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<h2>Troubleshooting</h2>
While preparing a configuration for processing your code, you may bump into a
few problems. The following sections discuss some common issues and solutions:
<h3><a href="#processing">Problems while processing</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="#dynamicalclass">Note: can't find dynamically referenced class ...</a></li>
<li><a href="#dynamicalclasscast">Note: ... calls '(...)Class.forName(variable).newInstance()'</a></li>
<li><a href="#dynamicalclassmember">Note: ... accesses a field/method '...' dynamically</a></li>
<li><a href="#attributes">Note: ... calls 'Class.get...', 'Field.get...', or 'Method.get...'</a></li>
<li><a href="#unknownclass">Note: the configuration refers to the unknown class '...'</a></li>
<li><a href="#descriptorclass">Note: the configuration keeps the entry point '...', but not the descriptor class '...'</a></li>
<li><a href="#libraryclass">Note: the configuration explicitly specifies '...' to keep library class '...'</a></li>
<li><a href="#classmembers">Note: the configuration doesn't specify which class members to keep for class '...'</a></li>
<li><a href="#nosideeffects">Note: the configuration specifies that none of the methods of class '...' have any side effects</a></li>
<li><a href="#duplicateclass">Note: duplicate definition of program/library class</a></li>
<li><a href="#duplicatezipentry">Warning: can't write resource ... Duplicate zip entry</a></li>
<li><a href="#unresolvedclass">Warning: can't find superclass or interface</a></li>
<li><a href="#unresolvedclass">Warning: can't find referenced class</a></li>
<li><a href="#superclass">Error: Can't find any super classes of ... (not even immediate super class ...)</a></li>
<li><a href="#superclass">Error: Can't find common super class of ... and ...</a></li>
<li><a href="#unresolvedprogramclassmember">Warning: can't find referenced field/method '...' in program class ...</a></li>
<li><a href="#unresolvedlibraryclassmember">Warning: can't find referenced field/method '...' in library class ...</a></li>
<li><a href="#unresolvedenclosingmethod">Warning: can't find enclosing class/method</a></li>
<li><a href="#dependency">Warning: library class ... depends on program class ...</a></li>
<li><a href="#unexpectedclass">Warning: class file ... unexpectedly contains class ...</a></li>
<li><a href="#mappingconflict1">Warning: ... is not being kept as ..., but remapped to ...</a></li>
<li><a href="#mappingconflict2">Warning: field/method ... can't be mapped to ...</a></li>
<li><a href="#unsupportedclassversion">Error: Unsupported class version number</a></li>
<li><a href="#keep">Error: You have to specify '-keep' options</a></li>
<li><a href="#filename">Error: Expecting class path separator ';' before 'Files\Java\...' (in Windows)</a></li>
<li><a href="#macosx">Error: Can't read [.../lib/rt.jar] (No such file or directory) (in MacOS X)</a></li>
<li><a href="#cantread">Error: Can't read ...</a></li>
<li><a href="#cantwrite">Error: Can't write ...</a></li>
<li><a href="#startinggui">Internal problem starting the ProGuard GUI (Cannot write XdndAware property) (in Linux)</a></li>
<li><a href="#outofmemoryerror">OutOfMemoryError</a></li>
<li><a href="#stackoverflowerror">StackOverflowError</a></li>
<li><a href="#unexpectederror">Unexpected error</a></li>
<li><a href="#otherwise">Otherwise...</a></li>
</ul>
<h3><a href="#afterprocessing">Unexpected observations after processing</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="#disappearingclasses">Disappearing classes</a></li>
<li><a href="#notkept">Classes or class members not being kept</a></li>
<li><a href="#notobfuscated">Variable names not being obfuscated</a></li>
</ul>
<h3><a href="#dalvik">Problems while converting to Android Dalvik bytecode</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="#simexception">SimException: local variable type mismatch</a></li>
<li><a href="#conversionerror">Conversion to Dalvik format failed with error 1</a></li>
</ul>
<h3><a href="#preverifying">Problems while preverifying for Java Micro Edition</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="#invalidclassexception1">InvalidClassException, class loading error, or verification error</a></li>
</ul>
<h3><a href="#runtime">Problems at run-time</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="#stacktraces">Stack traces without class names or line numbers</a></li>
<li><a href="#noclassdeffounderror">NoClassDefFoundError</a></li>
<li><a href="#classnotfoundexception">ClassNotFoundException</a></li>
<li><a href="#nosuchfieldexception">NoSuchFieldException</a></li>
<li><a href="#nosuchmethodexception">NoSuchMethodException</a></li>
<li><a href="#missingresourceexception">MissingResourceException or NullPointerException</a></li>
<li><a href="#disappearingannotations">Disappearing annotations</a></li>
<li><a href="#invalidjarfile">Invalid or corrupt jarfile</a></li>
<li><a href="#invalidjarindexexception">InvalidJarIndexException: Invalid index</a></li>
<li><a href="#invalidclassexception2">InvalidClassException, class loading error, or verification error (in Java Micro Edition)</a></li>
<li><a href="#nosuchfieldormethod">Error: No Such Field or Method, Error verifying method (in a Java Micro Edition emulator)</a></li>
<li><a href="#failingmidlets">Failing midlets (on a Java Micro Edition device)</a></li>
<li><a href="#disappearingloops">Disappearing loops</a></li>
<li><a href="#securityexception">SecurityException: SHA1 digest error</a></li>
<li><a href="#classcastexception">ClassCastException: class not an enum</a></li><li><a href="#classcastexception">IllegalArgumentException: class not an enum type</a></li>
<li><a href="#arraystoreexception">ArrayStoreException: sun.reflect.annotation.EnumConstantNotPresentExceptionProxy</a></li>
<li><a href="#illegalargumentexception">IllegalArgumentException: methods with same signature but incompatible return types</a></li>
<li><a href="#compilererror">CompilerError: duplicate addition</a></li>
<li><a href="#classformaterror1">ClassFormatError: repetitive field name/signature</a></li>
<li><a href="#classformaterror2">ClassFormatError: Invalid index in LocalVariableTable in class file</a></li>
<li><a href="#nosuchmethoderror">NoSuchMethodError or AbstractMethodError</a></li>
<li><a href="#verifyerror">VerifyError</a></li>
</ul>
<h2><a name="processing">Problems while processing</a></h2>
ProGuard may print out some notes and non-fatal warnings:
<dl>
<dt><a name="dynamicalclass"><b>Note: can't find dynamically referenced class ...</b></a></dt>
<dd>ProGuard can't find a class or interface that your code is accessing by
means of introspection. You should consider adding the jar that contains
this class.</dd>
<dt><a name="dynamicalclasscast"><b>Note: ... calls '(...)Class.forName(variable).newInstance()'</b></a></dt>
<dd>Your code uses reflection to dynamically create class instances, with a
construct like
"<code>(MyClass)Class.forName(variable).newInstance()</code>". Depending
on your application, you may need to keep the mentioned classes with an
option like "<code>-keep class MyClass</code>", or their implementations
with an option like "<code>-keep class * implements MyClass</code>". You
can switch off these notes by specifying the
<a href="usage.html#dontnote"><code>-dontnote</code></a> option.</dd>
<dt><a name="dynamicalclassmember"><b>Note: ... accesses a field/method '...' dynamically</b></a></dt>
<dd>Your code uses reflection to find a fields or a method, with a construct
like "<code>.getField("myField")</code>". Depending on your application,
you may need to figure out where the mentioned class members are defined
and keep them with an option like "<code>-keep class MyClass { MyFieldType
myField; }</code>". Otherwise, ProGuard might remove or obfuscate the
class members, since it can't know which ones they are exactly. It does
list possible candidates, for your information. You can switch off these
notes by specifying
the <a href="usage.html#dontnote"><code>-dontnote</code></a> option.</dd>
<dt><a name="attributes"><b>Note: ... calls 'Class.get...'</b>, <b>'Field.get...'</b>, or <b>'Method.get...'</b></a></dt>
<dd>Your code uses reflection to access metadata from the code, with an
invocation like "<code>class.getAnnotations()</code>". You then generally
need to preserve optional <a href="attributes.html">class file
attributes</a>, which ProGuard removes by default. The attributes contain
information about annotations, enclosing classes, enclosing methods, etc.
In a summary in the log, ProGuard provides a suggested configuration,
like <a href="usage.html#keepattributes"><code>-keepattributes
*Annotation*</code></a>. If you're sure the attributes are not necessary,
you can switch off these notes by specifying
the <a href="usage.html#dontnote"><code>-dontnote</code></a> option.</dd>
<dt><a name="unknownclass"><b>Note: the configuration refers to the unknown class '...'</b></a></dt>
<dd>Your configuration refers to the name of a class that is not present in
the program jars or library jars. You should check whether the name is
correct. Notably, you should make sure that you always specify
fully-qualified names, not forgetting the package names.</dd>
<dt><a name="descriptorclass"><b>Note: the configuration keeps the entry point '...', but not the descriptor class '...'</b></a></dt>
<dd>Your configuration contains a <code>-keep</code> option to preserve the
given method (or field), but no <code>-keep</code> option for the given
class that is an argument type or return type in the method's descriptor.
You may then want to keep the class too. Otherwise, ProGuard will
obfuscate its name, thus changing the method's signature. The method might
then become unfindable as an entry point, e.g. if it is part of a public
API. You can automatically keep such descriptor classes with
the <code>-keep</code> option modifier
<a href="usage.html#includedescriptorclasses"><code>includedescriptorclasses</code></a>
(<code>-keep,includedescriptorclasses</code> ...). You can switch off
these notes by specifying
the <a href="usage.html#dontnote"><code>-dontnote</code></a> option.</dd>
<dt><a name="libraryclass"><b>Note: the configuration explicitly specifies '...' to keep library class '...'</b></a></dt>
<dd>Your configuration contains a <code>-keep</code> option to preserve the
given library class. However, you don't need to keep any library classes.
ProGuard always leaves underlying libraries unchanged. You can switch off
these notes by specifying the
<a href="usage.html#dontnote"><code>-dontnote</code></a> option.</dd>
<dt><a name="classmembers"><b>Note: the configuration doesn't specify which class members to keep for class '...'</b></a></dt>
<dd>Your configuration contains a
<a href="usage.html#keepclassmembers"><code>-keepclassmembers</code></a>/<a href="usage.html#keepclasseswithmembers"><code>-keepclasseswithmembers</code></a>
option to preserve fields or methods in the given class, but it doesn't
specify which fields or methods. This way, the option simply won't have
any effect. You probably want to specify one or more fields or methods, as
usual between curly braces. You can specify all fields or methods with a
wildcard "<code>*;</code>". You should also consider if you just need the
more common <a href="usage.html#keep"><code>-keep</code></a> option, which
preserves all specified classes <i>and</i> class members.
The <a href="usage.html#keepoverview">overview of all <code>keep</code>
options</a> can help. You can switch off these notes by specifying
the <a href="usage.html#dontnote"><code>-dontnote</code></a> option.</dd>
<dt><a name="nosideeffects"><b>Note: the configuration specifies that none of the methods of class '...' have any side effects</b></a></dt>
<dd>Your configuration contains an option
<a href="usage.html#assumenosideeffects"><code>-assumenosideeffects</code></a>
to indicate that the specified methods don't have any side effects.
However, the configuration tries to match <i>all</i> methods, by using a
wildcard like "<code>*;</code>". This includes methods
from <code>java.lang.Object</code>, such as <code>wait()</code> and
<code>notify()</code>. Removing invocations of those methods will most
likely break your application. You should list the methods without side
effects more conservatively. You can switch off these notes by specifying
the <a href="usage.html#dontnote"><code>-dontnote</code></a> option.</dd>
<dt><a name="duplicateclass"><b>Note: duplicate definition of program/library class</b></a></dt>
<dd>Your program jars or library jars contain multiple definitions of the
listed classes. ProGuard continues processing as usual, only considering
the first definitions. The warning may be an indication of some problem
though, so it's advisable to remove the duplicates. A convenient way to do
so is by specifying filters on the input jars or library jars. You can
switch off these notes by specifying the <a
href="usage.html#dontnote"><code>-dontnote</code></a> option.
<p>
<img class="float" src="android_small.png" width="32" height="32"
alt="android" /> The standard Android build process automatically
specifies the input jars for you. There may not be an easy way to filter
them to remove these notes. You could remove the duplicate classes
manually from your libraries. You should never explicitly specify the
input jars yourself (with <code>-injars</code> or
<code>-libraryjars</code>), since you'll then get duplicate definitions.
You should also not add libraries to your application that are already
part of the Android run-time (notably <code>org.w3c.dom</code>,
<code>org.xml.sax</code>, <code>org.xmlpull.v1</code>,
<code>org.apache.commons.logging.Log</code>, <code>org.apache.http</code>,
and <code>org.json</code>). They are possibly inconsistent, and the
run-time libraries would get precedence anyway.</dd>
<dt><a name="duplicatezipentry"><b>Warning: can't write resource ... Duplicate zip entry</b></a></dt>
<dd>Your input jars contain multiple resource files with the same name.
ProGuard continues copying the resource files as usual, skipping any files
with previously used names. Once more, the warning may be an indication of
some problem though, so it's advisable to remove the duplicates. A
convenient way to do so is by specifying filters on the input jars. There
is no option to switch off these warnings.
<p>
<img class="float" src="android_small.png" width="32" height="32"
alt="android" /> The standard Android build process automatically
specifies the input jars for you. There may not be an easy way to filter
them to remove these warnings. You could remove the duplicate resource files
manually from the input and the libraries.</dd>
</dl>
<p>
ProGuard may terminate when it encounters parsing errors or I/O errors, or
some more serious warnings:
<dl>
<dt><a name="unresolvedclass"><b>Warning: can't find superclass or interface</b><br/><b>Warning: can't find referenced class</b></a></dt>
<dd>A class in one of your program jars or library jars is referring to a
class or interface that is missing from the input. The warning lists both
the referencing class(es) and the missing referenced class(es). There can
be a few reasons, with their own solutions:
<p>
<ol>
<li>If the missing class is referenced from your own code, you may have
forgotten to specify an essential library. Just like when compiling
all code from scratch, you must specify all libraries that the code is
referencing, directly or indirectly. If the library should be
processed and included in the output, you should specify it with
<a href="usage.html#injars"><code>-injars</code></a>, otherwise you
should specify it with
<a href="usage.html#libraryjars"><code>-libraryjars</code></a>.
<p>
For example, if ProGuard complains that it can't find a
<code>java.lang</code> class, you have to make sure that you are
specifying the run-time library of your platform. For JSE, these are
typically packaged in <code>lib/rt.jar</code> (<code>vm.jar</code> for
IBM's JVM, and <code>classes.jar</code> in MacOS X). Other platforms
like JME and Android have their own run-time libraries.
The <a href="examples.html">examples section</a> provides more details
for the various platforms.
<p>
If ProGuard still complains that it can't find a
<code>javax.crypto</code> class, you probably still have to specify
<code>jce.jar</code>, next to the more common <code>rt.jar</code>.</li>
<li>If the missing class is referenced from a pre-compiled third-party
library, and your original code runs fine without it, then the missing
dependency doesn't seem to hurt. The cleanest solution is to
<a href="usage.html#filters">filter out</a> the <i>referencing</i>
class or classes from the input, with a filter like "<code>-libraryjars
mylibrary.jar(!somepackage/SomeUnusedReferencingClass.class)</code>".
ProGuard will then skip this class entirely in the input, and it will
not bump into the problem of its missing reference. However, you may
then have to filter out other classes that are in turn referencing the
removed class. In practice, this works best if you can filter out
entire unused packages at once, with a wildcard filter like
"<code>-libraryjars
mylibrary.jar(!someunusedpackage/**)</code>".<p></li>
<li>If you don't feel like filtering out the problematic classes, you can
try your luck with the <a
href="usage.html#ignorewarnings"><code>-ignorewarnings</code></a>
option, or even
the <a href="usage.html#dontwarn"><code>-dontwarn</code></a> option.
Only use these options if you really know what you're doing though.</li>
</ol>
<p>
<img class="float" src="android_small.png" width="32" height="32"
alt="android" /> The standard Android build process automatically
specifies the input jars for you. Unfortunately, many pre-compiled
third-party libraries refer to other libraries that are not actually used
and therefore not present. This works fine in debug builds, but in release
builds, ProGuard expects all libraries, so it can perform a proper static
analysis. For example, if ProGuard complains that it can't find
a <code>java.awt</code> class, then some library that you are using is
referring to <code>java.awt</code>. This is a bit shady, since Android
doesn't have this package at all, but if your application works anyway,
you can let ProGuard accept it with "<code>-dontwarn java.awt.**</code>",
for instance.
<p>
If the missing class is an Android run-time class, you should make sure
that you are building against an Android run-time that is sufficiently
recent. You may need to change the build target in your
<code>project.properties</code> file or <code>build.gradle</code> file to
that recent version. You can still specify a different
<code>minSdkVersion</code> and a different <code>targetSdkVersion</code>
in your <code>AndroidManifest.xml</code> file.</dd>
<dt><a name="superclass"><b>Error: Can't find any super classes of ... (not even immediate super class ...)</b><br/><b>Error: Can't find common super class of ... and ...</b></a></dt>
<dd>It seems like you tried to avoid the warnings from the previous paragraph
by specifying
<a href="usage.html#ignorewarnings"><code>-ignorewarnings</code></a>
or <a href="usage.html#dontwarn"><code>-dontwarn</code></a>, but it didn't
work out. ProGuard's optimization step and preverification step really
need the missing classes to make sense of the code. Preferably, you would
solve the problem by adding the missing library, as discussed. If you're
sure the class that references the missing class isn't used either, you
could also try filtering it out from the input, by adding a filter to the
corresponding <a href="usage.html#injars"><code>-injars</code></a> option:
"<code>-injars
myapplication.jar(!somepackage/SomeUnusedClass.class)</code>". As a final
solution, you could switch off optimization
(<a href="usage.html#dontoptimize"><code>-dontoptimize</code></a>) and
preverification
(<a href="usage.html#dontpreverify"><code>-dontpreverify</code></a>).</dd>
<dt><a name="unresolvedprogramclassmember"><b>Warning: can't find referenced field/method '...' in program class ...</b></a></dt>
<dd>A program class is referring to a field or a method that is missing from
another program class. The warning lists both the referencing class and
the missing referenced class member. Your compiled class files are most
likely inconsistent. Possibly, some class file didn't get recompiled
properly, or some class file was left behind after its source file was
removed. Try removing all compiled class files and rebuilding your
project.</dd>
<dt><a name="unresolvedlibraryclassmember"><b>Warning: can't find referenced field/method '...' in library class ...</b></a></dt>
<dd>A program class is referring to a field or a method that is missing from a
library class. The warning lists both the referencing class and the
missing referenced class member. Your compiled class files are
inconsistent with the libraries. You may need to recompile the class
files, or otherwise upgrade the libraries to consistent versions.
<p>
<img class="float" src="android_small.png" width="32" height="32"
alt="android" /> If you're developing for Android and ProGuard complains
that it can't find a method that is only available in a recent version of
the Android run-time, you should change the build target in your
<code>project.properties</code> file or <code>build.gradle</code> file to
that recent version. You can still specify a different
<code>minSdkVersion</code> and a different <code>targetSdkVersion</code>
in your <code>AndroidManifest.xml</code> file.
<p>
Alternatively, you may get away with ignoring the inconsistency with the
options
<a href="usage.html#ignorewarnings"><code>-ignorewarnings</code></a> or
even
<a href="usage.html#dontwarn"><code>-dontwarn</code></a>. For instance, you
can specify "<code>-dontwarn mypackage.MyInconsistentClass</code>".
<p>
Finally, should your program classes reside in the same packages as
library classes and should they refer to their package visible class
members, then you should also specify the
<a href="usage.html#dontskipnonpubliclibraryclassmembers"><code>-dontskipnonpubliclibraryclassmembers</code></a>
option.</dd>
<dt><a name="unresolvedenclosingmethod"><b>Warning: can't find enclosing class/method</b></a></dt>
<dd>If there are unresolved references to classes that are defined inside
methods in your input, once more, your compiled class files are most likely
inconsistent. Possibly, some class file didn't get recompiled properly, or
some class file was left behind after its source file was removed. Try
removing all compiled class files and rebuilding your project.</dd>
<dt><a name="dependency"><b>Warning: library class ... depends on program class ...</b></a></dt>
<dd>If any of your library classes depend on your program classes, by
extending, implementing or just referencing them, your processed code will
generally be unusable. Program classes can depend on library classes, but
not the other way around. Program classes are processed, while library
classes always remain unchanged. It is therefore impossible to adapt
references from library classes to program classes, for instance if the
program classes are renamed. You should define a clean separation between
program code (specified with <a
href="usage.html#injars"><code>-injars</code></a>) and library code
(specified with <a
href="usage.html#libraryjars"><code>-libraryjars</code></a>), and try
again.
<p>
<img class="float" src="android_small.png" width="32" height="32"
alt="android" /> In Android development, sloppy libraries may contain
duplicates of classes that are already present in the Android run-time
(notably <code>org.w3c.dom</code>, <code>org.xml.sax</code>,
<code>org.xmlpull.v1</code>, <code>org.apache.commons.logging.Log</code>,
<code>org.apache.http</code>, and <code>org.json</code>). You must remove
these classes from your libraries, since they are possibly inconsistent,
and the run-time libraries would get precedence anyway.</dd>
<dt><a name="unexpectedclass"><b>Warning: class file ... unexpectedly contains class ...</b></a></dt>
<dd>The given class file contains a definition for the given class, but the
directory name of the file doesn't correspond to the package name of the
class. ProGuard will accept the class definition, but the current
implementation will not write out the processed version. Please make sure
your input classes are packaged correctly. Notably, class files that are
in the <code>WEB-INF/classes</code> directory in a war should be packaged
in a jar and put in the <code>WEB-INF/lib</code> directory. If you don't
mind these classes not being written to the output, you can specify the <a
href="usage.html#ignorewarnings"><code>-ignorewarnings</code></a> option,
or even the <a href="usage.html#dontwarn"><code>-dontwarn</code></a>
option.</dd>
<dt><a name="mappingconflict1"><b>Warning: ... is not being kept as ..., but remapped to ...</b></a></dt>
<dd>There is a conflict between a <code>-keep</code> option in the
configuration, and the mapping file, in the obfuscation step. The given
class name or class member name can't be kept by its original name, as
specified in the configuration, but it has to be mapped to the other given
name, as specified in the mapping file. You should adapt your
configuration or your mapping file to remove the conflict. Alternatively,
if you're sure the renaming won't hurt, you can specify the <a
href="usage.html#ignorewarnings"><code>-ignorewarnings</code></a> option,
or even the <a href="usage.html#dontwarn"><code>-dontwarn</code></a>
option.</dd>
<dt><a name="mappingconflict2"><b>Warning: field/method ... can't be mapped to ...</b></a></dt>
<dd>There is a conflict between some new program code and the mapping file, in
the obfuscation step. The given class member can't be mapped to the given
name, because it would conflict with another class member that is already
being mapped to the same name. This can happen if you are performing
incremental obfuscation, applying an obfuscation mapping file from an
initial obfuscation step. For instance, some new class may have been added
that extends two existing classes, introducing a conflict in the name
space of its class members. If you're sure the class member receiving
another name than the one specified won't hurt, you can specify the <a
href="usage.html#ignorewarnings"><code>-ignorewarnings</code></a> option,
or even the <a href="usage.html#dontwarn"><code>-dontwarn</code></a>
option. Note that you should always use the <a
href="usage.html#useuniqueclassmembernames"><code>-useuniqueclassmembernames</code></a>
option in the initial obfuscation step, in order to reduce the risk of
conflicts.</dd>
<dt><a name="unsupportedclassversion"><b>Error: Unsupported class version number</b></a></dt>
<dd>You are trying to process class files compiled for a recent version of
Java that your copy of ProGuard doesn't support yet. You
should <a href="http://proguard.sourceforge.net/downloads.html">check
on-line</a> if there is a more recent release.</dd>
<dt><a name="keep"><b>Error: You have to specify '-keep' options</b></a></dt>
<dd>You either forgot to specify <a
href="usage.html#keep"><code>-keep</code></a> options, or you mistyped the
class names. ProGuard has to know exactly what you want to keep: an
application, an applet, a servlet, a midlet,..., or any combination of
these. Without the proper seed specifications, ProGuard would shrink,
optimize, or obfuscate all class files away.</dd>
<dt><a name="filename"><b>Error: Expecting class path separator ';' before 'Files\Java\</b>...<b>'</b> (in Windows)</a></dt>
<dd>If the path of your run-time jar contains spaces, like in "Program Files",
you have to enclose it with single or double quotes, as explained in the
section on <a href="usage.html#filename">file names</a>. This is actually
true for all file names containing special characters, on all
platforms.</dd>
<dt><a name="macosx"><b>Error: Can't read [</b>...<b>/lib/rt.jar] (No such file or directory)</b> (in MacOS X)</a></dt>
<dd>In MacOS X, the run-time classes may be in a different place than on most
other platforms. You'll then have to adapt your configuration, replacing
the path <code><java.home>/lib/rt.jar</code> by
<code><java.home>/../Classes/classes.jar</code>.</dd>
<dt><a name="cantread"><b>Error: Can't read ...</b></a></dt>
<dd>ProGuard can't read the specified file or directory. Double-check that the
name is correct in your configuration, that the file is readable, and that
it is not corrupt. An additional message "Unexpected end of ZLIB input
stream" suggests that the file is truncated. You should then make sure
that the file is complete on disk when ProGuard starts (asynchronous
copying? unflushed buffer or cache?), and that it is not somehow
overwritten by ProGuard's own output.</dd>
<dt><a name="cantwrite"><b>Error: Can't write ...</b></a></dt>
<dd>ProGuard can't write the specified file or directory. Double-check that
the name is correct in your configuration and that the file is
writable.</dd>
<dt><a name="startinggui"><b>Internal problem starting the ProGuard GUI (Cannot write XdndAware property)</b> (in Linux)</a></dt>
<dd>In Linux, at least with Java 6, the GUI may not start properly, due to
<a href="http://bugs.sun.com/view_bug.do?bug_id=7027598">Sun
Bug #7027598</a>. The work-around at this time is to specify the JVM
option <code>-DsuppressSwingDropSupport=true</code> when running the
GUI.</dd>
</dl>
<p>
Should ProGuard crash while processing your application:
<dl>
<dt><a name="outofmemoryerror"><b>OutOfMemoryError</b></a></dt>
<dd>You can try increasing the heap size of the Java virtual machine, with the
usual <code>-Xmx</code> option:
<ul>
<li>In Java, specify the option as an argument to the JVM: <code>java
-Xmx1024m</code> ...
<li>In Ant, set the environment variable <code>ANT_OPTS=-Xmx1024m</code>
<li>In Gradle, set the environment variable
<code>GRADLE_OPTS=-Xmx1024m</code>
<li>In Maven, set the environment variable
<code>MAVEN_OPTS=-Xmx1024m</code>
<li>In Eclipse, add the line <code>-Xmx1024m</code> to the file
<code>eclipse.ini</code> inside your Eclipse install.
</ul>
You can also reduce the amount of memory that ProGuard needs by removing
unnecessary library jars from your configuration, or by filtering out
unused library packages and classes.</dd>
<dt><a name="stackoverflowerror"><b>StackOverflowError</b></a></dt>
<dd>This error might occur when processing a large code base on Windows
(surprisingly, not so easily on Linux). In theory, increasing the stack
size of the Java virtual machine (with the usual <code>-Xss</code> option)
should help too. In practice however, the <code>-Xss</code> setting
doesn't have any effect on the main thread, due to <a
href="http://bugs.sun.com/view_bug.do?bug_id=4362291">Sun Bug
#4362291</a>. As a result, this solution will only work when running
ProGuard in a different thread, e.g. from its GUI.</dd>
<dt><a name="unexpectederror"><b>Unexpected error</b></a></dt>
<dd>ProGuard has encountered an unexpected condition, typically in the
optimization step. It may or may not recover. You should be able to avoid
it using the <a
href="usage.html#dontoptimize"><code>-dontoptimize</code></a> option. In
any case, please report the problem, preferably with the simplest example
that causes ProGuard to crash.</dd>
<dt><a name="otherwise"><b>Otherwise...</b></a></dt>
<dd>Maybe your class files are corrupt. See if recompiling them and trying
again helps. If not, please report the problem, preferably with the
simplest example that causes ProGuard to crash.</dd>
</dl>
<p>
<h2><a name="afterprocessing">Unexpected observations after processing</a></h2>
If ProGuard seems to run fine, but your processed code doesn't look right,
there might be a couple of reasons:
<dl>
<dt><a name="disappearingclasses"><b>Disappearing classes</b></a></dt>
<dd>If you are working on Windows and it looks like some classes have
disappeared from your output, you should make sure you're not writing your
output class files to a directory (or unpacking the output jar). On
platforms with case-insensitive file systems, such as Windows, unpacking
tools often let class files with similar lower-case and upper-case names
overwrite each other. If you really can't switch to a different operating
system, you could consider using ProGuard's <a
href="usage.html#dontusemixedcaseclassnames"><code>-dontusemixedcaseclassnames</code></a>
option.
<p>
Also, you should make sure your class files are in directories that
correspond to their package names. ProGuard will read misplaced class
files, but it will currently not write their processed versions. Notably,
class files that are in the <code>WEB-INF/classes</code> directory in a
war should be packaged in a jar and put in the <code>WEB-INF/lib</code>
directory.</dd>
<dt><a name="notkept"><b>Classes or class members not being kept</b></a></dt>
<dd>If ProGuard is not keeping the right classes or class members, make sure
you are using fully qualified class names. If the package name of some
class is missing, ProGuard won't match the elements that you might be
expecting. It may help to double-check for typos too. You can use the <a
href="usage.html#printseeds"><code>-printseeds</code></a> option to see
which elements are being kept exactly.
<p>
If you are using marker interfaces to keep other classes, the marker
interfaces themselves are probably being removed in the shrinking step.
You should therefore always explicitly keep any marker interfaces, with
an option like "<code>-keep interface MyMarkerInterface</code>".
<p>
Similarly, if you are keeping classes based on annotations, you may have
to avoid that the annotation classes themselves are removed in the
shrinking step. You should package the annotation classes as a library, or
explicitly keep them in your program code with an option like "<code>-keep
@interface *</code>".</dd>
<dt><a name="notobfuscated"><b>Variable names not being obfuscated</b></a></dt>
<dd>If the names of the local variables and parameters in your obfuscated code
don't look obfuscated, because they suspiciously resemble the names of
their types, it's probably because the decompiler that you are using is
coming up with those names. ProGuard's obfuscation step does remove the
original names entirely, unless you explicitly keep the
<code>LocalVariableTable</code> or <code>LocalVariableTypeTable</code>
attributes.</dd>
</dl>
<h2><a name="dalvik">Problems while converting to Android Dalvik bytecode</a></h2>
If ProGuard seems to run fine, but the dx tool in the Android SDK subsequently
fails with an error:
<dl>
<dt><a name="simexception"><b>SimException: local variable type mismatch</b></a></dt>
<dd>This error indicates that ProGuard's optimization step has not been able
to maintain the correct debug information about local variables. This can
happen if some code is optimized radically. Possible work-arounds: let the
java compiler not produce debug information (<code>-g:none</code>), or let
ProGuard's obfuscation step remove the debug information again
(by <i>not</i> keeping the attributes <code>LocalVariableTable</code>
and <code>LocalVariableTypeTable</code>
with <a href="usage.html#keepattributes"><code>-keepattributes</code></a>),
or otherwise just disable optimization
(<a href="usage.html#dontoptimize"><code>-dontoptimize</code></a>).</dd>
<dt><a name="conversionerror"><b>Conversion to Dalvik format failed with error 1</b></a></dt>
<dd>This error may have various causes, but if dx is tripping over some code
processed by ProGuard, you should make sure that you are using the latest
version of ProGuard. You can just copy the ProGuard jars
to <code>android-sdk/tools/proguard/lib</code>. If that doesn't help,
please report the problem, preferably with the simplest example that still
brings out the error.</dd>
</dl>
<h2><a name="preverifying">Problems while preverifying for Java Micro Edition</a></h2>
If ProGuard seems to run fine, but the external preverifier subsequently
produces errors, it's usually for a single reason:
<dl>
<dt><a name="invalidclassexception1"><b>InvalidClassException</b>, <b>class loading error</b>, or <b>verification error</b></a></dt>
<dd>If you get any such message from the preverifier, you are probably working
on a platform with a case-insensitive file system, such as Windows. The
<code>preverify</code> tool always unpacks the jars, so class files with
similar lower-case and upper-case names overwrite each other. You can use
ProGuard's <a
href="usage.html#dontusemixedcaseclassnames"><code>-dontusemixedcaseclassnames</code></a>
option to work around this problem.
<p>
If the above doesn't help, there is probably a bug in the optimization
step of ProGuard. Make sure you are using the latest version. You should
be able to work around the problem by using the <a
href="usage.html#dontoptimize"><code>-dontoptimize</code></a> option. You
can check the bug database to see if it is a known problem (often with a
fix). Otherwise, please report it, preferably with the simplest example on
which you can find ProGuard to fail.</dd>
</dl>
Note that it is no longer necessary to use an external preverifier. With the
<a href="usage.html#microedition"><code>-microedition</code></a> option,
ProGuard will preverify the class files for Java Micro Edition.
<p>
<h2><a name="runtime">Problems at run-time</a></h2>
If ProGuard runs fine, but your processed application doesn't work, there
might be several reasons:
<dl>
<dt><a name="stacktraces"><b>Stack traces without class names or line numbers</b></a></dt>
<dd>If your stack traces don't contain any class names or lines numbers,
even though you are keeping the proper attributes, make sure this debugging
information is present in your compiled code to start with. Notably the Ant
javac task has debugging information switched off by default.</dd>
<dt><a name="noclassdeffounderror"><b>NoClassDefFoundError</b></a></dt>
<dd>Your class path is probably incorrect. It should at least contain all
library jars and, of course, your processed program jar.</dd>
<dt><a name="classnotfoundexception"><b>ClassNotFoundException</b></a></dt>
<dd>Your code is probably calling <code>Class.forName</code>, trying to create
the missing class dynamically. ProGuard can only detect constant name
arguments, like <code>Class.forName("mypackage.MyClass")</code>. For
variable name arguments like <code>Class.forName(someClass)</code>, you
have to keep all possible classes using the appropriate <a
href="usage.html#keep"><code>-keep</code></a> option, e.g. "<code>-keep
class mypackage.MyClass</code>" or "<code>-keep class * implements
mypackage.MyInterface</code>".</dd>
<dt><a name="nosuchfieldexception"><b>NoSuchFieldException</b></a></dt>
<dd>Your code is probably calling something like
<code>myClass.getField</code>, trying to find some field dynamically.
Since ProGuard can't always detect this automatically, you have to keep
the missing field in using the
appropriate <a href="usage.html#keep"><code>-keep</code></a> option, e.g.
"<code>-keepclassmembers class mypackage.MyClass { int myField;
}</code>".</dd>
<dt><a name="nosuchmethodexception"><b>NoSuchMethodException</b></a></dt>
<dd>Your code is probably calling something like
<code>myClass.getMethod</code>, trying to find some method dynamically.
Since ProGuard can't always detect this automatically, you have to keep
the missing method in using the
appropriate <a href="usage.html#keep"><code>-keep</code></a> option, e.g.
"<code>-keepclassmembers class mypackage.MyClass { void myMethod();
}</code>".
<p>
More specifically, if the method reported as missing is
<code>values</code> or <code>valueOf</code>, you probably have to keep
some methods related to <a
href="examples.html#enumerations">enumerations</a>.</dd>
<dt><a name="missingresourceexception"><b>MissingResourceException</b> or <b>NullPointerException</b></a></dt>
<dd>Your processed code may be unable to find some resource files. ProGuard
simply copies resource files over from the input jars to the output jars.
Their names and contents remain unchanged, unless you specify the options
<a
href="usage.html#adaptresourcefilenames"><code>-adaptresourcefilenames</code></a>
and/or <a
href="usage.html#adaptresourcefilecontents"><code>-adaptresourcefilecontents</code></a>.
<p>
Furthermore, directory entries in jar files aren't copied, unless you
specify the option <a
href="usage.html#keepdirectories"><code>-keepdirectories</code></a>.
Note that Sun advises against calling <code>Class.getResource()</code> for
directories (<a href="http://bugs.sun.com/view_bug.do?bug_id=4761949">Sun
Bug #4761949</a>).</dd>
<dt><a name="disappearingannotations"><b>Disappearing annotations</b></a></dt>
<dd>By default, the obfuscation step removes all annotations. If your
application relies on annotations to function properly, you should
explicitly keep them with
<code><a href="usage.html#keepattributes">-keepattributes</a>
*Annotation*</code>.</dd>
<dt><a name="invalidjarfile"><b>Invalid or corrupt jarfile</b></a></dt>
<dd>You are probably starting your application with the java option
<code>-jar</code> instead of the option <code>-classpath</code>. The java
virtual machine returns with this error message if your jar doesn't
contain a manifest file (<code>META-INF/MANIFEST.MF</code>), if the
manifest file doesn't specify a main class (<code>Main-Class:</code> ...),
or if the jar doesn't contain this main class. You should then make sure
that the input jar contains a valid manifest file to start with, that this
manifest file is the one that is copied (the first manifest file that is
encountered), and that the main class is kept in your configuration,</dd>
<dt><a name="invalidjarindexexception"><b>InvalidJarIndexException: Invalid index</b></a></dt>
<dd>At least one of your processed jar files contains an index file
<code>META-INF/INDEX.LIST</code>, listing all class files in the jar.
ProGuard by default copies files like these unchanged. ProGuard may however
remove or rename classes, thus invalidating the file. You should filter the
index file out of the input
(<code>-injars in.jar(!META-INF/INDEX.LIST)</code>) or update the file
after having applied ProGuard (<code>jar -i out.jar</code>).
</dd>
<dt><a name="invalidclassexception2"><b>InvalidClassException</b>, <b>class loading error</b>, or <b>verification error</b> (in Java Micro Edition)</a></dt>
<dd>If you get such an error in Java Micro Edition, you may have forgotten to
specify the <a
href="usage.html#microedition"><code>-microedition</code></a> option, so
the processed class files are preverified properly.</dd>
<dt><a name="nosuchfieldormethod"><b>Error: No Such Field or Method</b>, <b>Error verifying method</b> (in a Java Micro Edition emulator)</a></dt>
<dd>If you get such a message in a Motorola or Sony Ericsson phone emulator,
it's because these emulators don't like packageless classes and/or
overloaded fields and methods. You can work around it by not using the
options <code><a href="usage.html#repackageclasses">-repackageclasses</a>
''</code> and <a
href="usage.html#overloadaggressively"><code>-overloadaggressively</code></a>.
If you're using the JME WTK plugin, you can adapt the configuration
<code>proguard/wtk/default.pro</code> that's inside the
<code>proguard.jar</code>.</dd>
<dt><a name="failingmidlets"><b>Failing midlets</b> (on a Java Micro Edition device)</a></dt>
<dd>If your midlet runs in an emulator and on some devices, but not on some
other devices, this is probably due to a bug in the latter devices. For
some older Motorola and Nokia phones, you might try specifying the <a
href="usage.html#useuniqueclassmembernames"><code>-useuniqueclassmembernames</code></a>
option. It avoids overloading class member names, which triggers a bug in
their java virtual machine.
<p>
You might also try using the <a
href="usage.html#dontusemixedcaseclassnames"><code>-dontusemixedcaseclassnames</code></a>
option. Even if the midlet has been properly processed and then
preverified on a case-sensitive file system, the device itself might not
like the mixed-case class names. Notably, the Nokia N-Gage emulator works
fine, but the actual device seems to exhibit this problem.</dd>
<dt><a name="disappearingloops"><b>Disappearing loops</b></a></dt>
<dd>If your code contains empty busy-waiting loops, ProGuard's optimization
step may remove them. More specifically, this happens if a loop
continuously checks the value of a non-volatile field that is changed in a
different thread. The specifications of the Java Virtual Machine require
that you always mark fields that are accessed across different threads
without further synchronization as <code>volatile</code>. If this is not
possible for some reason, you'll have to switch off optimization using the
<a href="usage.html#dontoptimize"><code>-dontoptimize</code></a>
option.</dd>
<dt><a name="securityexception"><b>SecurityException: SHA1 digest error</b></a></dt>
<dd>You may have forgotten to sign your program jar <i>after</i> having
processed it with ProGuard.</dd>
<dt><a name="classcastexception"><b>ClassCastException: class not an enum</b>, or <br /><b>IllegalArgumentException: class not an enum type</b></a></dt>
<dd>You should make sure you're preserving the special methods of enumeration
types, which the run-time environment calls by introspection. The required
options are shown in the <a
href="examples.html#enumerations">examples</a>.</dd>
<dt><a name="arraystoreexception"><b>ArrayStoreException: sun.reflect.annotation.EnumConstantNotPresentExceptionProxy</b></a></dt>
<dd>You are probably processing annotations involving enumerations. Again, you
should make sure you're preserving the special methods of the enumeration
type, as shown in the examples.</dd>
<dt><a name="illegalargumentexception"><b>IllegalArgumentException: methods with same signature but incompatible return types</b></a></dt>
<dd>You are probably running some code that has been obfuscated
with the <a
href="usage.html#overloadaggressively"><code>-overloadaggressively</code></a>
option. The class <code>java.lang.reflect.Proxy</code> can't handle
classes that contain methods with the same names and signatures, but
different return types. Its method <code>newProxyInstance</code> then
throws this exception. You can avoid the problem by not using the
option.</dd>
<dt><a name="compilererror"><b>CompilerError: duplicate addition</b></a></dt>
<dd>You are probably compiling or running some code that has been obfuscated
with the <a
href="usage.html#overloadaggressively"><code>-overloadaggressively</code></a>
option. This option triggers a bug in
<code>sun.tools.java.MethodSet.add</code> in Sun's JDK 1.2.2, which is
used for (dynamic) compilation. You should then avoid this option.</dd>
<dt><a name="classformaterror1"><b>ClassFormatError: repetitive field name/signature</b></a></dt>
<dd>You are probably processing some code that has been obfuscated before with
the <a
href="usage.html#overloadaggressively"><code>-overloadaggressively</code></a>
option. You should then use the same option again in the second processing
round.</dd>
<dt><a name="classformaterror2"><b>ClassFormatError: Invalid index in LocalVariableTable in class file</b></a></dt>
<dd>If you are keeping the <code>LocalVariableTable</code> or
<code>LocalVariableTypeTable</code> attributes, ProGuard's optimizing step
is sometimes unable to update them consistently. You should then let the
obfuscation step remove these attributes or disable the optimization
step.</dd>
<dt><a name="nosuchmethoderror"><b>NoSuchMethodError</b> or <b>AbstractMethodError</b></a></dt>
<dd>You should make sure you're not writing your output class files to a
directory on a platform with a case-insensitive file system, such as
Windows. Please refer to the section about <a
href="#disappearingclasses">disappearing classes</a> for details.
<p>
Furthermore, you should check whether you have specified your program jars
and library jars properly. Program classes can refer to library classes,
but not the other way around.
<p>
If all of this seems ok, perhaps there's a bug in ProGuard (gasp!). If so,
please report it, preferably with the simplest example on which you can
find ProGuard to fail.</dd>
<dt><a name="verifyerror"><b>VerifyError</b></a></dt>
<dd>Verification errors when executing a program are almost certainly the
result of a bug in the optimization step of ProGuard. Make sure you are
using the latest version. You should be able to work around the problem by
using the <a href="usage.html#dontoptimize"><code>-dontoptimize</code></a>
option. You can check the bug database to see if it is a known problem
(often with a fix). Otherwise, please report it, preferably with the
simplest example on which ProGuard fails.</dd>
</dl>
<hr />
<address>
Copyright © 2002-2014
<a target="other" href="http://www.lafortune.eu/">Eric Lafortune</a> @ <a target="top" href="http://www.saikoa.com/">Saikoa</a>.
</address>
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