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+"""A generally useful event scheduler class.
+
+Each instance of this class manages its own queue.
+No multi-threading is implied; you are supposed to hack that
+yourself, or use a single instance per application.
+
+Each instance is parametrized with two functions, one that is
+supposed to return the current time, one that is supposed to
+implement a delay. You can implement real-time scheduling by
+substituting time and sleep from built-in module time, or you can
+implement simulated time by writing your own functions. This can
+also be used to integrate scheduling with STDWIN events; the delay
+function is allowed to modify the queue. Time can be expressed as
+integers or floating point numbers, as long as it is consistent.
+
+Events are specified by tuples (time, priority, action, argument).
+As in UNIX, lower priority numbers mean higher priority; in this
+way the queue can be maintained as a priority queue. Execution of the
+event means calling the action function, passing it the argument
+sequence in "argument" (remember that in Python, multiple function
+arguments are be packed in a sequence).
+The action function may be an instance method so it
+has another way to reference private data (besides global variables).
+"""
+
+# XXX The timefunc and delayfunc should have been defined as methods
+# XXX so you can define new kinds of schedulers using subclassing
+# XXX instead of having to define a module or class just to hold
+# XXX the global state of your particular time and delay functions.
+
+import heapq
+from collections import namedtuple
+
+__all__ = ["scheduler"]
+
+Event = namedtuple('Event', 'time, priority, action, argument')
+
+class scheduler:
+ def __init__(self, timefunc, delayfunc):
+ """Initialize a new instance, passing the time and delay
+ functions"""
+ self._queue = []
+ self.timefunc = timefunc
+ self.delayfunc = delayfunc
+
+ def enterabs(self, time, priority, action, argument):
+ """Enter a new event in the queue at an absolute time.
+
+ Returns an ID for the event which can be used to remove it,
+ if necessary.
+
+ """
+ event = Event(time, priority, action, argument)
+ heapq.heappush(self._queue, event)
+ return event # The ID
+
+ def enter(self, delay, priority, action, argument):
+ """A variant that specifies the time as a relative time.
+
+ This is actually the more commonly used interface.
+
+ """
+ time = self.timefunc() + delay
+ return self.enterabs(time, priority, action, argument)
+
+ def cancel(self, event):
+ """Remove an event from the queue.
+
+ This must be presented the ID as returned by enter().
+ If the event is not in the queue, this raises ValueError.
+
+ """
+ self._queue.remove(event)
+ heapq.heapify(self._queue)
+
+ def empty(self):
+ """Check whether the queue is empty."""
+ return not self._queue
+
+ def run(self):
+ """Execute events until the queue is empty.
+
+ When there is a positive delay until the first event, the
+ delay function is called and the event is left in the queue;
+ otherwise, the event is removed from the queue and executed
+ (its action function is called, passing it the argument). If
+ the delay function returns prematurely, it is simply
+ restarted.
+
+ It is legal for both the delay function and the action
+ function to modify the queue or to raise an exception;
+ exceptions are not caught but the scheduler's state remains
+ well-defined so run() may be called again.
+
+ A questionable hack is added to allow other threads to run:
+ just after an event is executed, a delay of 0 is executed, to
+ avoid monopolizing the CPU when other threads are also
+ runnable.
+
+ """
+ # localize variable access to minimize overhead
+ # and to improve thread safety
+ q = self._queue
+ delayfunc = self.delayfunc
+ timefunc = self.timefunc
+ pop = heapq.heappop
+ while q:
+ time, priority, action, argument = checked_event = q[0]
+ now = timefunc()
+ if now < time:
+ delayfunc(time - now)
+ else:
+ event = pop(q)
+ # Verify that the event was not removed or altered
+ # by another thread after we last looked at q[0].
+ if event is checked_event:
+ action(*argument)
+ delayfunc(0) # Let other threads run
+ else:
+ heapq.heappush(q, event)
+
+ @property
+ def queue(self):
+ """An ordered list of upcoming events.
+
+ Events are named tuples with fields for:
+ time, priority, action, arguments
+
+ """
+ # Use heapq to sort the queue rather than using 'sorted(self._queue)'.
+ # With heapq, two events scheduled at the same time will show in
+ # the actual order they would be retrieved.
+ events = self._queue[:]
+ return map(heapq.heappop, [events]*len(events))