path: root/engine/src/core/com/jme3/util/BufferUtils.java

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2009-2010 jMonkeyEngine
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
 * met:
 *
 * * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 *
 * * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *   notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *   documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 *
 * * Neither the name of 'jMonkeyEngine' nor the names of its contributors
 *   may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
 *   without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
 * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
 * TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
 * PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
 * CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
 * EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
 * PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR
 * PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING
 * NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
 * SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 */
package com.jme3.util;

import com.jme3.math.ColorRGBA;
import com.jme3.math.Quaternion;
import com.jme3.math.Vector2f;
import com.jme3.math.Vector3f;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.nio.*;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.WeakHashMap;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
import java.util.logging.Level;
import java.util.logging.Logger;

/**
 * <code>BufferUtils</code> is a helper class for generating nio buffers from
 * jME data classes such as Vectors and ColorRGBA.
 *
 * @author Joshua Slack
 * @version $Id: BufferUtils.java,v 1.16 2007/10/29 16:56:18 nca Exp $
 */
public final class BufferUtils {

    private static final Map<Buffer, Object> trackingHash = Collections.synchronizedMap(new WeakHashMap<Buffer, Object>());
    private static final Object ref = new Object();
    
    // Note: a WeakHashMap is really bad here since the hashCode() and
    //       equals() behavior of buffers will vary based on their contents.
    //       As it stands, put()'ing an empty buffer will wipe out the last
    //       empty buffer with the same size.  So any tracked memory calculations
    //       could be lying.
    //       Besides, the hashmap behavior isn't even being used here and
    //       yet the expense is still incurred.  For example, a newly allocated
    //       10,000 byte buffer will iterate through the whole buffer of 0's
    //       to calculate the hashCode and then potentially do it again to
    //       calculate the equals()... which by the way is guaranteed for
    //       every empty buffer of an existing size since they will always produce 
    //       the same hashCode().
    //       It would be better to just keep a straight list of weak references
    //       and clean out the dead every time a new buffer is allocated.
    //       WeakHashMap is doing that anyway... so there is no extra expense 
    //       incurred.
    //       Recommend a ConcurrentLinkedQueue of WeakReferences since it
    //       supports the threading semantics required with little extra overhead. 
    private static final boolean trackDirectMemory = false;

    /**
     * Creates a clone of the given buffer. The clone's capacity is
     * equal to the given buffer's limit.
     * 
     * @param buf The buffer to clone
     * @return The cloned buffer
     */
    public static Buffer clone(Buffer buf) {
        if (buf instanceof FloatBuffer) {
            return clone((FloatBuffer) buf);
        } else if (buf instanceof ShortBuffer) {
            return clone((ShortBuffer) buf);
        } else if (buf instanceof ByteBuffer) {
            return clone((ByteBuffer) buf);
        } else if (buf instanceof IntBuffer) {
            return clone((IntBuffer) buf);
        } else if (buf instanceof DoubleBuffer) {
            return clone((DoubleBuffer) buf);
        } else {
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
        }
    }
    
    private static void onBufferAllocated(Buffer buffer){
        /*
        StackTraceElement[] stackTrace = new Throwable().getStackTrace();
        int initialIndex = 0;
        
        for (int i = 0; i < stackTrace.length; i++){
            if (!stackTrace[i].getClassName().equals(BufferUtils.class.getName())){
                initialIndex = i;
                break;
            }
        }
        
        int allocated = buffer.capacity();
        int size = 0;
    
        if (buffer instanceof FloatBuffer){
            size = 4;
        }else if (buffer instanceof ShortBuffer){
            size = 2;
        }else if (buffer instanceof ByteBuffer){
            size = 1;
        }else if (buffer instanceof IntBuffer){
            size = 4;
        }else if (buffer instanceof DoubleBuffer){
            size = 8;
        }
        
        allocated *= size;
        
        for (int i = initialIndex; i < stackTrace.length; i++){
            StackTraceElement element = stackTrace[i];
            if (element.getClassName().startsWith("java")){
                break;
            }
            
            try {
                Class clazz = Class.forName(element.getClassName());
                if (i == initialIndex){
                    System.out.println(clazz.getSimpleName()+"."+element.getMethodName()+"():" + element.getLineNumber() + " allocated " + allocated);
                }else{
                    System.out.println(" at " + clazz.getSimpleName()+"."+element.getMethodName()+"()");
                }
            } catch (ClassNotFoundException ex) {
            }
        }*/
        
        if (trackDirectMemory){
            trackingHash.put(buffer, ref);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Generate a new FloatBuffer using the given array of Vector3f objects.
     * The FloatBuffer will be 3 * data.length long and contain the vector data
     * as data[0].x, data[0].y, data[0].z, data[1].x... etc.
     *
     * @param data array of Vector3f objects to place into a new FloatBuffer
     */
    public static FloatBuffer createFloatBuffer(Vector3f... data) {
        if (data == null) {
            return null;
        }
        FloatBuffer buff = createFloatBuffer(3 * data.length);
        for (int x = 0; x < data.length; x++) {
            if (data[x] != null) {
                buff.put(data[x].x).put(data[x].y).put(data[x].z);
            } else {
                buff.put(0).put(0).put(0);
            }
        }
        buff.flip();
        return buff;
    }

    /**
     * Generate a new FloatBuffer using the given array of Quaternion objects.
     * The FloatBuffer will be 4 * data.length long and contain the vector data.
     *
     * @param data array of Quaternion objects to place into a new FloatBuffer
     */
    public static FloatBuffer createFloatBuffer(Quaternion... data) {
        if (data == null) {
            return null;
        }
        FloatBuffer buff = createFloatBuffer(4 * data.length);
        for (int x = 0; x < data.length; x++) {
            if (data[x] != null) {
                buff.put(data[x].getX()).put(data[x].getY()).put(data[x].getZ()).put(data[x].getW());
            } else {
                buff.put(0).put(0).put(0);
            }
        }
        buff.flip();
        return buff;
    }

    /**
     * Generate a new FloatBuffer using the given array of float primitives.
     * @param data array of float primitives to place into a new FloatBuffer
     */
    public static FloatBuffer createFloatBuffer(float... data) {
        if (data == null) {
            return null;
        }
        FloatBuffer buff = createFloatBuffer(data.length);
        buff.clear();
        buff.put(data);
        buff.flip();
        return buff;
    }

    /**
     * Create a new FloatBuffer of an appropriate size to hold the specified
     * number of Vector3f object data.
     *
     * @param vertices
     *            number of vertices that need to be held by the newly created
     *            buffer
     * @return the requested new FloatBuffer
     */
    public static FloatBuffer createVector3Buffer(int vertices) {
        FloatBuffer vBuff = createFloatBuffer(3 * vertices);
        return vBuff;
    }

    /**
     * Create a new FloatBuffer of an appropriate size to hold the specified
     * number of Vector3f object data only if the given buffer if not already
     * the right size.
     *
     * @param buf
     *            the buffer to first check and rewind
     * @param vertices
     *            number of vertices that need to be held by the newly created
     *            buffer
     * @return the requested new FloatBuffer
     */
    public static FloatBuffer createVector3Buffer(FloatBuffer buf, int vertices) {
        if (buf != null && buf.limit() == 3 * vertices) {
            buf.rewind();
            return buf;
        }

        return createFloatBuffer(3 * vertices);
    }

    /**
     * Sets the data contained in the given color into the FloatBuffer at the
     * specified index.
     *
     * @param color
     *            the data to insert
     * @param buf
     *            the buffer to insert into
     * @param index
     *            the postion to place the data; in terms of colors not floats
     */
    public static void setInBuffer(ColorRGBA color, FloatBuffer buf,
            int index) {
        buf.position(index * 4);
        buf.put(color.r);
        buf.put(color.g);
        buf.put(color.b);
        buf.put(color.a);
    }

    /**
     * Sets the data contained in the given quaternion into the FloatBuffer at the
     * specified index.
     *
     * @param quat
     *            the {@link Quaternion} to insert
     * @param buf
     *            the buffer to insert into
     * @param index
     *            the postion to place the data; in terms of quaternions not floats
     */
    public static void setInBuffer(Quaternion quat, FloatBuffer buf,
            int index) {
        buf.position(index * 4);
        buf.put(quat.getX());
        buf.put(quat.getY());
        buf.put(quat.getZ());
        buf.put(quat.getW());
    }

    /**
     * Sets the data contained in the given Vector3F into the FloatBuffer at the
     * specified index.
     *
     * @param vector
     *            the data to insert
     * @param buf
     *            the buffer to insert into
     * @param index
     *            the postion to place the data; in terms of vectors not floats
     */
    public static void setInBuffer(Vector3f vector, FloatBuffer buf, int index) {
        if (buf == null) {
            return;
        }
        if (vector == null) {
            buf.put(index * 3, 0);
            buf.put((index * 3) + 1, 0);
            buf.put((index * 3) + 2, 0);
        } else {
            buf.put(index * 3, vector.x);
            buf.put((index * 3) + 1, vector.y);
            buf.put((index * 3) + 2, vector.z);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Updates the values of the given vector from the specified buffer at the
     * index provided.
     *
     * @param vector
     *            the vector to set data on
     * @param buf
     *            the buffer to read from
     * @param index
     *            the position (in terms of vectors, not floats) to read from
     *            the buf
     */
    public static void populateFromBuffer(Vector3f vector, FloatBuffer buf, int index) {
        vector.x = buf.get(index * 3);
        vector.y = buf.get(index * 3 + 1);
        vector.z = buf.get(index * 3 + 2);
    }

    /**
     * Generates a Vector3f array from the given FloatBuffer.
     *
     * @param buff
     *            the FloatBuffer to read from
     * @return a newly generated array of Vector3f objects
     */
    public static Vector3f[] getVector3Array(FloatBuffer buff) {
        buff.clear();
        Vector3f[] verts = new Vector3f[buff.limit() / 3];
        for (int x = 0; x < verts.length; x++) {
            Vector3f v = new Vector3f(buff.get(), buff.get(), buff.get());
            verts[x] = v;
        }
        return verts;
    }

    /**
     * Copies a Vector3f from one position in the buffer to another. The index
     * values are in terms of vector number (eg, vector number 0 is postions 0-2
     * in the FloatBuffer.)
     *
     * @param buf
     *            the buffer to copy from/to
     * @param fromPos
     *            the index of the vector to copy
     * @param toPos
     *            the index to copy the vector to
     */
    public static void copyInternalVector3(FloatBuffer buf, int fromPos, int toPos) {
        copyInternal(buf, fromPos * 3, toPos * 3, 3);
    }

    /**
     * Normalize a Vector3f in-buffer.
     *
     * @param buf
     *            the buffer to find the Vector3f within
     * @param index
     *            the position (in terms of vectors, not floats) of the vector
     *            to normalize
     */
    public static void normalizeVector3(FloatBuffer buf, int index) {
        TempVars vars = TempVars.get();
        Vector3f tempVec3 = vars.vect1;
        populateFromBuffer(tempVec3, buf, index);
        tempVec3.normalizeLocal();
        setInBuffer(tempVec3, buf, index);
        vars.release();
    }

    /**
     * Add to a Vector3f in-buffer.
     *
     * @param toAdd
     *            the vector to add from
     * @param buf
     *            the buffer to find the Vector3f within
     * @param index
     *            the position (in terms of vectors, not floats) of the vector
     *            to add to
     */
    public static void addInBuffer(Vector3f toAdd, FloatBuffer buf, int index) {
        TempVars vars = TempVars.get();
        Vector3f tempVec3 = vars.vect1;
        populateFromBuffer(tempVec3, buf, index);
        tempVec3.addLocal(toAdd);
        setInBuffer(tempVec3, buf, index);
        vars.release();
    }

    /**
     * Multiply and store a Vector3f in-buffer.
     *
     * @param toMult
     *            the vector to multiply against
     * @param buf
     *            the buffer to find the Vector3f within
     * @param index
     *            the position (in terms of vectors, not floats) of the vector
     *            to multiply
     */
    public static void multInBuffer(Vector3f toMult, FloatBuffer buf, int index) {
        TempVars vars = TempVars.get();
        Vector3f tempVec3 = vars.vect1;
        populateFromBuffer(tempVec3, buf, index);
        tempVec3.multLocal(toMult);
        setInBuffer(tempVec3, buf, index);
        vars.release();
    }

    /**
     * Checks to see if the given Vector3f is equals to the data stored in the
     * buffer at the given data index.
     *
     * @param check
     *            the vector to check against - null will return false.
     * @param buf
     *            the buffer to compare data with
     * @param index
     *            the position (in terms of vectors, not floats) of the vector
     *            in the buffer to check against
     * @return
     */
    public static boolean equals(Vector3f check, FloatBuffer buf, int index) {
        TempVars vars = TempVars.get();
        Vector3f tempVec3 = vars.vect1;
        populateFromBuffer(tempVec3, buf, index);
        boolean eq = tempVec3.equals(check);
        vars.release();
        return eq;
    }

    // // -- VECTOR2F METHODS -- ////
    /**
     * Generate a new FloatBuffer using the given array of Vector2f objects.
     * The FloatBuffer will be 2 * data.length long and contain the vector data
     * as data[0].x, data[0].y, data[1].x... etc.
     *
     * @param data array of Vector2f objects to place into a new FloatBuffer
     */
    public static FloatBuffer createFloatBuffer(Vector2f... data) {
        if (data == null) {
            return null;
        }
        FloatBuffer buff = createFloatBuffer(2 * data.length);
        for (int x = 0; x < data.length; x++) {
            if (data[x] != null) {
                buff.put(data[x].x).put(data[x].y);
            } else {
                buff.put(0).put(0);
            }
        }
        buff.flip();
        return buff;
    }

    /**
     * Create a new FloatBuffer of an appropriate size to hold the specified
     * number of Vector2f object data.
     *
     * @param vertices
     *            number of vertices that need to be held by the newly created
     *            buffer
     * @return the requested new FloatBuffer
     */
    public static FloatBuffer createVector2Buffer(int vertices) {
        FloatBuffer vBuff = createFloatBuffer(2 * vertices);
        return vBuff;
    }

    /**
     * Create a new FloatBuffer of an appropriate size to hold the specified
     * number of Vector2f object data only if the given buffer if not already
     * the right size.
     *
     * @param buf
     *            the buffer to first check and rewind
     * @param vertices
     *            number of vertices that need to be held by the newly created
     *            buffer
     * @return the requested new FloatBuffer
     */
    public static FloatBuffer createVector2Buffer(FloatBuffer buf, int vertices) {
        if (buf != null && buf.limit() == 2 * vertices) {
            buf.rewind();
            return buf;
        }

        return createFloatBuffer(2 * vertices);
    }

    /**
     * Sets the data contained in the given Vector2F into the FloatBuffer at the
     * specified index.
     *
     * @param vector
     *            the data to insert
     * @param buf
     *            the buffer to insert into
     * @param index
     *            the postion to place the data; in terms of vectors not floats
     */
    public static void setInBuffer(Vector2f vector, FloatBuffer buf, int index) {
        buf.put(index * 2, vector.x);
        buf.put((index * 2) + 1, vector.y);
    }

    /**
     * Updates the values of the given vector from the specified buffer at the
     * index provided.
     *
     * @param vector
     *            the vector to set data on
     * @param buf
     *            the buffer to read from
     * @param index
     *            the position (in terms of vectors, not floats) to read from
     *            the buf
     */
    public static void populateFromBuffer(Vector2f vector, FloatBuffer buf, int index) {
        vector.x = buf.get(index * 2);
        vector.y = buf.get(index * 2 + 1);
    }

    /**
     * Generates a Vector2f array from the given FloatBuffer.
     *
     * @param buff
     *            the FloatBuffer to read from
     * @return a newly generated array of Vector2f objects
     */
    public static Vector2f[] getVector2Array(FloatBuffer buff) {
        buff.clear();
        Vector2f[] verts = new Vector2f[buff.limit() / 2];
        for (int x = 0; x < verts.length; x++) {
            Vector2f v = new Vector2f(buff.get(), buff.get());
            verts[x] = v;
        }
        return verts;
    }

    /**
     * Copies a Vector2f from one position in the buffer to another. The index
     * values are in terms of vector number (eg, vector number 0 is postions 0-1
     * in the FloatBuffer.)
     *
     * @param buf
     *            the buffer to copy from/to
     * @param fromPos
     *            the index of the vector to copy
     * @param toPos
     *            the index to copy the vector to
     */
    public static void copyInternalVector2(FloatBuffer buf, int fromPos, int toPos) {
        copyInternal(buf, fromPos * 2, toPos * 2, 2);
    }

    /**
     * Normalize a Vector2f in-buffer.
     *
     * @param buf
     *            the buffer to find the Vector2f within
     * @param index
     *            the position (in terms of vectors, not floats) of the vector
     *            to normalize
     */
    public static void normalizeVector2(FloatBuffer buf, int index) {
        TempVars vars = TempVars.get();
        Vector2f tempVec2 = vars.vect2d;
        populateFromBuffer(tempVec2, buf, index);
        tempVec2.normalizeLocal();
        setInBuffer(tempVec2, buf, index);
        vars.release();
    }

    /**
     * Add to a Vector2f in-buffer.
     *
     * @param toAdd
     *            the vector to add from
     * @param buf
     *            the buffer to find the Vector2f within
     * @param index
     *            the position (in terms of vectors, not floats) of the vector
     *            to add to
     */
    public static void addInBuffer(Vector2f toAdd, FloatBuffer buf, int index) {
        TempVars vars = TempVars.get();
        Vector2f tempVec2 = vars.vect2d;
        populateFromBuffer(tempVec2, buf, index);
        tempVec2.addLocal(toAdd);
        setInBuffer(tempVec2, buf, index);
        vars.release();
    }

    /**
     * Multiply and store a Vector2f in-buffer.
     *
     * @param toMult
     *            the vector to multiply against
     * @param buf
     *            the buffer to find the Vector2f within
     * @param index
     *            the position (in terms of vectors, not floats) of the vector
     *            to multiply
     */
    public static void multInBuffer(Vector2f toMult, FloatBuffer buf, int index) {
        TempVars vars = TempVars.get();
        Vector2f tempVec2 = vars.vect2d;
        populateFromBuffer(tempVec2, buf, index);
        tempVec2.multLocal(toMult);
        setInBuffer(tempVec2, buf, index);
        vars.release();
    }

    /**
     * Checks to see if the given Vector2f is equals to the data stored in the
     * buffer at the given data index.
     *
     * @param check
     *            the vector to check against - null will return false.
     * @param buf
     *            the buffer to compare data with
     * @param index
     *            the position (in terms of vectors, not floats) of the vector
     *            in the buffer to check against
     * @return
     */
    public static boolean equals(Vector2f check, FloatBuffer buf, int index) {
        TempVars vars = TempVars.get();
        Vector2f tempVec2 = vars.vect2d;
        populateFromBuffer(tempVec2, buf, index);
        boolean eq = tempVec2.equals(check);
        vars.release();
        return eq;
    }

    ////  -- INT METHODS -- ////
    /**
     * Generate a new IntBuffer using the given array of ints. The IntBuffer
     * will be data.length long and contain the int data as data[0], data[1]...
     * etc.
     *
     * @param data
     *            array of ints to place into a new IntBuffer
     */
    public static IntBuffer createIntBuffer(int... data) {
        if (data == null) {
            return null;
        }
        IntBuffer buff = createIntBuffer(data.length);
        buff.clear();
        buff.put(data);
        buff.flip();
        return buff;
    }

    /**
     * Create a new int[] array and populate it with the given IntBuffer's
     * contents.
     *
     * @param buff
     *            the IntBuffer to read from
     * @return a new int array populated from the IntBuffer
     */
    public static int[] getIntArray(IntBuffer buff) {
        if (buff == null) {
            return null;
        }
        buff.clear();
        int[] inds = new int[buff.limit()];
        for (int x = 0; x < inds.length; x++) {
            inds[x] = buff.get();
        }
        return inds;
    }

    /**
     * Create a new float[] array and populate it with the given FloatBuffer's
     * contents.
     *
     * @param buff
     *            the FloatBuffer to read from
     * @return a new float array populated from the FloatBuffer
     */
    public static float[] getFloatArray(FloatBuffer buff) {
        if (buff == null) {
            return null;
        }
        buff.clear();
        float[] inds = new float[buff.limit()];
        for (int x = 0; x < inds.length; x++) {
            inds[x] = buff.get();
        }
        return inds;
    }

    //// -- GENERAL DOUBLE ROUTINES -- ////
    /**
     * Create a new DoubleBuffer of the specified size.
     *
     * @param size
     *            required number of double to store.
     * @return the new DoubleBuffer
     */
    public static DoubleBuffer createDoubleBuffer(int size) {
        DoubleBuffer buf = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(8 * size).order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder()).asDoubleBuffer();
        buf.clear();
        onBufferAllocated(buf);
        return buf;
    }

    /**
     * Create a new DoubleBuffer of an appropriate size to hold the specified
     * number of doubles only if the given buffer if not already the right size.
     *
     * @param buf
     *            the buffer to first check and rewind
     * @param size
     *            number of doubles that need to be held by the newly created
     *            buffer
     * @return the requested new DoubleBuffer
     */
    public static DoubleBuffer createDoubleBuffer(DoubleBuffer buf, int size) {
        if (buf != null && buf.limit() == size) {
            buf.rewind();
            return buf;
        }

        buf = createDoubleBuffer(size);
        return buf;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new DoubleBuffer with the same contents as the given
     * DoubleBuffer. The new DoubleBuffer is seperate from the old one and
     * changes are not reflected across. If you want to reflect changes,
     * consider using Buffer.duplicate().
     *
     * @param buf
     *            the DoubleBuffer to copy
     * @return the copy
     */
    public static DoubleBuffer clone(DoubleBuffer buf) {
        if (buf == null) {
            return null;
        }
        buf.rewind();

        DoubleBuffer copy;
        if (buf.isDirect()) {
            copy = createDoubleBuffer(buf.limit());
        } else {
            copy = DoubleBuffer.allocate(buf.limit());
        }
        copy.put(buf);

        return copy;
    }

    //// -- GENERAL FLOAT ROUTINES -- ////
    /**
     * Create a new FloatBuffer of the specified size.
     *
     * @param size
     *            required number of floats to store.
     * @return the new FloatBuffer
     */
    public static FloatBuffer createFloatBuffer(int size) {
        FloatBuffer buf = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(4 * size).order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder()).asFloatBuffer();
        buf.clear();
        onBufferAllocated(buf);
        return buf;
    }

    /**
     * Copies floats from one position in the buffer to another.
     *
     * @param buf
     *            the buffer to copy from/to
     * @param fromPos
     *            the starting point to copy from
     * @param toPos
     *            the starting point to copy to
     * @param length
     *            the number of floats to copy
     */
    public static void copyInternal(FloatBuffer buf, int fromPos, int toPos, int length) {
        float[] data = new float[length];
        buf.position(fromPos);
        buf.get(data);
        buf.position(toPos);
        buf.put(data);
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new FloatBuffer with the same contents as the given
     * FloatBuffer. The new FloatBuffer is seperate from the old one and changes
     * are not reflected across. If you want to reflect changes, consider using
     * Buffer.duplicate().
     *
     * @param buf
     *            the FloatBuffer to copy
     * @return the copy
     */
    public static FloatBuffer clone(FloatBuffer buf) {
        if (buf == null) {
            return null;
        }
        buf.rewind();

        FloatBuffer copy;
        if (buf.isDirect()) {
            copy = createFloatBuffer(buf.limit());
        } else {
            copy = FloatBuffer.allocate(buf.limit());
        }
        copy.put(buf);

        return copy;
    }

    //// -- GENERAL INT ROUTINES -- ////
    /**
     * Create a new IntBuffer of the specified size.
     *
     * @param size
     *            required number of ints to store.
     * @return the new IntBuffer
     */
    public static IntBuffer createIntBuffer(int size) {
        IntBuffer buf = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(4 * size).order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder()).asIntBuffer();
        buf.clear();
        onBufferAllocated(buf);
        return buf;
    }

    /**
     * Create a new IntBuffer of an appropriate size to hold the specified
     * number of ints only if the given buffer if not already the right size.
     *
     * @param buf
     *            the buffer to first check and rewind
     * @param size
     *            number of ints that need to be held by the newly created
     *            buffer
     * @return the requested new IntBuffer
     */
    public static IntBuffer createIntBuffer(IntBuffer buf, int size) {
        if (buf != null && buf.limit() == size) {
            buf.rewind();
            return buf;
        }

        buf = createIntBuffer(size);
        return buf;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new IntBuffer with the same contents as the given IntBuffer.
     * The new IntBuffer is seperate from the old one and changes are not
     * reflected across. If you want to reflect changes, consider using
     * Buffer.duplicate().
     *
     * @param buf
     *            the IntBuffer to copy
     * @return the copy
     */
    public static IntBuffer clone(IntBuffer buf) {
        if (buf == null) {
            return null;
        }
        buf.rewind();

        IntBuffer copy;
        if (buf.isDirect()) {
            copy = createIntBuffer(buf.limit());
        } else {
            copy = IntBuffer.allocate(buf.limit());
        }
        copy.put(buf);

        return copy;
    }

    //// -- GENERAL BYTE ROUTINES -- ////
    /**
     * Create a new ByteBuffer of the specified size.
     *
     * @param size
     *            required number of ints to store.
     * @return the new IntBuffer
     */
    public static ByteBuffer createByteBuffer(int size) {
        ByteBuffer buf = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(size).order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder());
        buf.clear();
        onBufferAllocated(buf);
        return buf;
    }

    /**
     * Create a new ByteBuffer of an appropriate size to hold the specified
     * number of ints only if the given buffer if not already the right size.
     *
     * @param buf
     *            the buffer to first check and rewind
     * @param size
     *            number of bytes that need to be held by the newly created
     *            buffer
     * @return the requested new IntBuffer
     */
    public static ByteBuffer createByteBuffer(ByteBuffer buf, int size) {
        if (buf != null && buf.limit() == size) {
            buf.rewind();
            return buf;
        }

        buf = createByteBuffer(size);
        return buf;
    }

    public static ByteBuffer createByteBuffer(byte... data) {
        ByteBuffer bb = createByteBuffer(data.length);
        bb.put(data);
        bb.flip();
        return bb;
    }

    public static ByteBuffer createByteBuffer(String data) {
        byte[] bytes = data.getBytes();
        ByteBuffer bb = createByteBuffer(bytes.length);
        bb.put(bytes);
        bb.flip();
        return bb;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new ByteBuffer with the same contents as the given ByteBuffer.
     * The new ByteBuffer is seperate from the old one and changes are not
     * reflected across. If you want to reflect changes, consider using
     * Buffer.duplicate().
     *
     * @param buf
     *            the ByteBuffer to copy
     * @return the copy
     */
    public static ByteBuffer clone(ByteBuffer buf) {
        if (buf == null) {
            return null;
        }
        buf.rewind();

        ByteBuffer copy;
        if (buf.isDirect()) {
            copy = createByteBuffer(buf.limit());
        } else {
            copy = ByteBuffer.allocate(buf.limit());
        }
        copy.put(buf);

        return copy;
    }

    //// -- GENERAL SHORT ROUTINES -- ////
    /**
     * Create a new ShortBuffer of the specified size.
     *
     * @param size
     *            required number of shorts to store.
     * @return the new ShortBuffer
     */
    public static ShortBuffer createShortBuffer(int size) {
        ShortBuffer buf = ByteBuffer.allocateDirect(2 * size).order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder()).asShortBuffer();
        buf.clear();
        onBufferAllocated(buf);
        return buf;
    }

    /**
     * Create a new ShortBuffer of an appropriate size to hold the specified
     * number of shorts only if the given buffer if not already the right size.
     *
     * @param buf
     *            the buffer to first check and rewind
     * @param size
     *            number of shorts that need to be held by the newly created
     *            buffer
     * @return the requested new ShortBuffer
     */
    public static ShortBuffer createShortBuffer(ShortBuffer buf, int size) {
        if (buf != null && buf.limit() == size) {
            buf.rewind();
            return buf;
        }

        buf = createShortBuffer(size);
        return buf;
    }

    public static ShortBuffer createShortBuffer(short... data) {
        if (data == null) {
            return null;
        }
        ShortBuffer buff = createShortBuffer(data.length);
        buff.clear();
        buff.put(data);
        buff.flip();
        return buff;
    }

    /**
     * Creates a new ShortBuffer with the same contents as the given ShortBuffer.
     * The new ShortBuffer is seperate from the old one and changes are not
     * reflected across. If you want to reflect changes, consider using
     * Buffer.duplicate().
     *
     * @param buf
     *            the ShortBuffer to copy
     * @return the copy
     */
    public static ShortBuffer clone(ShortBuffer buf) {
        if (buf == null) {
            return null;
        }
        buf.rewind();

        ShortBuffer copy;
        if (buf.isDirect()) {
            copy = createShortBuffer(buf.limit());
        } else {
            copy = ShortBuffer.allocate(buf.limit());
        }
        copy.put(buf);

        return copy;
    }

    /**
     * Ensures there is at least the <code>required</code> number of entries left after the current position of the
     * buffer. If the buffer is too small a larger one is created and the old one copied to the new buffer.
     * @param buffer buffer that should be checked/copied (may be null)
     * @param required minimum number of elements that should be remaining in the returned buffer
     * @return a buffer large enough to receive at least the <code>required</code> number of entries, same position as
     * the input buffer, not null
     */
    public static FloatBuffer ensureLargeEnough(FloatBuffer buffer, int required) {
        if (buffer == null || (buffer.remaining() < required)) {
            int position = (buffer != null ? buffer.position() : 0);
            FloatBuffer newVerts = createFloatBuffer(position + required);
            if (buffer != null) {
                buffer.rewind();
                newVerts.put(buffer);
                newVerts.position(position);
            }
            buffer = newVerts;
        }
        return buffer;
    }

    public static ShortBuffer ensureLargeEnough(ShortBuffer buffer, int required) {
        if (buffer == null || (buffer.remaining() < required)) {
            int position = (buffer != null ? buffer.position() : 0);
            ShortBuffer newVerts = createShortBuffer(position + required);
            if (buffer != null) {
                buffer.rewind();
                newVerts.put(buffer);
                newVerts.position(position);
            }
            buffer = newVerts;
        }
        return buffer;
    }

    public static ByteBuffer ensureLargeEnough(ByteBuffer buffer, int required) {
        if (buffer == null || (buffer.remaining() < required)) {
            int position = (buffer != null ? buffer.position() : 0);
            ByteBuffer newVerts = createByteBuffer(position + required);
            if (buffer != null) {
                buffer.rewind();
                newVerts.put(buffer);
                newVerts.position(position);
            }
            buffer = newVerts;
        }
        return buffer;
    }

    public static void printCurrentDirectMemory(StringBuilder store) {
        long totalHeld = 0;
        // make a new set to hold the keys to prevent concurrency issues.
        ArrayList<Buffer> bufs = new ArrayList<Buffer>(trackingHash.keySet());
        int fBufs = 0, bBufs = 0, iBufs = 0, sBufs = 0, dBufs = 0;
        int fBufsM = 0, bBufsM = 0, iBufsM = 0, sBufsM = 0, dBufsM = 0;
        for (Buffer b : bufs) {
            if (b instanceof ByteBuffer) {
                totalHeld += b.capacity();
                bBufsM += b.capacity();
                bBufs++;
            } else if (b instanceof FloatBuffer) {
                totalHeld += b.capacity() * 4;
                fBufsM += b.capacity() * 4;
                fBufs++;
            } else if (b instanceof IntBuffer) {
                totalHeld += b.capacity() * 4;
                iBufsM += b.capacity() * 4;
                iBufs++;
            } else if (b instanceof ShortBuffer) {
                totalHeld += b.capacity() * 2;
                sBufsM += b.capacity() * 2;
                sBufs++;
            } else if (b instanceof DoubleBuffer) {
                totalHeld += b.capacity() * 8;
                dBufsM += b.capacity() * 8;
                dBufs++;
            }
        }
        long heapMem = Runtime.getRuntime().totalMemory()
                - Runtime.getRuntime().freeMemory();

        boolean printStout = store == null;
        if (store == null) {
            store = new StringBuilder();
        }
        store.append("Existing buffers: ").append(bufs.size()).append("\n");
        store.append("(b: ").append(bBufs).append("  f: ").append(fBufs).append("  i: ").append(iBufs).append("  s: ").append(sBufs).append("  d: ").append(dBufs).append(")").append("\n");
        store.append("Total   heap memory held: ").append(heapMem / 1024).append("kb\n");
        store.append("Total direct memory held: ").append(totalHeld / 1024).append("kb\n");
        store.append("(b: ").append(bBufsM / 1024).append("kb  f: ").append(fBufsM / 1024).append("kb  i: ").append(iBufsM / 1024).append("kb  s: ").append(sBufsM / 1024).append("kb  d: ").append(dBufsM / 1024).append("kb)").append("\n");
        if (printStout) {
            System.out.println(store.toString());
        }
    }
    
    private static final AtomicBoolean loadedMethods = new AtomicBoolean(false);
    private static Method cleanerMethod = null;
    private static Method cleanMethod = null;
    private static Method viewedBufferMethod = null;
    private static Method freeMethod = null;
    
    private static Method loadMethod(String className, String methodName){
        try {
            Method method = Class.forName(className).getMethod(methodName);
            method.setAccessible(true);
            return method;
        } catch (NoSuchMethodException ex) {
            return null; // the method was not found
        } catch (SecurityException ex) {
            return null; // setAccessible not allowed by security policy
        } catch (ClassNotFoundException ex) {
            return null; // the direct buffer implementation was not found
        }
    }
    
    private static void loadCleanerMethods() {
        // If its already true, exit, if not, set it to true.
        if (loadedMethods.getAndSet(true)) {
            return;
        }
        // This could potentially be called many times if used from multiple
        // threads
        synchronized (loadedMethods) {
            // Oracle JRE / OpenJDK
            cleanerMethod = loadMethod("sun.nio.ch.DirectBuffer", "cleaner");
            cleanMethod = loadMethod("sun.misc.Cleaner", "clean");
            viewedBufferMethod = loadMethod("sun.nio.ch.DirectBuffer", "viewedBuffer");
            
            // Apache Harmony
            freeMethod = loadMethod("org.apache.harmony.nio.internal.DirectBuffer", "free");
            
            // GUN Classpath (not likely)
            //finalizeMethod = loadMethod("java.nio.DirectByteBufferImpl", "finalize");
        }
    }
    
    /**
    * Direct buffers are garbage collected by using a phantom reference and a
    * reference queue. Every once a while, the JVM checks the reference queue and
    * cleans the direct buffers. However, as this doesn't happen
    * immediately after discarding all references to a direct buffer, it's
    * easy to OutOfMemoryError yourself using direct buffers. This function
    * explicitly calls the Cleaner method of a direct buffer.
    * 
    * @param toBeDestroyed
    *          The direct buffer that will be "cleaned". Utilizes reflection.
    *          
    */
    public static void destroyDirectBuffer(Buffer toBeDestroyed) {
        if (!toBeDestroyed.isDirect()) {
            return;
        }
        
        loadCleanerMethods();
        
        try {
            if (freeMethod != null) {
                freeMethod.invoke(toBeDestroyed);
            } else {
                Object cleaner = cleanerMethod.invoke(toBeDestroyed);
                if (cleaner != null) {
                    cleanMethod.invoke(cleaner);
                } else {
                    // Try the alternate approach of getting the viewed buffer first
                    Object viewedBuffer = viewedBufferMethod.invoke(toBeDestroyed);
                    if (viewedBuffer != null) {
                        destroyDirectBuffer((Buffer) viewedBuffer);
                    } else {
                        Logger.getLogger(BufferUtils.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, "Buffer cannot be destroyed: {0}", toBeDestroyed);
                    }
                }
            }
        } catch (IllegalAccessException ex) {
            Logger.getLogger(BufferUtils.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, "{0}", ex);
        } catch (IllegalArgumentException ex) {
            Logger.getLogger(BufferUtils.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, "{0}", ex);
        } catch (InvocationTargetException ex) {
            Logger.getLogger(BufferUtils.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, "{0}", ex);
        } catch (SecurityException ex) {
            Logger.getLogger(BufferUtils.class.getName()).log(Level.SEVERE, "{0}", ex);
        }
    }
}