Cherry-pick: ticket:12410: class Edits, class CaseMap with new low-level functions that work with Edits, simpler case properties code, some cleanup

This is the part of ICU changeset 39684 that affects the icu4j/
subdirectory, leaving the icu4c/ subdirectory unchanged:

http://bugs.icu-project.org/trac/changeset/39684

Bug: 19047649
Test: mmma libcore external/icu
Test: ant check
Test: CtsIcuTestCases
Test: CtsLibcoreOjTestCases
Test: CtsLibcoreTestCases

(cherry picked from commit 63cafec8b8cb135e7c06ef6b9fc8c128ed55b140)

Change-Id: I2280e0376253abe1af6671a02c9b1d056c099949

10 files changed, 1589 insertions, 355 deletions

diff --git a/icu4j/main/classes/core/src/com/ibm/icu/impl/CaseMap.java b/icu4j/main/classes/core/src/com/ibm/icu/impl/CaseMapImpl.java
index 0d1c259b9..f28e60ed5 100644
--- a/icu4j/main/classes/core/src/com/ibm/icu/impl/CaseMap.java
+++ b/icu4j/main/classes/core/src/com/ibm/icu/impl/CaseMapImpl.java
@@ -2,9 +2,14 @@
 // License & terms of use: http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html#License
 package com.ibm.icu.impl;
 
-import com.ibm.icu.util.ULocale;
+import java.io.IOException;
 
-public final class CaseMap {
+import com.ibm.icu.lang.UCharacter;
+import com.ibm.icu.text.BreakIterator;
+import com.ibm.icu.text.Edits;
+import com.ibm.icu.util.ICUUncheckedIOException;
+
+public final class CaseMapImpl {
     /**
      * Implementation of UCaseProps.ContextIterator, iterates over a String.
      * See ustrcase.c/utf16_caseContextIterator().
@@ -12,11 +17,11 @@ public final class CaseMap {
     public static final class StringContextIterator implements UCaseProps.ContextIterator {
         /**
          * Constructor.
-         * @param s String to iterate over.
+         * @param src String to iterate over.
          */
-        public StringContextIterator(String s) {
-            this.s=s;
-            limit=s.length();
+        public StringContextIterator(CharSequence src) {
+            this.s=src;
+            limit=src.length();
             cpStart=cpLimit=index=0;
             dir=0;
         }
@@ -60,7 +65,7 @@ public final class CaseMap {
         public int nextCaseMapCP() {
             cpStart=cpLimit;
             if(cpLimit<limit) {
-                int c=s.codePointAt(cpLimit);
+                int c=Character.codePointAt(s, cpLimit);
                 cpLimit+=Character.charCount(c);
                 return c;
             } else {
@@ -84,6 +89,10 @@ public final class CaseMap {
             return cpLimit;
         }
 
+        public int getCPLength() {
+            return cpLimit-cpStart;
+        }
+
         // implement UCaseProps.ContextIterator
         // The following code is not used anywhere in this private class
         @Override
@@ -108,11 +117,11 @@ public final class CaseMap {
             int c;
 
             if(dir>0 && index<s.length()) {
-                c=s.codePointAt(index);
+                c=Character.codePointAt(s, index);
                 index+=Character.charCount(c);
                 return c;
             } else if(dir<0 && index>0) {
-                c=s.codePointBefore(index);
+                c=Character.codePointBefore(s, index);
                 index-=Character.charCount(c);
                 return c;
             }
@@ -120,44 +129,242 @@ public final class CaseMap {
         }
 
         // variables
-        protected String s;
+        protected CharSequence s;
         protected int index, limit, cpStart, cpLimit;
         protected int dir; // 0=initial state  >0=forward  <0=backward
     }
 
-    /** Appends a full case mapping result, see {@link UCaseProps#MAX_STRING_LENGTH}. */
-    private static final void appendResult(int c, StringBuilder result) {
+    /**
+     * Omit unchanged text when case-mapping with Edits.
+     */
+    public static final int OMIT_UNCHANGED_TEXT = 0x4000;
+
+    private static int appendCodePoint(Appendable a, int c) throws IOException {
+        if (c <= Character.MAX_VALUE) {
+            a.append((char)c);
+            return 1;
+        } else {
+            a.append((char)(0xd7c0 + (c >> 10)));
+            a.append((char)(Character.MIN_LOW_SURROGATE + (c & 0x3ff)));
+            return 2;
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Appends a full case mapping result, see {@link UCaseProps#MAX_STRING_LENGTH}.
+     * @throws IOException
+     */
+    private static void appendResult(int result, Appendable dest,
+            int cpLength, int options, Edits edits) throws IOException {
         // Decode the result.
-        if (c < 0) {
+        if (result < 0) {
             // (not) original code point
-            result.appendCodePoint(~c);
-        } else if (c <= UCaseProps.MAX_STRING_LENGTH) {
+            if (edits != null) {
+                edits.addUnchanged(cpLength);
+                if ((options & OMIT_UNCHANGED_TEXT) != 0) {
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+            appendCodePoint(dest, ~result);
+        } else if (result <= UCaseProps.MAX_STRING_LENGTH) {
             // The mapping has already been appended to result.
+            if (edits != null) {
+                edits.addReplace(cpLength, result);
+            }
         } else {
             // Append the single-code point mapping.
-            result.appendCodePoint(c);
+            int length = appendCodePoint(dest, result);
+            if (edits != null) {
+                edits.addReplace(cpLength, length);
+            }
         }
     }
 
-    // TODO: Move the other string case mapping functions from UCharacter to here, too.
+    private static final void appendUnchanged(CharSequence src, int start, int length,
+            Appendable dest, int options, Edits edits) throws IOException {
+        if (length > 0) {
+            if (edits != null) {
+                edits.addUnchanged(length);
+                if ((options & OMIT_UNCHANGED_TEXT) != 0) {
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+            dest.append(src, start, start + length);
+        }
+    }
 
-    public static String toUpper(ULocale locale, String str) {
-        if (locale == null) {
-            locale = ULocale.getDefault();
+    private static void internalToLower(int caseLocale, int options, StringContextIterator iter,
+            Appendable dest, Edits edits) throws IOException {
+        int c;
+        while ((c = iter.nextCaseMapCP()) >= 0) {
+            c = UCaseProps.INSTANCE.toFullLower(c, iter, dest, caseLocale);
+            appendResult(c, dest, iter.getCPLength(), options, edits);
         }
-        int[] locCache = new int[] { UCaseProps.getCaseLocale(locale, null) };
-        if (locCache[0] == UCaseProps.LOC_GREEK) {
-            return GreekUpper.toUpper(str, locCache);
+    }
+
+    public static <A extends Appendable> A toLower(int caseLocale, int options,
+            CharSequence src, A dest, Edits edits) {
+        try {
+            if (edits != null) {
+                edits.reset();
+            }
+            StringContextIterator iter = new StringContextIterator(src);
+            internalToLower(caseLocale, options, iter, dest, edits);
+            return dest;
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new ICUUncheckedIOException(e);
         }
+    }
 
-        StringContextIterator iter = new StringContextIterator(str);
-        StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(str.length());
-        int c;
-        while((c=iter.nextCaseMapCP())>=0) {
-            c = UCaseProps.INSTANCE.toFullUpper(c, iter, result, locale, locCache);
-            appendResult(c, result);
+    public static <A extends Appendable> A toUpper(int caseLocale, int options,
+            CharSequence src, A dest, Edits edits) {
+        try {
+            if (edits != null) {
+                edits.reset();
+            }
+            if (caseLocale == UCaseProps.LOC_GREEK) {
+                return GreekUpper.toUpper(options, src, dest, edits);
+            }
+            StringContextIterator iter = new StringContextIterator(src);
+            int c;
+            while ((c = iter.nextCaseMapCP()) >= 0) {
+                c = UCaseProps.INSTANCE.toFullUpper(c, iter, dest, caseLocale);
+                appendResult(c, dest, iter.getCPLength(), options, edits);
+            }
+            return dest;
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new ICUUncheckedIOException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static <A extends Appendable> A toTitle(
+            int caseLocale, int options, BreakIterator titleIter,
+            CharSequence src, A dest, Edits edits) {
+        try {
+            if (edits != null) {
+                edits.reset();
+            }
+
+            /* set up local variables */
+            StringContextIterator iter = new StringContextIterator(src);
+            int srcLength = src.length();
+            int prev=0;
+            boolean isFirstIndex=true;
+
+            /* titlecasing loop */
+            while(prev<srcLength) {
+                /* find next index where to titlecase */
+                int index;
+                if(isFirstIndex) {
+                    isFirstIndex=false;
+                    index=titleIter.first();
+                } else {
+                    index=titleIter.next();
+                }
+                if(index==BreakIterator.DONE || index>srcLength) {
+                    index=srcLength;
+                }
+
+                /*
+                 * Unicode 4 & 5 section 3.13 Default Case Operations:
+                 *
+                 * R3  toTitlecase(X): Find the word boundaries based on Unicode Standard Annex
+                 * #29, "Text Boundaries." Between each pair of word boundaries, find the first
+                 * cased character F. If F exists, map F to default_title(F); then map each
+                 * subsequent character C to default_lower(C).
+                 *
+                 * In this implementation, segment [prev..index[ into 3 parts:
+                 * a) uncased characters (copy as-is) [prev..titleStart[
+                 * b) first case letter (titlecase)         [titleStart..titleLimit[
+                 * c) subsequent characters (lowercase)                 [titleLimit..index[
+                 */
+                if(prev<index) {
+                    // find and copy uncased characters [prev..titleStart[
+                    int titleStart=prev;
+                    iter.setLimit(index);
+                    int c=iter.nextCaseMapCP();
+                    if((options&UCharacter.TITLECASE_NO_BREAK_ADJUSTMENT)==0
+                            && UCaseProps.NONE==UCaseProps.INSTANCE.getType(c)) {
+                        // Adjust the titlecasing index (titleStart) to the next cased character.
+                        while((c=iter.nextCaseMapCP())>=0
+                                && UCaseProps.NONE==UCaseProps.INSTANCE.getType(c)) {}
+                        // If c<0 then we have only uncased characters in [prev..index[
+                        // and stopped with titleStart==titleLimit==index.
+                        titleStart=iter.getCPStart();
+                        appendUnchanged(src, prev, titleStart-prev, dest, options, edits);
+                    }
+
+                    if(titleStart<index) {
+                        int titleLimit=iter.getCPLimit();
+                        // titlecase c which is from [titleStart..titleLimit[
+                        c = UCaseProps.INSTANCE.toFullTitle(c, iter, dest, caseLocale);
+                        appendResult(c, dest, iter.getCPLength(), options, edits);
+
+                        // Special case Dutch IJ titlecasing
+                        if (titleStart+1 < index && caseLocale == UCaseProps.LOC_DUTCH) {
+                            char c1 = src.charAt(titleStart);
+                            if ((c1 == 'i' || c1 == 'I')) {
+                                char c2 = src.charAt(titleStart+1);
+                                if (c2 == 'j') {
+                                    dest.append('J');
+                                    if (edits != null) {
+                                        edits.addReplace(1, 1);
+                                    }
+                                    c = iter.nextCaseMapCP();
+                                    titleLimit++;
+                                    assert c == c2;
+                                    assert titleLimit == iter.getCPLimit();
+                                } else if (c2 == 'J') {
+                                    // Keep the capital J from getting lowercased.
+                                    appendUnchanged(src, titleStart + 1, 1, dest, options, edits);
+                                    c = iter.nextCaseMapCP();
+                                    titleLimit++;
+                                    assert c == c2;
+                                    assert titleLimit == iter.getCPLimit();
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+
+                        // lowercase [titleLimit..index[
+                        if(titleLimit<index) {
+                            if((options&UCharacter.TITLECASE_NO_LOWERCASE)==0) {
+                                // Normal operation: Lowercase the rest of the word.
+                                internalToLower(caseLocale, options, iter, dest, edits);
+                            } else {
+                                // Optionally just copy the rest of the word unchanged.
+                                appendUnchanged(src, titleLimit, index-titleLimit, dest, options, edits);
+                                iter.moveToLimit();
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                prev=index;
+            }
+            return dest;
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new ICUUncheckedIOException(e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static <A extends Appendable> A fold(int options,
+            CharSequence src, A dest, Edits edits) {
+        try {
+            if (edits != null) {
+                edits.reset();
+            }
+            int length = src.length();
+            for (int i = 0; i < length;) {
+                int c = Character.codePointAt(src, i);
+                int cpLength = Character.charCount(c);
+                i += cpLength;
+                c = UCaseProps.INSTANCE.toFullFolding(c, dest, options);
+                appendResult(c, dest, cpLength, options, edits);
+            }
+            return dest;
+        } catch (IOException e) {
+            throw new ICUUncheckedIOException(e);
         }
-        return result.toString();
     }
 
     private static final class GreekUpper {
@@ -661,12 +868,13 @@ public final class CaseMap {
          * TODO: Try to re-consolidate one way or another with the non-Greek function.
          *
          * <p>Keep this consistent with the C++ versions in ustrcase.cpp (UTF-16) and ucasemap.cpp (UTF-8).
+         * @throws IOException
          */
-        private static String toUpper(CharSequence s, int[] locCache) {
-            StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(s.length());
+        private static <A extends Appendable> A toUpper(int options,
+                CharSequence src, A dest, Edits edits) throws IOException {
             int state = 0;
-            for (int i = 0; i < s.length();) {
-                int c = Character.codePointAt(s, i);
+            for (int i = 0; i < src.length();) {
+                int c = Character.codePointAt(src, i);
                 int nextIndex = i + Character.charCount(c);
                 int nextState = 0;
                 int type = UCaseProps.INSTANCE.getTypeOrIgnorable(c);
@@ -695,8 +903,8 @@ public final class CaseMap {
                         numYpogegrammeni = 1;
                     }
                     // Skip combining diacritics after this Greek letter.
-                    while (nextIndex < s.length()) {
-                        int diacriticData = getDiacriticData(s.charAt(nextIndex));
+                    while (nextIndex < src.length()) {
+                        int diacriticData = getDiacriticData(src.charAt(nextIndex));
                         if (diacriticData != 0) {
                             data |= diacriticData;
                             if ((diacriticData & HAS_YPOGEGRAMMENI) != 0) {
@@ -716,7 +924,7 @@ public final class CaseMap {
                             (data & HAS_ACCENT) != 0 &&
                             numYpogegrammeni == 0 &&
                             (state & AFTER_CASED) == 0 &&
-                            !isFollowedByCasedLetter(s, nextIndex)) {
+                            !isFollowedByCasedLetter(src, nextIndex)) {
                         // Keep disjunctive "or" with (only) a tonos.
                         // We use the same "word boundary" conditions as for the Final_Sigma test.
                         if (i == nextIndex) {
@@ -734,25 +942,59 @@ public final class CaseMap {
                             data &= ~HAS_EITHER_DIALYTIKA;
                         }
                     }
-                    result.appendCodePoint(upper);
-                    if ((data & HAS_EITHER_DIALYTIKA) != 0) {
-                        result.append('\u0308');  // restore or add a dialytika
-                    }
-                    if (addTonos) {
-                        result.append('\u0301');
+
+                    boolean change;
+                    if (edits == null) {
+                        change = true;  // common, simple usage
+                    } else {
+                        // Find out first whether we are changing the text.
+                        change = src.charAt(i) != upper || numYpogegrammeni > 0;
+                        int i2 = i + 1;
+                        if ((data & HAS_EITHER_DIALYTIKA) != 0) {
+                            change |= i2 >= nextIndex || src.charAt(i2) != 0x308;
+                            ++i2;
+                        }
+                        if (addTonos) {
+                            change |= i2 >= nextIndex || src.charAt(i2) != 0x301;
+                            ++i2;
+                        }
+                        int oldLength = nextIndex - i;
+                        int newLength = (i2 - i) + numYpogegrammeni;
+                        change |= oldLength != newLength;
+                        if (change) {
+                            if (edits != null) {
+                                edits.addReplace(oldLength, newLength);
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            if (edits != null) {
+                                edits.addUnchanged(oldLength);
+                            }
+                            // Write unchanged text?
+                            change = (options & OMIT_UNCHANGED_TEXT) == 0;
+                        }
                     }
-                    while (numYpogegrammeni > 0) {
-                        result.append('Ι');
-                        --numYpogegrammeni;
+
+                    if (change) {
+                        dest.append((char)upper);
+                        if ((data & HAS_EITHER_DIALYTIKA) != 0) {
+                            dest.append('\u0308');  // restore or add a dialytika
+                        }
+                        if (addTonos) {
+                            dest.append('\u0301');
+                        }
+                        while (numYpogegrammeni > 0) {
+                            dest.append('Ι');
+                            --numYpogegrammeni;
+                        }
                     }
                 } else {
-                    c = UCaseProps.INSTANCE.toFullUpper(c, null, result, null, locCache);
-                    appendResult(c, result);
+                    c = UCaseProps.INSTANCE.toFullUpper(c, null, dest, UCaseProps.LOC_GREEK);
+                    appendResult(c, dest, nextIndex - i, options, edits);
                 }
                 i = nextIndex;
                 state = nextState;
             }
-            return result.toString();
+            return dest;
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/icu4j/main/classes/core/src/com/ibm/icu/impl/UCaseProps.java b/icu4j/main/classes/core/src/com/ibm/icu/impl/UCaseProps.java
index 927cdc03c..6b5619d23 100644
--- a/icu4j/main/classes/core/src/com/ibm/icu/impl/UCaseProps.java
+++ b/icu4j/main/classes/core/src/com/ibm/icu/impl/UCaseProps.java
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ package com.ibm.icu.impl;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
 import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.Locale;
 
 import com.ibm.icu.lang.UCharacter;
 import com.ibm.icu.lang.UProperty;
@@ -71,7 +72,7 @@ public final class UCaseProps {
         // read exceptions[]
         count=indexes[IX_EXC_LENGTH];
         if(count>0) {
-            exceptions=ICUBinary.getChars(bytes, count, 0);
+            exceptions=ICUBinary.getString(bytes, count, 0);
         }
 
         // read unfold[]
@@ -150,7 +151,7 @@ public final class UCaseProps {
      *
      * @param excWord (in) initial exceptions word
      * @param index (in) desired slot index
-     * @param excOffset (in) offset into exceptions[] after excWord=exceptions[excOffset++];
+     * @param excOffset (in) offset into exceptions[] after excWord=exceptions.charAt(excOffset++);
      * @return bits 31..0: slot value
      *             63..32: modified excOffset, moved to the last char of the value, use +1 for beginning of next slot
      */
@@ -158,11 +159,11 @@ public final class UCaseProps {
         long value;
         if((excWord&EXC_DOUBLE_SLOTS)==0) {
             excOffset+=slotOffset(excWord, index);
-            value=exceptions[excOffset];
+            value=exceptions.charAt(excOffset);
         } else {
             excOffset+=2*slotOffset(excWord, index);
-            value=exceptions[excOffset++];
-            value=(value<<16)|exceptions[excOffset];
+            value=exceptions.charAt(excOffset++);
+            value=(value<<16)|exceptions.charAt(excOffset);
         }
         return value |((long)excOffset<<32);
     }
@@ -172,11 +173,11 @@ public final class UCaseProps {
         int value;
         if((excWord&EXC_DOUBLE_SLOTS)==0) {
             excOffset+=slotOffset(excWord, index);
-            value=exceptions[excOffset];
+            value=exceptions.charAt(excOffset);
         } else {
             excOffset+=2*slotOffset(excWord, index);
-            value=exceptions[excOffset++];
-            value=(value<<16)|exceptions[excOffset];
+            value=exceptions.charAt(excOffset++);
+            value=(value<<16)|exceptions.charAt(excOffset);
         }
         return value;
     }
@@ -191,7 +192,7 @@ public final class UCaseProps {
             }
         } else {
             int excOffset=getExceptionsOffset(props);
-            int excWord=exceptions[excOffset++];
+            int excWord=exceptions.charAt(excOffset++);
             if(hasSlot(excWord, EXC_LOWER)) {
                 c=getSlotValue(excWord, EXC_LOWER, excOffset);
             }
@@ -207,7 +208,7 @@ public final class UCaseProps {
             }
         } else {
             int excOffset=getExceptionsOffset(props);
-            int excWord=exceptions[excOffset++];
+            int excWord=exceptions.charAt(excOffset++);
             if(hasSlot(excWord, EXC_UPPER)) {
                 c=getSlotValue(excWord, EXC_UPPER, excOffset);
             }
@@ -223,7 +224,7 @@ public final class UCaseProps {
             }
         } else {
             int excOffset=getExceptionsOffset(props);
-            int excWord=exceptions[excOffset++];
+            int excWord=exceptions.charAt(excOffset++);
             int index;
             if(hasSlot(excWord, EXC_TITLE)) {
                 index=EXC_TITLE;
@@ -291,7 +292,7 @@ public final class UCaseProps {
              */
             int excOffset0, excOffset=getExceptionsOffset(props);
             int closureOffset;
-            int excWord=exceptions[excOffset++];
+            int excWord=exceptions.charAt(excOffset++);
             int index, closureLength, fullLength, length;
 
             excOffset0=excOffset;
@@ -334,7 +335,7 @@ public final class UCaseProps {
                 /* add the full case folding string */
                 length=fullLength&0xf;
                 if(length!=0) {
-                    set.add(new String(exceptions, excOffset, length));
+                    set.add(exceptions.substring(excOffset, excOffset+length));
                     excOffset+=length;
                 }
 
@@ -348,8 +349,9 @@ public final class UCaseProps {
             }
 
             /* add each code point in the closure string */
-            for(index=0; index<closureLength; index+=UTF16.getCharCount(c)) {
-                c=UTF16.charAt(exceptions, closureOffset, exceptions.length, index);
+            int limit=closureOffset+closureLength;
+            for(index=closureOffset; index<limit; index+=UTF16.getCharCount(c)) {
+                c=exceptions.codePointAt(index);
                 set.add(c);
             }
         }
@@ -468,7 +470,7 @@ public final class UCaseProps {
         if(!propsHasException(props)) {
             return props&DOT_MASK;
         } else {
-            return (exceptions[getExceptionsOffset(props)]>>EXC_DOT_SHIFT)&DOT_MASK;
+            return (exceptions.charAt(getExceptionsOffset(props))>>EXC_DOT_SHIFT)&DOT_MASK;
         }
     }
 
@@ -605,38 +607,49 @@ public final class UCaseProps {
      */
     public static final int MAX_STRING_LENGTH=0x1f;
 
-    private static final int LOC_UNKNOWN=0;
-    private static final int LOC_ROOT=1;
+    //ivate static final int LOC_UNKNOWN=0;
+    public static final int LOC_ROOT=1;
     private static final int LOC_TURKISH=2;
     private static final int LOC_LITHUANIAN=3;
     static final int LOC_GREEK=4;
+    public static final int LOC_DUTCH=5;
 
-    /*
-     * Checks and caches the type of locale ID as it is relevant for case mapping.
-     * If the locCache is not null, then it must be initialized with locCache[0]=0 .
-     */
-    static final int getCaseLocale(ULocale locale, int[] locCache) {
-        int result;
-
-        if(locCache!=null && (result=locCache[0])!=LOC_UNKNOWN) {
-            return result;
-        }
-
-        result=LOC_ROOT;
-
-        String language=locale.getLanguage();
-        if(language.equals("tr") || language.equals("tur") || language.equals("az") || language.equals("aze")) {
-            result=LOC_TURKISH;
-        } else if(language.equals("el") || language.equals("ell")) {
-            result=LOC_GREEK;
-        } else if(language.equals("lt") || language.equals("lit")) {
-            result=LOC_LITHUANIAN;
-        }
-
-        if(locCache!=null) {
-            locCache[0]=result;
+    public static final int getCaseLocale(Locale locale) {
+        return getCaseLocale(locale.getLanguage());
+    }
+    public static final int getCaseLocale(ULocale locale) {
+        return getCaseLocale(locale.getLanguage());
+    }
+    /** Accepts both 2- and 3-letter language subtags. */
+    private static final int getCaseLocale(String language) {
+        // Check the subtag length to reduce the number of comparisons
+        // for locales without special behavior.
+        // Fastpath for English "en" which is often used for default (=root locale) case mappings,
+        // and for Chinese "zh": Very common but no special case mapping behavior.
+        if(language.length()==2) {
+            if(language.equals("en") || language.charAt(0)>'t') {
+                return LOC_ROOT;
+            } else if(language.equals("tr") || language.equals("az")) {
+                return LOC_TURKISH;
+            } else if(language.equals("el")) {
+                return LOC_GREEK;
+            } else if(language.equals("lt")) {
+                return LOC_LITHUANIAN;
+            } else if(language.equals("nl")) {
+                return LOC_DUTCH;
+            }
+        } else if(language.length()==3) {
+            if(language.equals("tur") || language.equals("aze")) {
+                return LOC_TURKISH;
+            } else if(language.equals("ell")) {
+                return LOC_GREEK;
+            } else if(language.equals("lit")) {
+                return LOC_LITHUANIAN;
+            } else if(language.equals("nld")) {
+                return LOC_DUTCH;
+            }
         }
-        return result;
+        return LOC_ROOT;
     }
 
     /* Is followed by {case-ignorable}* cased  ? (dir determines looking forward/backward) */
@@ -797,19 +810,14 @@ public final class UCaseProps {
      *             See ContextIterator for details.
      *             If iter==null then a context-independent result is returned.
      * @param out If the mapping result is a string, then it is appended to out.
-     * @param locale Locale ID for locale-dependent mappings.
-     * @param locCache Initialize locCache[0] to 0; may be used to cache the result of parsing
-     *                 the locale ID for subsequent calls.
-     *                 Can be null.
+     * @param caseLocale Case locale value from ucase_getCaseLocale().
      * @return Output code point or string length, see MAX_STRING_LENGTH.
      *
      * @see ContextIterator
      * @see #MAX_STRING_LENGTH
      * @internal
      */
-    public final int toFullLower(int c, ContextIterator iter,
-                                 StringBuilder out,
-                                 ULocale locale, int[] locCache) {
+    public final int toFullLower(int c, ContextIterator iter, Appendable out, int caseLocale) {
         int result, props;
 
         result=c;
@@ -820,22 +828,20 @@ public final class UCaseProps {
             }
         } else {
             int excOffset=getExceptionsOffset(props), excOffset2;
-            int excWord=exceptions[excOffset++];
+            int excWord=exceptions.charAt(excOffset++);
             int full;
 
             excOffset2=excOffset;
 
             if((excWord&EXC_CONDITIONAL_SPECIAL)!=0) {
                 /* use hardcoded conditions and mappings */
-                int loc=getCaseLocale(locale, locCache);
-
                 /*
                  * Test for conditional mappings first
                  *   (otherwise the unconditional default mappings are always taken),
                  * then test for characters that have unconditional mappings in SpecialCasing.txt,
                  * then get the UnicodeData.txt mappings.
                  */
-                if( loc==LOC_LITHUANIAN &&
+                if( caseLocale==LOC_LITHUANIAN &&
                         /* base characters, find accents above */
                         (((c==0x49 || c==0x4a || c==0x12e) &&
                             isFollowedByMoreAbove(iter)) ||
@@ -858,30 +864,34 @@ public final class UCaseProps {
                         00CD; 0069 0307 0301; 00CD; 00CD; lt; # LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH ACUTE
                         0128; 0069 0307 0303; 0128; 0128; lt; # LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH TILDE
                      */
-                    switch(c) {
-                    case 0x49:  /* LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I */
-                        out.append(iDot);
-                        return 2;
-                    case 0x4a:  /* LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J */
-                        out.append(jDot);
-                        return 2;
-                    case 0x12e: /* LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH OGONEK */
-                        out.append(iOgonekDot);
-                        return 2;
-                    case 0xcc:  /* LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH GRAVE */
-                        out.append(iDotGrave);
-                        return 3;
-                    case 0xcd:  /* LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH ACUTE */
-                        out.append(iDotAcute);
-                        return 3;
-                    case 0x128: /* LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH TILDE */
-                        out.append(iDotTilde);
-                        return 3;
-                    default:
-                        return 0; /* will not occur */
+                    try {
+                        switch(c) {
+                        case 0x49:  /* LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I */
+                            out.append(iDot);
+                            return 2;
+                        case 0x4a:  /* LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J */
+                            out.append(jDot);
+                            return 2;
+                        case 0x12e: /* LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH OGONEK */
+                            out.append(iOgonekDot);
+                            return 2;
+                        case 0xcc:  /* LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH GRAVE */
+                            out.append(iDotGrave);
+                            return 3;
+                        case 0xcd:  /* LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH ACUTE */
+                            out.append(iDotAcute);
+                            return 3;
+                        case 0x128: /* LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH TILDE */
+                            out.append(iDotTilde);
+                            return 3;
+                        default:
+                            return 0; /* will not occur */
+                        }
+                    } catch (IOException e) {
+                        throw new ICUUncheckedIOException(e);
                     }
                 /* # Turkish and Azeri */
-                } else if(loc==LOC_TURKISH && c==0x130) {
+                } else if(caseLocale==LOC_TURKISH && c==0x130) {
                     /*
                         # I and i-dotless; I-dot and i are case pairs in Turkish and Azeri
                         # The following rules handle those cases.
@@ -890,7 +900,7 @@ public final class UCaseProps {
                         0130; 0069; 0130; 0130; az # LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DOT ABOVE
                      */
                     return 0x69;
-                } else if(loc==LOC_TURKISH && c==0x307 && isPrecededBy_I(iter)) {
+                } else if(caseLocale==LOC_TURKISH && c==0x307 && isPrecededBy_I(iter)) {
                     /*
                         # When lowercasing, remove dot_above in the sequence I + dot_above, which will turn into i.
                         # This matches the behavior of the canonically equivalent I-dot_above
@@ -899,7 +909,7 @@ public final class UCaseProps {
                         0307; ; 0307; 0307; az After_I; # COMBINING DOT ABOVE
                      */
                     return 0; /* remove the dot (continue without output) */
-                } else if(loc==LOC_TURKISH && c==0x49 && !isFollowedByDotAbove(iter)) {
+                } else if(caseLocale==LOC_TURKISH && c==0x49 && !isFollowedByDotAbove(iter)) {
                     /*
                         # When lowercasing, unless an I is before a dot_above, it turns into a dotless i.
 
@@ -913,8 +923,12 @@ public final class UCaseProps {
 
                         0130; 0069 0307; 0130; 0130; # LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DOT ABOVE
                      */
-                    out.append(iDot);
-                    return 2;
+                    try {
+                        out.append(iDot);
+                        return 2;
+                    } catch (IOException e) {
+                        throw new ICUUncheckedIOException(e);
+                    }
                 } else if(  c==0x3a3 &&
                             !isFollowedByCasedLetter(iter, 1) &&
                             isFollowedByCasedLetter(iter, -1) /* -1=preceded */
@@ -936,11 +950,15 @@ public final class UCaseProps {
                     /* start of full case mapping strings */
                     excOffset=(int)(value>>32)+1;
 
-                    /* set the output pointer to the lowercase mapping */
-                    out.append(exceptions, excOffset, full);
+                    try {
+                        // append the lowercase mapping
+                        out.append(exceptions, excOffset, excOffset+full);
 
-                    /* return the string length */
-                    return full;
+                        /* return the string length */
+                        return full;
+                    } catch (IOException e) {
+                        throw new ICUUncheckedIOException(e);
+                    }
                 }
             }
 
@@ -954,8 +972,8 @@ public final class UCaseProps {
 
     /* internal */
     private final int toUpperOrTitle(int c, ContextIterator iter,
-                                     StringBuilder out,
-                                     ULocale locale, int[] locCache,
+                                     Appendable out,
+                                     int loc,
                                      boolean upperNotTitle) {
         int result;
         int props;
@@ -968,15 +986,13 @@ public final class UCaseProps {
             }
         } else {
             int excOffset=getExceptionsOffset(props), excOffset2;
-            int excWord=exceptions[excOffset++];
+            int excWord=exceptions.charAt(excOffset++);
             int full, index;
 
             excOffset2=excOffset;
 
             if((excWord&EXC_CONDITIONAL_SPECIAL)!=0) {
                 /* use hardcoded conditions and mappings */
-                int loc=getCaseLocale(locale, locCache);
-
                 if(loc==LOC_TURKISH && c==0x69) {
                     /*
                         # Turkish and Azeri
@@ -1026,11 +1042,15 @@ public final class UCaseProps {
                 }
 
                 if(full!=0) {
-                    /* set the output pointer to the result string */
-                    out.append(exceptions, excOffset, full);
-
-                    /* return the string length */
-                    return full;
+                    try {
+                        // append the result string
+                        out.append(exceptions, excOffset, excOffset+full);
+
+                        /* return the string length */
+                        return full;
+                    } catch (IOException e) {
+                        throw new ICUUncheckedIOException(e);
+                    }
                 }
             }
 
@@ -1049,15 +1069,15 @@ public final class UCaseProps {
     }
 
     public final int toFullUpper(int c, ContextIterator iter,
-                                 StringBuilder out,
-                                 ULocale locale, int[] locCache) {
-        return toUpperOrTitle(c, iter, out, locale, locCache, true);
+                                 Appendable out,
+                                 int caseLocale) {
+        return toUpperOrTitle(c, iter, out, caseLocale, true);
     }
 
     public final int toFullTitle(int c, ContextIterator iter,
-                                 StringBuilder out,
-                                 ULocale locale, int[] locCache) {
-        return toUpperOrTitle(c, iter, out, locale, locCache, false);
+                                 Appendable out,
+                                 int caseLocale) {
+        return toUpperOrTitle(c, iter, out, caseLocale, false);
     }
 
     /* case folding ------------------------------------------------------------- */
@@ -1117,7 +1137,7 @@ public final class UCaseProps {
             }
         } else {
             int excOffset=getExceptionsOffset(props);
-            int excWord=exceptions[excOffset++];
+            int excWord=exceptions.charAt(excOffset++);
             int index;
             if((excWord&EXC_CONDITIONAL_FOLD)!=0) {
                 /* special case folding mappings, hardcoded */
@@ -1168,7 +1188,7 @@ public final class UCaseProps {
      * together in a way that they still fold to common result strings.
      */
 
-    public final int toFullFolding(int c, StringBuilder out, int options) {
+    public final int toFullFolding(int c, Appendable out, int options) {
         int result;
         int props;
 
@@ -1180,7 +1200,7 @@ public final class UCaseProps {
             }
         } else {
             int excOffset=getExceptionsOffset(props), excOffset2;
-            int excWord=exceptions[excOffset++];
+            int excWord=exceptions.charAt(excOffset++);
             int full, index;
 
             excOffset2=excOffset;
@@ -1194,8 +1214,12 @@ public final class UCaseProps {
                         return 0x69;
                     } else if(c==0x130) {
                         /* 0130; F; 0069 0307; # LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DOT ABOVE */
-                        out.append(iDot);
-                        return 2;
+                        try {
+                            out.append(iDot);
+                            return 2;
+                        } catch (IOException e) {
+                            throw new ICUUncheckedIOException(e);
+                        }
                     }
                 } else {
                     /* Turkic mappings */
@@ -1219,11 +1243,15 @@ public final class UCaseProps {
                 full=(full>>4)&0xf;
 
                 if(full!=0) {
-                    /* set the output pointer to the result string */
-                    out.append(exceptions, excOffset, full);
-
-                    /* return the string length */
-                    return full;
+                    try {
+                        // append the result string
+                        out.append(exceptions, excOffset, excOffset+full);
+
+                        /* return the string length */
+                        return full;
+                    } catch (IOException e) {
+                        throw new ICUUncheckedIOException(e);
+                    }
                 }
             }
 
@@ -1242,7 +1270,6 @@ public final class UCaseProps {
 
     /* case mapping properties API ---------------------------------------------- */
 
-    private static final int[] rootLocCache = { LOC_ROOT };
     /*
      * We need a StringBuilder for multi-code point output from the
      * full case mapping functions. However, we do not actually use that output,
@@ -1282,20 +1309,20 @@ public final class UCaseProps {
          */
         case UProperty.CHANGES_WHEN_LOWERCASED:
             dummyStringBuilder.setLength(0);
-            return toFullLower(c, null, dummyStringBuilder, ULocale.ROOT, rootLocCache)>=0;
+            return toFullLower(c, null, dummyStringBuilder, LOC_ROOT)>=0;
         case UProperty.CHANGES_WHEN_UPPERCASED:
             dummyStringBuilder.setLength(0);
-            return toFullUpper(c, null, dummyStringBuilder, ULocale.ROOT, rootLocCache)>=0;
+            return toFullUpper(c, null, dummyStringBuilder, LOC_ROOT)>=0;
         case UProperty.CHANGES_WHEN_TITLECASED:
             dummyStringBuilder.setLength(0);
-            return toFullTitle(c, null, dummyStringBuilder, ULocale.ROOT, rootLocCache)>=0;
+            return toFullTitle(c, null, dummyStringBuilder, LOC_ROOT)>=0;
         /* case UProperty.CHANGES_WHEN_CASEFOLDED: -- in UCharacterProperty.java */
         case UProperty.CHANGES_WHEN_CASEMAPPED:
             dummyStringBuilder.setLength(0);
             return
-                toFullLower(c, null, dummyStringBuilder, ULocale.ROOT, rootLocCache)>=0 ||
-                toFullUpper(c, null, dummyStringBuilder, ULocale.ROOT, rootLocCache)>=0 ||
-                toFullTitle(c, null, dummyStringBuilder, ULocale.ROOT, rootLocCache)>=0;
+                toFullLower(c, null, dummyStringBuilder, LOC_ROOT)>=0 ||
+                toFullUpper(c, null, dummyStringBuilder, LOC_ROOT)>=0 ||
+                toFullTitle(c, null, dummyStringBuilder, LOC_ROOT)>=0;
         default:
             return false;
         }
@@ -1303,7 +1330,7 @@ public final class UCaseProps {
 
     // data members -------------------------------------------------------- ***
     private int indexes[];
-    private char exceptions[];
+    private String exceptions;
     private char unfold[];
 
     private Trie2_16 trie;
diff --git a/icu4j/main/classes/core/src/com/ibm/icu/lang/UCharacter.java b/icu4j/main/classes/core/src/com/ibm/icu/lang/UCharacter.java
index 40fecc7b1..65cebb36a 100644
--- a/icu4j/main/classes/core/src/com/ibm/icu/lang/UCharacter.java
+++ b/icu4j/main/classes/core/src/com/ibm/icu/lang/UCharacter.java
@@ -15,8 +15,7 @@ import java.util.Iterator;
 import java.util.Locale;
 import java.util.Map;
 
-import com.ibm.icu.impl.CaseMap;
-import com.ibm.icu.impl.CaseMap.StringContextIterator;
+import com.ibm.icu.impl.CaseMapImpl;
 import com.ibm.icu.impl.IllegalIcuArgumentException;
 import com.ibm.icu.impl.Trie2;
 import com.ibm.icu.impl.UBiDiProps;
@@ -29,6 +28,7 @@ import com.ibm.icu.impl.UPropertyAliases;
 import com.ibm.icu.lang.UCharacterEnums.ECharacterCategory;
 import com.ibm.icu.lang.UCharacterEnums.ECharacterDirection;
 import com.ibm.icu.text.BreakIterator;
+import com.ibm.icu.text.Edits;
 import com.ibm.icu.text.Normalizer2;
 import com.ibm.icu.util.RangeValueIterator;
 import com.ibm.icu.util.ULocale;
@@ -4875,7 +4875,7 @@ public final class UCharacter implements ECharacterCategory, ECharacterDirection
      */
     public static String toUpperCase(String str)
     {
-        return toUpperCase(ULocale.getDefault(), str);
+        return toUpperCase(getDefaultCaseLocale(), str);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -4887,7 +4887,7 @@ public final class UCharacter implements ECharacterCategory, ECharacterDirection
      */
     public static String toLowerCase(String str)
     {
-        return toLowerCase(ULocale.getDefault(), str);
+        return toLowerCase(getDefaultCaseLocale(), str);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -4910,7 +4910,94 @@ public final class UCharacter implements ECharacterCategory, ECharacterDirection
      */
     public static String toTitleCase(String str, BreakIterator breakiter)
     {
-        return toTitleCase(ULocale.getDefault(), str, breakiter);
+        return toTitleCase(Locale.getDefault(), str, breakiter, 0);
+    }
+
+    private static int getDefaultCaseLocale() {
+        return UCaseProps.getCaseLocale(Locale.getDefault());
+    }
+
+    private static int getCaseLocale(Locale locale) {
+        if (locale == null) {
+            locale = Locale.getDefault();
+        }
+        return UCaseProps.getCaseLocale(locale);
+    }
+
+    private static int getCaseLocale(ULocale locale) {
+        if (locale == null) {
+            locale = ULocale.getDefault();
+        }
+        return UCaseProps.getCaseLocale(locale);
+    }
+
+    private static String toLowerCase(int caseLocale, String str) {
+        if (str.length() <= 100) {
+            if (str.isEmpty()) {
+                return str;
+            }
+            // Collect and apply only changes.
+            // Good if no or few changes. Bad (slow) if many changes.
+            Edits edits = new Edits();
+            StringBuilder replacementChars = CaseMapImpl.toLower(
+                    caseLocale, CaseMapImpl.OMIT_UNCHANGED_TEXT, str, new StringBuilder(), edits);
+            return applyEdits(str, replacementChars, edits);
+        } else {
+            return CaseMapImpl.toLower(caseLocale, 0, str,
+                    new StringBuilder(str.length()), null).toString();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static String toUpperCase(int caseLocale, String str) {
+        if (str.length() <= 100) {
+            if (str.isEmpty()) {
+                return str;
+            }
+            // Collect and apply only changes.
+            // Good if no or few changes. Bad (slow) if many changes.
+            Edits edits = new Edits();
+            StringBuilder replacementChars = CaseMapImpl.toUpper(
+                    caseLocale, CaseMapImpl.OMIT_UNCHANGED_TEXT, str, new StringBuilder(), edits);
+            return applyEdits(str, replacementChars, edits);
+        } else {
+            return CaseMapImpl.toUpper(caseLocale, 0, str,
+                    new StringBuilder(str.length()), null).toString();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static String toTitleCase(int caseLocale, int options, BreakIterator titleIter, String str) {
+        if (str.length() <= 100) {
+            if (str.isEmpty()) {
+                return str;
+            }
+            // Collect and apply only changes.
+            // Good if no or few changes. Bad (slow) if many changes.
+            Edits edits = new Edits();
+            StringBuilder replacementChars = CaseMapImpl.toTitle(
+                    caseLocale, options | CaseMapImpl.OMIT_UNCHANGED_TEXT, titleIter, str,
+                    new StringBuilder(), edits);
+            return applyEdits(str, replacementChars, edits);
+        } else {
+            return CaseMapImpl.toTitle(caseLocale, options, titleIter, str,
+                    new StringBuilder(str.length()), null).toString();
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static String applyEdits(String str, StringBuilder replacementChars, Edits edits) {
+        if (!edits.hasChanges()) {
+            return str;
+        }
+        StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(str.length() + edits.lengthDelta());
+        for (Edits.Iterator ei = edits.getCoarseIterator(); ei.next();) {
+            if (ei.hasChange()) {
+                int i = ei.replacementIndex();
+                result.append(replacementChars, i, i + ei.newLength());
+            } else {
+                int i = ei.sourceIndex();
+                result.append(str, i, i + ei.oldLength());
+            }
+        }
+        return result.toString();
     }
 
     /**
@@ -4923,7 +5010,7 @@ public final class UCharacter implements ECharacterCategory, ECharacterDirection
      */
     public static String toUpperCase(Locale locale, String str)
     {
-        return toUpperCase(ULocale.forLocale(locale), str);
+        return toUpperCase(getCaseLocale(locale), str);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -4935,7 +5022,7 @@ public final class UCharacter implements ECharacterCategory, ECharacterDirection
      * @stable ICU 3.2
      */
     public static String toUpperCase(ULocale locale, String str) {
-        return CaseMap.toUpper(locale, str);
+        return toUpperCase(getCaseLocale(locale), str);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -4948,7 +5035,7 @@ public final class UCharacter implements ECharacterCategory, ECharacterDirection
      */
     public static String toLowerCase(Locale locale, String str)
     {
-        return toLowerCase(ULocale.forLocale(locale), str);
+        return toLowerCase(getCaseLocale(locale), str);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -4960,31 +5047,7 @@ public final class UCharacter implements ECharacterCategory, ECharacterDirection
      * @stable ICU 3.2
      */
     public static String toLowerCase(ULocale locale, String str) {
-        StringContextIterator iter = new StringContextIterator(str);
-        StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(str.length());
-        int[] locCache = new int[1];
-        int c;
-
-        if (locale == null) {
-            locale = ULocale.getDefault();
-        }
-        locCache[0]=0;
-
-        while((c=iter.nextCaseMapCP())>=0) {
-            c = UCaseProps.INSTANCE.toFullLower(c, iter, result, locale, locCache);
-
-            /* decode the result */
-            if(c<0) {
-                /* (not) original code point */
-                c=~c;
-            } else if(c<=UCaseProps.MAX_STRING_LENGTH) {
-                /* mapping already appended to result */
-                continue;
-                /* } else { append single-code point mapping */
-            }
-            result.appendCodePoint(c);
-        }
-        return result.toString();
+        return toLowerCase(getCaseLocale(locale), str);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -5009,7 +5072,7 @@ public final class UCharacter implements ECharacterCategory, ECharacterDirection
     public static String toTitleCase(Locale locale, String str,
             BreakIterator breakiter)
     {
-        return toTitleCase(ULocale.forLocale(locale), str, breakiter);
+        return toTitleCase(locale, str, breakiter, 0);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -5059,126 +5122,15 @@ public final class UCharacter implements ECharacterCategory, ECharacterDirection
      * @see #TITLECASE_NO_BREAK_ADJUSTMENT
      */
     public static String toTitleCase(ULocale locale, String str,
-            BreakIterator titleIter,
-            int options) {
-        StringContextIterator iter = new StringContextIterator(str);
-        StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(str.length());
-        int[] locCache = new int[1];
-        int c, nc, srcLength = str.length();
-
-        if (locale == null) {
-            locale = ULocale.getDefault();
-        }
-        locCache[0]=0;
-
+            BreakIterator titleIter, int options) {
         if(titleIter == null) {
+            if (locale == null) {
+                locale = ULocale.getDefault();
+            }
             titleIter = BreakIterator.getWordInstance(locale);
         }
         titleIter.setText(str);
-
-        int prev, titleStart, index;
-        boolean isFirstIndex;
-        boolean isDutch = locale.getLanguage().equals("nl");
-        boolean FirstIJ = true;
-
-        /* set up local variables */
-        prev=0;
-        isFirstIndex=true;
-
-        /* titlecasing loop */
-        while(prev<srcLength) {
-            /* find next index where to titlecase */
-            if(isFirstIndex) {
-                isFirstIndex=false;
-                index=titleIter.first();
-            } else {
-                index=titleIter.next();
-            }
-            if(index==BreakIterator.DONE || index>srcLength) {
-                index=srcLength;
-            }
-
-            /*
-             * Unicode 4 & 5 section 3.13 Default Case Operations:
-             *
-             * R3  toTitlecase(X): Find the word boundaries based on Unicode Standard Annex
-             * #29, "Text Boundaries." Between each pair of word boundaries, find the first
-             * cased character F. If F exists, map F to default_title(F); then map each
-             * subsequent character C to default_lower(C).
-             *
-             * In this implementation, segment [prev..index[ into 3 parts:
-             * a) uncased characters (copy as-is) [prev..titleStart[
-             * b) first case letter (titlecase)         [titleStart..titleLimit[
-             * c) subsequent characters (lowercase)                 [titleLimit..index[
-             */
-            if(prev<index) {
-                /* find and copy uncased characters [prev..titleStart[ */
-                iter.setLimit(index);
-                c=iter.nextCaseMapCP();
-                if((options&TITLECASE_NO_BREAK_ADJUSTMENT)==0
-                        && UCaseProps.NONE==UCaseProps.INSTANCE.getType(c)) {
-                    while((c=iter.nextCaseMapCP())>=0
-                            && UCaseProps.NONE==UCaseProps.INSTANCE.getType(c)) {}
-                    titleStart=iter.getCPStart();
-                    if(prev<titleStart) {
-                        result.append(str, prev, titleStart);
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    titleStart=prev;
-                }
-
-                if(titleStart<index) {
-                    FirstIJ = true;
-                    /* titlecase c which is from titleStart */
-                    c = UCaseProps.INSTANCE.toFullTitle(c, iter, result, locale, locCache);
-
-                    /* decode the result and lowercase up to index */
-                    for(;;) {
-                        if(c<0) {
-                            /* (not) original code point */
-                            c=~c;
-                            result.appendCodePoint(c);
-                        } else if(c<=UCaseProps.MAX_STRING_LENGTH) {
-                            /* mapping already appended to result */
-                        } else {
-                            /* append single-code point mapping */
-                            result.appendCodePoint(c);
-                        }
-
-                        if((options&TITLECASE_NO_LOWERCASE)!=0) {
-                            /* Optionally just copy the rest of the word unchanged. */
-
-                            int titleLimit=iter.getCPLimit();
-                            if(titleLimit<index) {
-                                /* Special Case - Dutch IJ Titlecasing */
-                                if (isDutch && c == 0x0049 && str.charAt(titleLimit) == 'j') {
-                                    result.append('J').append(str, titleLimit + 1, index);
-                                } else {
-                                    result.append(str, titleLimit, index);
-                                }
-                            }
-                            iter.moveToLimit();
-                            break;
-                        } else if((nc=iter.nextCaseMapCP())>=0) {
-                            if (isDutch && (nc == 0x004A ||  nc == 0x006A)
-                                    && (c == 0x0049) && (FirstIJ == true)) {
-                                c = 0x004A; /* J */
-                                FirstIJ = false;
-                            } else {
-                                /* Normal operation: Lowercase the rest of the word. */
-                                c = UCaseProps.INSTANCE.toFullLower(nc, iter, result, locale,
-                                        locCache);
-                            }
-                        } else {
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            prev=index;
-        }
-        return result.toString();
+        return toTitleCase(getCaseLocale(locale), options, titleIter, str);
     }
 
 
@@ -5281,7 +5233,11 @@ public final class UCharacter implements ECharacterCategory, ECharacterDirection
     public static String toTitleCase(Locale locale, String str,
             BreakIterator titleIter,
             int options) {
-        return toTitleCase(ULocale.forLocale(locale), str, titleIter, options);
+        if(titleIter == null) {
+            titleIter = BreakIterator.getWordInstance(locale);
+        }
+        titleIter.setText(str);
+        return toTitleCase(getCaseLocale(locale), options, titleIter, str);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -5398,27 +5354,19 @@ public final class UCharacter implements ECharacterCategory, ECharacterDirection
      * @stable ICU 2.6
      */
     public static final String foldCase(String str, int options) {
-        StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder(str.length());
-        int c, i, length;
-
-        length = str.length();
-        for(i=0; i<length;) {
-            c=str.codePointAt(i);
-            i+=Character.charCount(c);
-            c = UCaseProps.INSTANCE.toFullFolding(c, result, options);
-
-            /* decode the result */
-            if(c<0) {
-                /* (not) original code point */
-                c=~c;
-            } else if(c<=UCaseProps.MAX_STRING_LENGTH) {
-                /* mapping already appended to result */
-                continue;
-                /* } else { append single-code point mapping */
+        if (str.length() <= 100) {
+            if (str.isEmpty()) {
+                return str;
             }
-            result.appendCodePoint(c);
+            // Collect and apply only changes.
+            // Good if no or few changes. Bad (slow) if many changes.
+            Edits edits = new Edits();
+            StringBuilder replacementChars = CaseMapImpl.fold(
+                    options | CaseMapImpl.OMIT_UNCHANGED_TEXT, str, new StringBuilder(), edits);
+            return applyEdits(str, replacementChars, edits);
+        } else {
+            return CaseMapImpl.fold(options, str, new StringBuilder(str.length()), null).toString();
         }
-        return result.toString();
     }
 
     /**
diff --git a/icu4j/main/classes/core/src/com/ibm/icu/text/CaseMap.java b/icu4j/main/classes/core/src/com/ibm/icu/text/CaseMap.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e998c6624
--- /dev/null
+++ b/icu4j/main/classes/core/src/com/ibm/icu/text/CaseMap.java
@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
+// © 2017 and later: Unicode, Inc. and others.
+// License & terms of use: http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html#License
+package com.ibm.icu.text;
+
+import java.util.Locale;
+
+import com.ibm.icu.impl.CaseMapImpl;
+import com.ibm.icu.impl.UCaseProps;
+import com.ibm.icu.lang.UCharacter;
+import com.ibm.icu.util.ULocale;
+
+/**
+ * Low-level case mapping options and methods. Immutable.
+ * "Setters" return instances with the union of the current and new options set.
+ *
+ * This class is not intended for public subclassing.
+ *
+ * @draft ICU 59
+ * @provisional This API might change or be removed in a future release.
+ */
+public abstract class CaseMap {
+    /**
+     * @internal
+     * @deprecated This API is ICU internal only.
+     */
+    @Deprecated
+    protected int internalOptions;
+
+    private CaseMap(int opt) { internalOptions = opt; }
+
+    private static int getCaseLocale(Locale locale) {
+        if (locale == null) {
+            locale = Locale.getDefault();
+        }
+        return UCaseProps.getCaseLocale(locale);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @return Lowercasing object with default options.
+     * @draft ICU 59
+     * @provisional This API might change or be removed in a future release.
+     */
+    public static Lower toLower() { return Lower.DEFAULT; }
+    /**
+     * @return Uppercasing object with default options.
+     * @draft ICU 59
+     * @provisional This API might change or be removed in a future release.
+     */
+    public static Upper toUpper() { return Upper.DEFAULT; }
+    /**
+     * @return Titlecasing object with default options.
+     * @draft ICU 59
+     * @provisional This API might change or be removed in a future release.
+     */
+    public static Title toTitle() { return Title.DEFAULT; }
+    /**
+     * @return Case folding object with default options.
+     * @draft ICU 59
+     * @provisional This API might change or be removed in a future release.
+     */
+    public static Fold fold() { return Fold.DEFAULT; }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an instance that behaves like this one but
+     * omits unchanged text when case-mapping with {@link Edits}.
+     *
+     * @return an options object with this option.
+     * @draft ICU 59
+     * @provisional This API might change or be removed in a future release.
+     */
+    public abstract CaseMap omitUnchangedText();
+
+    /**
+     * Lowercasing options and methods. Immutable.
+     *
+     * @see #toLower()
+     * @draft ICU 59
+     * @provisional This API might change or be removed in a future release.
+     */
+    public static final class Lower extends CaseMap {
+        private static final Lower DEFAULT = new Lower(0);
+        private static final Lower OMIT_UNCHANGED = new Lower(CaseMapImpl.OMIT_UNCHANGED_TEXT);
+        private Lower(int opt) { super(opt); }
+
+        /**
+         * {@inheritDoc}
+         * @draft ICU 59
+         * @provisional This API might change or be removed in a future release.
+         */
+        @Override
+        public Lower omitUnchangedText() {
+            return OMIT_UNCHANGED;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Lowercases a string and optionally records edits (see {@link #omitUnchangedText}).
+         * Casing is locale-dependent and context-sensitive.
+         * The result may be longer or shorter than the original.
+         *
+         * @param locale    The locale ID. Can be null for {@link Locale#getDefault}.
+         *                  (See {@link ULocale#toLocale}.)
+         * @param src       The original string.
+         * @param dest      A buffer for the result string. Must not be null.
+         * @param edits     Records edits for index mapping, working with styled text,
+         *                  and getting only changes (if any).
+         *                  This function calls edits.reset() first. edits can be null.
+         * @return dest with the result string (or only changes) appended.
+         *
+         * @see UCharacter#toLowerCase(Locale, String)
+         * @draft ICU 59
+         * @provisional This API might change or be removed in a future release.
+         */
+         public <A extends Appendable> A apply(
+                 Locale locale, CharSequence src, A dest, Edits edits) {
+             return CaseMapImpl.toLower(getCaseLocale(locale), internalOptions, src, dest, edits);
+         }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Uppercasing options and methods. Immutable.
+     *
+     * @see #toUpper()
+     * @draft ICU 59
+     * @provisional This API might change or be removed in a future release.
+     */
+    public static final class Upper extends CaseMap {
+        private static final Upper DEFAULT = new Upper(0);
+        private static final Upper OMIT_UNCHANGED = new Upper(CaseMapImpl.OMIT_UNCHANGED_TEXT);
+        private Upper(int opt) { super(opt); }
+
+        /**
+         * {@inheritDoc}
+         * @draft ICU 59
+         * @provisional This API might change or be removed in a future release.
+         */
+        @Override
+        public Upper omitUnchangedText() {
+            return OMIT_UNCHANGED;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Uppercases a string and optionally records edits (see {@link #omitUnchangedText}).
+         * Casing is locale-dependent and context-sensitive.
+         * The result may be longer or shorter than the original.
+         *
+         * @param locale    The locale ID. Can be null for {@link Locale#getDefault}.
+         *                  (See {@link ULocale#toLocale}.)
+         * @param src       The original string.
+         * @param dest      A buffer for the result string. Must not be null.
+         * @param edits     Records edits for index mapping, working with styled text,
+         *                  and getting only changes (if any).
+         *                  This function calls edits.reset() first. edits can be null.
+         * @return dest with the result string (or only changes) appended.
+         *
+         * @see UCharacter#toUpperCase(Locale, String)
+         * @draft ICU 59
+         * @provisional This API might change or be removed in a future release.
+         */
+         public <A extends Appendable> A apply(
+                 Locale locale, CharSequence src, A dest, Edits edits) {
+             return CaseMapImpl.toUpper(getCaseLocale(locale), internalOptions, src, dest, edits);
+         }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Titlecasing options and methods. Immutable.
+     *
+     * @see #toTitle()
+     * @draft ICU 59
+     * @provisional This API might change or be removed in a future release.
+     */
+    public static final class Title extends CaseMap {
+        private static final Title DEFAULT = new Title(0);
+        private static final Title OMIT_UNCHANGED = new Title(CaseMapImpl.OMIT_UNCHANGED_TEXT);
+        private Title(int opt) { super(opt); }
+
+        /**
+         * {@inheritDoc}
+         * @draft ICU 59
+         * @provisional This API might change or be removed in a future release.
+         */
+        @Override
+        public Title omitUnchangedText() {
+            if (internalOptions == 0 || internalOptions == CaseMapImpl.OMIT_UNCHANGED_TEXT) {
+                return OMIT_UNCHANGED;
+            }
+            return new Title(internalOptions | CaseMapImpl.OMIT_UNCHANGED_TEXT);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns an instance that behaves like this one but
+         * does not lowercase non-initial parts of words when titlecasing.
+         *
+         * <p>By default, titlecasing will titlecase the first cased character
+         * of a word and lowercase all other characters.
+         * With this option, the other characters will not be modified.
+         *
+         * @return an options object with this option.
+         * @see UCharacter#TITLECASE_NO_LOWERCASE
+         * @draft ICU 59
+         * @provisional This API might change or be removed in a future release.
+         */
+        public Title noLowercase() {
+            return new Title(internalOptions | UCharacter.TITLECASE_NO_LOWERCASE);
+        }
+
+        // TODO: update references to the Unicode Standard for recent version
+        /**
+         * Returns an instance that behaves like this one but
+         * does not adjust the titlecasing indexes from BreakIterator::next() indexes;
+         * titlecases exactly the characters at breaks from the iterator.
+         *
+         * <p>By default, titlecasing will take each break iterator index,
+         * adjust it by looking for the next cased character, and titlecase that one.
+         * Other characters are lowercased.
+         *
+         * <p>This follows Unicode 4 &amp; 5 section 3.13 Default Case Operations:
+         *
+         * R3  toTitlecase(X): Find the word boundaries based on Unicode Standard Annex
+         * #29, "Text Boundaries." Between each pair of word boundaries, find the first
+         * cased character F. If F exists, map F to default_title(F); then map each
+         * subsequent character C to default_lower(C).
+         *
+         * @return an options object with this option.
+         * @see UCharacter#TITLECASE_NO_BREAK_ADJUSTMENT
+         * @draft ICU 59
+         * @provisional This API might change or be removed in a future release.
+         */
+        public Title noBreakAdjustment() {
+            return new Title(internalOptions | UCharacter.TITLECASE_NO_BREAK_ADJUSTMENT);
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Titlecases a string and optionally records edits (see {@link #omitUnchangedText}).
+         * Casing is locale-dependent and context-sensitive.
+         * The result may be longer or shorter than the original.
+         *
+         * <p>Titlecasing uses a break iterator to find the first characters of words
+         * that are to be titlecased. It titlecases those characters and lowercases
+         * all others. (This can be modified with options bits.)
+         *
+         * @param locale    The locale ID. Can be null for {@link Locale#getDefault}.
+         *                  (See {@link ULocale#toLocale}.)
+         * @param iter      A break iterator to find the first characters of words that are to be titlecased.
+         *                  It is set to the source string (setText())
+         *                  and used one or more times for iteration (first() and next()).
+         *                  If null, then a word break iterator for the locale is used
+         *                  (or something equivalent).
+         * @param src       The original string.
+         * @param dest      A buffer for the result string. Must not be null.
+         * @param edits     Records edits for index mapping, working with styled text,
+         *                  and getting only changes (if any).
+         *                  This function calls edits.reset() first. edits can be null.
+         * @return dest with the result string (or only changes) appended.
+         *
+         * @see UCharacter#toTitleCase(Locale, String, BreakIterator, int)
+         * @draft ICU 59
+         * @provisional This API might change or be removed in a future release.
+         */
+         public <A extends Appendable> A apply(
+                 Locale locale, BreakIterator iter, CharSequence src, A dest, Edits edits) {
+             if (iter == null) {
+                 iter = BreakIterator.getWordInstance(locale);
+             }
+             iter.setText(src.toString());
+             return CaseMapImpl.toTitle(
+                     getCaseLocale(locale), internalOptions, iter, src, dest, edits);
+         }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Case folding options and methods. Immutable.
+     *
+     * @see #fold()
+     * @draft ICU 59
+     * @provisional This API might change or be removed in a future release.
+     */
+    public static final class Fold extends CaseMap {
+        private static final Fold DEFAULT = new Fold(0);
+        private static final Fold TURKIC = new Fold(UCharacter.FOLD_CASE_EXCLUDE_SPECIAL_I);
+        private static final Fold OMIT_UNCHANGED = new Fold(CaseMapImpl.OMIT_UNCHANGED_TEXT);
+        private static final Fold TURKIC_OMIT_UNCHANGED = new Fold(
+                UCharacter.FOLD_CASE_EXCLUDE_SPECIAL_I | CaseMapImpl.OMIT_UNCHANGED_TEXT);
+        private Fold(int opt) { super(opt); }
+
+        /**
+         * {@inheritDoc}
+         * @draft ICU 59
+         * @provisional This API might change or be removed in a future release.
+         */
+        @Override
+        public Fold omitUnchangedText() {
+            return (internalOptions & UCharacter.FOLD_CASE_EXCLUDE_SPECIAL_I) == 0 ?
+                    OMIT_UNCHANGED : TURKIC_OMIT_UNCHANGED;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Returns an instance that behaves like this one but
+         * handles dotted I and dotless i appropriately for Turkic languages (tr, az).
+         *
+         * <p>Uses the Unicode CaseFolding.txt mappings marked with 'T' that
+         * are to be excluded for default mappings and
+         * included for the Turkic-specific mappings.
+         *
+         * @return an options object with this option.
+         * @see UCharacter#FOLD_CASE_EXCLUDE_SPECIAL_I
+         * @draft ICU 59
+         * @provisional This API might change or be removed in a future release.
+         */
+        public Fold turkic() {
+            return (internalOptions & CaseMapImpl.OMIT_UNCHANGED_TEXT) == 0 ?
+                    TURKIC : TURKIC_OMIT_UNCHANGED;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Case-folds a string and optionally records edits (see {@link #omitUnchangedText}).
+         *
+         * <p>Case-folding is locale-independent and not context-sensitive,
+         * but there is an option for whether to include or exclude mappings for dotted I
+         * and dotless i that are marked with 'T' in CaseFolding.txt.
+         *
+         * <p>The result may be longer or shorter than the original.
+         *
+         * @param src       The original string.
+         * @param dest      A buffer for the result string. Must not be null.
+         * @param edits     Records edits for index mapping, working with styled text,
+         *                  and getting only changes (if any).
+         *                  This function calls edits.reset() first. edits can be null.
+         * @return dest with the result string (or only changes) appended.
+         *
+         * @see UCharacter#foldCase(String, int)
+         * @draft ICU 59
+         * @provisional This API might change or be removed in a future release.
+         */
+         public <A extends Appendable> A apply(CharSequence src, A dest, Edits edits) {
+             return CaseMapImpl.fold(internalOptions, src, dest, edits);
+         }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/icu4j/main/classes/core/src/com/ibm/icu/text/Edits.java b/icu4j/main/classes/core/src/com/ibm/icu/text/Edits.java
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f9cbf9fb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/icu4j/main/classes/core/src/com/ibm/icu/text/Edits.java
@@ -0,0 +1,494 @@
+// © 2017 and later: Unicode, Inc. and others.
+// License & terms of use: http://www.unicode.org/copyright.html#License
+package com.ibm.icu.text;
+
+import java.nio.BufferOverflowException;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+
+/**
+ * Records lengths of string edits but not replacement text.
+ * Supports replacements, insertions, deletions in linear progression.
+ * Does not support moving/reordering of text.
+ *
+ * @draft ICU 59
+ * @provisional This API might change or be removed in a future release.
+ */
+public final class Edits {
+    // 0000uuuuuuuuuuuu records u+1 unchanged text units.
+    private static final int MAX_UNCHANGED_LENGTH = 0x1000;
+    private static final int MAX_UNCHANGED = MAX_UNCHANGED_LENGTH - 1;
+
+    // 0wwwcccccccccccc with w=1..6 records ccc+1 replacements of w:w text units.
+    // No length change.
+    private static final int MAX_SHORT_WIDTH = 6;
+    private static final int MAX_SHORT_CHANGE_LENGTH = 0xfff;
+    private static final int MAX_SHORT_CHANGE = 0x6fff;
+
+    // 0111mmmmmmnnnnnn records a replacement of m text units with n.
+    // m or n = 61: actual length follows in the next edits array unit.
+    // m or n = 62..63: actual length follows in the next two edits array units.
+    // Bit 30 of the actual length is in the head unit.
+    // Trailing units have bit 15 set.
+    private static final int LENGTH_IN_1TRAIL = 61;
+    private static final int LENGTH_IN_2TRAIL = 62;
+
+    private static final int STACK_CAPACITY = 100;
+    private char[] array;
+    private int length;
+    private int delta;
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs an empty object.
+     * @draft ICU 59
+     * @provisional This API might change or be removed in a future release.
+     */
+    public Edits() {
+        array = new char[STACK_CAPACITY];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resets the data but may not release memory.
+     * @draft ICU 59
+     * @provisional This API might change or be removed in a future release.
+     */
+    public void reset() {
+        length = delta = 0;
+    }
+
+    private void setLastUnit(int last) {
+        array[length - 1] = (char)last;
+    }
+    private int lastUnit() {
+        return length > 0 ? array[length - 1] : 0xffff;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a record for an unchanged segment of text.
+     * Normally called from inside ICU string transformation functions, not user code.
+     * @draft ICU 59
+     * @provisional This API might change or be removed in a future release.
+     */
+    public void addUnchanged(int unchangedLength) {
+        if(unchangedLength < 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "addUnchanged(" + unchangedLength + "): length must not be negative");
+        }
+        // Merge into previous unchanged-text record, if any.
+        int last = lastUnit();
+        if(last < MAX_UNCHANGED) {
+            int remaining = MAX_UNCHANGED - last;
+            if (remaining >= unchangedLength) {
+                setLastUnit(last + unchangedLength);
+                return;
+            }
+            setLastUnit(MAX_UNCHANGED);
+            unchangedLength -= remaining;
+        }
+        // Split large lengths into multiple units.
+        while(unchangedLength >= MAX_UNCHANGED_LENGTH) {
+            append(MAX_UNCHANGED);
+            unchangedLength -= MAX_UNCHANGED_LENGTH;
+        }
+        // Write a small (remaining) length.
+        if(unchangedLength > 0) {
+            append(unchangedLength - 1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Adds a record for a text replacement/insertion/deletion.
+     * Normally called from inside ICU string transformation functions, not user code.
+     * @draft ICU 59
+     * @provisional This API might change or be removed in a future release.
+     */
+    public void addReplace(int oldLength, int newLength) {
+        if(oldLength == newLength && 0 < oldLength && oldLength <= MAX_SHORT_WIDTH) {
+            // Replacement of short oldLength text units by same-length new text.
+            // Merge into previous short-replacement record, if any.
+            int last = lastUnit();
+            if(MAX_UNCHANGED < last && last < MAX_SHORT_CHANGE &&
+                    (last >> 12) == oldLength && (last & 0xfff) < MAX_SHORT_CHANGE_LENGTH) {
+                setLastUnit(last + 1);
+                return;
+            }
+            append(oldLength << 12);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if(oldLength < 0 || newLength < 0) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    "addReplace(" + oldLength + ", " + newLength +
+                    "): both lengths must be non-negative");
+        }
+        if (oldLength == 0 && newLength == 0) {
+            return;
+        }
+        int newDelta = newLength - oldLength;
+        if (newDelta != 0) {
+            if ((newDelta > 0 && delta >= 0 && newDelta > (Integer.MAX_VALUE - delta)) ||
+                    (newDelta < 0 && delta < 0 && newDelta < (Integer.MIN_VALUE - delta))) {
+                // Integer overflow or underflow.
+                throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
+            }
+            delta += newDelta;
+        }
+
+        int head = 0x7000;
+        if (oldLength < LENGTH_IN_1TRAIL && newLength < LENGTH_IN_1TRAIL) {
+            head |= oldLength << 6;
+            head |= newLength;
+            append(head);
+        } else if ((array.length - length) >= 5 || growArray()) {
+            int limit = length + 1;
+            if(oldLength < LENGTH_IN_1TRAIL) {
+                head |= oldLength << 6;
+            } else if(oldLength <= 0x7fff) {
+                head |= LENGTH_IN_1TRAIL << 6;
+                array[limit++] = (char)(0x8000 | oldLength);
+            } else {
+                head |= (LENGTH_IN_2TRAIL + (oldLength >> 30)) << 6;
+                array[limit++] = (char)(0x8000 | (oldLength >> 15));
+                array[limit++] = (char)(0x8000 | oldLength);
+            }
+            if(newLength < LENGTH_IN_1TRAIL) {
+                head |= newLength;
+            } else if(newLength <= 0x7fff) {
+                head |= LENGTH_IN_1TRAIL;
+                array[limit++] = (char)(0x8000 | newLength);
+            } else {
+                head |= LENGTH_IN_2TRAIL + (newLength >> 30);
+                array[limit++] = (char)(0x8000 | (newLength >> 15));
+                array[limit++] = (char)(0x8000 | newLength);
+            }
+            array[length] = (char)head;
+            length = limit;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void append(int r) {
+        if(length < array.length || growArray()) {
+            array[length++] = (char)r;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private boolean growArray() {
+        int newCapacity;
+        if (array.length == STACK_CAPACITY) {
+            newCapacity = 2000;
+        } else if (array.length == Integer.MAX_VALUE) {
+            throw new BufferOverflowException();
+        } else if (array.length >= (Integer.MAX_VALUE / 2)) {
+            newCapacity = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
+        } else {
+            newCapacity = 2 * array.length;
+        }
+        // Grow by at least 5 units so that a maximal change record will fit.
+        if ((newCapacity - array.length) < 5) {
+            throw new BufferOverflowException();
+        }
+        array = Arrays.copyOf(array, newCapacity);
+        return true;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * How much longer is the new text compared with the old text?
+     * @return new length minus old length
+     * @draft ICU 59
+     * @provisional This API might change or be removed in a future release.
+     */
+    public int lengthDelta() { return delta; }
+    /**
+     * @return true if there are any change edits
+     * @draft ICU 59
+     * @provisional This API might change or be removed in a future release.
+     */
+    public boolean hasChanges()  {
+        if (delta != 0) {
+            return true;
+        }
+        for (int i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
+            if (array[i] > MAX_UNCHANGED) {
+                return true;
+            }
+        }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Access to the list of edits.
+     * @see #getCoarseIterator
+     * @see #getFineIterator
+     * @draft ICU 59
+     * @provisional This API might change or be removed in a future release.
+     */
+    public static final class Iterator {
+        private final char[] array;
+        private int index;
+        private final int length;
+        private int remaining;
+        private final boolean onlyChanges_, coarse;
+
+        private boolean changed;
+        private int oldLength_, newLength_;
+        private int srcIndex, replIndex, destIndex;
+
+        private Iterator(char[] a, int len, boolean oc, boolean crs) {
+            array = a;
+            length = len;
+            onlyChanges_ = oc;
+            coarse = crs;
+        }
+
+        private int readLength(int head) {
+            if (head < LENGTH_IN_1TRAIL) {
+                return head;
+            } else if (head < LENGTH_IN_2TRAIL) {
+                assert(index < length);
+                assert(array[index] >= 0x8000);
+                return array[index++] & 0x7fff;
+            } else {
+                assert((index + 2) <= length);
+                assert(array[index] >= 0x8000);
+                assert(array[index + 1] >= 0x8000);
+                int len = ((head & 1) << 30) |
+                        ((array[index] & 0x7fff) << 15) |
+                        (array[index + 1] & 0x7fff);
+                index += 2;
+                return len;
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void updateIndexes() {
+            srcIndex += oldLength_;
+            if (changed) {
+                replIndex += newLength_;
+            }
+            destIndex += newLength_;
+        }
+
+        private boolean noNext() {
+            // No change beyond the string.
+            changed = false;
+            oldLength_ = newLength_ = 0;
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Advances to the next edit.
+         * @return true if there is another edit
+         * @draft ICU 59
+         * @provisional This API might change or be removed in a future release.
+         */
+        public boolean next() {
+            return next(onlyChanges_);
+        }
+
+        private boolean next(boolean onlyChanges) {
+            // We have an errorCode in case we need to start guarding against integer overflows.
+            // It is also convenient for caller loops if we bail out when an error was set elsewhere.
+            updateIndexes();
+            if (remaining > 0) {
+                // Fine-grained iterator: Continue a sequence of equal-length changes.
+                --remaining;
+                return true;
+            }
+            if (index >= length) {
+                return noNext();
+            }
+            int u = array[index++];
+            if (u <= MAX_UNCHANGED) {
+                // Combine adjacent unchanged ranges.
+                changed = false;
+                oldLength_ = u + 1;
+                while (index < length && (u = array[index]) <= MAX_UNCHANGED) {
+                    ++index;
+                    oldLength_ += u + 1;
+                }
+                newLength_ = oldLength_;
+                if (onlyChanges) {
+                    updateIndexes();
+                    if (index >= length) {
+                        return noNext();
+                    }
+                    // already fetched u > MAX_UNCHANGED at index
+                    ++index;
+                } else {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+            changed = true;
+            if (u <= MAX_SHORT_CHANGE) {
+                if (coarse) {
+                    int w = u >> 12;
+                    int len = (u & 0xfff) + 1;
+                    oldLength_ = newLength_ = len * w;
+                } else {
+                    // Split a sequence of equal-length changes that was compressed into one unit.
+                    oldLength_ = newLength_ = u >> 12;
+                    remaining = u & 0xfff;
+                    return true;
+                }
+            } else {
+                assert(u <= 0x7fff);
+                oldLength_ = readLength((u >> 6) & 0x3f);
+                newLength_ = readLength(u & 0x3f);
+                if (!coarse) {
+                    return true;
+                }
+            }
+            // Combine adjacent changes.
+            while (index < length && (u = array[index]) > MAX_UNCHANGED) {
+                ++index;
+                if (u <= MAX_SHORT_CHANGE) {
+                    int w = u >> 12;
+                    int len = (u & 0xfff) + 1;
+                    len = len * w;
+                    oldLength_ += len;
+                    newLength_ += len;
+                } else {
+                    assert(u <= 0x7fff);
+                    int oldLen = readLength((u >> 6) & 0x3f);
+                    int newLen = readLength(u & 0x3f);
+                    oldLength_ += oldLen;
+                    newLength_ += newLen;
+                }
+            }
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * Finds the edit that contains the source index.
+         * The source index may be found in a non-change
+         * even if normal iteration would skip non-changes.
+         * Normal iteration can continue from a found edit.
+         *
+         * <p>The iterator state before this search logically does not matter.
+         * (It may affect the performance of the search.)
+         *
+         * <p>The iterator state after this search is undefined
+         * if the source index is out of bounds for the source string.
+         *
+         * @param i source index
+         * @return true if the edit for the source index was found
+         * @draft ICU 59
+         * @provisional This API might change or be removed in a future release.
+         */
+        public boolean findSourceIndex(int i) {
+            if (i < 0) { return false; }
+            if (i < srcIndex) {
+                // Reset the iterator to the start.
+                index = remaining = oldLength_ = newLength_ = srcIndex = replIndex = destIndex = 0;
+            } else if (i < (srcIndex + oldLength_)) {
+                // The index is in the current span.
+                return true;
+            }
+            while (next(false)) {
+                if (i < (srcIndex + oldLength_)) {
+                    // The index is in the current span.
+                    return true;
+                }
+                if (remaining > 0) {
+                    // Is the index in one of the remaining compressed edits?
+                    // srcIndex is the start of the current span, before the remaining ones.
+                    int len = (remaining + 1) * oldLength_;
+                    if (i < (srcIndex + len)) {
+                        int n = (i - srcIndex) / oldLength_;  // 1 <= n <= remaining
+                        len = n * oldLength_;
+                        srcIndex += len;
+                        replIndex += len;
+                        destIndex += len;
+                        remaining -= n;
+                        return true;
+                    }
+                    // Make next() skip all of these edits at once.
+                    oldLength_ = newLength_ = len;
+                    remaining = 0;
+                }
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * @return true if this edit replaces oldLength() units with newLength() different ones.
+         *         false if oldLength units remain unchanged.
+         * @draft ICU 59
+         * @provisional This API might change or be removed in a future release.
+         */
+        public boolean hasChange() { return changed; }
+        /**
+         * @return the number of units in the original string which are replaced or remain unchanged.
+         * @draft ICU 59
+         * @provisional This API might change or be removed in a future release.
+         */
+        public int oldLength() { return oldLength_; }
+        /**
+         * @return the number of units in the modified string, if hasChange() is true.
+         *         Same as oldLength if hasChange() is false.
+         * @draft ICU 59
+         * @provisional This API might change or be removed in a future release.
+         */
+        public int newLength() { return newLength_; }
+
+        /**
+         * @return the current index into the source string
+         * @draft ICU 59
+         * @provisional This API might change or be removed in a future release.
+         */
+        public int sourceIndex() { return srcIndex; }
+        /**
+         * @return the current index into the replacement-characters-only string,
+         *         not counting unchanged spans
+         * @draft ICU 59
+         * @provisional This API might change or be removed in a future release.
+         */
+        public int replacementIndex() { return replIndex; }
+        /**
+         * @return the current index into the full destination string
+         * @draft ICU 59
+         * @provisional This API might change or be removed in a future release.
+         */
+        public int destinationIndex() { return destIndex; }
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an Iterator for coarse-grained changes for simple string updates.
+     * Skips non-changes.
+     * @return an Iterator that merges adjacent changes.
+     * @draft ICU 59
+     * @provisional This API might change or be removed in a future release.
+     */
+    public Iterator getCoarseChangesIterator() {
+        return new Iterator(array, length, true, true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an Iterator for coarse-grained changes and non-changes for simple string updates.
+     * @return an Iterator that merges adjacent changes.
+     * @draft ICU 59
+     * @provisional This API might change or be removed in a future release.
+     */
+    public Iterator getCoarseIterator() {
+        return new Iterator(array, length, false, true);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an Iterator for fine-grained changes for modifying styled text.
+     * Skips non-changes.
+     * @return an Iterator that separates adjacent changes.
+     * @draft ICU 59
+     * @provisional This API might change or be removed in a future release.
+     */
+    public Iterator getFineChangesIterator() {
+        return new Iterator(array, length, true, false);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns an Iterator for fine-grained changes and non-changes for modifying styled text.
+     * @return an Iterator that separates adjacent changes.
+     * @draft ICU 59
+     * @provisional This API might change or be removed in a future release.
+     */
+    public Iterator getFineIterator() {
+        return new Iterator(array, length, false, false);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/icu4j/main/classes/core/src/com/ibm/icu/text/UnicodeSet.java b/icu4j/main/classes/core/src/com/ibm/icu/text/UnicodeSet.java
index 7d700d0fe..106259f41 100644
--- a/icu4j/main/classes/core/src/com/ibm/icu/text/UnicodeSet.java
+++ b/icu4j/main/classes/core/src/com/ibm/icu/text/UnicodeSet.java
@@ -3866,7 +3866,6 @@ public class UnicodeSet extends UnicodeFilter implements Iterable<String>, Compa
             int n = getRangeCount();
             int result;
             StringBuilder full = new StringBuilder();
-            int locCache[] = new int[1];
 
             for (int i=0; i<n; ++i) {
                 int start = getRangeStart(i);
@@ -3881,13 +3880,13 @@ public class UnicodeSet extends UnicodeFilter implements Iterable<String>, Compa
                     // add case mappings
                     // (does not add long s for regular s, or Kelvin for k, for example)
                     for (int cp=start; cp<=end; ++cp) {
-                        result = csp.toFullLower(cp, null, full, root, locCache);
+                        result = csp.toFullLower(cp, null, full, UCaseProps.LOC_ROOT);
                         addCaseMapping(foldSet, result, full);
 
-                        result = csp.toFullTitle(cp, null, full, root, locCache);
+                        result = csp.toFullTitle(cp, null, full, UCaseProps.LOC_ROOT);
                         addCaseMapping(foldSet, result, full);
 
-                        result = csp.toFullUpper(cp, null, full, root, locCache);
+                        result = csp.toFullUpper(cp, null, full, UCaseProps.LOC_ROOT);
                         addCaseMapping(foldSet, result, full);
 
                         result = csp.toFullFolding(cp, full, 0);
@@ -3906,6 +3905,7 @@ public class UnicodeSet extends UnicodeFilter implements Iterable<String>, Compa
                 } else {
                     BreakIterator bi = BreakIterator.getWordInstance(root);
                     for (String str : strings) {
+                        // TODO: call lower-level functions
                         foldSet.add(UCharacter.toLowerCase(root, str));
                         foldSet.add(UCharacter.toTitleCase(root, str, bi));
                         foldSet.add(UCharacter.toUpperCase(root, str));
diff --git a/icu4j/main/classes/translit/src/com/ibm/icu/text/LowercaseTransliterator.java b/icu4j/main/classes/translit/src/com/ibm/icu/text/LowercaseTransliterator.java
index 95bb60b32..dfed35266 100644
--- a/icu4j/main/classes/translit/src/com/ibm/icu/text/LowercaseTransliterator.java
+++ b/icu4j/main/classes/translit/src/com/ibm/icu/text/LowercaseTransliterator.java
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class LowercaseTransliterator extends Transliterator{
     private final UCaseProps csp;
     private ReplaceableContextIterator iter;
     private StringBuilder result;
-    private int[] locCache;
+    private int caseLocale;
 
     /**
      * Constructs a transliterator.
@@ -56,8 +56,7 @@ class LowercaseTransliterator extends Transliterator{
         csp=UCaseProps.INSTANCE;
         iter=new ReplaceableContextIterator();
         result = new StringBuilder();
-        locCache = new int[1];
-        locCache[0]=0;
+        caseLocale = UCaseProps.getCaseLocale(locale);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -85,7 +84,7 @@ class LowercaseTransliterator extends Transliterator{
         iter.setLimit(offsets.limit);
         iter.setContextLimits(offsets.contextStart, offsets.contextLimit);
         while((c=iter.nextCaseMapCP())>=0) {
-            c=csp.toFullLower(c, iter, result, locale, locCache);
+            c=csp.toFullLower(c, iter, result, caseLocale);
 
             if(iter.didReachLimit() && isIncremental) {
                 // the case mapping function tried to look beyond the context limit
diff --git a/icu4j/main/classes/translit/src/com/ibm/icu/text/TitlecaseTransliterator.java b/icu4j/main/classes/translit/src/com/ibm/icu/text/TitlecaseTransliterator.java
index d3dc29681..96f11c8e2 100644
--- a/icu4j/main/classes/translit/src/com/ibm/icu/text/TitlecaseTransliterator.java
+++ b/icu4j/main/classes/translit/src/com/ibm/icu/text/TitlecaseTransliterator.java
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class TitlecaseTransliterator extends Transliterator {
     private final UCaseProps csp;
     private ReplaceableContextIterator iter;
     private StringBuilder result;
-    private int[] locCache;
+    private int caseLocale;
 
    /**
      * Constructs a transliterator.
@@ -55,8 +55,7 @@ class TitlecaseTransliterator extends Transliterator {
         csp=UCaseProps.INSTANCE;
         iter=new ReplaceableContextIterator();
         result = new StringBuilder();
-        locCache = new int[1];
-        locCache[0]=0;
+        caseLocale = UCaseProps.getCaseLocale(locale);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -119,9 +118,9 @@ class TitlecaseTransliterator extends Transliterator {
             type=csp.getTypeOrIgnorable(c);
             if(type>=0) { // not case-ignorable
                 if(doTitle) {
-                    c=csp.toFullTitle(c, iter, result, locale, locCache);
+                    c=csp.toFullTitle(c, iter, result, caseLocale);
                 } else {
-                    c=csp.toFullLower(c, iter, result, locale, locCache);
+                    c=csp.toFullLower(c, iter, result, caseLocale);
                 }
                 doTitle = type==0; // doTitle=isUncased
 
diff --git a/icu4j/main/classes/translit/src/com/ibm/icu/text/UppercaseTransliterator.java b/icu4j/main/classes/translit/src/com/ibm/icu/text/UppercaseTransliterator.java
index 77e2dfd70..bd9e3fed3 100644
--- a/icu4j/main/classes/translit/src/com/ibm/icu/text/UppercaseTransliterator.java
+++ b/icu4j/main/classes/translit/src/com/ibm/icu/text/UppercaseTransliterator.java
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class UppercaseTransliterator extends Transliterator {
     private final UCaseProps csp;
     private ReplaceableContextIterator iter;
     private StringBuilder result;
-    private int[] locCache;
+    private int caseLocale;
 
     /**
      * Constructs a transliterator.
@@ -52,8 +52,7 @@ class UppercaseTransliterator extends Transliterator {
         csp=UCaseProps.INSTANCE;
         iter=new ReplaceableContextIterator();
         result = new StringBuilder();
-        locCache = new int[1];
-        locCache[0]=0;
+        caseLocale = UCaseProps.getCaseLocale(locale);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -81,7 +80,7 @@ class UppercaseTransliterator extends Transliterator {
         iter.setLimit(offsets.limit);
         iter.setContextLimits(offsets.contextStart, offsets.contextLimit);
         while((c=iter.nextCaseMapCP())>=0) {
-            c=csp.toFullUpper(c, iter, result, locale, locCache);
+            c=csp.toFullUpper(c, iter, result, caseLocale);
 
             if(iter.didReachLimit() && isIncremental) {
                 // the case mapping function tried to look beyond the context limit
diff --git a/icu4j/main/tests/core/src/com/ibm/icu/dev/test/lang/UCharacterCaseTest.java b/icu4j/main/tests/core/src/com/ibm/icu/dev/test/lang/UCharacterCaseTest.java
index 7ac358b51..6f8a67983 100644
--- a/icu4j/main/tests/core/src/com/ibm/icu/dev/test/lang/UCharacterCaseTest.java
+++ b/icu4j/main/tests/core/src/com/ibm/icu/dev/test/lang/UCharacterCaseTest.java
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ import com.ibm.icu.impl.Utility;
 import com.ibm.icu.lang.UCharacter;
 import com.ibm.icu.lang.UProperty;
 import com.ibm.icu.text.BreakIterator;
+import com.ibm.icu.text.CaseMap;
+import com.ibm.icu.text.Edits;
 import com.ibm.icu.text.RuleBasedBreakIterator;
 import com.ibm.icu.text.UTF16;
 import com.ibm.icu.util.ULocale;
@@ -708,6 +710,191 @@ public final class UCharacterCaseTest extends TestFmwk
         assertGreekUpper("ρωμέικα", "ΡΩΜΕΪΚΑ");
     }
 
+    private static final class EditChange {
+        private boolean change;
+        private int oldLength, newLength;
+        EditChange(boolean change, int oldLength, int newLength) {
+            this.change = change;
+            this.oldLength = oldLength;
+            this.newLength = newLength;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private static void checkEditsIter(
+            String name, Edits.Iterator ei1, Edits.Iterator ei2,  // two equal iterators
+            EditChange[] expected, boolean withUnchanged) {
+        assertFalse(name, ei2.findSourceIndex(-1));
+
+        int expSrcIndex = 0;
+        int expDestIndex = 0;
+        int expReplIndex = 0;
+        for (int expIndex = 0; expIndex < expected.length; ++expIndex) {
+            EditChange expect = expected[expIndex];
+            String msg = name + ' ' + expIndex;
+            if (withUnchanged || expect.change) {
+                assertTrue(msg, ei1.next());
+                assertEquals(msg, expect.change, ei1.hasChange());
+                assertEquals(msg, expect.oldLength, ei1.oldLength());
+                assertEquals(msg, expect.newLength, ei1.newLength());
+                assertEquals(msg, expSrcIndex, ei1.sourceIndex());
+                assertEquals(msg, expDestIndex, ei1.destinationIndex());
+                assertEquals(msg, expReplIndex, ei1.replacementIndex());
+            }
+
+            if (expect.oldLength > 0) {
+                assertTrue(msg, ei2.findSourceIndex(expSrcIndex));
+                assertEquals(msg, expect.change, ei2.hasChange());
+                assertEquals(msg, expect.oldLength, ei2.oldLength());
+                assertEquals(msg, expect.newLength, ei2.newLength());
+                assertEquals(msg, expSrcIndex, ei2.sourceIndex());
+                assertEquals(msg, expDestIndex, ei2.destinationIndex());
+                assertEquals(msg, expReplIndex, ei2.replacementIndex());
+                if (!withUnchanged) {
+                    // For some iterators, move past the current range
+                    // so that findSourceIndex() has to look before the current index.
+                    ei2.next();
+                    ei2.next();
+                }
+            }
+
+            expSrcIndex += expect.oldLength;
+            expDestIndex += expect.newLength;
+            if (expect.change) {
+                expReplIndex += expect.newLength;
+            }
+        }
+        String msg = name + " end";
+        assertFalse(msg, ei1.next());
+        assertFalse(msg, ei1.hasChange());
+        assertEquals(msg, 0, ei1.oldLength());
+        assertEquals(msg, 0, ei1.newLength());
+        assertEquals(msg, expSrcIndex, ei1.sourceIndex());
+        assertEquals(msg, expDestIndex, ei1.destinationIndex());
+        assertEquals(msg, expReplIndex, ei1.replacementIndex());
+
+        assertFalse(name, ei2.findSourceIndex(expSrcIndex));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void TestEdits() {
+        Edits edits = new Edits();
+        assertFalse("new Edits", edits.hasChanges());
+        assertEquals("new Edits", 0, edits.lengthDelta());
+        edits.addUnchanged(1);  // multiple unchanged ranges are combined
+        edits.addUnchanged(10000);  // too long, and they are split
+        edits.addReplace(0, 0);
+        edits.addUnchanged(2);
+        assertFalse("unchanged 10003", edits.hasChanges());
+        assertEquals("unchanged 10003", 0, edits.lengthDelta());
+        edits.addReplace(1, 1);  // multiple short equal-length edits are compressed
+        edits.addUnchanged(0);
+        edits.addReplace(1, 1);
+        edits.addReplace(1, 1);
+        edits.addReplace(0, 10);
+        edits.addReplace(100, 0);
+        edits.addReplace(3000, 4000);  // variable-length encoding
+        edits.addReplace(100000, 100000);
+        assertTrue("some edits", edits.hasChanges());
+        assertEquals("some edits", 10 - 100 + 1000, edits.lengthDelta());
+
+        EditChange[] coarseExpectedChanges = new EditChange[] {
+                new EditChange(false, 10003, 10003),
+                new EditChange(true, 103103, 104013)
+        };
+        checkEditsIter("coarse",
+                edits.getCoarseIterator(), edits.getCoarseIterator(),
+                coarseExpectedChanges, true);
+        checkEditsIter("coarse changes",
+                edits.getCoarseChangesIterator(), edits.getCoarseChangesIterator(),
+                coarseExpectedChanges, false);
+
+        EditChange[] fineExpectedChanges = new EditChange[] {
+                new EditChange(false, 10003, 10003),
+                new EditChange(true, 1, 1),
+                new EditChange(true, 1, 1),
+                new EditChange(true, 1, 1),
+                new EditChange(true, 0, 10),
+                new EditChange(true, 100, 0),
+                new EditChange(true, 3000, 4000),
+                new EditChange(true, 100000, 100000)
+        };
+        checkEditsIter("fine",
+                edits.getFineIterator(), edits.getFineIterator(),
+                fineExpectedChanges, true);
+        checkEditsIter("fine changes",
+                edits.getFineChangesIterator(), edits.getFineChangesIterator(),
+                fineExpectedChanges, false);
+
+        edits.reset();
+        assertFalse("reset", edits.hasChanges());
+        assertEquals("reset", 0, edits.lengthDelta());
+        Edits.Iterator ei = edits.getCoarseChangesIterator();
+        assertFalse("reset then iterator", ei.next());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    public void TestCaseMapWithEdits() {
+        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+        Edits edits = new Edits();
+
+        sb = CaseMap.toLower().omitUnchangedText().apply(TURKISH_LOCALE_, "IstanBul", sb, edits);
+        assertEquals("toLower(Istanbul)", "ıb", sb.toString());
+        EditChange[] lowerExpectedChanges = new EditChange[] {
+                new EditChange(true, 1, 1),
+                new EditChange(false, 4, 4),
+                new EditChange(true, 1, 1),
+                new EditChange(false, 2, 2)
+        };
+        checkEditsIter("toLower(Istanbul)",
+                edits.getFineIterator(), edits.getFineIterator(),
+                lowerExpectedChanges, true);
+
+        sb.delete(0, sb.length());
+        edits.reset();
+        sb = CaseMap.toUpper().omitUnchangedText().apply(GREEK_LOCALE_, "Πατάτα", sb, edits);
+        assertEquals("toUpper(Πατάτα)", "ΑΤΑΤΑ", sb.toString());
+        EditChange[] upperExpectedChanges = new EditChange[] {
+                new EditChange(false, 1, 1),
+                new EditChange(true, 1, 1),
+                new EditChange(true, 1, 1),
+                new EditChange(true, 1, 1),
+                new EditChange(true, 1, 1),
+                new EditChange(true, 1, 1)
+        };
+        checkEditsIter("toUpper(Πατάτα)",
+                edits.getFineIterator(), edits.getFineIterator(),
+                upperExpectedChanges, true);
+
+        sb.delete(0, sb.length());
+        edits.reset();
+        sb = CaseMap.toTitle().omitUnchangedText().noBreakAdjustment().noLowercase().apply(
+                new Locale("nl"), null, "IjssEL IglOo", sb, edits);
+        assertEquals("toTitle(IjssEL IglOo)", "J", sb.toString());
+        EditChange[] titleExpectedChanges = new EditChange[] {
+                new EditChange(false, 1, 1),
+                new EditChange(true, 1, 1),
+                new EditChange(false, 10, 10)
+        };
+        checkEditsIter("toTitle(IjssEL IglOo)",
+                edits.getFineIterator(), edits.getFineIterator(),
+                titleExpectedChanges, true);
+
+        sb.delete(0, sb.length());
+        edits.reset();
+        sb = CaseMap.fold().omitUnchangedText().turkic().apply("IßtanBul", sb, edits);
+        assertEquals("fold(IßtanBul)", "ıssb", sb.toString());
+        EditChange[] foldExpectedChanges = new EditChange[] {
+                new EditChange(true, 1, 1),
+                new EditChange(true, 1, 2),
+                new EditChange(false, 3, 3),
+                new EditChange(true, 1, 1),
+                new EditChange(false, 2, 2)
+        };
+        checkEditsIter("fold(IßtanBul)",
+                edits.getFineIterator(), edits.getFineIterator(),
+                foldExpectedChanges, true);
+    }
+
     // private data members - test data --------------------------------------
 
     private static final Locale TURKISH_LOCALE_ = new Locale("tr", "TR");
@@ -945,7 +1132,7 @@ public final class UCharacterCaseTest extends TestFmwk
     // private methods -------------------------------------------------------
 
     /**
-     * Converting the hex numbers represented betwee                             n ';' to Unicode strings
+     * Converting the hex numbers represented between ';' to Unicode strings
      * @param str string to break up into Unicode strings
      * @return array of Unicode strings ending with a null
      */