MH	+0709+17112	Pacific/Majuro	Marshall Islands (most areas)
 MH	+0905+16720	Pacific/Kwajalein	Kwajalein
-MM	+1647+09610	Asia/Yangon
-MN	+4755+10653	Asia/Ulaanbaatar	Mongolia (most areas)
+MM,CC	+1647+09610	Asia/Yangon
+MN	+4755+10653	Asia/Ulaanbaatar	most of Mongolia
 MN	+4801+09139	Asia/Hovd	Bayan-Ölgii, Govi-Altai, Hovd, Uvs, Zavkhan
 MN	+4804+11430	Asia/Choibalsan	Dornod, Sükhbaatar
 MO	+221150+1133230	Asia/Macau
 MQ	+1436-06105	America/Martinique
 MT	+3554+01431	Europe/Malta
 MU	-2010+05730	Indian/Mauritius
-MV	+0410+07330	Indian/Maldives
-MX	+1924-09909	America/Mexico_City	Central Time
-MX	+2105-08646	America/Cancun	Eastern Standard Time - Quintana Roo
-MX	+2058-08937	America/Merida	Central Time - Campeche, Yucatán
-MX	+2540-10019	America/Monterrey	Central Time - Durango; Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas (most areas)
-MX	+2550-09730	America/Matamoros	Central Time US - Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas (US border)
-MX	+2313-10625	America/Mazatlan	Mountain Time - Baja California Sur, Nayarit, Sinaloa
-MX	+2838-10605	America/Chihuahua	Mountain Time - Chihuahua (most areas)
-MX	+2934-10425	America/Ojinaga	Mountain Time US - Chihuahua (US border)
-MX	+2904-11058	America/Hermosillo	Mountain Standard Time - Sonora
-MX	+3232-11701	America/Tijuana	Pacific Time US - Baja California
-MX	+2048-10515	America/Bahia_Banderas	Central Time - Bahía de Banderas
-MY	+0310+10142	Asia/Kuala_Lumpur	Malaysia (peninsula)
-MY	+0133+11020	Asia/Kuching	Sabah, Sarawak
+MV,TF	+0410+07330	Indian/Maldives	Kerguelen, St Paul I, Amsterdam I
+MX	+1924-09909	America/Mexico_City	Central Mexico
+MX	+2105-08646	America/Cancun	Quintana Roo
+MX	+2058-08937	America/Merida	Campeche, Yucatán
+MX	+2540-10019	America/Monterrey	Durango; Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas (most areas)
+MX	+2550-09730	America/Matamoros	Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas (US border)
+MX	+2838-10605	America/Chihuahua	Chihuahua (most areas)
+MX	+3144-10629	America/Ciudad_Juarez	Chihuahua (US border - west)
+MX	+2934-10425	America/Ojinaga	Chihuahua (US border - east)
+MX	+2313-10625	America/Mazatlan	Baja California Sur, Nayarit (most areas), Sinaloa
+MX	+2048-10515	America/Bahia_Banderas	Bahía de Banderas
+MX	+2904-11058	America/Hermosillo	Sonora
+MX	+3232-11701	America/Tijuana	Baja California
+MY,BN	+0133+11020	Asia/Kuching	Sabah, Sarawak
 MZ,BI,BW,CD,MW,RW,ZM,ZW	-2558+03235	Africa/Maputo	Central Africa Time
 NA	-2234+01706	Africa/Windhoek
 NC	-2216+16627	Pacific/Noumea
 NF	-2903+16758	Pacific/Norfolk
 NG,AO,BJ,CD,CF,CG,CM,GA,GQ,NE	+0627+00324	Africa/Lagos	West Africa Time
 NI	+1209-08617	America/Managua
-NL	+5222+00454	Europe/Amsterdam
-NO,SJ	+5955+01045	Europe/Oslo
 NP	+2743+08519	Asia/Kathmandu
 NR	-0031+16655	Pacific/Nauru
 NU	-1901-16955	Pacific/Niue
 NZ,AQ	-3652+17446	Pacific/Auckland	New Zealand time
 NZ	-4357-17633	Pacific/Chatham	Chatham Islands
-PA,CA,KY	+0858-07932	America/Panama	EST - Panama, Cayman, ON (Atikokan), NU (Coral H)
+PA,CA,KY	+0858-07932	America/Panama	EST - ON (Atikokan), NU (Coral H)
 PE	-1203-07703	America/Lima
 PF	-1732-14934	Pacific/Tahiti	Society Islands
 PF	-0900-13930	Pacific/Marquesas	Marquesas Islands
 PF	-2308-13457	Pacific/Gambier	Gambier Islands
-PG,AQ	-0930+14710	Pacific/Port_Moresby	Papua New Guinea (most areas), Dumont d'Urville
+PG,AQ,FM	-0930+14710	Pacific/Port_Moresby	Papua New Guinea (most areas), Chuuk, Yap, Dumont d'Urville
 PG	-0613+15534	Pacific/Bougainville	Bougainville
 PH	+1435+12100	Asia/Manila
 PK	+2452+06703	Asia/Karachi
@@ -275,7 +260,6 @@ PT	+3744-02540	Atlantic/Azores	Azores
 PW	+0720+13429	Pacific/Palau
 PY	-2516-05740	America/Asuncion
 QA,BH	+2517+05132	Asia/Qatar
-RE,TF	-2052+05528	Indian/Reunion	Réunion, Crozet, Scattered Islands
 RO	+4426+02606	Europe/Bucharest
 RS,BA,HR,ME,MK,SI	+4450+02030	Europe/Belgrade
 RU	+5443+02030	Europe/Kaliningrad	MSK-01 - Kaliningrad
@@ -303,15 +287,13 @@ RU	+4310+13156	Asia/Vladivostok	MSK+07 - Amur River
 RU	+643337+1431336	Asia/Ust-Nera	MSK+07 - Oymyakonsky
 RU	+5934+15048	Asia/Magadan	MSK+08 - Magadan
 RU	+4658+14242	Asia/Sakhalin	MSK+08 - Sakhalin Island
-RU	+6728+15343	Asia/Srednekolymsk	MSK+08 - Sakha (E); North Kuril Is
+RU	+6728+15343	Asia/Srednekolymsk	MSK+08 - Sakha (E); N Kuril Is
 RU	+5301+15839	Asia/Kamchatka	MSK+09 - Kamchatka
 RU	+6445+17729	Asia/Anadyr	MSK+09 - Bering Sea
-SA,AQ,KW,YE	+2438+04643	Asia/Riyadh	Arabia, Syowa
-SB	-0932+16012	Pacific/Guadalcanal
-SC	-0440+05528	Indian/Mahe
+SA,AQ,KW,YE	+2438+04643	Asia/Riyadh	Syowa
+SB,FM	-0932+16012	Pacific/Guadalcanal	Pohnpei
 SD	+1536+03232	Africa/Khartoum
-SE	+5920+01803	Europe/Stockholm
-SG,MY	+0117+10351	Asia/Singapore	Singapore, peninsular Malaysia
+SG,MY	+0117+10351	Asia/Singapore	peninsular Malaysia
 SR	+0550-05510	America/Paramaribo
 SS	+0451+03137	Africa/Juba
 ST	+0020+00644	Africa/Sao_Tome
@@ -319,8 +301,7 @@ SV	+1342-08912	America/El_Salvador
 SY	+3330+03618	Asia/Damascus
 TC	+2128-07108	America/Grand_Turk
 TD	+1207+01503	Africa/Ndjamena
-TF	-492110+0701303	Indian/Kerguelen	Kerguelen, St Paul Island, Amsterdam Island
-TH,KH,LA,VN	+1345+10031	Asia/Bangkok	Indochina (most areas)
+TH,CX,KH,LA,VN	+1345+10031	Asia/Bangkok	north Vietnam
 TJ	+3835+06848	Asia/Dushanbe
 TK	-0922-17114	Pacific/Fakaofo
 TL	-0833+12535	Asia/Dili
@@ -328,12 +309,8 @@ TM	+3757+05823	Asia/Ashgabat
 TN	+3648+01011	Africa/Tunis
 TO	-210800-1751200	Pacific/Tongatapu
 TR	+4101+02858	Europe/Istanbul
-TV	-0831+17913	Pacific/Funafuti
 TW	+2503+12130	Asia/Taipei
-UA	+5026+03031	Europe/Kiev	Ukraine (most areas)
-UA	+4837+02218	Europe/Uzhgorod	Transcarpathia
-UA	+4750+03510	Europe/Zaporozhye	Zaporozhye and east Lugansk
-UM	+1917+16637	Pacific/Wake	Wake Island
+UA	+5026+03031	Europe/Kyiv	most of Ukraine
 US	+404251-0740023	America/New_York	Eastern (most areas)
 US	+421953-0830245	America/Detroit	Eastern - MI (most areas)
 US	+381515-0854534	America/Kentucky/Louisville	Eastern - KY (Louisville area)
@@ -353,7 +330,7 @@ US	+465042-1012439	America/North_Dakota/New_Salem	Central - ND (Morton rural)
 US	+471551-1014640	America/North_Dakota/Beulah	Central - ND (Mercer)
 US	+394421-1045903	America/Denver	Mountain (most areas)
 US	+433649-1161209	America/Boise	Mountain - ID (south); OR (east)
-US,CA	+332654-1120424	America/Phoenix	MST - Arizona (except Navajo), Creston BC
+US,CA	+332654-1120424	America/Phoenix	MST - AZ (most areas), Creston BC
 US	+340308-1181434	America/Los_Angeles	Pacific
 US	+611305-1495401	America/Anchorage	Alaska (most areas)
 US	+581807-1342511	America/Juneau	Alaska - Juneau area
@@ -361,14 +338,37 @@ US	+571035-1351807	America/Sitka	Alaska - Sitka area
 US	+550737-1313435	America/Metlakatla	Alaska - Annette Island
 US	+593249-1394338	America/Yakutat	Alaska - Yakutat
 US	+643004-1652423	America/Nome	Alaska (west)
-US	+515248-1763929	America/Adak	Aleutian Islands
-US,UM	+211825-1575130	Pacific/Honolulu	Hawaii
+US	+515248-1763929	America/Adak	Alaska - western Aleutians
+US	+211825-1575130	Pacific/Honolulu	Hawaii
 UY	-345433-0561245	America/Montevideo
 UZ	+3940+06648	Asia/Samarkand	Uzbekistan (west)
 UZ	+4120+06918	Asia/Tashkent	Uzbekistan (east)
 VE	+1030-06656	America/Caracas
-VN	+1045+10640	Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh	Vietnam (south)
+VN	+1045+10640	Asia/Ho_Chi_Minh	south Vietnam
 VU	-1740+16825	Pacific/Efate
-WF	-1318-17610	Pacific/Wallis
 WS	-1350-17144	Pacific/Apia
 ZA,LS,SZ	-2615+02800	Africa/Johannesburg
+#
+# The next section contains experimental tab-separated comments for
+# use by user agents like tzselect that identify continents and oceans.
+#
+# For example, the comment "#@AQ<tab>Antarctica/" means the country code
+# AQ is in the continent Antarctica regardless of the Zone name,
+# so Pacific/Auckland should be listed under Antarctica as well as
+# under the Pacific because its line's country codes include AQ.
+#
+# If more than one country code is affected each is listed separated
+# by commas, e.g., #@IS,SH<tab>Atlantic/".  If a country code is in
+# more than one continent or ocean, each is listed separated by
+# commas, e.g., the second column of "#@CY,TR<tab>Asia/,Europe/".
+#
+# These experimental comments are present only for country codes where
+# the continent or ocean is not already obvious from the Zone name.
+# For example, there is no such comment for RU since it already
+# corresponds to Zone names starting with both "Europe/" and "Asia/".
+#
+#@AQ	Antarctica/
+#@IS,SH	Atlantic/
+#@CY,TR	Asia/,Europe/
+#@SJ	Arctic/
+#@CC,CX,KM,MG,YT	Indian/
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/test_util.cc b/absl/time/internal/test_util.cc
index 454b33a1..3e2452e9 100644
--- a/absl/time/internal/test_util.cc
+++ b/absl/time/internal/test_util.cc
@@ -14,16 +14,8 @@
 
 #include "absl/time/internal/test_util.h"
 
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <cstddef>
-#include <cstring>
-#include <memory>
-
 #include "absl/base/config.h"
 #include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
-#include "absl/time/internal/cctz/include/cctz/zone_info_source.h"
-
-namespace cctz = absl::time_internal::cctz;
 
 namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
@@ -38,94 +30,3 @@ TimeZone LoadTimeZone(const std::string& name) {
 }  // namespace time_internal
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
 }  // namespace absl
-
-namespace absl {
-ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
-namespace time_internal {
-namespace cctz_extension {
-namespace {
-
-// Embed the zoneinfo data for time zones used during tests and benchmarks.
-// The data was generated using "xxd -i zoneinfo-file".  There is no need
-// to update the data as long as the tests do not depend on recent changes
-// (and the past rules remain the same).
-#include "absl/time/internal/zoneinfo.inc"
-
-const struct ZoneInfo {
-  const char* name;
-  const char* data;
-  std::size_t length;
-} kZoneInfo[] = {
-    // The three real time zones used by :time_test and :time_benchmark.
-    {"America/Los_Angeles",  //
-     reinterpret_cast<char*>(America_Los_Angeles), America_Los_Angeles_len},
-    {"America/New_York",  //
-     reinterpret_cast<char*>(America_New_York), America_New_York_len},
-    {"Australia/Sydney",  //
-     reinterpret_cast<char*>(Australia_Sydney), Australia_Sydney_len},
-
-    // Other zones named in tests but which should fail to load.
-    {"Invalid/TimeZone", nullptr, 0},
-    {"", nullptr, 0},
-
-    // Allows use of the local time zone from a system-specific location.
-#ifdef _MSC_VER
-    {"localtime",  //
-     reinterpret_cast<char*>(America_Los_Angeles), America_Los_Angeles_len},
-#else
-    {"/etc/localtime",  //
-     reinterpret_cast<char*>(America_Los_Angeles), America_Los_Angeles_len},
-#endif
-};
-
-class TestZoneInfoSource : public cctz::ZoneInfoSource {
- public:
-  TestZoneInfoSource(const char* data, std::size_t size)
-      : data_(data), end_(data + size) {}
-
-  std::size_t Read(void* ptr, std::size_t size) override {
-    const std::size_t len = std::min<std::size_t>(size, end_ - data_);
-    memcpy(ptr, data_, len);
-    data_ += len;
-    return len;
-  }
-
-  int Skip(std::size_t offset) override {
-    data_ += std::min<std::size_t>(offset, end_ - data_);
-    return 0;
-  }
-
- private:
-  const char* data_;
-  const char* const end_;
-};
-
-std::unique_ptr<cctz::ZoneInfoSource> TestFactory(
-    const std::string& name,
-    const std::function<std::unique_ptr<cctz::ZoneInfoSource>(
-        const std::string& name)>& /*fallback_factory*/) {
-  for (const ZoneInfo& zoneinfo : kZoneInfo) {
-    if (name == zoneinfo.name) {
-      if (zoneinfo.data == nullptr) return nullptr;
-      return std::unique_ptr<cctz::ZoneInfoSource>(
-          new TestZoneInfoSource(zoneinfo.data, zoneinfo.length));
-    }
-  }
-
-  // The embedded zoneinfo data does not include the zone, so fallback to
-  // built-in UTC. The tests have been crafted so that this should only
-  // happen when testing absl::LocalTimeZone() with an unconstrained ${TZ}.
-  return nullptr;
-}
-
-}  // namespace
-
-#if !defined(__MINGW32__)
-// MinGW does not support the weak symbol extension mechanism.
-ZoneInfoSourceFactory zone_info_source_factory = TestFactory;
-#endif
-
-}  // namespace cctz_extension
-}  // namespace time_internal
-ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
-}  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/time/internal/zoneinfo.inc b/absl/time/internal/zoneinfo.inc
deleted file mode 100644
index 7d8b3ff2..00000000
--- a/absl/time/internal/zoneinfo.inc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,724 +0,0 @@
-unsigned char America_Los_Angeles[] = {
-  0x54, 0x5a, 0x69, 0x66, 0x32, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xba,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x14, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x9e, 0xa6, 0x48, 0xa0, 0x9f, 0xbb, 0x15, 0x90, 0xa0, 0x86, 0x2a, 0xa0,
-  0xa1, 0x9a, 0xf7, 0x90, 0xcb, 0x89, 0x1a, 0xa0, 0xd2, 0x23, 0xf4, 0x70,
-  0xd2, 0x61, 0x26, 0x10, 0xd6, 0xfe, 0x74, 0x5c, 0xd8, 0x80, 0xad, 0x90,
-  0xda, 0xfe, 0xc3, 0x90, 0xdb, 0xc0, 0x90, 0x10, 0xdc, 0xde, 0xa5, 0x90,
-  0xdd, 0xa9, 0xac, 0x90, 0xde, 0xbe, 0x87, 0x90, 0xdf, 0x89, 0x8e, 0x90,
-  0xe0, 0x9e, 0x69, 0x90, 0xe1, 0x69, 0x70, 0x90, 0xe2, 0x7e, 0x4b, 0x90,
-  0xe3, 0x49, 0x52, 0x90, 0xe4, 0x5e, 0x2d, 0x90, 0xe5, 0x29, 0x34, 0x90,
-  0xe6, 0x47, 0x4a, 0x10, 0xe7, 0x12, 0x51, 0x10, 0xe8, 0x27, 0x2c, 0x10,
-  0xe8, 0xf2, 0x33, 0x10, 0xea, 0x07, 0x0e, 0x10, 0xea, 0xd2, 0x15, 0x10,
-  0xeb, 0xe6, 0xf0, 0x10, 0xec, 0xb1, 0xf7, 0x10, 0xed, 0xc6, 0xd2, 0x10,
-  0xee, 0x91, 0xd9, 0x10, 0xef, 0xaf, 0xee, 0x90, 0xf0, 0x71, 0xbb, 0x10,
-  0xf1, 0x8f, 0xd0, 0x90, 0xf2, 0x7f, 0xc1, 0x90, 0xf3, 0x6f, 0xb2, 0x90,
-  0xf4, 0x5f, 0xa3, 0x90, 0xf5, 0x4f, 0x94, 0x90, 0xf6, 0x3f, 0x85, 0x90,
-  0xf7, 0x2f, 0x76, 0x90, 0xf8, 0x28, 0xa2, 0x10, 0xf9, 0x0f, 0x58, 0x90,
-  0xfa, 0x08, 0x84, 0x10, 0xfa, 0xf8, 0x83, 0x20, 0xfb, 0xe8, 0x66, 0x10,
-  0xfc, 0xd8, 0x65, 0x20, 0xfd, 0xc8, 0x48, 0x10, 0xfe, 0xb8, 0x47, 0x20,
-  0xff, 0xa8, 0x2a, 0x10, 0x00, 0x98, 0x29, 0x20, 0x01, 0x88, 0x0c, 0x10,
-  0x02, 0x78, 0x0b, 0x20, 0x03, 0x71, 0x28, 0x90, 0x04, 0x61, 0x27, 0xa0,
-  0x05, 0x51, 0x0a, 0x90, 0x06, 0x41, 0x09, 0xa0, 0x07, 0x30, 0xec, 0x90,
-  0x07, 0x8d, 0x43, 0xa0, 0x09, 0x10, 0xce, 0x90, 0x09, 0xad, 0xbf, 0x20,
-  0x0a, 0xf0, 0xb0, 0x90, 0x0b, 0xe0, 0xaf, 0xa0, 0x0c, 0xd9, 0xcd, 0x10,
-  0x0d, 0xc0, 0x91, 0xa0, 0x0e, 0xb9, 0xaf, 0x10, 0x0f, 0xa9, 0xae, 0x20,
-  0x10, 0x99, 0x91, 0x10, 0x11, 0x89, 0x90, 0x20, 0x12, 0x79, 0x73, 0x10,
-  0x13, 0x69, 0x72, 0x20, 0x14, 0x59, 0x55, 0x10, 0x15, 0x49, 0x54, 0x20,
-  0x16, 0x39, 0x37, 0x10, 0x17, 0x29, 0x36, 0x20, 0x18, 0x22, 0x53, 0x90,
-  0x19, 0x09, 0x18, 0x20, 0x1a, 0x02, 0x35, 0x90, 0x1a, 0xf2, 0x34, 0xa0,
-  0x1b, 0xe2, 0x17, 0x90, 0x1c, 0xd2, 0x16, 0xa0, 0x1d, 0xc1, 0xf9, 0x90,
-  0x1e, 0xb1, 0xf8, 0xa0, 0x1f, 0xa1, 0xdb, 0x90, 0x20, 0x76, 0x2b, 0x20,
-  0x21, 0x81, 0xbd, 0x90, 0x22, 0x56, 0x0d, 0x20, 0x23, 0x6a, 0xda, 0x10,
-  0x24, 0x35, 0xef, 0x20, 0x25, 0x4a, 0xbc, 0x10, 0x26, 0x15, 0xd1, 0x20,
-  0x27, 0x2a, 0x9e, 0x10, 0x27, 0xfe, 0xed, 0xa0, 0x29, 0x0a, 0x80, 0x10,
-  0x29, 0xde, 0xcf, 0xa0, 0x2a, 0xea, 0x62, 0x10, 0x2b, 0xbe, 0xb1, 0xa0,
-  0x2c, 0xd3, 0x7e, 0x90, 0x2d, 0x9e, 0x93, 0xa0, 0x2e, 0xb3, 0x60, 0x90,
-  0x2f, 0x7e, 0x75, 0xa0, 0x30, 0x93, 0x42, 0x90, 0x31, 0x67, 0x92, 0x20,
-  0x32, 0x73, 0x24, 0x90, 0x33, 0x47, 0x74, 0x20, 0x34, 0x53, 0x06, 0x90,
-  0x35, 0x27, 0x56, 0x20, 0x36, 0x32, 0xe8, 0x90, 0x37, 0x07, 0x38, 0x20,
-  0x38, 0x1c, 0x05, 0x10, 0x38, 0xe7, 0x1a, 0x20, 0x39, 0xfb, 0xe7, 0x10,
-  0x3a, 0xc6, 0xfc, 0x20, 0x3b, 0xdb, 0xc9, 0x10, 0x3c, 0xb0, 0x18, 0xa0,
-  0x3d, 0xbb, 0xab, 0x10, 0x3e, 0x8f, 0xfa, 0xa0, 0x3f, 0x9b, 0x8d, 0x10,
-  0x40, 0x6f, 0xdc, 0xa0, 0x41, 0x84, 0xa9, 0x90, 0x42, 0x4f, 0xbe, 0xa0,
-  0x43, 0x64, 0x8b, 0x90, 0x44, 0x2f, 0xa0, 0xa0, 0x45, 0x44, 0x6d, 0x90,
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-  0x47, 0x20, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x6e, 0xaf, 0xfe, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x6f, 0x56, 0x29, 0x20, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x70, 0x8f,
-  0xe0, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x71, 0x36, 0x0b, 0x20, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x72, 0x6f, 0xc2, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x73, 0x15,
-  0xed, 0x20, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x74, 0x4f, 0xa4, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x74, 0xff, 0x09, 0xa0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x76, 0x38,
-  0xc0, 0x90, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x76, 0xde, 0xeb, 0xa0, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x78, 0x18, 0xa2, 0x90, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x78, 0xbe,
-  0xcd, 0xa0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x79, 0xf8, 0x84, 0x90, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x7a, 0x9e, 0xaf, 0xa0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7b, 0xd8,
-  0x66, 0x90, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7c, 0x7e, 0x91, 0xa0, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x7d, 0xb8, 0x48, 0x90, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7e, 0x5e,
-  0x73, 0xa0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7f, 0x98, 0x2a, 0x90, 0x02, 0x01,
-  0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0xff, 0xff, 0x91, 0x26, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff,
-  0x9d, 0x90, 0x01, 0x04, 0xff, 0xff, 0x8f, 0x80, 0x00, 0x08, 0xff, 0xff,
-  0x9d, 0x90, 0x01, 0x0c, 0xff, 0xff, 0x9d, 0x90, 0x01, 0x10, 0x4c, 0x4d,
-  0x54, 0x00, 0x50, 0x44, 0x54, 0x00, 0x50, 0x53, 0x54, 0x00, 0x50, 0x57,
-  0x54, 0x00, 0x50, 0x50, 0x54, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x0a, 0x50, 0x53, 0x54, 0x38, 0x50, 0x44, 0x54,
-  0x2c, 0x4d, 0x33, 0x2e, 0x32, 0x2e, 0x30, 0x2c, 0x4d, 0x31, 0x31, 0x2e,
-  0x31, 0x2e, 0x30, 0x0a
-};
-unsigned int America_Los_Angeles_len = 2836;
-unsigned char America_New_York[] = {
-  0x54, 0x5a, 0x69, 0x66, 0x32, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xec,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x14, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x9e, 0xa6, 0x1e, 0x70, 0x9f, 0xba, 0xeb, 0x60, 0xa0, 0x86, 0x00, 0x70,
-  0xa1, 0x9a, 0xcd, 0x60, 0xa2, 0x65, 0xe2, 0x70, 0xa3, 0x83, 0xe9, 0xe0,
-  0xa4, 0x6a, 0xae, 0x70, 0xa5, 0x35, 0xa7, 0x60, 0xa6, 0x53, 0xca, 0xf0,
-  0xa7, 0x15, 0x89, 0x60, 0xa8, 0x33, 0xac, 0xf0, 0xa8, 0xfe, 0xa5, 0xe0,
-  0xaa, 0x13, 0x8e, 0xf0, 0xaa, 0xde, 0x87, 0xe0, 0xab, 0xf3, 0x70, 0xf0,
-  0xac, 0xbe, 0x69, 0xe0, 0xad, 0xd3, 0x52, 0xf0, 0xae, 0x9e, 0x4b, 0xe0,
-  0xaf, 0xb3, 0x34, 0xf0, 0xb0, 0x7e, 0x2d, 0xe0, 0xb1, 0x9c, 0x51, 0x70,
-  0xb2, 0x67, 0x4a, 0x60, 0xb3, 0x7c, 0x33, 0x70, 0xb4, 0x47, 0x2c, 0x60,
-  0xb5, 0x5c, 0x15, 0x70, 0xb6, 0x27, 0x0e, 0x60, 0xb7, 0x3b, 0xf7, 0x70,
-  0xb8, 0x06, 0xf0, 0x60, 0xb9, 0x1b, 0xd9, 0x70, 0xb9, 0xe6, 0xd2, 0x60,
-  0xbb, 0x04, 0xf5, 0xf0, 0xbb, 0xc6, 0xb4, 0x60, 0xbc, 0xe4, 0xd7, 0xf0,
-  0xbd, 0xaf, 0xd0, 0xe0, 0xbe, 0xc4, 0xb9, 0xf0, 0xbf, 0x8f, 0xb2, 0xe0,
-  0xc0, 0xa4, 0x9b, 0xf0, 0xc1, 0x6f, 0x94, 0xe0, 0xc2, 0x84, 0x7d, 0xf0,
-  0xc3, 0x4f, 0x76, 0xe0, 0xc4, 0x64, 0x5f, 0xf0, 0xc5, 0x2f, 0x58, 0xe0,
-  0xc6, 0x4d, 0x7c, 0x70, 0xc7, 0x0f, 0x3a, 0xe0, 0xc8, 0x2d, 0x5e, 0x70,
-  0xc8, 0xf8, 0x57, 0x60, 0xca, 0x0d, 0x40, 0x70, 0xca, 0xd8, 0x39, 0x60,
-  0xcb, 0x88, 0xf0, 0x70, 0xd2, 0x23, 0xf4, 0x70, 0xd2, 0x60, 0xfb, 0xe0,
-  0xd3, 0x75, 0xe4, 0xf0, 0xd4, 0x40, 0xdd, 0xe0, 0xd5, 0x55, 0xc6, 0xf0,
-  0xd6, 0x20, 0xbf, 0xe0, 0xd7, 0x35, 0xa8, 0xf0, 0xd8, 0x00, 0xa1, 0xe0,
-  0xd9, 0x15, 0x8a, 0xf0, 0xd9, 0xe0, 0x83, 0xe0, 0xda, 0xfe, 0xa7, 0x70,
-  0xdb, 0xc0, 0x65, 0xe0, 0xdc, 0xde, 0x89, 0x70, 0xdd, 0xa9, 0x82, 0x60,
-  0xde, 0xbe, 0x6b, 0x70, 0xdf, 0x89, 0x64, 0x60, 0xe0, 0x9e, 0x4d, 0x70,
-  0xe1, 0x69, 0x46, 0x60, 0xe2, 0x7e, 0x2f, 0x70, 0xe3, 0x49, 0x28, 0x60,
-  0xe4, 0x5e, 0x11, 0x70, 0xe5, 0x57, 0x2e, 0xe0, 0xe6, 0x47, 0x2d, 0xf0,
-  0xe7, 0x37, 0x10, 0xe0, 0xe8, 0x27, 0x0f, 0xf0, 0xe9, 0x16, 0xf2, 0xe0,
-  0xea, 0x06, 0xf1, 0xf0, 0xea, 0xf6, 0xd4, 0xe0, 0xeb, 0xe6, 0xd3, 0xf0,
-  0xec, 0xd6, 0xb6, 0xe0, 0xed, 0xc6, 0xb5, 0xf0, 0xee, 0xbf, 0xd3, 0x60,
-  0xef, 0xaf, 0xd2, 0x70, 0xf0, 0x9f, 0xb5, 0x60, 0xf1, 0x8f, 0xb4, 0x70,
-  0xf2, 0x7f, 0x97, 0x60, 0xf3, 0x6f, 0x96, 0x70, 0xf4, 0x5f, 0x79, 0x60,
-  0xf5, 0x4f, 0x78, 0x70, 0xf6, 0x3f, 0x5b, 0x60, 0xf7, 0x2f, 0x5a, 0x70,
-  0xf8, 0x28, 0x77, 0xe0, 0xf9, 0x0f, 0x3c, 0x70, 0xfa, 0x08, 0x59, 0xe0,
-  0xfa, 0xf8, 0x58, 0xf0, 0xfb, 0xe8, 0x3b, 0xe0, 0xfc, 0xd8, 0x3a, 0xf0,
-  0xfd, 0xc8, 0x1d, 0xe0, 0xfe, 0xb8, 0x1c, 0xf0, 0xff, 0xa7, 0xff, 0xe0,
-  0x00, 0x97, 0xfe, 0xf0, 0x01, 0x87, 0xe1, 0xe0, 0x02, 0x77, 0xe0, 0xf0,
-  0x03, 0x70, 0xfe, 0x60, 0x04, 0x60, 0xfd, 0x70, 0x05, 0x50, 0xe0, 0x60,
-  0x06, 0x40, 0xdf, 0x70, 0x07, 0x30, 0xc2, 0x60, 0x07, 0x8d, 0x19, 0x70,
-  0x09, 0x10, 0xa4, 0x60, 0x09, 0xad, 0x94, 0xf0, 0x0a, 0xf0, 0x86, 0x60,
-  0x0b, 0xe0, 0x85, 0x70, 0x0c, 0xd9, 0xa2, 0xe0, 0x0d, 0xc0, 0x67, 0x70,
-  0x0e, 0xb9, 0x84, 0xe0, 0x0f, 0xa9, 0x83, 0xf0, 0x10, 0x99, 0x66, 0xe0,
-  0x11, 0x89, 0x65, 0xf0, 0x12, 0x79, 0x48, 0xe0, 0x13, 0x69, 0x47, 0xf0,
-  0x14, 0x59, 0x2a, 0xe0, 0x15, 0x49, 0x29, 0xf0, 0x16, 0x39, 0x0c, 0xe0,
-  0x17, 0x29, 0x0b, 0xf0, 0x18, 0x22, 0x29, 0x60, 0x19, 0x08, 0xed, 0xf0,
-  0x1a, 0x02, 0x0b, 0x60, 0x1a, 0xf2, 0x0a, 0x70, 0x1b, 0xe1, 0xed, 0x60,
-  0x1c, 0xd1, 0xec, 0x70, 0x1d, 0xc1, 0xcf, 0x60, 0x1e, 0xb1, 0xce, 0x70,
-  0x1f, 0xa1, 0xb1, 0x60, 0x20, 0x76, 0x00, 0xf0, 0x21, 0x81, 0x93, 0x60,
-  0x22, 0x55, 0xe2, 0xf0, 0x23, 0x6a, 0xaf, 0xe0, 0x24, 0x35, 0xc4, 0xf0,
-  0x25, 0x4a, 0x91, 0xe0, 0x26, 0x15, 0xa6, 0xf0, 0x27, 0x2a, 0x73, 0xe0,
-  0x27, 0xfe, 0xc3, 0x70, 0x29, 0x0a, 0x55, 0xe0, 0x29, 0xde, 0xa5, 0x70,
-  0x2a, 0xea, 0x37, 0xe0, 0x2b, 0xbe, 0x87, 0x70, 0x2c, 0xd3, 0x54, 0x60,
-  0x2d, 0x9e, 0x69, 0x70, 0x2e, 0xb3, 0x36, 0x60, 0x2f, 0x7e, 0x4b, 0x70,
-  0x30, 0x93, 0x18, 0x60, 0x31, 0x67, 0x67, 0xf0, 0x32, 0x72, 0xfa, 0x60,
-  0x33, 0x47, 0x49, 0xf0, 0x34, 0x52, 0xdc, 0x60, 0x35, 0x27, 0x2b, 0xf0,
-  0x36, 0x32, 0xbe, 0x60, 0x37, 0x07, 0x0d, 0xf0, 0x38, 0x1b, 0xda, 0xe0,
-  0x38, 0xe6, 0xef, 0xf0, 0x39, 0xfb, 0xbc, 0xe0, 0x3a, 0xc6, 0xd1, 0xf0,
-  0x3b, 0xdb, 0x9e, 0xe0, 0x3c, 0xaf, 0xee, 0x70, 0x3d, 0xbb, 0x80, 0xe0,
-  0x3e, 0x8f, 0xd0, 0x70, 0x3f, 0x9b, 0x62, 0xe0, 0x40, 0x6f, 0xb2, 0x70,
-  0x41, 0x84, 0x7f, 0x60, 0x42, 0x4f, 0x94, 0x70, 0x43, 0x64, 0x61, 0x60,
-  0x44, 0x2f, 0x76, 0x70, 0x45, 0x44, 0x43, 0x60, 0x45, 0xf3, 0xa8, 0xf0,
-  0x47, 0x2d, 0x5f, 0xe0, 0x47, 0xd3, 0x8a, 0xf0, 0x49, 0x0d, 0x41, 0xe0,
-  0x49, 0xb3, 0x6c, 0xf0, 0x4a, 0xed, 0x23, 0xe0, 0x4b, 0x9c, 0x89, 0x70,
-  0x4c, 0xd6, 0x40, 0x60, 0x4d, 0x7c, 0x6b, 0x70, 0x4e, 0xb6, 0x22, 0x60,
-  0x4f, 0x5c, 0x4d, 0x70, 0x50, 0x96, 0x04, 0x60, 0x51, 0x3c, 0x2f, 0x70,
-  0x52, 0x75, 0xe6, 0x60, 0x53, 0x1c, 0x11, 0x70, 0x54, 0x55, 0xc8, 0x60,
-  0x54, 0xfb, 0xf3, 0x70, 0x56, 0x35, 0xaa, 0x60, 0x56, 0xe5, 0x0f, 0xf0,
-  0x58, 0x1e, 0xc6, 0xe0, 0x58, 0xc4, 0xf1, 0xf0, 0x59, 0xfe, 0xa8, 0xe0,
-  0x5a, 0xa4, 0xd3, 0xf0, 0x5b, 0xde, 0x8a, 0xe0, 0x5c, 0x84, 0xb5, 0xf0,
-  0x5d, 0xbe, 0x6c, 0xe0, 0x5e, 0x64, 0x97, 0xf0, 0x5f, 0x9e, 0x4e, 0xe0,
-  0x60, 0x4d, 0xb4, 0x70, 0x61, 0x87, 0x6b, 0x60, 0x62, 0x2d, 0x96, 0x70,
-  0x63, 0x67, 0x4d, 0x60, 0x64, 0x0d, 0x78, 0x70, 0x65, 0x47, 0x2f, 0x60,
-  0x65, 0xed, 0x5a, 0x70, 0x67, 0x27, 0x11, 0x60, 0x67, 0xcd, 0x3c, 0x70,
-  0x69, 0x06, 0xf3, 0x60, 0x69, 0xad, 0x1e, 0x70, 0x6a, 0xe6, 0xd5, 0x60,
-  0x6b, 0x96, 0x3a, 0xf0, 0x6c, 0xcf, 0xf1, 0xe0, 0x6d, 0x76, 0x1c, 0xf0,
-  0x6e, 0xaf, 0xd3, 0xe0, 0x6f, 0x55, 0xfe, 0xf0, 0x70, 0x8f, 0xb5, 0xe0,
-  0x71, 0x35, 0xe0, 0xf0, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x97, 0xe0, 0x73, 0x15, 0xc2, 0xf0,
-  0x74, 0x4f, 0x79, 0xe0, 0x74, 0xfe, 0xdf, 0x70, 0x76, 0x38, 0x96, 0x60,
-  0x76, 0xde, 0xc1, 0x70, 0x78, 0x18, 0x78, 0x60, 0x78, 0xbe, 0xa3, 0x70,
-  0x79, 0xf8, 0x5a, 0x60, 0x7a, 0x9e, 0x85, 0x70, 0x7b, 0xd8, 0x3c, 0x60,
-  0x7c, 0x7e, 0x67, 0x70, 0x7d, 0xb8, 0x1e, 0x60, 0x7e, 0x5e, 0x49, 0x70,
-  0x7f, 0x98, 0x00, 0x60, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01,
-  0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01,
-  0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01,
-  0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01,
-  0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0xff, 0xff, 0xba, 0x9e, 0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc7, 0xc0, 0x01, 0x04,
-  0xff, 0xff, 0xb9, 0xb0, 0x00, 0x08, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc7, 0xc0, 0x01, 0x0c,
-  0xff, 0xff, 0xc7, 0xc0, 0x01, 0x10, 0x4c, 0x4d, 0x54, 0x00, 0x45, 0x44,
-  0x54, 0x00, 0x45, 0x53, 0x54, 0x00, 0x45, 0x57, 0x54, 0x00, 0x45, 0x50,
-  0x54, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01,
-  0x54, 0x5a, 0x69, 0x66, 0x32, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0xec,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x14, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
-  0x5e, 0x03, 0xf0, 0x90, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x9e, 0xa6, 0x1e, 0x70,
-  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x9f, 0xba, 0xeb, 0x60, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
-  0xa0, 0x86, 0x00, 0x70, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xa1, 0x9a, 0xcd, 0x60,
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-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02,
-  0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0xff, 0xff, 0xba, 0x9e,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc7, 0xc0, 0x01, 0x04, 0xff, 0xff, 0xb9, 0xb0,
-  0x00, 0x08, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc7, 0xc0, 0x01, 0x0c, 0xff, 0xff, 0xc7, 0xc0,
-  0x01, 0x10, 0x4c, 0x4d, 0x54, 0x00, 0x45, 0x44, 0x54, 0x00, 0x45, 0x53,
-  0x54, 0x00, 0x45, 0x57, 0x54, 0x00, 0x45, 0x50, 0x54, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x0a, 0x45, 0x53, 0x54,
-  0x35, 0x45, 0x44, 0x54, 0x2c, 0x4d, 0x33, 0x2e, 0x32, 0x2e, 0x30, 0x2c,
-  0x4d, 0x31, 0x31, 0x2e, 0x31, 0x2e, 0x30, 0x0a
-};
-unsigned int America_New_York_len = 3536;
-unsigned char Australia_Sydney[] = {
-  0x54, 0x5a, 0x69, 0x66, 0x32, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x8e,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0e, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x9c, 0x4e, 0xc2, 0x80, 0x9c, 0xbc, 0x2f, 0x00, 0xcb, 0x54, 0xb3, 0x00,
-  0xcb, 0xc7, 0x65, 0x80, 0xcc, 0xb7, 0x56, 0x80, 0xcd, 0xa7, 0x47, 0x80,
-  0xce, 0xa0, 0x73, 0x00, 0xcf, 0x87, 0x29, 0x80, 0x03, 0x70, 0x39, 0x80,
-  0x04, 0x0d, 0x1c, 0x00, 0x05, 0x50, 0x1b, 0x80, 0x05, 0xf6, 0x38, 0x80,
-  0x07, 0x2f, 0xfd, 0x80, 0x07, 0xd6, 0x1a, 0x80, 0x09, 0x0f, 0xdf, 0x80,
-  0x09, 0xb5, 0xfc, 0x80, 0x0a, 0xef, 0xc1, 0x80, 0x0b, 0x9f, 0x19, 0x00,
-  0x0c, 0xd8, 0xde, 0x00, 0x0d, 0x7e, 0xfb, 0x00, 0x0e, 0xb8, 0xc0, 0x00,
-  0x0f, 0x5e, 0xdd, 0x00, 0x10, 0x98, 0xa2, 0x00, 0x11, 0x3e, 0xbf, 0x00,
-  0x12, 0x78, 0x84, 0x00, 0x13, 0x1e, 0xa1, 0x00, 0x14, 0x58, 0x66, 0x00,
-  0x14, 0xfe, 0x83, 0x00, 0x16, 0x38, 0x48, 0x00, 0x17, 0x0c, 0x89, 0x80,
-  0x18, 0x21, 0x64, 0x80, 0x18, 0xc7, 0x81, 0x80, 0x1a, 0x01, 0x46, 0x80,
-  0x1a, 0xa7, 0x63, 0x80, 0x1b, 0xe1, 0x28, 0x80, 0x1c, 0x87, 0x45, 0x80,
-  0x1d, 0xc1, 0x0a, 0x80, 0x1e, 0x79, 0x9c, 0x80, 0x1f, 0x97, 0xb2, 0x00,
-  0x20, 0x59, 0x7e, 0x80, 0x21, 0x80, 0xce, 0x80, 0x22, 0x42, 0x9b, 0x00,
-  0x23, 0x69, 0xeb, 0x00, 0x24, 0x22, 0x7d, 0x00, 0x25, 0x49, 0xcd, 0x00,
-  0x25, 0xef, 0xea, 0x00, 0x27, 0x29, 0xaf, 0x00, 0x27, 0xcf, 0xcc, 0x00,
-  0x29, 0x09, 0x91, 0x00, 0x29, 0xaf, 0xae, 0x00, 0x2a, 0xe9, 0x73, 0x00,
-  0x2b, 0x98, 0xca, 0x80, 0x2c, 0xd2, 0x8f, 0x80, 0x2d, 0x78, 0xac, 0x80,
-  0x2e, 0xb2, 0x71, 0x80, 0x2f, 0x58, 0x8e, 0x80, 0x30, 0x92, 0x53, 0x80,
-  0x31, 0x5d, 0x5a, 0x80, 0x32, 0x72, 0x35, 0x80, 0x33, 0x3d, 0x3c, 0x80,
-  0x34, 0x52, 0x17, 0x80, 0x35, 0x1d, 0x1e, 0x80, 0x36, 0x31, 0xf9, 0x80,
-  0x36, 0xfd, 0x00, 0x80, 0x38, 0x1b, 0x16, 0x00, 0x38, 0xdc, 0xe2, 0x80,
-  0x39, 0xa7, 0xe9, 0x80, 0x3a, 0xbc, 0xc4, 0x80, 0x3b, 0xda, 0xda, 0x00,
-  0x3c, 0xa5, 0xe1, 0x00, 0x3d, 0xba, 0xbc, 0x00, 0x3e, 0x85, 0xc3, 0x00,
-  0x3f, 0x9a, 0x9e, 0x00, 0x40, 0x65, 0xa5, 0x00, 0x41, 0x83, 0xba, 0x80,
-  0x42, 0x45, 0x87, 0x00, 0x43, 0x63, 0x9c, 0x80, 0x44, 0x2e, 0xa3, 0x80,
-  0x45, 0x43, 0x7e, 0x80, 0x46, 0x05, 0x4b, 0x00, 0x47, 0x23, 0x60, 0x80,
-  0x47, 0xf7, 0xa2, 0x00, 0x48, 0xe7, 0x93, 0x00, 0x49, 0xd7, 0x84, 0x00,
-  0x4a, 0xc7, 0x75, 0x00, 0x4b, 0xb7, 0x66, 0x00, 0x4c, 0xa7, 0x57, 0x00,
-  0x4d, 0x97, 0x48, 0x00, 0x4e, 0x87, 0x39, 0x00, 0x4f, 0x77, 0x2a, 0x00,
-  0x50, 0x70, 0x55, 0x80, 0x51, 0x60, 0x46, 0x80, 0x52, 0x50, 0x37, 0x80,
-  0x53, 0x40, 0x28, 0x80, 0x54, 0x30, 0x19, 0x80, 0x55, 0x20, 0x0a, 0x80,
-  0x56, 0x0f, 0xfb, 0x80, 0x56, 0xff, 0xec, 0x80, 0x57, 0xef, 0xdd, 0x80,
-  0x58, 0xdf, 0xce, 0x80, 0x59, 0xcf, 0xbf, 0x80, 0x5a, 0xbf, 0xb0, 0x80,
-  0x5b, 0xb8, 0xdc, 0x00, 0x5c, 0xa8, 0xcd, 0x00, 0x5d, 0x98, 0xbe, 0x00,
-  0x5e, 0x88, 0xaf, 0x00, 0x5f, 0x78, 0xa0, 0x00, 0x60, 0x68, 0x91, 0x00,
-  0x61, 0x58, 0x82, 0x00, 0x62, 0x48, 0x73, 0x00, 0x63, 0x38, 0x64, 0x00,
-  0x64, 0x28, 0x55, 0x00, 0x65, 0x18, 0x46, 0x00, 0x66, 0x11, 0x71, 0x80,
-  0x67, 0x01, 0x62, 0x80, 0x67, 0xf1, 0x53, 0x80, 0x68, 0xe1, 0x44, 0x80,
-  0x69, 0xd1, 0x35, 0x80, 0x6a, 0xc1, 0x26, 0x80, 0x6b, 0xb1, 0x17, 0x80,
-  0x6c, 0xa1, 0x08, 0x80, 0x6d, 0x90, 0xf9, 0x80, 0x6e, 0x80, 0xea, 0x80,
-  0x6f, 0x70, 0xdb, 0x80, 0x70, 0x6a, 0x07, 0x00, 0x71, 0x59, 0xf8, 0x00,
-  0x72, 0x49, 0xe9, 0x00, 0x73, 0x39, 0xda, 0x00, 0x74, 0x29, 0xcb, 0x00,
-  0x75, 0x19, 0xbc, 0x00, 0x76, 0x09, 0xad, 0x00, 0x76, 0xf9, 0x9e, 0x00,
-  0x77, 0xe9, 0x8f, 0x00, 0x78, 0xd9, 0x80, 0x00, 0x79, 0xc9, 0x71, 0x00,
-  0x7a, 0xb9, 0x62, 0x00, 0x7b, 0xb2, 0x8d, 0x80, 0x7c, 0xa2, 0x7e, 0x80,
-  0x7d, 0x92, 0x6f, 0x80, 0x7e, 0x82, 0x60, 0x80, 0x7f, 0x72, 0x51, 0x80,
-  0x03, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01,
-  0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01,
-  0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01,
-  0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01,
-  0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01,
-  0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01,
-  0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01,
-  0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01,
-  0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01,
-  0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01,
-  0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01,
-  0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x8d, 0xc4, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x9a, 0xb0, 0x01, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x8c, 0xa0, 0x00, 0x09, 0x00, 0x00, 0x8c, 0xa0, 0x00, 0x09, 0x4c, 0x4d,
-  0x54, 0x00, 0x41, 0x45, 0x44, 0x54, 0x00, 0x41, 0x45, 0x53, 0x54, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x01, 0x01, 0x00, 0x54, 0x5a, 0x69, 0x66, 0x32, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x8e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0e,
-  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x73, 0x16, 0x7f, 0x3c, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
-  0x9c, 0x4e, 0xc2, 0x80, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0x9c, 0xbc, 0x2f, 0x00,
-  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xcb, 0x54, 0xb3, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
-  0xcb, 0xc7, 0x65, 0x80, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xcc, 0xb7, 0x56, 0x80,
-  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xcd, 0xa7, 0x47, 0x80, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
-  0xce, 0xa0, 0x73, 0x00, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xcf, 0x87, 0x29, 0x80,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x03, 0x70, 0x39, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x04, 0x0d, 0x1c, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0x50, 0x1b, 0x80,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x05, 0xf6, 0x38, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x07, 0x2f, 0xfd, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x07, 0xd6, 0x1a, 0x80,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x09, 0x0f, 0xdf, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x09, 0xb5, 0xfc, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0a, 0xef, 0xc1, 0x80,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0b, 0x9f, 0x19, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x0c, 0xd8, 0xde, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0d, 0x7e, 0xfb, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0e, 0xb8, 0xc0, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x0f, 0x5e, 0xdd, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x10, 0x98, 0xa2, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x11, 0x3e, 0xbf, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x12, 0x78, 0x84, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x13, 0x1e, 0xa1, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x14, 0x58, 0x66, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x14, 0xfe, 0x83, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x16, 0x38, 0x48, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x17, 0x0c, 0x89, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x18, 0x21, 0x64, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x18, 0xc7, 0x81, 0x80,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1a, 0x01, 0x46, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x1a, 0xa7, 0x63, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1b, 0xe1, 0x28, 0x80,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1c, 0x87, 0x45, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x1d, 0xc1, 0x0a, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1e, 0x79, 0x9c, 0x80,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x1f, 0x97, 0xb2, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x20, 0x59, 0x7e, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x21, 0x80, 0xce, 0x80,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x22, 0x42, 0x9b, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x23, 0x69, 0xeb, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x24, 0x22, 0x7d, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x25, 0x49, 0xcd, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x25, 0xef, 0xea, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x27, 0x29, 0xaf, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x27, 0xcf, 0xcc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x29, 0x09, 0x91, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x29, 0xaf, 0xae, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x2a, 0xe9, 0x73, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x2b, 0x98, 0xca, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x2c, 0xd2, 0x8f, 0x80,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x2d, 0x78, 0xac, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x2e, 0xb2, 0x71, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x2f, 0x58, 0x8e, 0x80,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x30, 0x92, 0x53, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x31, 0x5d, 0x5a, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x32, 0x72, 0x35, 0x80,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x33, 0x3d, 0x3c, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x34, 0x52, 0x17, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x35, 0x1d, 0x1e, 0x80,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x36, 0x31, 0xf9, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x36, 0xfd, 0x00, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x38, 0x1b, 0x16, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x38, 0xdc, 0xe2, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x39, 0xa7, 0xe9, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3a, 0xbc, 0xc4, 0x80,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3b, 0xda, 0xda, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x3c, 0xa5, 0xe1, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3d, 0xba, 0xbc, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x3e, 0x85, 0xc3, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x3f, 0x9a, 0x9e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x40, 0x65, 0xa5, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x41, 0x83, 0xba, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x42, 0x45, 0x87, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x43, 0x63, 0x9c, 0x80,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x44, 0x2e, 0xa3, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x45, 0x43, 0x7e, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x46, 0x05, 0x4b, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x47, 0x23, 0x60, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x47, 0xf7, 0xa2, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x48, 0xe7, 0x93, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x49, 0xd7, 0x84, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x4a, 0xc7, 0x75, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x4b, 0xb7, 0x66, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x4c, 0xa7, 0x57, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x4d, 0x97, 0x48, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x4e, 0x87, 0x39, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x4f, 0x77, 0x2a, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x50, 0x70, 0x55, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x51, 0x60, 0x46, 0x80,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x52, 0x50, 0x37, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x53, 0x40, 0x28, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x54, 0x30, 0x19, 0x80,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x55, 0x20, 0x0a, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x56, 0x0f, 0xfb, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x56, 0xff, 0xec, 0x80,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x57, 0xef, 0xdd, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x58, 0xdf, 0xce, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x59, 0xcf, 0xbf, 0x80,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x5a, 0xbf, 0xb0, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x5b, 0xb8, 0xdc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x5c, 0xa8, 0xcd, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x5d, 0x98, 0xbe, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x5e, 0x88, 0xaf, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x5f, 0x78, 0xa0, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x60, 0x68, 0x91, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x61, 0x58, 0x82, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x62, 0x48, 0x73, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x63, 0x38, 0x64, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x64, 0x28, 0x55, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x65, 0x18, 0x46, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x66, 0x11, 0x71, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x67, 0x01, 0x62, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x67, 0xf1, 0x53, 0x80,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x68, 0xe1, 0x44, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x69, 0xd1, 0x35, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x6a, 0xc1, 0x26, 0x80,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x6b, 0xb1, 0x17, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x6c, 0xa1, 0x08, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x6d, 0x90, 0xf9, 0x80,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x6e, 0x80, 0xea, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x6f, 0x70, 0xdb, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x70, 0x6a, 0x07, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x71, 0x59, 0xf8, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x72, 0x49, 0xe9, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x73, 0x39, 0xda, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x74, 0x29, 0xcb, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x75, 0x19, 0xbc, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x76, 0x09, 0xad, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x76, 0xf9, 0x9e, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x77, 0xe9, 0x8f, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x78, 0xd9, 0x80, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x79, 0xc9, 0x71, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x7a, 0xb9, 0x62, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7b, 0xb2, 0x8d, 0x80,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7c, 0xa2, 0x7e, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x7d, 0x92, 0x6f, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7e, 0x82, 0x60, 0x80,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x7f, 0x72, 0x51, 0x80, 0x03, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01,
-  0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01,
-  0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01,
-  0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01,
-  0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01,
-  0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01,
-  0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01,
-  0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01,
-  0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01,
-  0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01,
-  0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01,
-  0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01,
-  0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x02, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x8d, 0xc4, 0x00, 0x00,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x9a, 0xb0, 0x01, 0x04, 0x00, 0x00, 0x8c, 0xa0, 0x00, 0x09,
-  0x00, 0x00, 0x8c, 0xa0, 0x00, 0x09, 0x4c, 0x4d, 0x54, 0x00, 0x41, 0x45,
-  0x44, 0x54, 0x00, 0x41, 0x45, 0x53, 0x54, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x01, 0x00,
-  0x0a, 0x41, 0x45, 0x53, 0x54, 0x2d, 0x31, 0x30, 0x41, 0x45, 0x44, 0x54,
-  0x2c, 0x4d, 0x31, 0x30, 0x2e, 0x31, 0x2e, 0x30, 0x2c, 0x4d, 0x34, 0x2e,
-  0x31, 0x2e, 0x30, 0x2f, 0x33, 0x0a
-};
-unsigned int Australia_Sydney_len = 2190;
diff --git a/absl/time/time.cc b/absl/time/time.cc
index 1ec2026e..d983c12b 100644
--- a/absl/time/time.cc
+++ b/absl/time/time.cc
@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ inline int64_t FloorToUnit(absl::Duration d, absl::Duration unit) {
              : q - 1;
 }
 
+ABSL_INTERNAL_DISABLE_DEPRECATED_DECLARATION_WARNING
 inline absl::Time::Breakdown InfiniteFutureBreakdown() {
   absl::Time::Breakdown bd;
   bd.year = std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max();
@@ -99,6 +100,7 @@ inline absl::Time::Breakdown InfinitePastBreakdown() {
   bd.zone_abbr = "-00";
   return bd;
 }
+ABSL_INTERNAL_RESTORE_DEPRECATED_DECLARATION_WARNING
 
 inline absl::TimeZone::CivilInfo InfiniteFutureCivilInfo() {
   TimeZone::CivilInfo ci;
@@ -120,6 +122,7 @@ inline absl::TimeZone::CivilInfo InfinitePastCivilInfo() {
   return ci;
 }
 
+ABSL_INTERNAL_DISABLE_DEPRECATED_DECLARATION_WARNING
 inline absl::TimeConversion InfiniteFutureTimeConversion() {
   absl::TimeConversion tc;
   tc.pre = tc.trans = tc.post = absl::InfiniteFuture();
@@ -135,9 +138,10 @@ inline TimeConversion InfinitePastTimeConversion() {
   tc.normalized = true;
   return tc;
 }
+ABSL_INTERNAL_RESTORE_DEPRECATED_DECLARATION_WARNING
 
 // Makes a Time from sec, overflowing to InfiniteFuture/InfinitePast as
-// necessary. If sec is min/max, then consult cs+tz to check for overlow.
+// necessary. If sec is min/max, then consult cs+tz to check for overflow.
 Time MakeTimeWithOverflow(const cctz::time_point<cctz::seconds>& sec,
                           const cctz::civil_second& cs,
                           const cctz::time_zone& tz,
@@ -203,6 +207,7 @@ bool FindTransition(const cctz::time_zone& tz,
 // Time
 //
 
+ABSL_INTERNAL_DISABLE_DEPRECATED_DECLARATION_WARNING
 absl::Time::Breakdown Time::In(absl::TimeZone tz) const {
   if (*this == absl::InfiniteFuture()) return InfiniteFutureBreakdown();
   if (*this == absl::InfinitePast()) return InfinitePastBreakdown();
@@ -227,6 +232,7 @@ absl::Time::Breakdown Time::In(absl::TimeZone tz) const {
   bd.zone_abbr = al.abbr;
   return bd;
 }
+ABSL_INTERNAL_RESTORE_DEPRECATED_DECLARATION_WARNING
 
 //
 // Conversions from/to other time types.
@@ -297,7 +303,7 @@ timespec ToTimespec(Time t) {
   timespec ts;
   absl::Duration d = time_internal::ToUnixDuration(t);
   if (!time_internal::IsInfiniteDuration(d)) {
-    ts.tv_sec = time_internal::GetRepHi(d);
+    ts.tv_sec = static_cast<decltype(ts.tv_sec)>(time_internal::GetRepHi(d));
     if (ts.tv_sec == time_internal::GetRepHi(d)) {  // no time_t narrowing
       ts.tv_nsec = time_internal::GetRepLo(d) / 4;  // floor
       return ts;
@@ -316,7 +322,7 @@ timespec ToTimespec(Time t) {
 timeval ToTimeval(Time t) {
   timeval tv;
   timespec ts = absl::ToTimespec(t);
-  tv.tv_sec = ts.tv_sec;
+  tv.tv_sec = static_cast<decltype(tv.tv_sec)>(ts.tv_sec);
   if (tv.tv_sec != ts.tv_sec) {  // narrowing
     if (ts.tv_sec < 0) {
       tv.tv_sec = std::numeric_limits<decltype(tv.tv_sec)>::min();
@@ -398,7 +404,7 @@ bool TimeZone::PrevTransition(Time t, CivilTransition* trans) const {
 //
 // Conversions involving time zones.
 //
-
+ABSL_INTERNAL_DISABLE_DEPRECATED_DECLARATION_WARNING
 absl::TimeConversion ConvertDateTime(int64_t year, int mon, int day, int hour,
                                      int min, int sec, TimeZone tz) {
   // Avoids years that are too extreme for CivilSecond to normalize.
@@ -430,6 +436,7 @@ absl::TimeConversion ConvertDateTime(int64_t year, int mon, int day, int hour,
   }
   return tc;
 }
+ABSL_INTERNAL_RESTORE_DEPRECATED_DECLARATION_WARNING
 
 absl::Time FromTM(const struct tm& tm, absl::TimeZone tz) {
   civil_year_t tm_year = tm.tm_year;
diff --git a/absl/time/time.h b/absl/time/time.h
index bd01867e..37580805 100644
--- a/absl/time/time.h
+++ b/absl/time/time.h
@@ -78,11 +78,13 @@ struct timeval;
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <ctime>
+#include <limits>
 #include <ostream>
 #include <string>
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <utility>
 
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
 #include "absl/base/macros.h"
 #include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
 #include "absl/time/civil_time.h"
@@ -97,19 +99,24 @@ class TimeZone;  // Defined below
 
 namespace time_internal {
 int64_t IDivDuration(bool satq, Duration num, Duration den, Duration* rem);
-constexpr Time FromUnixDuration(Duration d);
-constexpr Duration ToUnixDuration(Time t);
-constexpr int64_t GetRepHi(Duration d);
-constexpr uint32_t GetRepLo(Duration d);
-constexpr Duration MakeDuration(int64_t hi, uint32_t lo);
-constexpr Duration MakeDuration(int64_t hi, int64_t lo);
-inline Duration MakePosDoubleDuration(double n);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr Time FromUnixDuration(Duration d);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr Duration ToUnixDuration(Time t);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr int64_t GetRepHi(Duration d);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr uint32_t GetRepLo(Duration d);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr Duration MakeDuration(int64_t hi,
+                                                              uint32_t lo);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr Duration MakeDuration(int64_t hi,
+                                                              int64_t lo);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION inline Duration MakePosDoubleDuration(double n);
 constexpr int64_t kTicksPerNanosecond = 4;
 constexpr int64_t kTicksPerSecond = 1000 * 1000 * 1000 * kTicksPerNanosecond;
 template <std::intmax_t N>
-constexpr Duration FromInt64(int64_t v, std::ratio<1, N>);
-constexpr Duration FromInt64(int64_t v, std::ratio<60>);
-constexpr Duration FromInt64(int64_t v, std::ratio<3600>);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr Duration FromInt64(int64_t v,
+                                                           std::ratio<1, N>);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr Duration FromInt64(int64_t v,
+                                                           std::ratio<60>);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr Duration FromInt64(int64_t v,
+                                                           std::ratio<3600>);
 template <typename T>
 using EnableIfIntegral = typename std::enable_if<
     std::is_integral<T>::value || std::is_enum<T>::value, int>::type;
@@ -181,7 +188,12 @@ class Duration {
   Duration& operator%=(Duration rhs);
 
   // Overloads that forward to either the int64_t or double overloads above.
-  // Integer operands must be representable as int64_t.
+  // Integer operands must be representable as int64_t. Integer division is
+  // truncating, so values less than the resolution will be returned as zero.
+  // Floating-point multiplication and division is rounding (halfway cases
+  // rounding away from zero), so values less than the resolution may be
+  // returned as either the resolution or zero.  In particular, `d / 2.0`
+  // can produce `d` when it is the resolution and "even".
   template <typename T, time_internal::EnableIfIntegral<T> = 0>
   Duration& operator*=(T r) {
     int64_t x = r;
@@ -208,7 +220,7 @@ class Duration {
 
   template <typename H>
   friend H AbslHashValue(H h, Duration d) {
-    return H::combine(std::move(h), d.rep_hi_, d.rep_lo_);
+    return H::combine(std::move(h), d.rep_hi_.Get(), d.rep_lo_);
   }
 
  private:
@@ -217,42 +229,138 @@ class Duration {
   friend constexpr Duration time_internal::MakeDuration(int64_t hi,
                                                         uint32_t lo);
   constexpr Duration(int64_t hi, uint32_t lo) : rep_hi_(hi), rep_lo_(lo) {}
-  int64_t rep_hi_;
+
+  // We store `rep_hi_` 4-byte rather than 8-byte aligned to avoid 4 bytes of
+  // tail padding.
+  class HiRep {
+   public:
+    // Default constructor default-initializes `hi_`, which has the same
+    // semantics as default-initializing an `int64_t` (undetermined value).
+    HiRep() = default;
+
+    HiRep(const HiRep&) = default;
+    HiRep& operator=(const HiRep&) = default;
+
+    explicit constexpr HiRep(const int64_t value)
+        :  // C++17 forbids default-initialization in constexpr contexts. We can
+           // remove this in C++20.
+#if defined(ABSL_IS_BIG_ENDIAN) && ABSL_IS_BIG_ENDIAN
+          hi_(0),
+          lo_(0)
+#else
+          lo_(0),
+          hi_(0)
+#endif
+    {
+      *this = value;
+    }
+
+    constexpr int64_t Get() const {
+      const uint64_t unsigned_value =
+          (static_cast<uint64_t>(hi_) << 32) | static_cast<uint64_t>(lo_);
+      // `static_cast<int64_t>(unsigned_value)` is implementation-defined
+      // before c++20. On all supported platforms the behaviour is that mandated
+      // by c++20, i.e. "If the destination type is signed, [...] the result is
+      // the unique value of the destination type equal to the source value
+      // modulo 2^n, where n is the number of bits used to represent the
+      // destination type."
+      static_assert(
+          (static_cast<int64_t>((std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max)()) ==
+           int64_t{-1}) &&
+              (static_cast<int64_t>(static_cast<uint64_t>(
+                                        (std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max)()) +
+                                    1) ==
+               (std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min)()),
+          "static_cast<int64_t>(uint64_t) does not have c++20 semantics");
+      return static_cast<int64_t>(unsigned_value);
+    }
+
+    constexpr HiRep& operator=(const int64_t value) {
+      // "If the destination type is unsigned, the resulting value is the
+      // smallest unsigned value equal to the source value modulo 2^n
+      // where `n` is the number of bits used to represent the destination
+      // type".
+      const auto unsigned_value = static_cast<uint64_t>(value);
+      hi_ = static_cast<uint32_t>(unsigned_value >> 32);
+      lo_ = static_cast<uint32_t>(unsigned_value);
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+   private:
+    // Notes:
+    //  - Ideally we would use a `char[]` and `std::bitcast`, but the latter
+    //    does not exist (and is not constexpr in `absl`) before c++20.
+    //  - Order is optimized depending on endianness so that the compiler can
+    //    turn `Get()` (resp. `operator=()`) into a single 8-byte load (resp.
+    //    store).
+#if defined(ABSL_IS_BIG_ENDIAN) && ABSL_IS_BIG_ENDIAN
+    uint32_t hi_;
+    uint32_t lo_;
+#else
+    uint32_t lo_;
+    uint32_t hi_;
+#endif
+  };
+  HiRep rep_hi_;
   uint32_t rep_lo_;
 };
 
 // Relational Operators
-constexpr bool operator<(Duration lhs, Duration rhs);
-constexpr bool operator>(Duration lhs, Duration rhs) { return rhs < lhs; }
-constexpr bool operator>=(Duration lhs, Duration rhs) { return !(lhs < rhs); }
-constexpr bool operator<=(Duration lhs, Duration rhs) { return !(rhs < lhs); }
-constexpr bool operator==(Duration lhs, Duration rhs);
-constexpr bool operator!=(Duration lhs, Duration rhs) { return !(lhs == rhs); }
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr bool operator<(Duration lhs,
+                                                       Duration rhs);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr bool operator>(Duration lhs,
+                                                       Duration rhs) {
+  return rhs < lhs;
+}
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr bool operator>=(Duration lhs,
+                                                        Duration rhs) {
+  return !(lhs < rhs);
+}
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr bool operator<=(Duration lhs,
+                                                        Duration rhs) {
+  return !(rhs < lhs);
+}
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr bool operator==(Duration lhs,
+                                                        Duration rhs);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr bool operator!=(Duration lhs,
+                                                        Duration rhs) {
+  return !(lhs == rhs);
+}
 
 // Additive Operators
-constexpr Duration operator-(Duration d);
-inline Duration operator+(Duration lhs, Duration rhs) { return lhs += rhs; }
-inline Duration operator-(Duration lhs, Duration rhs) { return lhs -= rhs; }
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr Duration operator-(Duration d);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION inline Duration operator+(Duration lhs,
+                                                        Duration rhs) {
+  return lhs += rhs;
+}
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION inline Duration operator-(Duration lhs,
+                                                        Duration rhs) {
+  return lhs -= rhs;
+}
 
 // Multiplicative Operators
 // Integer operands must be representable as int64_t.
 template <typename T>
-Duration operator*(Duration lhs, T rhs) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION Duration operator*(Duration lhs, T rhs) {
   return lhs *= rhs;
 }
 template <typename T>
-Duration operator*(T lhs, Duration rhs) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION Duration operator*(T lhs, Duration rhs) {
   return rhs *= lhs;
 }
 template <typename T>
-Duration operator/(Duration lhs, T rhs) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION Duration operator/(Duration lhs, T rhs) {
   return lhs /= rhs;
 }
-inline int64_t operator/(Duration lhs, Duration rhs) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION inline int64_t operator/(Duration lhs,
+                                                       Duration rhs) {
   return time_internal::IDivDuration(true, lhs, rhs,
                                      &lhs);  // trunc towards zero
 }
-inline Duration operator%(Duration lhs, Duration rhs) { return lhs %= rhs; }
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION inline Duration operator%(Duration lhs,
+                                                        Duration rhs) {
+  return lhs %= rhs;
+}
 
 // IDivDuration()
 //
@@ -299,18 +407,20 @@ inline int64_t IDivDuration(Duration num, Duration den, Duration* rem) {
 //
 //   double d = absl::FDivDuration(absl::Milliseconds(1500), absl::Seconds(1));
 //   // d == 1.5
-double FDivDuration(Duration num, Duration den);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION double FDivDuration(Duration num, Duration den);
 
 // ZeroDuration()
 //
 // Returns a zero-length duration. This function behaves just like the default
 // constructor, but the name helps make the semantics clear at call sites.
-constexpr Duration ZeroDuration() { return Duration(); }
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr Duration ZeroDuration() {
+  return Duration();
+}
 
 // AbsDuration()
 //
 // Returns the absolute value of a duration.
-inline Duration AbsDuration(Duration d) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION inline Duration AbsDuration(Duration d) {
   return (d < ZeroDuration()) ? -d : d;
 }
 
@@ -322,7 +432,7 @@ inline Duration AbsDuration(Duration d) {
 //
 //   absl::Duration d = absl::Nanoseconds(123456789);
 //   absl::Duration a = absl::Trunc(d, absl::Microseconds(1));  // 123456us
-Duration Trunc(Duration d, Duration unit);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION Duration Trunc(Duration d, Duration unit);
 
 // Floor()
 //
@@ -333,7 +443,7 @@ Duration Trunc(Duration d, Duration unit);
 //
 //   absl::Duration d = absl::Nanoseconds(123456789);
 //   absl::Duration b = absl::Floor(d, absl::Microseconds(1));  // 123456us
-Duration Floor(Duration d, Duration unit);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION Duration Floor(Duration d, Duration unit);
 
 // Ceil()
 //
@@ -344,7 +454,7 @@ Duration Floor(Duration d, Duration unit);
 //
 //   absl::Duration d = absl::Nanoseconds(123456789);
 //   absl::Duration c = absl::Ceil(d, absl::Microseconds(1));   // 123457us
-Duration Ceil(Duration d, Duration unit);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION Duration Ceil(Duration d, Duration unit);
 
 // InfiniteDuration()
 //
@@ -380,7 +490,7 @@ Duration Ceil(Duration d, Duration unit);
 //
 // The examples involving the `/` operator above also apply to `IDivDuration()`
 // and `FDivDuration()`.
-constexpr Duration InfiniteDuration();
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr Duration InfiniteDuration();
 
 // Nanoseconds()
 // Microseconds()
@@ -404,27 +514,27 @@ constexpr Duration InfiniteDuration();
 //   absl::Duration a = absl::Seconds(60);
 //   absl::Duration b = absl::Minutes(1);  // b == a
 template <typename T, time_internal::EnableIfIntegral<T> = 0>
-constexpr Duration Nanoseconds(T n) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr Duration Nanoseconds(T n) {
   return time_internal::FromInt64(n, std::nano{});
 }
 template <typename T, time_internal::EnableIfIntegral<T> = 0>
-constexpr Duration Microseconds(T n) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr Duration Microseconds(T n) {
   return time_internal::FromInt64(n, std::micro{});
 }
 template <typename T, time_internal::EnableIfIntegral<T> = 0>
-constexpr Duration Milliseconds(T n) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr Duration Milliseconds(T n) {
   return time_internal::FromInt64(n, std::milli{});
 }
 template <typename T, time_internal::EnableIfIntegral<T> = 0>
-constexpr Duration Seconds(T n) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr Duration Seconds(T n) {
   return time_internal::FromInt64(n, std::ratio<1>{});
 }
 template <typename T, time_internal::EnableIfIntegral<T> = 0>
-constexpr Duration Minutes(T n) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr Duration Minutes(T n) {
   return time_internal::FromInt64(n, std::ratio<60>{});
 }
 template <typename T, time_internal::EnableIfIntegral<T> = 0>
-constexpr Duration Hours(T n) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr Duration Hours(T n) {
   return time_internal::FromInt64(n, std::ratio<3600>{});
 }
 
@@ -438,19 +548,19 @@ constexpr Duration Hours(T n) {
 //   auto a = absl::Seconds(1.5);        // OK
 //   auto b = absl::Milliseconds(1500);  // BETTER
 template <typename T, time_internal::EnableIfFloat<T> = 0>
-Duration Nanoseconds(T n) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION Duration Nanoseconds(T n) {
   return n * Nanoseconds(1);
 }
 template <typename T, time_internal::EnableIfFloat<T> = 0>
-Duration Microseconds(T n) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION Duration Microseconds(T n) {
   return n * Microseconds(1);
 }
 template <typename T, time_internal::EnableIfFloat<T> = 0>
-Duration Milliseconds(T n) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION Duration Milliseconds(T n) {
   return n * Milliseconds(1);
 }
 template <typename T, time_internal::EnableIfFloat<T> = 0>
-Duration Seconds(T n) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION Duration Seconds(T n) {
   if (n >= 0) {  // Note: `NaN >= 0` is false.
     if (n >= static_cast<T>((std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max)())) {
       return InfiniteDuration();
@@ -464,11 +574,11 @@ Duration Seconds(T n) {
   }
 }
 template <typename T, time_internal::EnableIfFloat<T> = 0>
-Duration Minutes(T n) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION Duration Minutes(T n) {
   return n * Minutes(1);
 }
 template <typename T, time_internal::EnableIfFloat<T> = 0>
-Duration Hours(T n) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION Duration Hours(T n) {
   return n * Hours(1);
 }
 
@@ -488,14 +598,14 @@ Duration Hours(T n) {
 //
 //   absl::Duration d = absl::Milliseconds(1500);
 //   int64_t isec = absl::ToInt64Seconds(d);  // isec == 1
-ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION int64_t ToInt64Nanoseconds(Duration d);
-ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION int64_t ToInt64Microseconds(Duration d);
-ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION int64_t ToInt64Milliseconds(Duration d);
-ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION int64_t ToInt64Seconds(Duration d);
-ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION int64_t ToInt64Minutes(Duration d);
-ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION int64_t ToInt64Hours(Duration d);
-
-// ToDoubleNanoSeconds()
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION int64_t ToInt64Nanoseconds(Duration d);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION int64_t ToInt64Microseconds(Duration d);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION int64_t ToInt64Milliseconds(Duration d);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION int64_t ToInt64Seconds(Duration d);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION int64_t ToInt64Minutes(Duration d);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION int64_t ToInt64Hours(Duration d);
+
+// ToDoubleNanoseconds()
 // ToDoubleMicroseconds()
 // ToDoubleMilliseconds()
 // ToDoubleSeconds()
@@ -510,12 +620,12 @@ ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION int64_t ToInt64Hours(Duration d);
 //
 //   absl::Duration d = absl::Milliseconds(1500);
 //   double dsec = absl::ToDoubleSeconds(d);  // dsec == 1.5
-ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION double ToDoubleNanoseconds(Duration d);
-ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION double ToDoubleMicroseconds(Duration d);
-ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION double ToDoubleMilliseconds(Duration d);
-ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION double ToDoubleSeconds(Duration d);
-ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION double ToDoubleMinutes(Duration d);
-ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION double ToDoubleHours(Duration d);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION double ToDoubleNanoseconds(Duration d);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION double ToDoubleMicroseconds(Duration d);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION double ToDoubleMilliseconds(Duration d);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION double ToDoubleSeconds(Duration d);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION double ToDoubleMinutes(Duration d);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION double ToDoubleHours(Duration d);
 
 // FromChrono()
 //
@@ -525,12 +635,18 @@ ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION double ToDoubleHours(Duration d);
 //
 //   std::chrono::milliseconds ms(123);
 //   absl::Duration d = absl::FromChrono(ms);
-constexpr Duration FromChrono(const std::chrono::nanoseconds& d);
-constexpr Duration FromChrono(const std::chrono::microseconds& d);
-constexpr Duration FromChrono(const std::chrono::milliseconds& d);
-constexpr Duration FromChrono(const std::chrono::seconds& d);
-constexpr Duration FromChrono(const std::chrono::minutes& d);
-constexpr Duration FromChrono(const std::chrono::hours& d);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION constexpr Duration FromChrono(
+    const std::chrono::nanoseconds& d);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION constexpr Duration FromChrono(
+    const std::chrono::microseconds& d);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION constexpr Duration FromChrono(
+    const std::chrono::milliseconds& d);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION constexpr Duration FromChrono(
+    const std::chrono::seconds& d);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION constexpr Duration FromChrono(
+    const std::chrono::minutes& d);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION constexpr Duration FromChrono(
+    const std::chrono::hours& d);
 
 // ToChronoNanoseconds()
 // ToChronoMicroseconds()
@@ -550,24 +666,33 @@ constexpr Duration FromChrono(const std::chrono::hours& d);
 //   auto y = absl::ToChronoNanoseconds(d);  // x == y
 //   auto z = absl::ToChronoSeconds(absl::InfiniteDuration());
 //   // z == std::chrono::seconds::max()
-std::chrono::nanoseconds ToChronoNanoseconds(Duration d);
-std::chrono::microseconds ToChronoMicroseconds(Duration d);
-std::chrono::milliseconds ToChronoMilliseconds(Duration d);
-std::chrono::seconds ToChronoSeconds(Duration d);
-std::chrono::minutes ToChronoMinutes(Duration d);
-std::chrono::hours ToChronoHours(Duration d);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION std::chrono::nanoseconds ToChronoNanoseconds(
+    Duration d);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION std::chrono::microseconds ToChronoMicroseconds(
+    Duration d);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION std::chrono::milliseconds ToChronoMilliseconds(
+    Duration d);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION std::chrono::seconds ToChronoSeconds(Duration d);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION std::chrono::minutes ToChronoMinutes(Duration d);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION std::chrono::hours ToChronoHours(Duration d);
 
 // FormatDuration()
 //
 // Returns a string representing the duration in the form "72h3m0.5s".
 // Returns "inf" or "-inf" for +/- `InfiniteDuration()`.
-std::string FormatDuration(Duration d);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION std::string FormatDuration(Duration d);
 
 // Output stream operator.
 inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, Duration d) {
   return os << FormatDuration(d);
 }
 
+// Support for StrFormat(), StrCat() etc.
+template <typename Sink>
+void AbslStringify(Sink& sink, Duration d) {
+  sink.Append(FormatDuration(d));
+}
+
 // ParseDuration()
 //
 // Parses a duration string consisting of a possibly signed sequence of
@@ -677,8 +802,7 @@ class Time {
   // `absl::TimeZone`.
   //
   // Deprecated. Use `absl::TimeZone::CivilInfo`.
-  struct
-      Breakdown {
+  struct ABSL_DEPRECATED("Use `absl::TimeZone::CivilInfo`.") Breakdown {
     int64_t year;        // year (e.g., 2013)
     int month;           // month of year [1:12]
     int day;             // day of month [1:31]
@@ -704,7 +828,10 @@ class Time {
   // Returns the breakdown of this instant in the given TimeZone.
   //
   // Deprecated. Use `absl::TimeZone::At(Time)`.
+  ABSL_INTERNAL_DISABLE_DEPRECATED_DECLARATION_WARNING
+  ABSL_DEPRECATED("Use `absl::TimeZone::At(Time)`.")
   Breakdown In(TimeZone tz) const;
+  ABSL_INTERNAL_RESTORE_DEPRECATED_DECLARATION_WARNING
 
   template <typename H>
   friend H AbslHashValue(H h, Time t) {
@@ -725,29 +852,49 @@ class Time {
 };
 
 // Relational Operators
-constexpr bool operator<(Time lhs, Time rhs) { return lhs.rep_ < rhs.rep_; }
-constexpr bool operator>(Time lhs, Time rhs) { return rhs < lhs; }
-constexpr bool operator>=(Time lhs, Time rhs) { return !(lhs < rhs); }
-constexpr bool operator<=(Time lhs, Time rhs) { return !(rhs < lhs); }
-constexpr bool operator==(Time lhs, Time rhs) { return lhs.rep_ == rhs.rep_; }
-constexpr bool operator!=(Time lhs, Time rhs) { return !(lhs == rhs); }
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr bool operator<(Time lhs, Time rhs) {
+  return lhs.rep_ < rhs.rep_;
+}
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr bool operator>(Time lhs, Time rhs) {
+  return rhs < lhs;
+}
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr bool operator>=(Time lhs, Time rhs) {
+  return !(lhs < rhs);
+}
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr bool operator<=(Time lhs, Time rhs) {
+  return !(rhs < lhs);
+}
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr bool operator==(Time lhs, Time rhs) {
+  return lhs.rep_ == rhs.rep_;
+}
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr bool operator!=(Time lhs, Time rhs) {
+  return !(lhs == rhs);
+}
 
 // Additive Operators
-inline Time operator+(Time lhs, Duration rhs) { return lhs += rhs; }
-inline Time operator+(Duration lhs, Time rhs) { return rhs += lhs; }
-inline Time operator-(Time lhs, Duration rhs) { return lhs -= rhs; }
-inline Duration operator-(Time lhs, Time rhs) { return lhs.rep_ - rhs.rep_; }
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION inline Time operator+(Time lhs, Duration rhs) {
+  return lhs += rhs;
+}
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION inline Time operator+(Duration lhs, Time rhs) {
+  return rhs += lhs;
+}
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION inline Time operator-(Time lhs, Duration rhs) {
+  return lhs -= rhs;
+}
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION inline Duration operator-(Time lhs, Time rhs) {
+  return lhs.rep_ - rhs.rep_;
+}
 
 // UnixEpoch()
 //
 // Returns the `absl::Time` representing "1970-01-01 00:00:00.0 +0000".
-constexpr Time UnixEpoch() { return Time(); }
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr Time UnixEpoch() { return Time(); }
 
 // UniversalEpoch()
 //
 // Returns the `absl::Time` representing "0001-01-01 00:00:00.0 +0000", the
 // epoch of the ICU Universal Time Scale.
-constexpr Time UniversalEpoch() {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr Time UniversalEpoch() {
   // 719162 is the number of days from 0001-01-01 to 1970-01-01,
   // assuming the Gregorian calendar.
   return Time(
@@ -757,7 +904,7 @@ constexpr Time UniversalEpoch() {
 // InfiniteFuture()
 //
 // Returns an `absl::Time` that is infinitely far in the future.
-constexpr Time InfiniteFuture() {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr Time InfiniteFuture() {
   return Time(time_internal::MakeDuration((std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max)(),
                                           ~uint32_t{0}));
 }
@@ -765,7 +912,7 @@ constexpr Time InfiniteFuture() {
 // InfinitePast()
 //
 // Returns an `absl::Time` that is infinitely far in the past.
-constexpr Time InfinitePast() {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr Time InfinitePast() {
   return Time(time_internal::MakeDuration((std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min)(),
                                           ~uint32_t{0}));
 }
@@ -778,14 +925,15 @@ constexpr Time InfinitePast() {
 // FromUDate()
 // FromUniversal()
 //
-// Creates an `absl::Time` from a variety of other representations.
-constexpr Time FromUnixNanos(int64_t ns);
-constexpr Time FromUnixMicros(int64_t us);
-constexpr Time FromUnixMillis(int64_t ms);
-constexpr Time FromUnixSeconds(int64_t s);
-constexpr Time FromTimeT(time_t t);
-Time FromUDate(double udate);
-Time FromUniversal(int64_t universal);
+// Creates an `absl::Time` from a variety of other representations.  See
+// https://unicode-org.github.io/icu/userguide/datetime/universaltimescale.html
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr Time FromUnixNanos(int64_t ns);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr Time FromUnixMicros(int64_t us);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr Time FromUnixMillis(int64_t ms);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr Time FromUnixSeconds(int64_t s);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr Time FromTimeT(time_t t);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION Time FromUDate(double udate);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION Time FromUniversal(int64_t universal);
 
 // ToUnixNanos()
 // ToUnixMicros()
@@ -795,17 +943,19 @@ Time FromUniversal(int64_t universal);
 // ToUDate()
 // ToUniversal()
 //
-// Converts an `absl::Time` to a variety of other representations.  Note that
-// these operations round down toward negative infinity where necessary to
-// adjust to the resolution of the result type.  Beware of possible time_t
-// over/underflow in ToTime{T,val,spec}() on 32-bit platforms.
-int64_t ToUnixNanos(Time t);
-int64_t ToUnixMicros(Time t);
-int64_t ToUnixMillis(Time t);
-int64_t ToUnixSeconds(Time t);
-time_t ToTimeT(Time t);
-double ToUDate(Time t);
-int64_t ToUniversal(Time t);
+// Converts an `absl::Time` to a variety of other representations.  See
+// https://unicode-org.github.io/icu/userguide/datetime/universaltimescale.html
+//
+// Note that these operations round down toward negative infinity where
+// necessary to adjust to the resolution of the result type.  Beware of
+// possible time_t over/underflow in ToTime{T,val,spec}() on 32-bit platforms.
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION int64_t ToUnixNanos(Time t);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION int64_t ToUnixMicros(Time t);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION int64_t ToUnixMillis(Time t);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION int64_t ToUnixSeconds(Time t);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION time_t ToTimeT(Time t);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION double ToUDate(Time t);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION int64_t ToUniversal(Time t);
 
 // DurationFromTimespec()
 // DurationFromTimeval()
@@ -821,14 +971,14 @@ int64_t ToUniversal(Time t);
 // and gettimeofday(2)), so conversion functions are provided for both cases.
 // The "to timespec/val" direction is easily handled via overloading, but
 // for "from timespec/val" the desired type is part of the function name.
-Duration DurationFromTimespec(timespec ts);
-Duration DurationFromTimeval(timeval tv);
-timespec ToTimespec(Duration d);
-timeval ToTimeval(Duration d);
-Time TimeFromTimespec(timespec ts);
-Time TimeFromTimeval(timeval tv);
-timespec ToTimespec(Time t);
-timeval ToTimeval(Time t);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION Duration DurationFromTimespec(timespec ts);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION Duration DurationFromTimeval(timeval tv);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION timespec ToTimespec(Duration d);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION timeval ToTimeval(Duration d);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION Time TimeFromTimespec(timespec ts);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION Time TimeFromTimeval(timeval tv);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION timespec ToTimespec(Time t);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION timeval ToTimeval(Time t);
 
 // FromChrono()
 //
@@ -839,7 +989,8 @@ timeval ToTimeval(Time t);
 //   auto tp = std::chrono::system_clock::from_time_t(123);
 //   absl::Time t = absl::FromChrono(tp);
 //   // t == absl::FromTimeT(123)
-Time FromChrono(const std::chrono::system_clock::time_point& tp);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION Time
+FromChrono(const std::chrono::system_clock::time_point& tp);
 
 // ToChronoTime()
 //
@@ -852,7 +1003,8 @@ Time FromChrono(const std::chrono::system_clock::time_point& tp);
 //   absl::Time t = absl::FromTimeT(123);
 //   auto tp = absl::ToChronoTime(t);
 //   // tp == std::chrono::system_clock::from_time_t(123);
-std::chrono::system_clock::time_point ToChronoTime(Time);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION std::chrono::system_clock::time_point
+    ToChronoTime(Time);
 
 // AbslParseFlag()
 //
@@ -1124,22 +1276,25 @@ inline TimeZone LocalTimeZone() {
 //   absl::Time t = ...;
 //   absl::TimeZone tz = ...;
 //   const auto cd = absl::ToCivilDay(t, tz);
-inline CivilSecond ToCivilSecond(Time t, TimeZone tz) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION inline CivilSecond ToCivilSecond(Time t,
+                                                              TimeZone tz) {
   return tz.At(t).cs;  // already a CivilSecond
 }
-inline CivilMinute ToCivilMinute(Time t, TimeZone tz) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION inline CivilMinute ToCivilMinute(Time t,
+                                                              TimeZone tz) {
   return CivilMinute(tz.At(t).cs);
 }
-inline CivilHour ToCivilHour(Time t, TimeZone tz) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION inline CivilHour ToCivilHour(Time t, TimeZone tz) {
   return CivilHour(tz.At(t).cs);
 }
-inline CivilDay ToCivilDay(Time t, TimeZone tz) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION inline CivilDay ToCivilDay(Time t, TimeZone tz) {
   return CivilDay(tz.At(t).cs);
 }
-inline CivilMonth ToCivilMonth(Time t, TimeZone tz) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION inline CivilMonth ToCivilMonth(Time t,
+                                                            TimeZone tz) {
   return CivilMonth(tz.At(t).cs);
 }
-inline CivilYear ToCivilYear(Time t, TimeZone tz) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION inline CivilYear ToCivilYear(Time t, TimeZone tz) {
   return CivilYear(tz.At(t).cs);
 }
 
@@ -1155,7 +1310,8 @@ inline CivilYear ToCivilYear(Time t, TimeZone tz) {
 // being when two non-existent civil times map to the same transition time.
 //
 // Note: Accepts civil times of any alignment.
-inline Time FromCivil(CivilSecond ct, TimeZone tz) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION inline Time FromCivil(CivilSecond ct,
+                                                   TimeZone tz) {
   const auto ti = tz.At(ct);
   if (ti.kind == TimeZone::TimeInfo::SKIPPED) return ti.trans;
   return ti.pre;
@@ -1169,8 +1325,7 @@ inline Time FromCivil(CivilSecond ct, TimeZone tz) {
 // `absl::ConvertDateTime()`. Legacy version of `absl::TimeZone::TimeInfo`.
 //
 // Deprecated. Use `absl::TimeZone::TimeInfo`.
-struct
-    TimeConversion {
+struct ABSL_DEPRECATED("Use `absl::TimeZone::TimeInfo`.") TimeConversion {
   Time pre;    // time calculated using the pre-transition offset
   Time trans;  // when the civil-time discontinuity occurred
   Time post;   // time calculated using the post-transition offset
@@ -1204,8 +1359,11 @@ struct
 //   // absl::ToCivilDay(tc.pre, tz).day() == 1
 //
 // Deprecated. Use `absl::TimeZone::At(CivilSecond)`.
+ABSL_INTERNAL_DISABLE_DEPRECATED_DECLARATION_WARNING
+ABSL_DEPRECATED("Use `absl::TimeZone::At(CivilSecond)`.")
 TimeConversion ConvertDateTime(int64_t year, int mon, int day, int hour,
                                int min, int sec, TimeZone tz);
+ABSL_INTERNAL_RESTORE_DEPRECATED_DECLARATION_WARNING
 
 // FromDateTime()
 //
@@ -1222,9 +1380,12 @@ TimeConversion ConvertDateTime(int64_t year, int mon, int day, int hour,
 // Deprecated. Use `absl::FromCivil(CivilSecond, TimeZone)`. Note that the
 // behavior of `FromCivil()` differs from `FromDateTime()` for skipped civil
 // times. If you care about that see `absl::TimeZone::At(absl::CivilSecond)`.
-inline Time FromDateTime(int64_t year, int mon, int day, int hour,
-                         int min, int sec, TimeZone tz) {
+ABSL_DEPRECATED("Use `absl::FromCivil(CivilSecond, TimeZone)`.")
+inline Time FromDateTime(int64_t year, int mon, int day, int hour, int min,
+                         int sec, TimeZone tz) {
+  ABSL_INTERNAL_DISABLE_DEPRECATED_DECLARATION_WARNING
   return ConvertDateTime(year, mon, day, hour, min, sec, tz).pre;
+  ABSL_INTERNAL_RESTORE_DEPRECATED_DECLARATION_WARNING
 }
 
 // FromTM()
@@ -1240,13 +1401,13 @@ inline Time FromDateTime(int64_t year, int mon, int day, int hour,
 // instant, so `tm_isdst != 0` returns the DST instant, and `tm_isdst == 0`
 // returns the non-DST instant, that would have matched if the transition never
 // happened.
-Time FromTM(const struct tm& tm, TimeZone tz);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION Time FromTM(const struct tm& tm, TimeZone tz);
 
 // ToTM()
 //
 // Converts the given `absl::Time` to a struct tm using the given time zone.
 // See ctime(3) for a description of the values of the tm fields.
-struct tm ToTM(Time t, TimeZone tz);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION struct tm ToTM(Time t, TimeZone tz);
 
 // RFC3339_full
 // RFC3339_sec
@@ -1305,19 +1466,26 @@ ABSL_DLL extern const char RFC1123_no_wday[];  // %d %b %E4Y %H:%M:%S %z
 // `absl::InfinitePast()`, the returned string will be exactly "infinite-past".
 // In both cases the given format string and `absl::TimeZone` are ignored.
 //
-std::string FormatTime(absl::string_view format, Time t, TimeZone tz);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION std::string FormatTime(absl::string_view format,
+                                                    Time t, TimeZone tz);
 
 // Convenience functions that format the given time using the RFC3339_full
 // format.  The first overload uses the provided TimeZone, while the second
 // uses LocalTimeZone().
-std::string FormatTime(Time t, TimeZone tz);
-std::string FormatTime(Time t);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION std::string FormatTime(Time t, TimeZone tz);
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION std::string FormatTime(Time t);
 
 // Output stream operator.
 inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, Time t) {
   return os << FormatTime(t);
 }
 
+// Support for StrFormat(), StrCat() etc.
+template <typename Sink>
+void AbslStringify(Sink& sink, Time t) {
+  sink.Append(FormatTime(t));
+}
+
 // ParseTime()
 //
 // Parses an input string according to the provided format string and
@@ -1389,18 +1557,20 @@ namespace time_internal {
 // Creates a Duration with a given representation.
 // REQUIRES: hi,lo is a valid representation of a Duration as specified
 // in time/duration.cc.
-constexpr Duration MakeDuration(int64_t hi, uint32_t lo = 0) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr Duration MakeDuration(int64_t hi,
+                                                              uint32_t lo = 0) {
   return Duration(hi, lo);
 }
 
-constexpr Duration MakeDuration(int64_t hi, int64_t lo) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr Duration MakeDuration(int64_t hi,
+                                                              int64_t lo) {
   return MakeDuration(hi, static_cast<uint32_t>(lo));
 }
 
 // Make a Duration value from a floating-point number, as long as that number
 // is in the range [ 0 .. numeric_limits<int64_t>::max ), that is, as long as
 // it's positive and can be converted to int64_t without risk of UB.
-inline Duration MakePosDoubleDuration(double n) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION inline Duration MakePosDoubleDuration(double n) {
   const int64_t int_secs = static_cast<int64_t>(n);
   const uint32_t ticks = static_cast<uint32_t>(
       std::round((n - static_cast<double>(int_secs)) * kTicksPerSecond));
@@ -1413,23 +1583,28 @@ inline Duration MakePosDoubleDuration(double n) {
 // pair. sec may be positive or negative.  ticks must be in the range
 // -kTicksPerSecond < *ticks < kTicksPerSecond.  If ticks is negative it
 // will be normalized to a positive value in the resulting Duration.
-constexpr Duration MakeNormalizedDuration(int64_t sec, int64_t ticks) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr Duration MakeNormalizedDuration(
+    int64_t sec, int64_t ticks) {
   return (ticks < 0) ? MakeDuration(sec - 1, ticks + kTicksPerSecond)
                      : MakeDuration(sec, ticks);
 }
 
 // Provide access to the Duration representation.
-constexpr int64_t GetRepHi(Duration d) { return d.rep_hi_; }
-constexpr uint32_t GetRepLo(Duration d) { return d.rep_lo_; }
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr int64_t GetRepHi(Duration d) {
+  return d.rep_hi_.Get();
+}
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr uint32_t GetRepLo(Duration d) {
+  return d.rep_lo_;
+}
 
 // Returns true iff d is positive or negative infinity.
-constexpr bool IsInfiniteDuration(Duration d) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr bool IsInfiniteDuration(Duration d) {
   return GetRepLo(d) == ~uint32_t{0};
 }
 
 // Returns an infinite Duration with the opposite sign.
 // REQUIRES: IsInfiniteDuration(d)
-constexpr Duration OppositeInfinity(Duration d) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr Duration OppositeInfinity(Duration d) {
   return GetRepHi(d) < 0
              ? MakeDuration((std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max)(), ~uint32_t{0})
              : MakeDuration((std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min)(),
@@ -1437,7 +1612,8 @@ constexpr Duration OppositeInfinity(Duration d) {
 }
 
 // Returns (-n)-1 (equivalently -(n+1)) without avoidable overflow.
-constexpr int64_t NegateAndSubtractOne(int64_t n) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr int64_t NegateAndSubtractOne(
+    int64_t n) {
   // Note: Good compilers will optimize this expression to ~n when using
   // a two's-complement representation (which is required for int64_t).
   return (n < 0) ? -(n + 1) : (-n) - 1;
@@ -1447,23 +1623,30 @@ constexpr int64_t NegateAndSubtractOne(int64_t n) {
 // functions depend on the above mentioned choice of the Unix epoch for the
 // Time representation (and both need to be Time friends).  Without this
 // knowledge, we would need to add-in/subtract-out UnixEpoch() respectively.
-constexpr Time FromUnixDuration(Duration d) { return Time(d); }
-constexpr Duration ToUnixDuration(Time t) { return t.rep_; }
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr Time FromUnixDuration(Duration d) {
+  return Time(d);
+}
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr Duration ToUnixDuration(Time t) {
+  return t.rep_;
+}
 
 template <std::intmax_t N>
-constexpr Duration FromInt64(int64_t v, std::ratio<1, N>) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr Duration FromInt64(int64_t v,
+                                                           std::ratio<1, N>) {
   static_assert(0 < N && N <= 1000 * 1000 * 1000, "Unsupported ratio");
   // Subsecond ratios cannot overflow.
   return MakeNormalizedDuration(
       v / N, v % N * kTicksPerNanosecond * 1000 * 1000 * 1000 / N);
 }
-constexpr Duration FromInt64(int64_t v, std::ratio<60>) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr Duration FromInt64(int64_t v,
+                                                           std::ratio<60>) {
   return (v <= (std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max)() / 60 &&
           v >= (std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min)() / 60)
              ? MakeDuration(v * 60)
              : v > 0 ? InfiniteDuration() : -InfiniteDuration();
 }
-constexpr Duration FromInt64(int64_t v, std::ratio<3600>) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr Duration FromInt64(int64_t v,
+                                                           std::ratio<3600>) {
   return (v <= (std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max)() / 3600 &&
           v >= (std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min)() / 3600)
              ? MakeDuration(v * 3600)
@@ -1483,40 +1666,44 @@ constexpr auto IsValidRep64(char) -> bool {
 
 // Converts a std::chrono::duration to an absl::Duration.
 template <typename Rep, typename Period>
-constexpr Duration FromChrono(const std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& d) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION constexpr Duration FromChrono(
+    const std::chrono::duration<Rep, Period>& d) {
   static_assert(IsValidRep64<Rep>(0), "duration::rep is invalid");
   return FromInt64(int64_t{d.count()}, Period{});
 }
 
 template <typename Ratio>
-int64_t ToInt64(Duration d, Ratio) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION int64_t ToInt64(Duration d, Ratio) {
   // Note: This may be used on MSVC, which may have a system_clock period of
   // std::ratio<1, 10 * 1000 * 1000>
   return ToInt64Seconds(d * Ratio::den / Ratio::num);
 }
 // Fastpath implementations for the 6 common duration units.
-inline int64_t ToInt64(Duration d, std::nano) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION inline int64_t ToInt64(Duration d, std::nano) {
   return ToInt64Nanoseconds(d);
 }
-inline int64_t ToInt64(Duration d, std::micro) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION inline int64_t ToInt64(Duration d, std::micro) {
   return ToInt64Microseconds(d);
 }
-inline int64_t ToInt64(Duration d, std::milli) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION inline int64_t ToInt64(Duration d, std::milli) {
   return ToInt64Milliseconds(d);
 }
-inline int64_t ToInt64(Duration d, std::ratio<1>) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION inline int64_t ToInt64(Duration d,
+                                                     std::ratio<1>) {
   return ToInt64Seconds(d);
 }
-inline int64_t ToInt64(Duration d, std::ratio<60>) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION inline int64_t ToInt64(Duration d,
+                                                     std::ratio<60>) {
   return ToInt64Minutes(d);
 }
-inline int64_t ToInt64(Duration d, std::ratio<3600>) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION inline int64_t ToInt64(Duration d,
+                                                     std::ratio<3600>) {
   return ToInt64Hours(d);
 }
 
 // Converts an absl::Duration to a chrono duration of type T.
 template <typename T>
-T ToChronoDuration(Duration d) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION T ToChronoDuration(Duration d) {
   using Rep = typename T::rep;
   using Period = typename T::period;
   static_assert(IsValidRep64<Rep>(0), "duration::rep is invalid");
@@ -1530,7 +1717,8 @@ T ToChronoDuration(Duration d) {
 
 }  // namespace time_internal
 
-constexpr bool operator<(Duration lhs, Duration rhs) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr bool operator<(Duration lhs,
+                                                       Duration rhs) {
   return time_internal::GetRepHi(lhs) != time_internal::GetRepHi(rhs)
              ? time_internal::GetRepHi(lhs) < time_internal::GetRepHi(rhs)
          : time_internal::GetRepHi(lhs) == (std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::min)()
@@ -1539,12 +1727,13 @@ constexpr bool operator<(Duration lhs, Duration rhs) {
              : time_internal::GetRepLo(lhs) < time_internal::GetRepLo(rhs);
 }
 
-constexpr bool operator==(Duration lhs, Duration rhs) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr bool operator==(Duration lhs,
+                                                        Duration rhs) {
   return time_internal::GetRepHi(lhs) == time_internal::GetRepHi(rhs) &&
          time_internal::GetRepLo(lhs) == time_internal::GetRepLo(rhs);
 }
 
-constexpr Duration operator-(Duration d) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr Duration operator-(Duration d) {
   // This is a little interesting because of the special cases.
   //
   // If rep_lo_ is zero, we have it easy; it's safe to negate rep_hi_, we're
@@ -1570,47 +1759,53 @@ constexpr Duration operator-(Duration d) {
                              time_internal::GetRepLo(d));
 }
 
-constexpr Duration InfiniteDuration() {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr Duration InfiniteDuration() {
   return time_internal::MakeDuration((std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max)(),
                                      ~uint32_t{0});
 }
 
-constexpr Duration FromChrono(const std::chrono::nanoseconds& d) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION constexpr Duration FromChrono(
+    const std::chrono::nanoseconds& d) {
   return time_internal::FromChrono(d);
 }
-constexpr Duration FromChrono(const std::chrono::microseconds& d) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION constexpr Duration FromChrono(
+    const std::chrono::microseconds& d) {
   return time_internal::FromChrono(d);
 }
-constexpr Duration FromChrono(const std::chrono::milliseconds& d) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION constexpr Duration FromChrono(
+    const std::chrono::milliseconds& d) {
   return time_internal::FromChrono(d);
 }
-constexpr Duration FromChrono(const std::chrono::seconds& d) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION constexpr Duration FromChrono(
+    const std::chrono::seconds& d) {
   return time_internal::FromChrono(d);
 }
-constexpr Duration FromChrono(const std::chrono::minutes& d) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION constexpr Duration FromChrono(
+    const std::chrono::minutes& d) {
   return time_internal::FromChrono(d);
 }
-constexpr Duration FromChrono(const std::chrono::hours& d) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_PURE_FUNCTION constexpr Duration FromChrono(
+    const std::chrono::hours& d) {
   return time_internal::FromChrono(d);
 }
 
-constexpr Time FromUnixNanos(int64_t ns) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr Time FromUnixNanos(int64_t ns) {
   return time_internal::FromUnixDuration(Nanoseconds(ns));
 }
 
-constexpr Time FromUnixMicros(int64_t us) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr Time FromUnixMicros(int64_t us) {
   return time_internal::FromUnixDuration(Microseconds(us));
 }
 
-constexpr Time FromUnixMillis(int64_t ms) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr Time FromUnixMillis(int64_t ms) {
   return time_internal::FromUnixDuration(Milliseconds(ms));
 }
 
-constexpr Time FromUnixSeconds(int64_t s) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr Time FromUnixSeconds(int64_t s) {
   return time_internal::FromUnixDuration(Seconds(s));
 }
 
-constexpr Time FromTimeT(time_t t) {
+ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_CONST_FUNCTION constexpr Time FromTimeT(time_t t) {
   return time_internal::FromUnixDuration(Seconds(t));
 }
 
diff --git a/absl/time/time_benchmark.cc b/absl/time/time_benchmark.cc
index 99e62799..93a7c41b 100644
--- a/absl/time/time_benchmark.cc
+++ b/absl/time/time_benchmark.cc
@@ -185,9 +185,11 @@ void BM_Time_FromCivil_Absl(benchmark::State& state) {
   int i = 0;
   while (state.KeepRunning()) {
     if ((i & 1) == 0) {
-      absl::FromCivil(absl::CivilSecond(2014, 12, 18, 20, 16, 18), tz);
+      benchmark::DoNotOptimize(
+          absl::FromCivil(absl::CivilSecond(2014, 12, 18, 20, 16, 18), tz));
     } else {
-      absl::FromCivil(absl::CivilSecond(2013, 11, 15, 18, 30, 27), tz);
+      benchmark::DoNotOptimize(
+          absl::FromCivil(absl::CivilSecond(2013, 11, 15, 18, 30, 27), tz));
     }
     ++i;
   }
@@ -224,7 +226,8 @@ BENCHMARK(BM_Time_FromCivil_Libc);
 void BM_Time_FromCivilUTC_Absl(benchmark::State& state) {
   const absl::TimeZone tz = absl::UTCTimeZone();
   while (state.KeepRunning()) {
-    absl::FromCivil(absl::CivilSecond(2014, 12, 18, 20, 16, 18), tz);
+    benchmark::DoNotOptimize(
+        absl::FromCivil(absl::CivilSecond(2014, 12, 18, 20, 16, 18), tz));
   }
 }
 BENCHMARK(BM_Time_FromCivilUTC_Absl);
@@ -235,9 +238,11 @@ void BM_Time_FromCivilDay0_Absl(benchmark::State& state) {
   int i = 0;
   while (state.KeepRunning()) {
     if ((i & 1) == 0) {
-      absl::FromCivil(absl::CivilSecond(2014, 12, 0, 20, 16, 18), tz);
+      benchmark::DoNotOptimize(
+          absl::FromCivil(absl::CivilSecond(2014, 12, 0, 20, 16, 18), tz));
     } else {
-      absl::FromCivil(absl::CivilSecond(2013, 11, 0, 18, 30, 27), tz);
+      benchmark::DoNotOptimize(
+          absl::FromCivil(absl::CivilSecond(2013, 11, 0, 18, 30, 27), tz));
     }
     ++i;
   }
diff --git a/absl/time/time_test.cc b/absl/time/time_test.cc
index d235e9ad..bcf4f2ad 100644
--- a/absl/time/time_test.cc
+++ b/absl/time/time_test.cc
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 #include "gmock/gmock.h"
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
 #include "absl/numeric/int128.h"
+#include "absl/strings/str_format.h"
 #include "absl/time/clock.h"
 #include "absl/time/internal/test_util.h"
 
@@ -377,11 +378,6 @@ TEST(Time, FloorConversion) {
 }
 
 TEST(Time, RoundtripConversion) {
-#if defined(ABSL_SKIP_TIME_TESTS_BROKEN_ON_MSVC_OPT) && \
-    ABSL_SKIP_TIME_TESTS_BROKEN_ON_MSVC_OPT
-  GTEST_SKIP();
-#endif
-
 #define TEST_CONVERSION_ROUND_TRIP(SOURCE, FROM, TO, MATCHER) \
   EXPECT_THAT(TO(FROM(SOURCE)), MATCHER(SOURCE))
 
@@ -563,11 +559,6 @@ TEST(Time, FromChrono) {
 }
 
 TEST(Time, ToChronoTime) {
-#if defined(ABSL_SKIP_TIME_TESTS_BROKEN_ON_MSVC_OPT) && \
-    ABSL_SKIP_TIME_TESTS_BROKEN_ON_MSVC_OPT
-  GTEST_SKIP();
-#endif
-
   EXPECT_EQ(std::chrono::system_clock::from_time_t(-1),
             absl::ToChronoTime(absl::FromTimeT(-1)));
   EXPECT_EQ(std::chrono::system_clock::from_time_t(0),
@@ -1287,4 +1278,11 @@ TEST(Time, PrevTransitionNYC) {
   // We have a transition but we don't know which one.
 }
 
+TEST(Time, AbslStringify) {
+  // FormatTime is already well tested, so just use one test case here to
+  // verify that StrFormat("%v", t) works as expected.
+  absl::Time t = absl::Now();
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::StrFormat("%v", t), absl::FormatTime(t));
+}
+
 }  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/types/BUILD.bazel b/absl/types/BUILD.bazel
index bb801012..b57d3b9b 100644
--- a/absl/types/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/absl/types/BUILD.bazel
@@ -77,8 +77,8 @@ cc_test(
         ":any",
         "//absl/base:config",
         "//absl/base:exception_testing",
-        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
         "//absl/container:test_instance_tracker",
+        "//absl/log",
         "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
     ],
 )
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ cc_test(
     deps = [
         ":optional",
         "//absl/base:config",
-        "//absl/base:raw_logging_internal",
+        "//absl/log",
         "//absl/meta:type_traits",
         "//absl/strings",
         "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
diff --git a/absl/types/CMakeLists.txt b/absl/types/CMakeLists.txt
index 830953ae..c0dcee79 100644
--- a/absl/types/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/absl/types/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ absl_cc_test(
     absl::any
     absl::config
     absl::exception_testing
-    absl::raw_logging_internal
+    absl::log
     absl::test_instance_tracker
     GTest::gmock_main
 )
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ absl_cc_test(
   DEPS
     absl::optional
     absl::config
-    absl::raw_logging_internal
+    absl::log
     absl::strings
     absl::type_traits
     GTest::gmock_main
diff --git a/absl/types/any.h b/absl/types/any.h
index 204da26d..61f071f1 100644
--- a/absl/types/any.h
+++ b/absl/types/any.h
@@ -53,6 +53,7 @@
 #ifndef ABSL_TYPES_ANY_H_
 #define ABSL_TYPES_ANY_H_
 
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
 #include "absl/base/config.h"
 #include "absl/utility/utility.h"
 
@@ -288,7 +289,7 @@ class any {
       typename T, typename... Args, typename VT = absl::decay_t<T>,
       absl::enable_if_t<std::is_copy_constructible<VT>::value &&
                         std::is_constructible<VT, Args...>::value>* = nullptr>
-  VT& emplace(Args&&... args) {
+  VT& emplace(Args&&... args) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     reset();  // NOTE: reset() is required here even in the world of exceptions.
     Obj<VT>* const object_ptr =
         new Obj<VT>(in_place, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
@@ -312,7 +313,8 @@ class any {
       absl::enable_if_t<std::is_copy_constructible<VT>::value &&
                         std::is_constructible<VT, std::initializer_list<U>&,
                                               Args...>::value>* = nullptr>
-  VT& emplace(std::initializer_list<U> ilist, Args&&... args) {
+  VT& emplace(std::initializer_list<U> ilist,
+              Args&&... args) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     reset();  // NOTE: reset() is required here even in the world of exceptions.
     Obj<VT>* const object_ptr =
         new Obj<VT>(in_place, ilist, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
diff --git a/absl/types/any_test.cc b/absl/types/any_test.cc
index d382b927..666ea5b6 100644
--- a/absl/types/any_test.cc
+++ b/absl/types/any_test.cc
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
 #include "absl/base/config.h"
 #include "absl/base/internal/exception_testing.h"
-#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
 #include "absl/container/internal/test_instance_tracker.h"
+#include "absl/log/log.h"
 
 namespace {
 using absl::test_internal::CopyableOnlyInstance;
@@ -704,7 +704,7 @@ struct BadCopyable {
 #ifdef ABSL_HAVE_EXCEPTIONS
     throw BadCopy();
 #else
-    ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "Bad copy");
+    LOG(FATAL) << "Bad copy";
 #endif
   }
 };
diff --git a/absl/types/compare.h b/absl/types/compare.h
index 19b076e7..2b89b69c 100644
--- a/absl/types/compare.h
+++ b/absl/types/compare.h
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 #include <type_traits>
 
 #include "absl/base/attributes.h"
+#include "absl/base/macros.h"
 #include "absl/meta/type_traits.h"
 
 namespace absl {
@@ -44,29 +45,37 @@ namespace compare_internal {
 
 using value_type = int8_t;
 
-template <typename T>
-struct Fail {
-  static_assert(sizeof(T) < 0, "Only literal `0` is allowed.");
-};
-
-// We need the NullPtrT template to avoid triggering the modernize-use-nullptr
-// ClangTidy warning in user code.
-template <typename NullPtrT = std::nullptr_t>
-struct OnlyLiteralZero {
-  constexpr OnlyLiteralZero(NullPtrT) noexcept {}  // NOLINT
+class OnlyLiteralZero {
+ public:
+#if ABSL_HAVE_ATTRIBUTE(enable_if)
+  // On clang, we can avoid triggering modernize-use-nullptr by only enabling
+  // this overload when the value is a compile time integer constant equal to 0.
+  //
+  // In c++20, this could be a static_assert in a consteval function.
+  constexpr OnlyLiteralZero(int n)  // NOLINT
+      __attribute__((enable_if(n == 0, "Only literal `0` is allowed."))) {}
+#else  // ABSL_HAVE_ATTRIBUTE(enable_if)
+  // Accept only literal zero since it can be implicitly converted to a pointer
+  // to member type. nullptr constants will be caught by the other constructor
+  // which accepts a nullptr_t.
+  //
+  // This constructor is not used for clang since it triggers
+  // modernize-use-nullptr.
+  constexpr OnlyLiteralZero(int OnlyLiteralZero::*) noexcept {}  // NOLINT
+#endif
 
   // Fails compilation when `nullptr` or integral type arguments other than
   // `int` are passed. This constructor doesn't accept `int` because literal `0`
   // has type `int`. Literal `0` arguments will be implicitly converted to
   // `std::nullptr_t` and accepted by the above constructor, while other `int`
   // arguments will fail to be converted and cause compilation failure.
-  template <
-      typename T,
-      typename = typename std::enable_if<
-          std::is_same<T, std::nullptr_t>::value ||
-          (std::is_integral<T>::value && !std::is_same<T, int>::value)>::type,
-      typename = typename Fail<T>::type>
-  OnlyLiteralZero(T);  // NOLINT
+  template <typename T, typename = typename std::enable_if<
+                            std::is_same<T, std::nullptr_t>::value ||
+                            (std::is_integral<T>::value &&
+                             !std::is_same<T, int>::value)>::type>
+  OnlyLiteralZero(T) {  // NOLINT
+    static_assert(sizeof(T) < 0, "Only literal `0` is allowed.");
+  }
 };
 
 enum class eq : value_type {
@@ -163,18 +172,18 @@ class weak_equality
 
   // Comparisons
   friend constexpr bool operator==(
-      weak_equality v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>) noexcept {
+      weak_equality v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero) noexcept {
     return v.value_ == 0;
   }
   friend constexpr bool operator!=(
-      weak_equality v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>) noexcept {
+      weak_equality v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero) noexcept {
     return v.value_ != 0;
   }
-  friend constexpr bool operator==(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>,
+  friend constexpr bool operator==(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero,
                                    weak_equality v) noexcept {
     return 0 == v.value_;
   }
-  friend constexpr bool operator!=(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>,
+  friend constexpr bool operator!=(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero,
                                    weak_equality v) noexcept {
     return 0 != v.value_;
   }
@@ -214,18 +223,18 @@ class strong_equality
   }
   // Comparisons
   friend constexpr bool operator==(
-      strong_equality v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>) noexcept {
+      strong_equality v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero) noexcept {
     return v.value_ == 0;
   }
   friend constexpr bool operator!=(
-      strong_equality v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>) noexcept {
+      strong_equality v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero) noexcept {
     return v.value_ != 0;
   }
-  friend constexpr bool operator==(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>,
+  friend constexpr bool operator==(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero,
                                    strong_equality v) noexcept {
     return 0 == v.value_;
   }
-  friend constexpr bool operator!=(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>,
+  friend constexpr bool operator!=(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero,
                                    strong_equality v) noexcept {
     return 0 != v.value_;
   }
@@ -277,50 +286,50 @@ class partial_ordering
   }
   // Comparisons
   friend constexpr bool operator==(
-      partial_ordering v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>) noexcept {
+      partial_ordering v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero) noexcept {
     return v.is_ordered() && v.value_ == 0;
   }
   friend constexpr bool operator!=(
-      partial_ordering v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>) noexcept {
+      partial_ordering v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero) noexcept {
     return !v.is_ordered() || v.value_ != 0;
   }
   friend constexpr bool operator<(
-      partial_ordering v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>) noexcept {
+      partial_ordering v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero) noexcept {
     return v.is_ordered() && v.value_ < 0;
   }
   friend constexpr bool operator<=(
-      partial_ordering v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>) noexcept {
+      partial_ordering v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero) noexcept {
     return v.is_ordered() && v.value_ <= 0;
   }
   friend constexpr bool operator>(
-      partial_ordering v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>) noexcept {
+      partial_ordering v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero) noexcept {
     return v.is_ordered() && v.value_ > 0;
   }
   friend constexpr bool operator>=(
-      partial_ordering v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>) noexcept {
+      partial_ordering v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero) noexcept {
     return v.is_ordered() && v.value_ >= 0;
   }
-  friend constexpr bool operator==(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>,
+  friend constexpr bool operator==(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero,
                                    partial_ordering v) noexcept {
     return v.is_ordered() && 0 == v.value_;
   }
-  friend constexpr bool operator!=(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>,
+  friend constexpr bool operator!=(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero,
                                    partial_ordering v) noexcept {
     return !v.is_ordered() || 0 != v.value_;
   }
-  friend constexpr bool operator<(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>,
+  friend constexpr bool operator<(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero,
                                   partial_ordering v) noexcept {
     return v.is_ordered() && 0 < v.value_;
   }
-  friend constexpr bool operator<=(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>,
+  friend constexpr bool operator<=(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero,
                                    partial_ordering v) noexcept {
     return v.is_ordered() && 0 <= v.value_;
   }
-  friend constexpr bool operator>(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>,
+  friend constexpr bool operator>(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero,
                                   partial_ordering v) noexcept {
     return v.is_ordered() && 0 > v.value_;
   }
-  friend constexpr bool operator>=(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>,
+  friend constexpr bool operator>=(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero,
                                    partial_ordering v) noexcept {
     return v.is_ordered() && 0 >= v.value_;
   }
@@ -369,50 +378,50 @@ class weak_ordering
   }
   // Comparisons
   friend constexpr bool operator==(
-      weak_ordering v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>) noexcept {
+      weak_ordering v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero) noexcept {
     return v.value_ == 0;
   }
   friend constexpr bool operator!=(
-      weak_ordering v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>) noexcept {
+      weak_ordering v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero) noexcept {
     return v.value_ != 0;
   }
   friend constexpr bool operator<(
-      weak_ordering v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>) noexcept {
+      weak_ordering v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero) noexcept {
     return v.value_ < 0;
   }
   friend constexpr bool operator<=(
-      weak_ordering v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>) noexcept {
+      weak_ordering v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero) noexcept {
     return v.value_ <= 0;
   }
   friend constexpr bool operator>(
-      weak_ordering v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>) noexcept {
+      weak_ordering v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero) noexcept {
     return v.value_ > 0;
   }
   friend constexpr bool operator>=(
-      weak_ordering v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>) noexcept {
+      weak_ordering v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero) noexcept {
     return v.value_ >= 0;
   }
-  friend constexpr bool operator==(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>,
+  friend constexpr bool operator==(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero,
                                    weak_ordering v) noexcept {
     return 0 == v.value_;
   }
-  friend constexpr bool operator!=(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>,
+  friend constexpr bool operator!=(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero,
                                    weak_ordering v) noexcept {
     return 0 != v.value_;
   }
-  friend constexpr bool operator<(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>,
+  friend constexpr bool operator<(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero,
                                   weak_ordering v) noexcept {
     return 0 < v.value_;
   }
-  friend constexpr bool operator<=(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>,
+  friend constexpr bool operator<=(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero,
                                    weak_ordering v) noexcept {
     return 0 <= v.value_;
   }
-  friend constexpr bool operator>(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>,
+  friend constexpr bool operator>(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero,
                                   weak_ordering v) noexcept {
     return 0 > v.value_;
   }
-  friend constexpr bool operator>=(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>,
+  friend constexpr bool operator>=(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero,
                                    weak_ordering v) noexcept {
     return 0 >= v.value_;
   }
@@ -468,50 +477,50 @@ class strong_ordering
   }
   // Comparisons
   friend constexpr bool operator==(
-      strong_ordering v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>) noexcept {
+      strong_ordering v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero) noexcept {
     return v.value_ == 0;
   }
   friend constexpr bool operator!=(
-      strong_ordering v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>) noexcept {
+      strong_ordering v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero) noexcept {
     return v.value_ != 0;
   }
   friend constexpr bool operator<(
-      strong_ordering v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>) noexcept {
+      strong_ordering v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero) noexcept {
     return v.value_ < 0;
   }
   friend constexpr bool operator<=(
-      strong_ordering v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>) noexcept {
+      strong_ordering v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero) noexcept {
     return v.value_ <= 0;
   }
   friend constexpr bool operator>(
-      strong_ordering v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>) noexcept {
+      strong_ordering v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero) noexcept {
     return v.value_ > 0;
   }
   friend constexpr bool operator>=(
-      strong_ordering v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>) noexcept {
+      strong_ordering v, compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero) noexcept {
     return v.value_ >= 0;
   }
-  friend constexpr bool operator==(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>,
+  friend constexpr bool operator==(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero,
                                    strong_ordering v) noexcept {
     return 0 == v.value_;
   }
-  friend constexpr bool operator!=(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>,
+  friend constexpr bool operator!=(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero,
                                    strong_ordering v) noexcept {
     return 0 != v.value_;
   }
-  friend constexpr bool operator<(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>,
+  friend constexpr bool operator<(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero,
                                   strong_ordering v) noexcept {
     return 0 < v.value_;
   }
-  friend constexpr bool operator<=(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>,
+  friend constexpr bool operator<=(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero,
                                    strong_ordering v) noexcept {
     return 0 <= v.value_;
   }
-  friend constexpr bool operator>(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>,
+  friend constexpr bool operator>(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero,
                                   strong_ordering v) noexcept {
     return 0 > v.value_;
   }
-  friend constexpr bool operator>=(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero<>,
+  friend constexpr bool operator>=(compare_internal::OnlyLiteralZero,
                                    strong_ordering v) noexcept {
     return 0 >= v.value_;
   }
@@ -544,9 +553,9 @@ namespace compare_internal {
 // Helper functions to do a boolean comparison of two keys given a boolean
 // or three-way comparator.
 // SFINAE prevents implicit conversions to bool (such as from int).
-template <typename Bool,
-          absl::enable_if_t<std::is_same<bool, Bool>::value, int> = 0>
-constexpr bool compare_result_as_less_than(const Bool r) { return r; }
+template <typename BoolT,
+          absl::enable_if_t<std::is_same<bool, BoolT>::value, int> = 0>
+constexpr bool compare_result_as_less_than(const BoolT r) { return r; }
 constexpr bool compare_result_as_less_than(const absl::weak_ordering r) {
   return r < 0;
 }
diff --git a/absl/types/internal/optional.h b/absl/types/internal/optional.h
index 6ed0c669..a96d260a 100644
--- a/absl/types/internal/optional.h
+++ b/absl/types/internal/optional.h
@@ -25,34 +25,6 @@
 #include "absl/meta/type_traits.h"
 #include "absl/utility/utility.h"
 
-// ABSL_OPTIONAL_USE_INHERITING_CONSTRUCTORS
-//
-// Inheriting constructors is supported in GCC 4.8+, Clang 3.3+ and MSVC 2015.
-// __cpp_inheriting_constructors is a predefined macro and a recommended way to
-// check for this language feature, but GCC doesn't support it until 5.0 and
-// Clang doesn't support it until 3.6.
-// Also, MSVC 2015 has a bug: it doesn't inherit the constexpr template
-// constructor. For example, the following code won't work on MSVC 2015 Update3:
-// struct Base {
-//   int t;
-//   template <typename T>
-//   constexpr Base(T t_) : t(t_) {}
-// };
-// struct Foo : Base {
-//   using Base::Base;
-// }
-// constexpr Foo foo(0);  // doesn't work on MSVC 2015
-#if defined(__clang__)
-#if __has_feature(cxx_inheriting_constructors)
-#define ABSL_OPTIONAL_USE_INHERITING_CONSTRUCTORS 1
-#endif
-#elif (defined(__GNUC__) &&                                       \
-       (__GNUC__ > 4 || __GNUC__ == 4 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 8)) || \
-    (__cpp_inheriting_constructors >= 200802) ||                  \
-    (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1910)
-#define ABSL_OPTIONAL_USE_INHERITING_CONSTRUCTORS 1
-#endif
-
 namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 
@@ -145,15 +117,7 @@ template <typename T>
 class optional_data_base : public optional_data_dtor_base<T> {
  protected:
   using base = optional_data_dtor_base<T>;
-#ifdef ABSL_OPTIONAL_USE_INHERITING_CONSTRUCTORS
   using base::base;
-#else
-  optional_data_base() = default;
-
-  template <typename... Args>
-  constexpr explicit optional_data_base(in_place_t t, Args&&... args)
-      : base(t, absl::forward<Args>(args)...) {}
-#endif
 
   template <typename... Args>
   void construct(Args&&... args) {
@@ -188,27 +152,13 @@ class optional_data;
 template <typename T>
 class optional_data<T, true> : public optional_data_base<T> {
  protected:
-#ifdef ABSL_OPTIONAL_USE_INHERITING_CONSTRUCTORS
   using optional_data_base<T>::optional_data_base;
-#else
-  optional_data() = default;
-
-  template <typename... Args>
-  constexpr explicit optional_data(in_place_t t, Args&&... args)
-      : optional_data_base<T>(t, absl::forward<Args>(args)...) {}
-#endif
 };
 
 template <typename T>
 class optional_data<T, false> : public optional_data_base<T> {
  protected:
-#ifdef ABSL_OPTIONAL_USE_INHERITING_CONSTRUCTORS
   using optional_data_base<T>::optional_data_base;
-#else
-  template <typename... Args>
-  constexpr explicit optional_data(in_place_t t, Args&&... args)
-      : optional_data_base<T>(t, absl::forward<Args>(args)...) {}
-#endif
 
   optional_data() = default;
 
@@ -399,6 +349,4 @@ struct optional_hash_base<T, decltype(std::hash<absl::remove_const_t<T> >()(
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
 }  // namespace absl
 
-#undef ABSL_OPTIONAL_USE_INHERITING_CONSTRUCTORS
-
 #endif  // ABSL_TYPES_INTERNAL_OPTIONAL_H_
diff --git a/absl/types/internal/span.h b/absl/types/internal/span.h
index 112612f4..ab89ba3c 100644
--- a/absl/types/internal/span.h
+++ b/absl/types/internal/span.h
@@ -28,10 +28,10 @@
 namespace absl {
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 
-namespace span_internal {
-// A constexpr min function
-constexpr size_t Min(size_t a, size_t b) noexcept { return a < b ? a : b; }
+template <typename T>
+class Span;
 
+namespace span_internal {
 // Wrappers for access to container data pointers.
 template <typename C>
 constexpr auto GetDataImpl(C& c, char) noexcept  // NOLINT(runtime/references)
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ using EnableIfMutable =
 template <template <typename> class SpanT, typename T>
 bool EqualImpl(SpanT<T> a, SpanT<T> b) {
   static_assert(std::is_const<T>::value, "");
-  return absl::equal(a.begin(), a.end(), b.begin(), b.end());
+  return std::equal(a.begin(), a.end(), b.begin(), b.end());
 }
 
 template <template <typename> class SpanT, typename T>
@@ -99,28 +99,39 @@ bool LessThanImpl(SpanT<T> a, SpanT<T> b) {
   return std::lexicographical_compare(a.begin(), a.end(), b.begin(), b.end());
 }
 
-// The `IsConvertible` classes here are needed because of the
-// `std::is_convertible` bug in libcxx when compiled with GCC. This build
-// configuration is used by Android NDK toolchain. Reference link:
-// https://bugs.llvm.org/show_bug.cgi?id=27538.
 template <typename From, typename To>
-struct IsConvertibleHelper {
- private:
-  static std::true_type testval(To);
-  static std::false_type testval(...);
+using EnableIfConvertibleTo =
+    typename std::enable_if<std::is_convertible<From, To>::value>::type;
+
+// IsView is true for types where the return type of .data() is the same for
+// mutable and const instances. This isn't foolproof, but it's only used to
+// enable a compiler warning.
+template <typename T, typename = void, typename = void>
+struct IsView {
+  static constexpr bool value = false;
+};
 
+template <typename T>
+struct IsView<
+    T, absl::void_t<decltype(span_internal::GetData(std::declval<const T&>()))>,
+    absl::void_t<decltype(span_internal::GetData(std::declval<T&>()))>> {
+ private:
+  using Container = std::remove_const_t<T>;
+  using ConstData =
+      decltype(span_internal::GetData(std::declval<const Container&>()));
+  using MutData = decltype(span_internal::GetData(std::declval<Container&>()));
  public:
-  using type = decltype(testval(std::declval<From>()));
+  static constexpr bool value = std::is_same<ConstData, MutData>::value;
 };
 
-template <typename From, typename To>
-struct IsConvertible : IsConvertibleHelper<From, To>::type {};
+// These enablers result in 'int' so they can be used as typenames or defaults
+// in template parameters lists.
+template <typename T>
+using EnableIfIsView = std::enable_if_t<IsView<T>::value, int>;
+
+template <typename T>
+using EnableIfNotIsView = std::enable_if_t<!IsView<T>::value, int>;
 
-// TODO(zhangxy): replace `IsConvertible` with `std::is_convertible` once the
-// older version of libcxx is not supported.
-template <typename From, typename To>
-using EnableIfConvertibleTo =
-    typename std::enable_if<IsConvertible<From, To>::value>::type;
 }  // namespace span_internal
 ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
 }  // namespace absl
diff --git a/absl/types/internal/variant.h b/absl/types/internal/variant.h
index 7c402ece..fc8829e5 100644
--- a/absl/types/internal/variant.h
+++ b/absl/types/internal/variant.h
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@
 // separate file to avoid cluttering the top of the API header with
 // implementation details.
 
-#ifndef ABSL_TYPES_VARIANT_INTERNAL_H_
-#define ABSL_TYPES_VARIANT_INTERNAL_H_
+#ifndef ABSL_TYPES_INTERNAL_VARIANT_H_
+#define ABSL_TYPES_INTERNAL_VARIANT_H_
 
 #include <cassert>
 #include <cstddef>
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@ struct FlattenIndices;
 
 template <std::size_t HeadSize, std::size_t... TailSize>
 struct FlattenIndices<HeadSize, TailSize...> {
-  template<class... SizeType>
+  template <class... SizeType>
   static constexpr std::size_t Run(std::size_t head, SizeType... tail) {
     return head + HeadSize * FlattenIndices<TailSize...>::Run(tail...);
   }
@@ -498,8 +498,8 @@ struct VisitIndicesVariadicImpl<absl::index_sequence<N...>, EndIndices...> {
   };
 
   template <class Op, class... SizeType>
-  static VisitIndicesResultT<Op, decltype(EndIndices)...> Run(
-      Op&& op, SizeType... i) {
+  static VisitIndicesResultT<Op, decltype(EndIndices)...> Run(Op&& op,
+                                                              SizeType... i) {
     return VisitIndicesSwitch<NumCasesOfSwitch<EndIndices...>::value>::Run(
         FlattenedOp<Op>{absl::forward<Op>(op)},
         FlattenIndices<(EndIndices + std::size_t{1})...>::Run(
@@ -683,13 +683,13 @@ struct VariantCoreAccess {
         variant_internal::IndexOfConstructedType<Left, QualifiedNew>;
 
     void operator()(SizeT<NewIndex::value> /*old_i*/
-                    ) const {
+    ) const {
       Access<NewIndex::value>(*left) = absl::forward<QualifiedNew>(other);
     }
 
     template <std::size_t OldIndex>
     void operator()(SizeT<OldIndex> /*old_i*/
-                    ) const {
+    ) const {
       using New =
           typename absl::variant_alternative<NewIndex::value, Left>::type;
       if (std::is_nothrow_constructible<New, QualifiedNew>::value ||
@@ -868,18 +868,6 @@ struct IsNeitherSelfNorInPlace<Self, in_place_type_t<T>> : std::false_type {};
 template <class Self, std::size_t I>
 struct IsNeitherSelfNorInPlace<Self, in_place_index_t<I>> : std::false_type {};
 
-template <class Variant, class T, class = void>
-struct ConversionIsPossibleImpl : std::false_type {};
-
-template <class Variant, class T>
-struct ConversionIsPossibleImpl<
-    Variant, T,
-    void_t<decltype(ImaginaryFun<Variant>::Run(std::declval<T>(), {}))>>
-    : std::true_type {};
-
-template <class Variant, class T>
-struct ConversionIsPossible : ConversionIsPossibleImpl<Variant, T>::type {};
-
 template <class Variant, class T>
 struct IndexOfConstructedType<
     Variant, T,
@@ -889,8 +877,8 @@ struct IndexOfConstructedType<
 template <std::size_t... Is>
 struct ContainsVariantNPos
     : absl::negation<std::is_same<  // NOLINT
-          absl::integer_sequence<bool, 0 <= Is...>,
-          absl::integer_sequence<bool, Is != absl::variant_npos...>>> {};
+          std::integer_sequence<bool, 0 <= Is...>,
+          std::integer_sequence<bool, Is != absl::variant_npos...>>> {};
 
 template <class Op, class... QualifiedVariants>
 using RawVisitResult =
@@ -1151,16 +1139,16 @@ struct VariantHelper<variant<Ts...>> {
   // Type metafunction which returns the element type selected if
   // OverloadSet::Overload() is well-formed when called with argument type U.
   template <typename U>
-  using BestMatch = decltype(
-      variant_internal::OverloadSet<Ts...>::Overload(std::declval<U>()));
+  using BestMatch = decltype(variant_internal::OverloadSet<Ts...>::Overload(
+      std::declval<U>()));
 
   // Type metafunction which returns true if OverloadSet::Overload() is
   // well-formed when called with argument type U.
   // CanAccept can't be just an alias because there is a MSVC bug on parameter
   // pack expansion involving decltype.
   template <typename U>
-  struct CanAccept :
-      std::integral_constant<bool, !std::is_void<BestMatch<U>>::value> {};
+  struct CanAccept
+      : std::integral_constant<bool, !std::is_void<BestMatch<U>>::value> {};
 
   // Type metafunction which returns true if Other is an instantiation of
   // variant, and variants's converting constructor from Other will be
@@ -1183,8 +1171,8 @@ struct TrivialMoveOnly {
 // A union's defaulted copy/move constructor is deleted if any variant member's
 // copy/move constructor is nontrivial.
 template <typename T>
-struct IsTriviallyMoveConstructible:
-  std::is_move_constructible<Union<T, TrivialMoveOnly>> {};
+struct IsTriviallyMoveConstructible
+    : std::is_move_constructible<Union<T, TrivialMoveOnly>> {};
 
 // To guarantee triviality of all special-member functions that can be trivial,
 // we use a chain of conditional bases for each one.
@@ -1419,14 +1407,14 @@ class VariantMoveAssignBaseNontrivial : protected VariantCopyBase<T...> {
   VariantMoveAssignBaseNontrivial& operator=(
       VariantMoveAssignBaseNontrivial const&) = default;
 
-    VariantMoveAssignBaseNontrivial&
-    operator=(VariantMoveAssignBaseNontrivial&& other) noexcept(
-        absl::conjunction<std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<T>...,
-                          std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<T>...>::value) {
-      VisitIndices<sizeof...(T)>::Run(
-          VariantCoreAccess::MakeMoveAssignVisitor(this, &other), other.index_);
-      return *this;
-    }
+  VariantMoveAssignBaseNontrivial&
+  operator=(VariantMoveAssignBaseNontrivial&& other) noexcept(
+      absl::conjunction<std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<T>...,
+                        std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<T>...>::value) {
+    VisitIndices<sizeof...(T)>::Run(
+        VariantCoreAccess::MakeMoveAssignVisitor(this, &other), other.index_);
+    return *this;
+  }
 
  protected:
   using Base::index_;
@@ -1450,12 +1438,12 @@ class VariantCopyAssignBaseNontrivial : protected VariantMoveAssignBase<T...> {
   VariantCopyAssignBaseNontrivial& operator=(
       VariantCopyAssignBaseNontrivial&&) = default;
 
-    VariantCopyAssignBaseNontrivial& operator=(
-        const VariantCopyAssignBaseNontrivial& other) {
-      VisitIndices<sizeof...(T)>::Run(
-          VariantCoreAccess::MakeCopyAssignVisitor(this, other), other.index_);
-      return *this;
-    }
+  VariantCopyAssignBaseNontrivial& operator=(
+      const VariantCopyAssignBaseNontrivial& other) {
+    VisitIndices<sizeof...(T)>::Run(
+        VariantCoreAccess::MakeCopyAssignVisitor(this, other), other.index_);
+    return *this;
+  }
 
  protected:
   using Base::index_;
@@ -1643,4 +1631,4 @@ ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
 }  // namespace absl
 
 #endif  // !defined(ABSL_USES_STD_VARIANT)
-#endif  // ABSL_TYPES_VARIANT_INTERNAL_H_
+#endif  // ABSL_TYPES_INTERNAL_VARIANT_H_
diff --git a/absl/types/optional.h b/absl/types/optional.h
index 134b2aff..0a8080dc 100644
--- a/absl/types/optional.h
+++ b/absl/types/optional.h
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ class optional : private optional_internal::optional_data<T>,
 
   // Constructs an `optional` holding an empty value, NOT a default constructed
   // `T`.
-  constexpr optional() noexcept {}
+  constexpr optional() noexcept = default;
 
   // Constructs an `optional` initialized with `nullopt` to hold an empty value.
   constexpr optional(nullopt_t) noexcept {}  // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ class optional : private optional_internal::optional_data<T>,
   template <typename... Args,
             typename = typename std::enable_if<
                 std::is_constructible<T, Args&&...>::value>::type>
-  T& emplace(Args&&... args) {
+  T& emplace(Args&&... args) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     this->destruct();
     this->construct(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
     return reference();
@@ -377,7 +377,8 @@ class optional : private optional_internal::optional_data<T>,
   template <typename U, typename... Args,
             typename = typename std::enable_if<std::is_constructible<
                 T, std::initializer_list<U>&, Args&&...>::value>::type>
-  T& emplace(std::initializer_list<U> il, Args&&... args) {
+  T& emplace(std::initializer_list<U> il,
+             Args&&... args) ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     this->destruct();
     this->construct(il, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
     return reference();
@@ -414,11 +415,11 @@ class optional : private optional_internal::optional_data<T>,
   // `optional` is empty, behavior is undefined.
   //
   // If you need myOpt->foo in constexpr, use (*myOpt).foo instead.
-  const T* operator->() const {
+  const T* operator->() const ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(this->engaged_);
     return std::addressof(this->data_);
   }
-  T* operator->() {
+  T* operator->() ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(this->engaged_);
     return std::addressof(this->data_);
   }
@@ -427,17 +428,17 @@ class optional : private optional_internal::optional_data<T>,
   //
   // Accesses the underlying `T` value of an `optional`. If the `optional` is
   // empty, behavior is undefined.
-  constexpr const T& operator*() const& {
+  constexpr const T& operator*() const& ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(this->engaged_), reference();
   }
-  T& operator*() & {
+  T& operator*() & ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(this->engaged_);
     return reference();
   }
-  constexpr const T&& operator*() const && {
+  constexpr const T&& operator*() const&& ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(this->engaged_), absl::move(reference());
   }
-  T&& operator*() && {
+  T&& operator*() && ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(this->engaged_);
     return std::move(reference());
   }
@@ -472,23 +473,24 @@ class optional : private optional_internal::optional_data<T>,
   // and lvalue/rvalue-ness of the `optional` is preserved to the view of
   // the `T` sub-object. Throws `absl::bad_optional_access` when the `optional`
   // is empty.
-  constexpr const T& value() const & {
+  constexpr const T& value() const& ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return static_cast<bool>(*this)
                ? reference()
                : (optional_internal::throw_bad_optional_access(), reference());
   }
-  T& value() & {
+  T& value() & ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {
     return static_cast<bool>(*this)
                ? reference()
                : (optional_internal::throw_bad_optional_access(), reference());
   }
-  T&& value() && {  // NOLINT(build/c++11)
+  T&& value() && ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {  // NOLINT(build/c++11)
     return std::move(
         static_cast<bool>(*this)
             ? reference()
             : (optional_internal::throw_bad_optional_access(), reference()));
   }
-  constexpr const T&& value() const && {  // NOLINT(build/c++11)
+  constexpr const T&& value()
+      const&& ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND {  // NOLINT(build/c++11)
     return absl::move(
         static_cast<bool>(*this)
             ? reference()
diff --git a/absl/types/optional_test.cc b/absl/types/optional_test.cc
index 9477c150..5da297b0 100644
--- a/absl/types/optional_test.cc
+++ b/absl/types/optional_test.cc
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 
 #include "gtest/gtest.h"
 #include "absl/base/config.h"
-#include "absl/base/internal/raw_logging.h"
+#include "absl/log/log.h"
 #include "absl/meta/type_traits.h"
 #include "absl/strings/string_view.h"
 
@@ -97,9 +97,9 @@ struct StructorListener {
 // 4522: multiple assignment operators specified
 // We wrote multiple of them to test that the correct overloads are selected.
 #ifdef _MSC_VER
-#pragma warning( push )
-#pragma warning( disable : 4521)
-#pragma warning( disable : 4522)
+#pragma warning(push)
+#pragma warning(disable : 4521)
+#pragma warning(disable : 4522)
 #endif
 struct Listenable {
   static StructorListener* listener;
@@ -133,20 +133,11 @@ struct Listenable {
   ~Listenable() { ++listener->destruct; }
 };
 #ifdef _MSC_VER
-#pragma warning( pop )
+#pragma warning(pop)
 #endif
 
 StructorListener* Listenable::listener = nullptr;
 
-// ABSL_HAVE_NO_CONSTEXPR_INITIALIZER_LIST is defined to 1 when the standard
-// library implementation doesn't marked initializer_list's default constructor
-// constexpr. The C++11 standard doesn't specify constexpr on it, but C++14
-// added it. However, libstdc++ 4.7 marked it constexpr.
-#if defined(_LIBCPP_VERSION) && \
-    (_LIBCPP_STD_VER <= 11 || defined(_LIBCPP_HAS_NO_CXX14_CONSTEXPR))
-#define ABSL_HAVE_NO_CONSTEXPR_INITIALIZER_LIST 1
-#endif
-
 struct ConstexprType {
   enum CtorTypes {
     kCtorDefault,
@@ -156,10 +147,8 @@ struct ConstexprType {
   };
   constexpr ConstexprType() : x(kCtorDefault) {}
   constexpr explicit ConstexprType(int i) : x(kCtorInt) {}
-#ifndef ABSL_HAVE_NO_CONSTEXPR_INITIALIZER_LIST
   constexpr ConstexprType(std::initializer_list<int> il)
       : x(kCtorInitializerList) {}
-#endif
   constexpr ConstexprType(const char*)  // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
       : x(kCtorConstChar) {}
   int x;
@@ -352,11 +341,9 @@ TEST(optionalTest, InPlaceConstructor) {
   constexpr absl::optional<ConstexprType> opt1{absl::in_place_t(), 1};
   static_assert(opt1, "");
   static_assert((*opt1).x == ConstexprType::kCtorInt, "");
-#ifndef ABSL_HAVE_NO_CONSTEXPR_INITIALIZER_LIST
   constexpr absl::optional<ConstexprType> opt2{absl::in_place_t(), {1, 2}};
   static_assert(opt2, "");
   static_assert((*opt2).x == ConstexprType::kCtorInitializerList, "");
-#endif
 
   EXPECT_FALSE((std::is_constructible<absl::optional<ConvertsFromInPlaceT>,
                                       absl::in_place_t>::value));
@@ -988,8 +975,8 @@ TEST(optionalTest, PointerStuff) {
   EXPECT_EQ("foo", *opt);
   const auto& opt_const = opt;
   EXPECT_EQ("foo", *opt_const);
-  EXPECT_EQ(opt->size(), 3);
-  EXPECT_EQ(opt_const->size(), 3);
+  EXPECT_EQ(opt->size(), 3u);
+  EXPECT_EQ(opt_const->size(), 3u);
 
   constexpr absl::optional<ConstexprType> opt1(1);
   static_assert((*opt1).x == ConstexprType::kCtorInt, "");
@@ -1000,9 +987,8 @@ TEST(optionalTest, PointerStuff) {
 // Skip that test to make the build green again when using the old compiler.
 // https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=59296 is fixed in 4.9.1.
 #if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__)
-#define GCC_VERSION (__GNUC__ * 10000 \
-                     + __GNUC_MINOR__ * 100 \
-                     + __GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__)
+#define GCC_VERSION \
+  (__GNUC__ * 10000 + __GNUC_MINOR__ * 100 + __GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__)
 #if GCC_VERSION < 40901
 #define ABSL_SKIP_OVERLOAD_TEST_DUE_TO_GCC_BUG
 #endif
@@ -1010,7 +996,7 @@ TEST(optionalTest, PointerStuff) {
 
 // MSVC has a bug with "cv-qualifiers in class construction", fixed in 2017. See
 // https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/cpp-conformance-improvements-2017#bug-fixes
-// The compiler some incorrectly ingores the cv-qualifier when generating a
+// The compiler some incorrectly ignores the cv-qualifier when generating a
 // class object via a constructor call. For example:
 //
 // class optional {
@@ -1214,7 +1200,6 @@ void optionalTest_Comparisons_EXPECT_GREATER(T x, U y) {
   EXPECT_TRUE(x >= y);
 }
 
-
 template <typename T, typename U, typename V>
 void TestComparisons() {
   absl::optional<T> ae, a2{2}, a4{4};
@@ -1307,7 +1292,6 @@ TEST(optionalTest, Comparisons) {
   EXPECT_TRUE(e1 == e2);
 }
 
-
 TEST(optionalTest, SwapRegression) {
   StructorListener listener;
   Listenable::listener = &listener;
@@ -1523,7 +1507,7 @@ TEST(optionalTest, Hash) {
   for (int i = 0; i < 100; ++i) {
     hashcodes.insert(hash(i));
   }
-  EXPECT_GT(hashcodes.size(), 90);
+  EXPECT_GT(hashcodes.size(), 90u);
 
   static_assert(is_hash_enabled_for<absl::optional<int>>::value, "");
   static_assert(is_hash_enabled_for<absl::optional<Hashable>>::value, "");
@@ -1558,8 +1542,7 @@ TEST(optionalTest, Hash) {
 struct MoveMeNoThrow {
   MoveMeNoThrow() : x(0) {}
   [[noreturn]] MoveMeNoThrow(const MoveMeNoThrow& other) : x(other.x) {
-    ABSL_RAW_LOG(FATAL, "Should not be called.");
-    abort();
+    LOG(FATAL) << "Should not be called.";
   }
   MoveMeNoThrow(MoveMeNoThrow&& other) noexcept : x(other.x) {}
   int x;
diff --git a/absl/types/span.h b/absl/types/span.h
index fdfbd77c..70ed8eb6 100644
--- a/absl/types/span.h
+++ b/absl/types/span.h
@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <utility>
 
+#include "absl/base/attributes.h"
 #include "absl/base/internal/throw_delegate.h"
 #include "absl/base/macros.h"
 #include "absl/base/optimization.h"
@@ -160,12 +161,12 @@ class Span {
 
   // Used to SFINAE-enable a function when the slice elements are const.
   template <typename U>
-  using EnableIfConstView =
+  using EnableIfValueIsConst =
       typename std::enable_if<std::is_const<T>::value, U>::type;
 
   // Used to SFINAE-enable a function when the slice elements are mutable.
   template <typename U>
-  using EnableIfMutableView =
+  using EnableIfValueIsMutable =
       typename std::enable_if<!std::is_const<T>::value, U>::type;
 
  public:
@@ -196,13 +197,34 @@ class Span {
   // Explicit reference constructor for a mutable `Span<T>` type. Can be
   // replaced with MakeSpan() to infer the type parameter.
   template <typename V, typename = EnableIfConvertibleFrom<V>,
-            typename = EnableIfMutableView<V>>
-  explicit Span(V& v) noexcept  // NOLINT(runtime/references)
+            typename = EnableIfValueIsMutable<V>,
+            typename = span_internal::EnableIfNotIsView<V>>
+  explicit Span(
+      V& v
+          ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND) noexcept  // NOLINT(runtime/references)
       : Span(span_internal::GetData(v), v.size()) {}
 
   // Implicit reference constructor for a read-only `Span<const T>` type
   template <typename V, typename = EnableIfConvertibleFrom<V>,
-            typename = EnableIfConstView<V>>
+            typename = EnableIfValueIsConst<V>,
+            typename = span_internal::EnableIfNotIsView<V>>
+  constexpr Span(
+      const V& v
+          ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND) noexcept  // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
+      : Span(span_internal::GetData(v), v.size()) {}
+
+  // Overloads of the above two functions that are only enabled for view types.
+  // This is so we can drop the ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND annotation. These
+  // overloads must be made unique by using a different template parameter list
+  // (hence the = 0 for the IsView enabler).
+  template <typename V, typename = EnableIfConvertibleFrom<V>,
+            typename = EnableIfValueIsMutable<V>,
+            span_internal::EnableIfIsView<V> = 0>
+  explicit Span(V& v) noexcept  // NOLINT(runtime/references)
+      : Span(span_internal::GetData(v), v.size()) {}
+  template <typename V, typename = EnableIfConvertibleFrom<V>,
+            typename = EnableIfValueIsConst<V>,
+            span_internal::EnableIfIsView<V> = 0>
   constexpr Span(const V& v) noexcept  // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
       : Span(span_internal::GetData(v), v.size()) {}
 
@@ -242,7 +264,7 @@ class Span {
   //   Process(ints);
   //
   template <typename LazyT = T,
-            typename = EnableIfConstView<LazyT>>
+            typename = EnableIfValueIsConst<LazyT>>
   Span(std::initializer_list<value_type> v
            ABSL_ATTRIBUTE_LIFETIME_BOUND) noexcept  // NOLINT(runtime/explicit)
       : Span(v.begin(), v.size()) {}
@@ -274,8 +296,7 @@ class Span {
   //
   // Returns a reference to the i'th element of this span.
   constexpr reference operator[](size_type i) const noexcept {
-    // MSVC 2015 accepts this as constexpr, but not ptr_[i]
-    return ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(i < size()), *(data() + i);
+    return ABSL_HARDENING_ASSERT(i < size()), ptr_[i];
   }
 
   // Span::at()
@@ -398,7 +419,7 @@ class Span {
   //   absl::MakeSpan(vec).subspan(5);     // throws std::out_of_range
   constexpr Span subspan(size_type pos = 0, size_type len = npos) const {
     return (pos <= size())
-               ? Span(data() + pos, span_internal::Min(size() - pos, len))
+               ? Span(data() + pos, (std::min)(size() - pos, len))
                : (base_internal::ThrowStdOutOfRange("pos > size()"), Span());
   }
 
diff --git a/absl/types/span_test.cc b/absl/types/span_test.cc
index 13264aae..29e8681f 100644
--- a/absl/types/span_test.cc
+++ b/absl/types/span_test.cc
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ TEST(IntSpan, SpanOfDerived) {
 }
 
 void TestInitializerList(absl::Span<const int> s, const std::vector<int>& v) {
-  EXPECT_TRUE(absl::equal(s.begin(), s.end(), v.begin(), v.end()));
+  EXPECT_TRUE(std::equal(s.begin(), s.end(), v.begin(), v.end()));
 }
 
 TEST(ConstIntSpan, InitializerListConversion) {
diff --git a/absl/types/variant_test.cc b/absl/types/variant_test.cc
index cf237334..4cd5b7a3 100644
--- a/absl/types/variant_test.cc
+++ b/absl/types/variant_test.cc
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ TEST(VariantTest, TestDefaultConstructor) {
     using X = variant<int>;
     constexpr variant<int> x{};
     ASSERT_FALSE(x.valueless_by_exception());
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, x.index());
+    ASSERT_EQ(0u, x.index());
     EXPECT_EQ(0, absl::get<0>(x));
     EXPECT_TRUE(std::is_nothrow_default_constructible<X>::value);
   }
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ TEST(VariantTest, TestDefaultConstructor) {
     using X = variant<NonNoexceptDefaultConstructible>;
     X x{};
     ASSERT_FALSE(x.valueless_by_exception());
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, x.index());
+    ASSERT_EQ(0u, x.index());
     EXPECT_EQ(5, absl::get<0>(x).value);
     EXPECT_FALSE(std::is_nothrow_default_constructible<X>::value);
   }
@@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ TEST(VariantTest, TestDefaultConstructor) {
     using X = variant<int, NonNoexceptDefaultConstructible>;
     X x{};
     ASSERT_FALSE(x.valueless_by_exception());
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, x.index());
+    ASSERT_EQ(0u, x.index());
     EXPECT_EQ(0, absl::get<0>(x));
     EXPECT_TRUE(std::is_nothrow_default_constructible<X>::value);
   }
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ TEST(VariantTest, TestDefaultConstructor) {
     using X = variant<NonNoexceptDefaultConstructible, int>;
     X x{};
     ASSERT_FALSE(x.valueless_by_exception());
-    ASSERT_EQ(0, x.index());
+    ASSERT_EQ(0u, x.index());
     EXPECT_EQ(5, absl::get<0>(x).value);
     EXPECT_FALSE(std::is_nothrow_default_constructible<X>::value);
   }
@@ -480,7 +480,7 @@ TEST(VariantTest, InPlaceType) {
   ASSERT_TRUE(absl::holds_alternative<std::string>(v2));
   EXPECT_EQ("ABC", absl::get<std::string>(v2));
 
-  Var v3(in_place_type_t<std::string>(), "ABC", 2);
+  Var v3(in_place_type_t<std::string>(), "ABC", 2u);
   ASSERT_TRUE(absl::holds_alternative<std::string>(v3));
   EXPECT_EQ("AB", absl::get<std::string>(v3));
 
@@ -503,7 +503,7 @@ TEST(VariantTest, InPlaceTypeVariableTemplate) {
   ASSERT_TRUE(absl::holds_alternative<std::string>(v2));
   EXPECT_EQ("ABC", absl::get<std::string>(v2));
 
-  Var v3(in_place_type<std::string>, "ABC", 2);
+  Var v3(in_place_type<std::string>, "ABC", 2u);
   ASSERT_TRUE(absl::holds_alternative<std::string>(v3));
   EXPECT_EQ("AB", absl::get<std::string>(v3));
 
@@ -544,7 +544,7 @@ TEST(VariantTest, InPlaceIndex) {
   ASSERT_TRUE(absl::holds_alternative<std::string>(v2));
   EXPECT_EQ("ABC", absl::get<std::string>(v2));
 
-  Var v3(in_place_index_t<1>(), "ABC", 2);
+  Var v3(in_place_index_t<1>(), "ABC", 2u);
   ASSERT_TRUE(absl::holds_alternative<std::string>(v3));
   EXPECT_EQ("AB", absl::get<std::string>(v3));
 
@@ -571,7 +571,7 @@ TEST(VariantTest, InPlaceIndexVariableTemplate) {
   ASSERT_TRUE(absl::holds_alternative<std::string>(v2));
   EXPECT_EQ("ABC", absl::get<std::string>(v2));
 
-  Var v3(in_place_index<1>, "ABC", 2);
+  Var v3(in_place_index<1>, "ABC", 2u);
   ASSERT_TRUE(absl::holds_alternative<std::string>(v3));
   EXPECT_EQ("AB", absl::get<std::string>(v3));
 
@@ -688,11 +688,11 @@ TEST(VariantTest, TestSelfAssignment) {
   EXPECT_EQ(long_str, foo);
 
   variant<int, std::string> so = long_str;
-  ASSERT_EQ(1, so.index());
+  ASSERT_EQ(1u, so.index());
   EXPECT_EQ(long_str, absl::get<1>(so));
   so = *&so;
 
-  ASSERT_EQ(1, so.index());
+  ASSERT_EQ(1u, so.index());
   EXPECT_EQ(long_str, absl::get<1>(so));
 }
 
@@ -968,16 +968,16 @@ TEST(VariantTest, Index) {
   using Var = variant<int, std::string, double>;
 
   Var v = 1;
-  EXPECT_EQ(0, v.index());
+  EXPECT_EQ(0u, v.index());
   v = "str";
-  EXPECT_EQ(1, v.index());
+  EXPECT_EQ(1u, v.index());
   v = 0.;
-  EXPECT_EQ(2, v.index());
+  EXPECT_EQ(2u, v.index());
 
   Var v2 = v;
-  EXPECT_EQ(2, v2.index());
+  EXPECT_EQ(2u, v2.index());
   v2.emplace<int>(3);
-  EXPECT_EQ(0, v2.index());
+  EXPECT_EQ(0u, v2.index());
 }
 
 TEST(VariantTest, NotValuelessByException) {
@@ -1002,11 +1002,11 @@ TEST(VariantTest, IndexValuelessByException) {
   using Var = variant<MoveCanThrow, std::string, double>;
 
   Var v(absl::in_place_index<0>);
-  EXPECT_EQ(0, v.index());
+  EXPECT_EQ(0u, v.index());
   ToValuelessByException(v);
   EXPECT_EQ(absl::variant_npos, v.index());
   v = "str";
-  EXPECT_EQ(1, v.index());
+  EXPECT_EQ(1u, v.index());
 }
 
 TEST(VariantTest, ValuelessByException) {
@@ -1084,18 +1084,18 @@ TEST(VariantTest, MemberSwap) {
 TEST(VariantTest, VariantSize) {
   {
     using Size1Variant = absl::variant<int>;
-    EXPECT_EQ(1, absl::variant_size<Size1Variant>::value);
-    EXPECT_EQ(1, absl::variant_size<const Size1Variant>::value);
-    EXPECT_EQ(1, absl::variant_size<volatile Size1Variant>::value);
-    EXPECT_EQ(1, absl::variant_size<const volatile Size1Variant>::value);
+    EXPECT_EQ(1u, absl::variant_size<Size1Variant>::value);
+    EXPECT_EQ(1u, absl::variant_size<const Size1Variant>::value);
+    EXPECT_EQ(1u, absl::variant_size<volatile Size1Variant>::value);
+    EXPECT_EQ(1u, absl::variant_size<const volatile Size1Variant>::value);
   }
 
   {
     using Size3Variant = absl::variant<int, float, int>;
-    EXPECT_EQ(3, absl::variant_size<Size3Variant>::value);
-    EXPECT_EQ(3, absl::variant_size<const Size3Variant>::value);
-    EXPECT_EQ(3, absl::variant_size<volatile Size3Variant>::value);
-    EXPECT_EQ(3, absl::variant_size<const volatile Size3Variant>::value);
+    EXPECT_EQ(3u, absl::variant_size<Size3Variant>::value);
+    EXPECT_EQ(3u, absl::variant_size<const Size3Variant>::value);
+    EXPECT_EQ(3u, absl::variant_size<volatile Size3Variant>::value);
+    EXPECT_EQ(3u, absl::variant_size<const volatile Size3Variant>::value);
   }
 }
 
@@ -1799,14 +1799,14 @@ TEST(VariantTest, VisitSimple) {
   EXPECT_EQ("B", piece);
 
   struct StrLen {
-    int operator()(const char* s) const { return strlen(s); }
-    int operator()(const std::string& s) const { return s.size(); }
+    size_t operator()(const char* s) const { return strlen(s); }
+    size_t operator()(const std::string& s) const { return s.size(); }
   };
 
   v = "SomeStr";
-  EXPECT_EQ(7, absl::visit(StrLen{}, v));
+  EXPECT_EQ(7u, absl::visit(StrLen{}, v));
   v = std::string("VeryLargeThisTime");
-  EXPECT_EQ(17, absl::visit(StrLen{}, v));
+  EXPECT_EQ(17u, absl::visit(StrLen{}, v));
 }
 
 TEST(VariantTest, VisitRValue) {
@@ -1979,7 +1979,7 @@ TEST(VariantTest, MonostateBasic) {
 
 TEST(VariantTest, VariantMonostateDefaultConstruction) {
   absl::variant<absl::monostate, NonDefaultConstructible> var;
-  EXPECT_EQ(var.index(), 0);
+  EXPECT_EQ(var.index(), 0u);
 }
 
 ////////////////////////////////
@@ -2100,7 +2100,7 @@ TEST(VariantTest, Hash) {
     for (int i = 0; i < 100; ++i) {
       hashcodes.insert(hash(i));
     }
-    EXPECT_GT(hashcodes.size(), 90);
+    EXPECT_GT(hashcodes.size(), 90u);
 
     // test const-qualified
     static_assert(type_traits_internal::IsHashable<variant<const int>>::value,
@@ -2312,9 +2312,9 @@ TEST(VariantTest, TestRvalueConversion) {
   EXPECT_EQ(42, absl::get<int32_t>(variant2));
 
   variant2 =
-      ConvertVariantTo<variant<int32_t, uint32_t>>(variant<uint32_t>(42));
+      ConvertVariantTo<variant<int32_t, uint32_t>>(variant<uint32_t>(42u));
   ASSERT_TRUE(absl::holds_alternative<uint32_t>(variant2));
-  EXPECT_EQ(42, absl::get<uint32_t>(variant2));
+  EXPECT_EQ(42u, absl::get<uint32_t>(variant2));
 #endif  // !ABSL_USES_STD_VARIANT
 
   variant<Convertible1, Convertible2> variant3(
@@ -2361,10 +2361,10 @@ TEST(VariantTest, TestLvalueConversion) {
   ASSERT_TRUE(absl::holds_alternative<int32_t>(variant2));
   EXPECT_EQ(42, absl::get<int32_t>(variant2));
 
-  variant<uint32_t> source6(42);
+  variant<uint32_t> source6(42u);
   variant2 = ConvertVariantTo<variant<int32_t, uint32_t>>(source6);
   ASSERT_TRUE(absl::holds_alternative<uint32_t>(variant2));
-  EXPECT_EQ(42, absl::get<uint32_t>(variant2));
+  EXPECT_EQ(42u, absl::get<uint32_t>(variant2));
 #endif
 
   variant<Convertible2, Convertible1> source7((Convertible1()));
@@ -2455,8 +2455,8 @@ TEST(VariantTest, TestRvalueConversionViaConvertVariantTo) {
   EXPECT_THAT(absl::get_if<int32_t>(&variant2), Pointee(42));
 
   variant2 =
-      ConvertVariantTo<variant<int32_t, uint32_t>>(variant<uint32_t>(42));
-  EXPECT_THAT(absl::get_if<uint32_t>(&variant2), Pointee(42));
+      ConvertVariantTo<variant<int32_t, uint32_t>>(variant<uint32_t>(42u));
+  EXPECT_THAT(absl::get_if<uint32_t>(&variant2), Pointee(42u));
 #endif
 
   variant<Convertible1, Convertible2> variant3(
@@ -2499,9 +2499,9 @@ TEST(VariantTest, TestLvalueConversionViaConvertVariantTo) {
       ConvertVariantTo<variant<int32_t, uint32_t>>(source5));
   EXPECT_THAT(absl::get_if<int32_t>(&variant2), Pointee(42));
 
-  variant<uint32_t> source6(42);
+  variant<uint32_t> source6(42u);
   variant2 = ConvertVariantTo<variant<int32_t, uint32_t>>(source6);
-  EXPECT_THAT(absl::get_if<uint32_t>(&variant2), Pointee(42));
+  EXPECT_THAT(absl::get_if<uint32_t>(&variant2), Pointee(42u));
 #endif  // !ABSL_USES_STD_VARIANT
 
   variant<Convertible2, Convertible1> source7((Convertible1()));
@@ -2570,7 +2570,7 @@ TEST(VariantTest, TestVectorOfMoveonlyVariant) {
   vec.reserve(3);
   auto another_vec = absl::move(vec);
   // As a sanity check, verify vector contents.
-  ASSERT_EQ(2, another_vec.size());
+  ASSERT_EQ(2u, another_vec.size());
   EXPECT_EQ(42, *absl::get<std::unique_ptr<int>>(another_vec[0]));
   EXPECT_EQ("Hello", absl::get<std::string>(another_vec[1]));
 }
diff --git a/absl/utility/BUILD.bazel b/absl/utility/BUILD.bazel
index ca4bc0a6..061f4c5b 100644
--- a/absl/utility/BUILD.bazel
+++ b/absl/utility/BUILD.bazel
@@ -52,3 +52,26 @@ cc_test(
         "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
     ],
 )
+
+cc_library(
+    name = "if_constexpr",
+    hdrs = [
+        "internal/if_constexpr.h",
+    ],
+    copts = ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        "//absl/base:config",
+    ],
+)
+
+cc_test(
+    name = "if_constexpr_test",
+    srcs = ["internal/if_constexpr_test.cc"],
+    copts = ABSL_TEST_COPTS,
+    linkopts = ABSL_DEFAULT_LINKOPTS,
+    deps = [
+        ":if_constexpr",
+        "@com_google_googletest//:gtest_main",
+    ],
+)
diff --git a/absl/utility/CMakeLists.txt b/absl/utility/CMakeLists.txt
index 865b758f..27ee0de5 100644
--- a/absl/utility/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/absl/utility/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -42,3 +42,27 @@ absl_cc_test(
     absl::strings
     GTest::gmock_main
 )
+
+absl_cc_library(
+  NAME
+    if_constexpr
+  HDRS
+    "internal/if_constexpr.h"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_DEFAULT_COPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::config
+  PUBLIC
+)
+
+absl_cc_test(
+  NAME
+    if_constexpr_test
+  SRCS
+    "internal/if_constexpr_test.cc"
+  COPTS
+    ${ABSL_TEST_COPTS}
+  DEPS
+    absl::if_constexpr
+    GTest::gmock_main
+)
diff --git a/absl/utility/internal/if_constexpr.h b/absl/utility/internal/if_constexpr.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7a26311d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/utility/internal/if_constexpr.h
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+// The IfConstexpr and IfConstexprElse utilities in this file are meant to be
+// used to emulate `if constexpr` in pre-C++17 mode in library implementation.
+// The motivation is to allow for avoiding complex SFINAE.
+//
+// The functions passed in must depend on the type(s) of the object(s) that
+// require SFINAE. For example:
+// template<typename T>
+// int MaybeFoo(T& t) {
+//   if constexpr (HasFoo<T>::value) return t.foo();
+//   return 0;
+// }
+//
+// can be written in pre-C++17 as:
+//
+// template<typename T>
+// int MaybeFoo(T& t) {
+//   int i = 0;
+//   absl::utility_internal::IfConstexpr<HasFoo<T>::value>(
+//       [&](const auto& fooer) { i = fooer.foo(); }, t);
+//   return i;
+// }
+
+#ifndef ABSL_UTILITY_INTERNAL_IF_CONSTEXPR_H_
+#define ABSL_UTILITY_INTERNAL_IF_CONSTEXPR_H_
+
+#include <tuple>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "absl/base/config.h"
+
+namespace absl {
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+namespace utility_internal {
+
+template <bool condition, typename TrueFunc, typename FalseFunc,
+          typename... Args>
+auto IfConstexprElse(TrueFunc&& true_func, FalseFunc&& false_func,
+                     Args&&... args) {
+  return std::get<condition>(std::forward_as_tuple(
+      std::forward<FalseFunc>(false_func), std::forward<TrueFunc>(true_func)))(
+      std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+}
+
+template <bool condition, typename Func, typename... Args>
+void IfConstexpr(Func&& func, Args&&... args) {
+  IfConstexprElse<condition>(std::forward<Func>(func), [](auto&&...){},
+                             std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+}
+
+}  // namespace utility_internal
+
+ABSL_NAMESPACE_END
+}  // namespace absl
+
+#endif  // ABSL_UTILITY_INTERNAL_IF_CONSTEXPR_H_
diff --git a/absl/utility/internal/if_constexpr_test.cc b/absl/utility/internal/if_constexpr_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d1ee7236
--- /dev/null
+++ b/absl/utility/internal/if_constexpr_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+// Copyright 2023 The Abseil Authors
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "absl/utility/internal/if_constexpr.h"
+
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "gtest/gtest.h"
+
+namespace {
+
+struct Empty {};
+struct HasFoo {
+  int foo() const { return 1; }
+};
+
+TEST(IfConstexpr, Basic) {
+  int i = 0;
+  absl::utility_internal::IfConstexpr<false>(
+      [&](const auto& t) { i = t.foo(); }, Empty{});
+  EXPECT_EQ(i, 0);
+
+  absl::utility_internal::IfConstexpr<false>(
+      [&](const auto& t) { i = t.foo(); }, HasFoo{});
+  EXPECT_EQ(i, 0);
+
+  absl::utility_internal::IfConstexpr<true>(
+      [&](const auto& t) { i = t.foo(); }, HasFoo{});
+  EXPECT_EQ(i, 1);
+}
+
+TEST(IfConstexprElse, Basic) {
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::utility_internal::IfConstexprElse<false>(
+      [&](const auto& t) { return t.foo(); }, [&](const auto&) { return 2; },
+      Empty{}), 2);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::utility_internal::IfConstexprElse<false>(
+      [&](const auto& t) { return t.foo(); }, [&](const auto&) { return 2; },
+      HasFoo{}), 2);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(absl::utility_internal::IfConstexprElse<true>(
+      [&](const auto& t) { return t.foo(); }, [&](const auto&) { return 2; },
+      HasFoo{}), 1);
+}
+
+struct HasFooRValue {
+  int foo() && { return 1; }
+};
+struct RValueFunc {
+  void operator()(HasFooRValue&& t) && { *i = std::move(t).foo(); }
+
+  int* i = nullptr;
+};
+
+TEST(IfConstexpr, RValues) {
+  int i = 0;
+  RValueFunc func = {&i};
+  absl::utility_internal::IfConstexpr<false>(
+      std::move(func), HasFooRValue{});
+  EXPECT_EQ(i, 0);
+
+  func = RValueFunc{&i};
+  absl::utility_internal::IfConstexpr<true>(
+      std::move(func), HasFooRValue{});
+  EXPECT_EQ(i, 1);
+}
+
+}  // namespace
diff --git a/absl/utility/utility_test.cc b/absl/utility/utility_test.cc
index f044ad64..2f0509aa 100644
--- a/absl/utility/utility_test.cc
+++ b/absl/utility/utility_test.cc
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-// Copyright 2017 The Abseil Authors.
+// Copyright 2022 The Abseil Authors.
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -14,10 +14,12 @@
 
 #include "absl/utility/utility.h"
 
+#include <memory>
 #include <sstream>
 #include <string>
 #include <tuple>
 #include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "gmock/gmock.h"
@@ -35,10 +37,10 @@ namespace {
 // Both the unused variables and the name length warnings are due to calls
 // to absl::make_index_sequence with very large values, creating very long type
 // names. The resulting warnings are so long they make build output unreadable.
-#pragma warning( push )
-#pragma warning( disable : 4503 )  // decorated name length exceeded
-#pragma warning( disable : 4101 )  // unreferenced local variable
-#endif  // _MSC_VER
+#pragma warning(push)
+#pragma warning(disable : 4503)  // decorated name length exceeded
+#pragma warning(disable : 4101)  // unreferenced local variable
+#endif                           // _MSC_VER
 
 using ::testing::ElementsAre;
 using ::testing::Pointee;
@@ -227,8 +229,7 @@ TEST(ApplyTest, NonCopyableArgument) {
 }
 
 TEST(ApplyTest, NonCopyableResult) {
-  EXPECT_THAT(absl::apply(Factory, std::make_tuple(42)),
-              ::testing::Pointee(42));
+  EXPECT_THAT(absl::apply(Factory, std::make_tuple(42)), Pointee(42));
 }
 
 TEST(ApplyTest, VoidResult) { absl::apply(NoOp, std::tuple<>()); }
@@ -373,4 +374,3 @@ TEST(MakeFromTupleTest, Pair) {
 }
 
 }  // namespace
-
diff --git a/ci/absl_alternate_options.h b/ci/absl_alternate_options.h
index 29b020d9..82d2ecf8 100644
--- a/ci/absl_alternate_options.h
+++ b/ci/absl_alternate_options.h
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@
 // Alternate options.h file, used in continuous integration testing to exercise
 // option settings not used by default.
 
-#ifndef ABSL_BASE_OPTIONS_H_
-#define ABSL_BASE_OPTIONS_H_
+#ifndef ABSL_CI_ABSL_ALTERNATE_OPTIONS_H_
+#define ABSL_CI_ABSL_ALTERNATE_OPTIONS_H_
 
 #define ABSL_OPTION_USE_STD_ANY 0
 #define ABSL_OPTION_USE_STD_OPTIONAL 0
@@ -26,4 +26,4 @@
 #define ABSL_OPTION_INLINE_NAMESPACE_NAME ns
 #define ABSL_OPTION_HARDENED 1
 
-#endif  // ABSL_BASE_OPTIONS_H_
+#endif  // ABSL_CI_ABSL_ALTERNATE_OPTIONS_H_
diff --git a/ci/cmake_common.sh b/ci/cmake_common.sh
index 3c08255b..051b70dc 100644
--- a/ci/cmake_common.sh
+++ b/ci/cmake_common.sh
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 
 # The commit of GoogleTest to be used in the CMake tests in this directory.
 # Keep this in sync with the commit in the WORKSPACE file.
-readonly ABSL_GOOGLETEST_COMMIT="15460959cbbfa20e66ef0b5ab497367e47fc0a04"  # release-1.12.0
+readonly ABSL_GOOGLETEST_COMMIT="f8d7d77c06936315286eb55f8de22cd23c188571"  # v1.14.0
 
 # Avoid depending on GitHub by looking for a cached copy of the commit first.
 if [[ -r "${KOKORO_GFILE_DIR:-}/distdir/${ABSL_GOOGLETEST_COMMIT}.zip" ]]; then
diff --git a/ci/cmake_install_test.sh b/ci/cmake_install_test.sh
index 97ed8478..ab3b86f0 100755
--- a/ci/cmake_install_test.sh
+++ b/ci/cmake_install_test.sh
@@ -29,6 +29,18 @@ source "${ABSEIL_ROOT}/ci/cmake_common.sh"
 source "${ABSEIL_ROOT}/ci/linux_docker_containers.sh"
 readonly DOCKER_CONTAINER=${LINUX_GCC_LATEST_CONTAINER}
 
+# Verify that everything works with the standard "cmake && make && make install"
+# without building tests or requiring GoogleTest.
+time docker run \
+    --mount type=bind,source="${ABSEIL_ROOT}",target=/abseil-cpp-ro,readonly \
+    --tmpfs=/buildfs:exec \
+    --workdir=/buildfs \
+    --rm \
+    ${DOCKER_EXTRA_ARGS:-} \
+    ${DOCKER_CONTAINER} \
+    /bin/bash -c "cmake /abseil-cpp-ro && make -j$(nproc) && make install"
+
+# Verify that a more complicated project works.
 for link_type in ${LINK_TYPE}; do
   time docker run \
     --mount type=bind,source="${ABSEIL_ROOT}",target=/abseil-cpp-ro,readonly \
diff --git a/ci/linux_clang-latest_libcxx_asan_bazel.sh b/ci/linux_clang-latest_libcxx_asan_bazel.sh
index 196e5c1d..f9c146b0 100755
--- a/ci/linux_clang-latest_libcxx_asan_bazel.sh
+++ b/ci/linux_clang-latest_libcxx_asan_bazel.sh
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ if [[ -z ${ABSEIL_ROOT:-} ]]; then
 fi
 
 if [[ -z ${STD:-} ]]; then
-  STD="c++11 c++14 c++17 c++20"
+  STD="c++14 c++17 c++20"
 fi
 
 if [[ -z ${COMPILATION_MODE:-} ]]; then
@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ for std in ${STD}; do
           --copt="-fno-sanitize-blacklist" \
           --copt=-Werror \
           --distdir="/bazel-distdir" \
+          --features=external_include_paths \
           --keep_going \
           --linkopt="-fsanitize=address" \
           --linkopt="-fsanitize-link-c++-runtime" \
diff --git a/ci/linux_clang-latest_libcxx_bazel.sh b/ci/linux_clang-latest_libcxx_bazel.sh
index 39aecf58..38b2d744 100755
--- a/ci/linux_clang-latest_libcxx_bazel.sh
+++ b/ci/linux_clang-latest_libcxx_bazel.sh
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ if [[ -z ${ABSEIL_ROOT:-} ]]; then
 fi
 
 if [[ -z ${STD:-} ]]; then
-  STD="c++11 c++14 c++17 c++20"
+  STD="c++14 c++17 c++20"
 fi
 
 if [[ -z ${COMPILATION_MODE:-} ]]; then
@@ -87,6 +87,7 @@ for std in ${STD}; do
             --copt=-Werror \
             --define=\"absl=1\" \
             --distdir=\"/bazel-distdir\" \
+            --features=external_include_paths \
             --keep_going \
             --show_timestamps \
             --test_env=\"GTEST_INSTALL_FAILURE_SIGNAL_HANDLER=1\" \
diff --git a/ci/linux_clang-latest_libcxx_tsan_bazel.sh b/ci/linux_clang-latest_libcxx_tsan_bazel.sh
index b0a1abff..34d7940e 100755
--- a/ci/linux_clang-latest_libcxx_tsan_bazel.sh
+++ b/ci/linux_clang-latest_libcxx_tsan_bazel.sh
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ if [[ -z ${ABSEIL_ROOT:-} ]]; then
 fi
 
 if [[ -z ${STD:-} ]]; then
-  STD="c++11 c++14 c++17 c++20"
+  STD="c++14 c++17 c++20"
 fi
 
 if [[ -z ${COMPILATION_MODE:-} ]]; then
@@ -83,10 +83,10 @@ for std in ${STD}; do
           --copt="-fno-sanitize-blacklist" \
           --copt=-Werror \
           --distdir="/bazel-distdir" \
+          --features=external_include_paths \
           --keep_going \
           --linkopt="-fsanitize=thread" \
           --show_timestamps \
-          --test_env="TSAN_OPTIONS=report_atomic_races=0" \
           --test_env="TSAN_SYMBOLIZER_PATH=/opt/llvm/clang/bin/llvm-symbolizer" \
           --test_env="TZDIR=/abseil-cpp/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo" \
           --test_output=errors \
diff --git a/ci/linux_clang-latest_libstdcxx_bazel.sh b/ci/linux_clang-latest_libstdcxx_bazel.sh
index 8550481b..13d56fc9 100755
--- a/ci/linux_clang-latest_libstdcxx_bazel.sh
+++ b/ci/linux_clang-latest_libstdcxx_bazel.sh
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ if [[ -z ${ABSEIL_ROOT:-} ]]; then
 fi
 
 if [[ -z ${STD:-} ]]; then
-  STD="c++11 c++14 c++17"
+  STD="c++14 c++17"
 fi
 
 if [[ -z ${COMPILATION_MODE:-} ]]; then
@@ -77,9 +77,11 @@ for std in ${STD}; do
           --copt="--gcc-toolchain=/usr/local" \
           --copt="-DGTEST_REMOVE_LEGACY_TEST_CASEAPI_=1" \
           --copt="${exceptions_mode}" \
+          --copt="-march=haswell" \
           --copt=-Werror \
           --define="absl=1" \
           --distdir="/bazel-distdir" \
+          --features=external_include_paths \
           --keep_going \
           --linkopt="--gcc-toolchain=/usr/local" \
           --show_timestamps \
diff --git a/ci/linux_docker_containers.sh b/ci/linux_docker_containers.sh
index f55e153b..a07c64ce 100644
--- a/ci/linux_docker_containers.sh
+++ b/ci/linux_docker_containers.sh
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 # The file contains Docker container identifiers currently used by test scripts.
 # Test scripts should source this file to get the identifiers.
 
-readonly LINUX_ALPINE_CONTAINER="gcr.io/google.com/absl-177019/alpine:20201026"
-readonly LINUX_CLANG_LATEST_CONTAINER="gcr.io/google.com/absl-177019/linux_hybrid-latest:20220217"
-readonly LINUX_GCC_LATEST_CONTAINER="gcr.io/google.com/absl-177019/linux_hybrid-latest:20220217"
-readonly LINUX_GCC_FLOOR_CONTAINER="gcr.io/google.com/absl-177019/linux_gcc-floor:20220621"
+readonly LINUX_ALPINE_CONTAINER="gcr.io/google.com/absl-177019/alpine:20230612"
+readonly LINUX_CLANG_LATEST_CONTAINER="gcr.io/google.com/absl-177019/linux_hybrid-latest:20230217"
+readonly LINUX_GCC_LATEST_CONTAINER="gcr.io/google.com/absl-177019/linux_hybrid-latest:20230517"
+readonly LINUX_GCC_FLOOR_CONTAINER="gcr.io/google.com/absl-177019/linux_gcc-floor:20230120"
diff --git a/ci/linux_gcc-floor_libstdcxx_bazel.sh b/ci/linux_gcc-floor_libstdcxx_bazel.sh
index 8b41b5d7..68b39994 100755
--- a/ci/linux_gcc-floor_libstdcxx_bazel.sh
+++ b/ci/linux_gcc-floor_libstdcxx_bazel.sh
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ if [[ -z ${ABSEIL_ROOT:-} ]]; then
 fi
 
 if [[ -z ${STD:-} ]]; then
-  STD="c++11 c++14"
+  STD="c++14"
 fi
 
 if [[ -z ${COMPILATION_MODE:-} ]]; then
@@ -79,6 +79,7 @@ for std in ${STD}; do
           --copt=-Werror \
           --define="absl=1" \
           --distdir="/bazel-distdir" \
+          --features=external_include_paths \
           --keep_going \
           --show_timestamps \
           --test_env="GTEST_INSTALL_FAILURE_SIGNAL_HANDLER=1" \
diff --git a/ci/linux_gcc-latest_libstdcxx_bazel.sh b/ci/linux_gcc-latest_libstdcxx_bazel.sh
index 3f7c71af..091acb33 100755
--- a/ci/linux_gcc-latest_libstdcxx_bazel.sh
+++ b/ci/linux_gcc-latest_libstdcxx_bazel.sh
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ if [[ -z ${ABSEIL_ROOT:-} ]]; then
 fi
 
 if [[ -z ${STD:-} ]]; then
-  STD="c++11 c++14 c++17 c++20"
+  STD="c++14 c++17 c++20"
 fi
 
 if [[ -z ${COMPILATION_MODE:-} ]]; then
@@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ for std in ${STD}; do
             --copt=-Werror \
             --define=\"absl=1\" \
             --distdir=\"/bazel-distdir\" \
+            --features=external_include_paths \
             --keep_going \
             --show_timestamps \
             --test_env=\"GTEST_INSTALL_FAILURE_SIGNAL_HANDLER=1\" \
diff --git a/ci/linux_gcc-latest_libstdcxx_cmake.sh b/ci/linux_gcc-latest_libstdcxx_cmake.sh
index eccb3818..1f721236 100755
--- a/ci/linux_gcc-latest_libstdcxx_cmake.sh
+++ b/ci/linux_gcc-latest_libstdcxx_cmake.sh
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ fi
 source "${ABSEIL_ROOT}/ci/cmake_common.sh"
 
 if [[ -z ${ABSL_CMAKE_CXX_STANDARDS:-} ]]; then
-  ABSL_CMAKE_CXX_STANDARDS="11 14 17 20"
+  ABSL_CMAKE_CXX_STANDARDS="14 17 20"
 fi
 
 if [[ -z ${ABSL_CMAKE_BUILD_TYPES:-} ]]; then
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ for std in ${ABSL_CMAKE_CXX_STANDARDS}; do
             -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD=${std} \
             -DCMAKE_MODULE_LINKER_FLAGS=\"-Wl,--no-undefined\" && \
           make -j$(nproc) && \
+          TZDIR=/abseil-cpp/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo \
           ctest -j$(nproc) --output-on-failure"
     done
   done
diff --git a/ci/linux_gcc_alpine_cmake.sh b/ci/linux_gcc_alpine_cmake.sh
index bf2e1239..b784456f 100755
--- a/ci/linux_gcc_alpine_cmake.sh
+++ b/ci/linux_gcc_alpine_cmake.sh
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ fi
 source "${ABSEIL_ROOT}/ci/cmake_common.sh"
 
 if [[ -z ${ABSL_CMAKE_CXX_STANDARDS:-} ]]; then
-  ABSL_CMAKE_CXX_STANDARDS="11 14 17"
+  ABSL_CMAKE_CXX_STANDARDS="14 17"
 fi
 
 if [[ -z ${ABSL_CMAKE_BUILD_TYPES:-} ]]; then
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ for std in ${ABSL_CMAKE_CXX_STANDARDS}; do
             -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD=${std} \
             -DCMAKE_MODULE_LINKER_FLAGS=\"-Wl,--no-undefined\" && \
           make -j$(nproc) && \
+          TZDIR=/abseil-cpp/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo \
           ctest -j$(nproc) --output-on-failure"
     done
   done
diff --git a/ci/macos_xcode_bazel.sh b/ci/macos_xcode_bazel.sh
index 8d69f1de..04c9a1a2 100755
--- a/ci/macos_xcode_bazel.sh
+++ b/ci/macos_xcode_bazel.sh
@@ -54,7 +54,9 @@ fi
 
 ${BAZEL_BIN} test ... \
   --copt="-DGTEST_REMOVE_LEGACY_TEST_CASEAPI_=1" \
-  --copt=-Werror \
+  --copt="-Werror" \
+  --cxxopt="-std=c++14" \
+  --features=external_include_paths \
   --keep_going \
   --show_timestamps \
   --test_env="TZDIR=${ABSEIL_ROOT}/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo" \
diff --git a/ci/macos_xcode_cmake.sh b/ci/macos_xcode_cmake.sh
index 71ea2534..690f86b8 100755
--- a/ci/macos_xcode_cmake.sh
+++ b/ci/macos_xcode_cmake.sh
@@ -47,10 +47,11 @@ for compilation_mode in ${ABSL_CMAKE_BUILD_TYPES}; do
       -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=${build_shared} \
       -DABSL_BUILD_TESTING=ON \
       -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=${compilation_mode} \
-      -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD=11 \
+      -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD=14 \
       -DCMAKE_MODULE_LINKER_FLAGS="-Wl,--no-undefined" \
       -DABSL_GOOGLETEST_DOWNLOAD_URL="${ABSL_GOOGLETEST_DOWNLOAD_URL}"
     time cmake --build .
-    time ctest -C ${compilation_mode} --output-on-failure
+    time TZDIR=${ABSEIL_ROOT}/absl/time/internal/cctz/testdata/zoneinfo \
+      ctest -C ${compilation_mode} --output-on-failure
   done
 done
diff --git a/ci/windows_clangcl_bazel.bat b/ci/windows_clangcl_bazel.bat
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..21230e1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ci/windows_clangcl_bazel.bat
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+:: Copyright 2023 The Abseil Authors
+::
+:: Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+:: you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+:: You may obtain a copy of the License at
+::
+::     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+::
+:: Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+:: distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+:: WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+:: See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+:: limitations under the License.
+
+SETLOCAL ENABLEDELAYEDEXPANSION
+
+:: Set LLVM directory.
+SET BAZEL_LLVM=C:\Program Files\LLVM
+
+:: Change directory to the root of the project.
+CD %~dp0\..
+if %errorlevel% neq 0 EXIT /B 1
+
+:: Set the standard version, [c++14|c++17|c++20|c++latest]
+:: https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/mt490614.aspx
+:: The default is c++14 if not set on command line.
+IF "%STD%"=="" SET STD=c++14
+
+:: Set the compilation_mode (fastbuild|opt|dbg)
+:: https://docs.bazel.build/versions/master/user-manual.html#flag--compilation_mode
+:: The default is fastbuild
+IF "%COMPILATION_MODE%"=="" SET COMPILATION_MODE=fastbuild
+
+:: Copy the alternate option file, if specified.
+IF NOT "%ALTERNATE_OPTIONS%"=="" copy %ALTERNATE_OPTIONS% absl\base\options.h
+
+:: To upgrade Bazel, first download a new binary from
+:: https://github.com/bazelbuild/bazel/releases and copy it to
+:: /google/data/rw/teams/absl/kokoro/windows.
+::
+:: TODO(absl-team): Remove -Wno-microsoft-cast
+%KOKORO_GFILE_DIR%\bazel-5.1.1-windows-x86_64.exe ^
+  test ... ^
+  --compilation_mode=%COMPILATION_MODE% ^
+  --compiler=clang-cl ^
+  --copt=/std:%STD% ^
+  --copt=/WX ^
+  --copt=-Wno-microsoft-cast ^
+  --define=absl=1 ^
+  --distdir=%KOKORO_GFILE_DIR%\distdir ^
+  --features=external_include_paths ^
+  --keep_going ^
+  --test_env="GTEST_INSTALL_FAILURE_SIGNAL_HANDLER=1" ^
+  --test_env=TZDIR="%CD%\absl\time\internal\cctz\testdata\zoneinfo" ^
+  --test_output=errors ^
+  --test_tag_filters=-benchmark
+
+if %errorlevel% neq 0 EXIT /B 1
+EXIT /B 0
diff --git a/ci/windows_msvc_bazel.bat b/ci/windows_msvc_bazel.bat
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..11d9f350
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ci/windows_msvc_bazel.bat
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+:: Copyright 2023 The Abseil Authors
+::
+:: Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+:: you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+:: You may obtain a copy of the License at
+::
+::     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+::
+:: Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+:: distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+:: WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+:: See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+:: limitations under the License.
+
+SETLOCAL ENABLEDELAYEDEXPANSION
+
+:: Change directory to the root of the project.
+CD %~dp0\..
+if %errorlevel% neq 0 EXIT /B 1
+
+:: Set the standard version, [c++14|c++latest]
+:: https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/mt490614.aspx
+:: The default is c++14 if not set on command line.
+IF "%STD%"=="" SET STD=c++14
+
+:: Set the compilation_mode (fastbuild|opt|dbg)
+:: https://docs.bazel.build/versions/master/user-manual.html#flag--compilation_mode
+:: The default is fastbuild
+IF "%COMPILATION_MODE%"=="" SET COMPILATION_MODE=fastbuild
+
+:: Copy the alternate option file, if specified.
+IF NOT "%ALTERNATE_OPTIONS%"=="" copy %ALTERNATE_OPTIONS% absl\base\options.h
+
+:: To upgrade Bazel, first download a new binary from
+:: https://github.com/bazelbuild/bazel/releases and copy it to
+:: /google/data/rw/teams/absl/kokoro/windows.
+%KOKORO_GFILE_DIR%\bazel-5.1.1-windows-x86_64.exe ^
+  test ... ^
+  --compilation_mode=%COMPILATION_MODE% ^
+  --copt=/WX ^
+  --copt=/std:%STD% ^
+  --define=absl=1 ^
+  --distdir=%KOKORO_GFILE_DIR%\distdir ^
+  --features=external_include_paths ^
+  --keep_going ^
+  --test_env="GTEST_INSTALL_FAILURE_SIGNAL_HANDLER=1" ^
+  --test_env=TZDIR="%CD%\absl\time\internal\cctz\testdata\zoneinfo" ^
+  --test_output=errors ^
+  --test_tag_filters=-benchmark
+
+if %errorlevel% neq 0 EXIT /B 1
+EXIT /B 0
diff --git a/ci/windows_msvc_cmake.bat b/ci/windows_msvc_cmake.bat
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..743b6f79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ci/windows_msvc_cmake.bat
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+:: Copyright 2023 The Abseil Authors
+::
+:: Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+:: you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+:: You may obtain a copy of the License at
+::
+::     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+::
+:: Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+:: distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+:: WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+:: See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+:: limitations under the License.
+
+SETLOCAL ENABLEDELAYEDEXPANSION
+
+:: Use GoogleTest v1.14.0
+SET ABSL_GOOGLETEST_COMMIT=f8d7d77c06936315286eb55f8de22cd23c188571
+
+IF EXIST %KOKORO_GFILE_DIR%\distdir\%ABSL_GOOGLETEST_COMMIT%.zip (
+  SET ABSL_GOOGLETEST_DOWNLOAD_URL=file://%KOKORO_GFILE_DIR%\distdir\%ABSL_GOOGLETEST_COMMIT%.zip
+) ELSE (
+  SET ABSL_GOOGLETEST_DOWNLOAD_URL=https://github.com/google/googletest/archive/%ABSL_GOOGLETEST_COMMIT%.zip
+)
+
+:: Replace '\' with '/' in Windows paths for CMake.
+:: Note that this cannot go inside the IF block above, because BAT files are weird.
+SET ABSL_GOOGLETEST_DOWNLOAD_URL=%ABSL_GOOGLETEST_DOWNLOAD_URL:\=/%
+
+IF EXIST "C:\Program Files\CMake\bin\" (
+  SET CMAKE_BIN="C:\Program Files\CMake\bin\cmake.exe"
+  SET CTEST_BIN="C:\Program Files\CMake\bin\ctest.exe"
+) ELSE (
+  SET CMAKE_BIN="cmake.exe"
+  SET CTEST_BIN="ctest.exe"
+)
+
+SET CTEST_OUTPUT_ON_FAILURE=1
+SET CMAKE_BUILD_PARALLEL_LEVEL=16
+SET CTEST_PARALLEL_LEVEL=16
+
+:: Change directory to the root of the project.
+CD %~dp0\..
+if %errorlevel% neq 0 EXIT /B 1
+
+SET TZDIR=%CD%\absl\time\internal\cctz\testdata\zoneinfo
+
+MKDIR "build"
+CD "build"
+
+SET CXXFLAGS="/WX"
+
+%CMAKE_BIN% ^
+  -DABSL_BUILD_TEST_HELPERS=ON ^
+  -DABSL_BUILD_TESTING=ON ^
+  -DABSL_GOOGLETEST_DOWNLOAD_URL=%ABSL_GOOGLETEST_DOWNLOAD_URL% ^
+  -DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=%ABSL_CMAKE_BUILD_SHARED% ^
+  -DCMAKE_CXX_STANDARD=%ABSL_CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD% ^
+  -G "%ABSL_CMAKE_GENERATOR%" ^
+  ..
+IF %errorlevel% neq 0 EXIT /B 1
+
+%CMAKE_BIN% --build . --target ALL_BUILD --config %ABSL_CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE%
+IF %errorlevel% neq 0 EXIT /B 1
+
+%CTEST_BIN% -C %ABSL_CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE% -E "absl_lifetime_test|absl_symbolize_test"
+IF %errorlevel% neq 0 EXIT /B 1
+
+EXIT /B 0
diff --git a/conanfile.py b/conanfile.py
index 926ec5cc..4bbc62ee 100755
--- a/conanfile.py
+++ b/conanfile.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class AbseilConan(ConanFile):
             raise ConanInvalidConfiguration("Abseil does not support MSVC < 14")
 
     def build(self):
-        tools.replace_in_file("CMakeLists.txt", "project(absl CXX)", "project(absl CXX)\ninclude(conanbuildinfo.cmake)\nconan_basic_setup()")
+        tools.replace_in_file("CMakeLists.txt", "project(absl LANGUAGES CXX)", "project(absl LANGUAGES CXX)\ninclude(conanbuildinfo.cmake)\nconan_basic_setup()")
         cmake = CMake(self)
         cmake.definitions["BUILD_TESTING"] = False
         cmake.configure()
diff --git a/create_lts.py b/create_lts.py
index 56170806..642b8847 100755
--- a/create_lts.py
+++ b/create_lts.py
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ def ReplaceStringsInFile(filename, replacement_dict):
       values
 
   Raises:
-    Exception: A failure occured
+    Exception: A failure occurred
   """
   f = open(filename, 'r')
   content = f.read()
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ def StripContentBetweenTags(filename, strip_begin_tag, strip_end_tag):
     strip_end_tag: the end of the content to be removed
 
   Raises:
-    Exception: A failure occured
+    Exception: A failure occurred
   """
   f = open(filename, 'r')
   content = f.read()