diff options
| author | Paulo Casanova <pasc@google.com> | 2016-10-31 12:28:18 +0000 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Paulo Casanova <pasc@google.com> | 2016-11-04 14:47:48 +0000 |
| commit | f9ae28fc762741a42645b0f362ed56d888602359 (patch) | |
| tree | 573242096b58d442092dd494695fd153eee9466c /src/test | |
| download | apkzlib-f9ae28fc762741a42645b0f362ed56d888602359.tar.gz | |
Created apkzlib.
Moved all apk packaging code to a new library, apkzlib.
This allows the code to be used by other projects that
need to repackage apks.
This CL will be followed by another one that will change
the package names to something more appropriate, but this
keeps changes smaller.
Test: N/A
Change-Id: I127940a00770871864ad00961ba94ab18bb160bc
Diffstat (limited to 'src/test')
38 files changed, 10261 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/sign/FullApkSignTest.java b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/sign/FullApkSignTest.java new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e9c2c90 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/sign/FullApkSignTest.java @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ +/* + * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project + * + * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); + * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. + * You may obtain a copy of the License at + * + * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 + * + * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software + * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, + * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. + * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and + * limitations under the License. + */ + +package com.android.builder.internal.packaging.sign; + +import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull; + +import com.android.builder.internal.packaging.zip.AlignmentRule; +import com.android.builder.internal.packaging.zip.AlignmentRules; +import com.android.builder.internal.packaging.zip.StoredEntry; +import com.android.builder.internal.packaging.zip.ZFile; +import com.android.builder.internal.packaging.zip.ZFileOptions; +import com.android.builder.internal.packaging.zip.ZFileTestConstants; +import com.android.builder.internal.utils.ApkZFileTestUtils; +import com.android.builder.internal.utils.ApkZLibPair; +import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream; +import java.io.File; +import java.security.PrivateKey; +import java.security.cert.X509Certificate; +import org.junit.Rule; +import org.junit.Test; +import org.junit.rules.TemporaryFolder; + +/** + * Tests that verify {@link FullApkSignExtension}. + */ +public class FullApkSignTest { + + /** + * Folder used for tests. + */ + @Rule + public TemporaryFolder mTemporaryFolder = new TemporaryFolder(); + + @Test + public void testSignature() throws Exception { + File out = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "apk"); + + ApkZLibPair<PrivateKey, X509Certificate> signData = + SignatureTestUtils.generateSignaturePre18(); + + // The byte arrays below are larger when compressed, so we end up storing them uncompressed, + // which would normally cause them to be 4-aligned. Disable that, to make calculations + // easier. + ZFileOptions options = new ZFileOptions(); + options.setAlignmentRule(AlignmentRules.constant(AlignmentRule.NO_ALIGNMENT)); + + /* + * Generate a signed zip. + */ + ZFile zf = new ZFile(out, options); + FullApkSignExtension signExtension = + new FullApkSignExtension(zf, 13, signData.v2, signData.v1); + signExtension.register(); + String f1Name = "abc"; + byte[] f1Data = new byte[] { 1, 1, 1, 1 }; + zf.add(f1Name, new ByteArrayInputStream(f1Data)); + String f2Name = "defg"; + byte[] f2Data = new byte[] { 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3}; + zf.add(f2Name, new ByteArrayInputStream(f2Data)); + zf.close(); + + /* + * We should see the data in place. + */ + int f1DataStart = ZFileTestConstants.LOCAL_HEADER_SIZE + f1Name.length(); + int f1DataEnd = f1DataStart + f1Data.length; + int f2DataStart = f1DataEnd + ZFileTestConstants.LOCAL_HEADER_SIZE + f2Name.length(); + int f2DataEnd = f2DataStart + f2Data.length; + + byte[] read1 = ApkZFileTestUtils.readSegment(out, f1DataStart, f1Data.length); + assertArrayEquals(f1Data, read1); + byte[] read2 = ApkZFileTestUtils.readSegment(out, f2DataStart, f2Data.length); + assertArrayEquals(f2Data, read2); + + /* + * Read the signed zip. + */ + ZFile zf2 = new ZFile(out); + + StoredEntry se1 = zf2.get(f1Name); + assertNotNull(se1); + assertArrayEquals(f1Data, se1.read()); + + StoredEntry se2 = zf2.get(f2Name); + assertNotNull(se2); + assertArrayEquals(f2Data, se2.read()); + + zf2.close(); + } +} diff --git a/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/sign/JarSigningTest.java b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/sign/JarSigningTest.java new file mode 100644 index 0000000..78c633e --- /dev/null +++ b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/sign/JarSigningTest.java @@ -0,0 +1,375 @@ +/* + * Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project + * + * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); + * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. + * You may obtain a copy of the License at + * + * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 + * + * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software + * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, + * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. + * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and + * limitations under the License. + */ + +package com.android.builder.internal.packaging.sign; + +import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull; + +import com.android.builder.internal.packaging.zip.StoredEntry; +import com.android.builder.internal.packaging.zip.ZFile; +import com.android.builder.internal.utils.ApkZFileTestUtils; +import com.android.builder.internal.utils.ApkZLibPair; +import com.google.common.base.Charsets; +import com.google.common.hash.Hashing; +import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream; +import java.io.File; +import java.io.InputStream; +import java.security.PrivateKey; +import java.security.cert.X509Certificate; +import java.util.Base64; +import java.util.jar.Attributes; +import java.util.jar.Manifest; +import org.junit.Rule; +import org.junit.Test; +import org.junit.rules.TemporaryFolder; + +public class JarSigningTest { + + @Rule + public TemporaryFolder mTemporaryFolder = new TemporaryFolder(); + + @Test + public void signEmptyJar() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "a.zip"); + + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + ManifestGenerationExtension manifestExtension = + new ManifestGenerationExtension("Me", "Me"); + manifestExtension.register(zf); + + ApkZLibPair<PrivateKey, X509Certificate> p = + SignatureTestUtils.generateSignaturePre18(); + + SignatureExtension signatureExtension = + new SignatureExtension(manifestExtension, 12, p.v2, p.v1, null); + signatureExtension.register(); + } + + try (ZFile verifyZFile = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + StoredEntry manifestEntry = verifyZFile.get("META-INF/MANIFEST.MF"); + assertNotNull(manifestEntry); + + Manifest manifest = new Manifest(new ByteArrayInputStream(manifestEntry.read())); + assertEquals(3, manifest.getMainAttributes().size()); + assertEquals("1.0", manifest.getMainAttributes().getValue("Manifest-Version")); + assertEquals("Me", manifest.getMainAttributes().getValue("Created-By")); + assertEquals("Me", manifest.getMainAttributes().getValue("Built-By")); + } + } + + @Test + public void signJarWithPrexistingSimpleTextFilePre18() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "a.zip"); + ApkZLibPair<PrivateKey, X509Certificate> p = SignatureTestUtils.generateSignaturePre18(); + + try (ZFile zf1 = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + zf1.add("directory/file", + new ByteArrayInputStream("useless text".getBytes(Charsets.US_ASCII))); + } + + try (ZFile zf2 = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + ManifestGenerationExtension me = new ManifestGenerationExtension("Merry", "Christmas"); + me.register(zf2); + new SignatureExtension(me, 10, p.v2, p.v1, null).register(); + } + + try (ZFile zf3 = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + StoredEntry manifestEntry = zf3.get("META-INF/MANIFEST.MF"); + assertNotNull(manifestEntry); + + Manifest manifest = new Manifest(new ByteArrayInputStream(manifestEntry.read())); + assertEquals(3, manifest.getMainAttributes().size()); + assertEquals("1.0", manifest.getMainAttributes().getValue("Manifest-Version")); + assertEquals("Merry", manifest.getMainAttributes().getValue("Built-By")); + assertEquals("Christmas", manifest.getMainAttributes().getValue("Created-By")); + + Attributes attrs = manifest.getAttributes("directory/file"); + assertNotNull(attrs); + assertEquals(1, attrs.size()); + assertEquals("OOQgIEXBissIvva3ydRoaXk29Rk=", attrs.getValue("SHA1-Digest")); + + StoredEntry signatureEntry = zf3.get("META-INF/CERT.SF"); + assertNotNull(signatureEntry); + + Manifest signature = new Manifest(new ByteArrayInputStream(signatureEntry.read())); + assertEquals(3, signature.getMainAttributes().size()); + assertEquals("1.0", signature.getMainAttributes().getValue("Signature-Version")); + assertEquals("1.0 (Android)", signature.getMainAttributes().getValue("Created-By")); + + byte[] manifestTextBytes = manifestEntry.read(); + byte[] manifestSha1Bytes = Hashing.sha1().hashBytes(manifestTextBytes).asBytes(); + String manifestSha1 = Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(manifestSha1Bytes); + + assertEquals(manifestSha1, + signature.getMainAttributes().getValue("SHA1-Digest-Manifest")); + + Attributes signAttrs = signature.getAttributes("directory/file"); + assertNotNull(signAttrs); + assertEquals(1, signAttrs.size()); + assertEquals("OOQgIEXBissIvva3ydRoaXk29Rk=", signAttrs.getValue("SHA1-Digest")); + + StoredEntry rsaEntry = zf3.get("META-INF/CERT.RSA"); + assertNotNull(rsaEntry); + } + } + + @Test + public void signJarWithPrexistingSimpleTextFilePos18() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "a.zip"); + try (ZFile zf1 = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + zf1.add("directory/file", new ByteArrayInputStream("useless text".getBytes( + Charsets.US_ASCII))); + } + + ApkZLibPair<PrivateKey, X509Certificate> p = SignatureTestUtils.generateSignaturePos18(); + + try (ZFile zf2 = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + ManifestGenerationExtension me = new ManifestGenerationExtension("Merry", "Christmas"); + me.register(zf2); + new SignatureExtension(me, 21, p.v2, p.v1, null).register(); + } + + try (ZFile zf3 = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + StoredEntry manifestEntry = zf3.get("META-INF/MANIFEST.MF"); + assertNotNull(manifestEntry); + + Manifest manifest = new Manifest(new ByteArrayInputStream(manifestEntry.read())); + assertEquals(3, manifest.getMainAttributes().size()); + assertEquals("1.0", manifest.getMainAttributes().getValue("Manifest-Version")); + assertEquals("Merry", manifest.getMainAttributes().getValue("Built-By")); + assertEquals("Christmas", manifest.getMainAttributes().getValue("Created-By")); + + Attributes attrs = manifest.getAttributes("directory/file"); + assertNotNull(attrs); + assertEquals(1, attrs.size()); + assertEquals("QjupZsopQM/01O6+sWHqH64ilMmoBEtljg9VEqN6aI4=", + attrs.getValue("SHA-256-Digest")); + + StoredEntry signatureEntry = zf3.get("META-INF/CERT.SF"); + assertNotNull(signatureEntry); + + Manifest signature = new Manifest(new ByteArrayInputStream(signatureEntry.read())); + assertEquals(3, signature.getMainAttributes().size()); + assertEquals("1.0", signature.getMainAttributes().getValue("Signature-Version")); + assertEquals("1.0 (Android)", signature.getMainAttributes().getValue("Created-By")); + + byte[] manifestTextBytes = manifestEntry.read(); + byte[] manifestSha256Bytes = Hashing.sha256().hashBytes(manifestTextBytes).asBytes(); + String manifestSha256 = Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(manifestSha256Bytes); + + assertEquals(manifestSha256, signature.getMainAttributes().getValue( + "SHA-256-Digest-Manifest")); + + Attributes signAttrs = signature.getAttributes("directory/file"); + assertNotNull(signAttrs); + assertEquals(1, signAttrs.size()); + assertEquals("QjupZsopQM/01O6+sWHqH64ilMmoBEtljg9VEqN6aI4=", + signAttrs.getValue("SHA-256-Digest")); + + StoredEntry ecdsaEntry = zf3.get("META-INF/CERT.EC"); + assertNotNull(ecdsaEntry); + } + } + + @Test + public void v2SignAddsApkSigningBlock() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "a.zip"); + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + ManifestGenerationExtension manifestExtension = + new ManifestGenerationExtension("Me", "Me"); + manifestExtension.register(zf); + + ApkZLibPair<PrivateKey, X509Certificate> p = SignatureTestUtils.generateSignaturePre18(); + + FullApkSignExtension signatureExtension = + new FullApkSignExtension(zf, 12, p.v2, p.v1); + signatureExtension.register(); + } + + try (ZFile verifyZFile = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + long centralDirOffset = verifyZFile.getCentralDirectoryOffset(); + byte[] apkSigningBlockMagic = new byte[16]; + verifyZFile.directFullyRead( + centralDirOffset - apkSigningBlockMagic.length, apkSigningBlockMagic); + assertEquals("APK Sig Block 42", new String(apkSigningBlockMagic, "US-ASCII")); + } + } + + @Test + public void v1ReSignOnFileChange() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "a.zip"); + ApkZLibPair<PrivateKey, X509Certificate> p = SignatureTestUtils.generateSignaturePos18(); + + byte[] file1Contents = "I am a test file".getBytes(Charsets.US_ASCII); + String file1Name = "path/to/file1"; + byte[] file1Sha = Hashing.sha256().hashBytes(file1Contents).asBytes(); + String file1ShaTxt = Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(file1Sha); + + String builtBy = "Santa Claus"; + String createdBy = "Uses Android"; + + try (ZFile zf1 = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + zf1.add(file1Name, new ByteArrayInputStream(file1Contents)); + ManifestGenerationExtension me = new ManifestGenerationExtension(builtBy, createdBy); + me.register(zf1); + new SignatureExtension(me, 21, p.v2, p.v1, null).register(); + + zf1.update(); + + StoredEntry manifestEntry = zf1.get("META-INF/MANIFEST.MF"); + assertNotNull(manifestEntry); + + try (InputStream manifestIs = manifestEntry.open()) { + Manifest manifest = new Manifest(manifestIs); + + assertEquals(1, manifest.getEntries().size()); + + Attributes file1Attrs = manifest.getEntries().get(file1Name); + assertNotNull(file1Attrs); + assertEquals(file1ShaTxt, file1Attrs.getValue("SHA-256-Digest")); + } + + /* + * Change the file without closing the zip. + */ + file1Contents = "I am a modified test file".getBytes(Charsets.US_ASCII); + file1Sha = Hashing.sha256().hashBytes(file1Contents).asBytes(); + file1ShaTxt = Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(file1Sha); + + zf1.add(file1Name, new ByteArrayInputStream(file1Contents)); + + zf1.update(); + + manifestEntry = zf1.get("META-INF/MANIFEST.MF"); + assertNotNull(manifestEntry); + + try (InputStream manifestIs = manifestEntry.open()) { + Manifest manifest = new Manifest(manifestIs); + + assertEquals(1, manifest.getEntries().size()); + + Attributes file1Attrs = manifest.getEntries().get(file1Name); + assertNotNull(file1Attrs); + assertEquals(file1ShaTxt, file1Attrs.getValue("SHA-256-Digest")); + } + } + + /* + * Change the file closing the zip. + */ + file1Contents = "I have changed again!".getBytes(Charsets.US_ASCII); + file1Sha = Hashing.sha256().hashBytes(file1Contents).asBytes(); + file1ShaTxt = Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(file1Sha); + + try (ZFile zf2 = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + ManifestGenerationExtension me = new ManifestGenerationExtension(builtBy, createdBy); + me.register(zf2); + new SignatureExtension(me, 21, p.v2, p.v1, null).register(); + + zf2.add(file1Name, new ByteArrayInputStream(file1Contents)); + + zf2.update(); + + StoredEntry manifestEntry = zf2.get("META-INF/MANIFEST.MF"); + assertNotNull(manifestEntry); + + try (InputStream manifestIs = manifestEntry.open()) { + Manifest manifest = new Manifest(manifestIs); + + assertEquals(1, manifest.getEntries().size()); + + Attributes file1Attrs = manifest.getEntries().get(file1Name); + assertNotNull(file1Attrs); + assertEquals(file1ShaTxt, file1Attrs.getValue("SHA-256-Digest")); + } + } + } + + @Test + public void openSignedJarDoesNotForcesWriteifSignatureIsNotCorrect() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "a.zip"); + + ApkZLibPair<PrivateKey, X509Certificate> p = SignatureTestUtils.generateSignaturePos18(); + + String fileName = "file"; + byte[] fileContents = "Very interesting contents".getBytes(Charsets.US_ASCII); + + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + ManifestGenerationExtension me = new ManifestGenerationExtension("I", "Android"); + me.register(zf); + new SignatureExtension(me, 21, p.v2, p.v1, null).register(); + + zf.add(fileName, new ByteArrayInputStream(fileContents)); + } + + long fileTimestamp = zipFile.lastModified(); + + ApkZFileTestUtils.waitForFileSystemTick(fileTimestamp); + + /* + * Open the zip file, but don't touch it. + */ + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + ManifestGenerationExtension me = new ManifestGenerationExtension("I", "Android"); + me.register(zf); + new SignatureExtension(me, 21, p.v2, p.v1, null).register(); + } + + /* + * Check the file wasn't touched. + */ + assertEquals(fileTimestamp, zipFile.lastModified()); + + /* + * Change the file contents ignoring any signing. + */ + fileContents = "Not so interesting contents".getBytes(Charsets.US_ASCII); + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + zf.add(fileName, new ByteArrayInputStream(fileContents)); + } + + fileTimestamp = zipFile.lastModified(); + + /* + * Wait to make sure the timestamp can increase. + */ + while (true) { + File notUsed = mTemporaryFolder.newFile(); + long notTimestamp = notUsed.lastModified(); + notUsed.delete(); + if (notTimestamp > fileTimestamp) { + break; + } + } + + /* + * Open the zip file, but do any changes. The need to updating the signature should force + * a file update. + */ + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + ManifestGenerationExtension me = new ManifestGenerationExtension("I", "Android"); + me.register(zf); + new SignatureExtension(me, 21, p.v2, p.v1, null).register(); + } + + /* + * Check the file was touched. + */ + assertNotEquals(fileTimestamp, zipFile.lastModified()); + } +} diff --git a/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/sign/ManifestGenerationTest.java b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/sign/ManifestGenerationTest.java new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5d50522 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/sign/ManifestGenerationTest.java @@ -0,0 +1,180 @@ +/* + * Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project + * + * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); + * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. + * You may obtain a copy of the License at + * + * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 + * + * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software + * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, + * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. + * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and + * limitations under the License. + */ + +package com.android.builder.internal.packaging.sign; + +import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue; + +import com.android.builder.internal.packaging.zip.StoredEntry; +import com.android.builder.internal.packaging.zip.ZFile; +import com.android.builder.internal.utils.ApkZFileTestUtils; +import com.google.common.base.Charsets; +import com.google.common.io.Closer; +import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream; +import java.io.File; +import java.io.InputStream; +import java.util.Set; +import org.junit.Rule; +import org.junit.Test; +import org.junit.rules.TemporaryFolder; +import org.mockito.internal.util.collections.Sets; + +public class ManifestGenerationTest { + + private static final String WIKI_PATH = "/testData/packaging/text-files/wikipedia.html"; + + @Rule + public TemporaryFolder mTemporaryFolder = new TemporaryFolder(); + + @Test + public void elementaryManifestGeneration() throws Exception { + File zip = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "f.zip"); + + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zip)) { + zf.add("abc", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[]{1})); + zf.add("x/", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[0])); + zf.add("x/abc", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[]{2})); + + ManifestGenerationExtension extension = + new ManifestGenerationExtension("Me, of course", "Myself"); + extension.register(zf); + + zf.update(); + + StoredEntry se = zf.get("META-INF/MANIFEST.MF"); + assertNotNull(se); + + String text = new String(se.read(), Charsets.US_ASCII); + text = text.trim(); + String lines[] = text.split(System.getProperty("line.separator")); + assertEquals(3, lines.length); + + assertEquals("Manifest-Version: 1.0", lines[0].trim()); + + Set<String> linesSet = Sets.newSet(); + for (String l : lines) { + linesSet.add(l.trim()); + } + + assertTrue(linesSet.contains("Built-By: Me, of course")); + assertTrue(linesSet.contains("Created-By: Myself")); + } + } + + @Test + public void manifestGenerationOnHalfWrittenFile() throws Exception { + File zip = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "f.zip"); + try (Closer closer = Closer.create()) { + ZFile zf = closer.register(new ZFile(zip)); + + try (InputStream wiki = getClass().getResourceAsStream(WIKI_PATH)) { + zf.add("wiki", wiki); + } + + ManifestGenerationExtension extension = + new ManifestGenerationExtension("Me, of course", "Myself"); + extension.register(zf); + + zf.close(); + + StoredEntry se = zf.get("META-INF/MANIFEST.MF"); + assertNotNull(se); + + String text = new String(se.read(), Charsets.US_ASCII); + text = text.trim(); + String lines[] = text.split(System.getProperty("line.separator")); + assertEquals(3, lines.length); + + assertEquals("Manifest-Version: 1.0", lines[0].trim()); + + Set<String> linesSet = Sets.newSet(); + for (String l : lines) { + linesSet.add(l.trim()); + } + + assertTrue(linesSet.contains("Built-By: Me, of course")); + assertTrue(linesSet.contains("Created-By: Myself")); + } + } + + @Test + public void manifestGenerationOnExistingFile() throws Exception { + File zip = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "f.zip"); + try (Closer closer = Closer.create()) { + ZFile zf = closer.register(new ZFile(zip)); + + try (InputStream wiki = getClass().getResourceAsStream(WIKI_PATH)) { + zf.add("wiki", wiki); + } + + zf.close(); + + ManifestGenerationExtension extension = + new ManifestGenerationExtension("Me, of course", "Myself"); + extension.register(zf); + + zf.close(); + + StoredEntry se = zf.get("META-INF/MANIFEST.MF"); + assertNotNull(se); + + String text = new String(se.read(), Charsets.US_ASCII); + text = text.trim(); + String lines[] = text.split(System.getProperty("line.separator")); + assertEquals(3, lines.length); + + assertEquals("Manifest-Version: 1.0", lines[0].trim()); + + Set<String> linesSet = Sets.newSet(); + for (String l : lines) { + linesSet.add(l.trim()); + } + + assertTrue(linesSet.contains("Built-By: Me, of course")); + assertTrue(linesSet.contains("Created-By: Myself")); + } + } + + @Test + public void manifestGenerationOnIncrementalNoChanges() throws Exception { + File zip = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "f.zip"); + try (Closer closer = Closer.create()) { + ZFile zf = closer.register(new ZFile(zip)); + + ManifestGenerationExtension extension = + new ManifestGenerationExtension("Me, of course", "Myself"); + extension.register(zf); + + try (InputStream wiki = getClass().getResourceAsStream(WIKI_PATH)) { + zf.add("wiki", wiki); + } + + zf.close(); + + long timeOfWriting = zip.lastModified(); + + ApkZFileTestUtils.waitForFileSystemTick(timeOfWriting); + + zf = closer.register(new ZFile(zip)); + zf.close(); + + long secondTimeOfWriting = zip.lastModified(); + assertEquals(timeOfWriting, secondTimeOfWriting); + } + } +} diff --git a/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/sign/SignatureTestUtils.java b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/sign/SignatureTestUtils.java new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f827a43 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/sign/SignatureTestUtils.java @@ -0,0 +1,133 @@ +/* + * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project + * + * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); + * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. + * You may obtain a copy of the License at + * + * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 + * + * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software + * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, + * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. + * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and + * limitations under the License. + */ + +package com.android.builder.internal.packaging.sign; + +import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull; +import static org.junit.Assert.fail; + +import com.android.annotations.NonNull; +import com.android.builder.internal.utils.ApkZLibPair; +import java.math.BigInteger; +import java.security.KeyPair; +import java.security.KeyPairGenerator; +import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException; +import java.security.PrivateKey; +import java.security.cert.X509Certificate; +import java.security.interfaces.ECPublicKey; +import java.security.interfaces.RSAPublicKey; +import java.util.Date; +import javax.security.auth.x500.X500Principal; +import org.bouncycastle.asn1.x500.X500Name; +import org.bouncycastle.asn1.x509.SubjectPublicKeyInfo; +import org.bouncycastle.cert.X509CertificateHolder; +import org.bouncycastle.cert.X509v1CertificateBuilder; +import org.bouncycastle.cert.jcajce.JcaX509CertificateConverter; +import org.bouncycastle.crypto.params.RSAKeyParameters; +import org.bouncycastle.crypto.util.SubjectPublicKeyInfoFactory; +import org.bouncycastle.jce.provider.BouncyCastleProvider; +import org.bouncycastle.operator.ContentSigner; +import org.bouncycastle.operator.jcajce.JcaContentSignerBuilder; +import org.junit.Assume; + +/** + * Utilities to use signatures in tests. + */ +public class SignatureTestUtils { + + /** + * Generates a private key / certificate for pre-18 systems. + * + * @return the pair with the private key and certificate + * @throws Exception failed to generate the signature data + */ + @NonNull + public static ApkZLibPair<PrivateKey, X509Certificate> generateSignaturePre18() + throws Exception { + return generateSignature("RSA", "SHA1withRSA"); + } + + /** + * Generates a private key / certificate for post-18 systems. + * + * @return the pair with the private key and certificate + * @throws Exception failed to generate the signature data + */ + @NonNull + public static ApkZLibPair<PrivateKey, X509Certificate> generateSignaturePos18() + throws Exception { + return generateSignature("EC", "SHA256withECDSA"); + } + + /** + * Generates a private key / certificate. + * + * @param sign the asymmetric cypher, <em>e.g.</em>, {@code RSA} + * @param full the full signature algorithm name, <em>e.g.</em>, {@code SHA1withRSA} + * @return the pair with the private key and certificate + * @throws Exception failed to generate the signature data + */ + @NonNull + public static ApkZLibPair<PrivateKey, X509Certificate> generateSignature( + @NonNull String sign, + @NonNull String full) + throws Exception { + // http://stackoverflow.com/questions/28538785/ + // easy-way-to-generate-a-self-signed-certificate-for-java-security-keystore-using + + KeyPairGenerator generator = null; + try { + generator = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance(sign); + } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) { + Assume.assumeNoException("Algorithm " + sign + " not supported.", e); + } + + assertNotNull(generator); + KeyPair keyPair = generator.generateKeyPair(); + + Date notBefore = new Date(System.currentTimeMillis() - 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000); + Date notAfter = new Date(System.currentTimeMillis() + 365L * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000); + + X500Name issuer = new X500Name(new X500Principal("cn=Myself").getName()); + + SubjectPublicKeyInfo publicKeyInfo; + + if (keyPair.getPublic() instanceof RSAPublicKey) { + RSAPublicKey rsaPublicKey = (RSAPublicKey) keyPair.getPublic(); + publicKeyInfo = SubjectPublicKeyInfoFactory.createSubjectPublicKeyInfo( + new RSAKeyParameters(false, rsaPublicKey.getModulus(), + rsaPublicKey.getPublicExponent())); + } else if (keyPair.getPublic() instanceof ECPublicKey) { + publicKeyInfo = SubjectPublicKeyInfo.getInstance(keyPair.getPublic().getEncoded()); + } else { + fail(); + publicKeyInfo = null; + } + + X509v1CertificateBuilder builder = new X509v1CertificateBuilder(issuer, BigInteger.ONE, + notBefore, notAfter, issuer, publicKeyInfo); + + ContentSigner signer = new JcaContentSignerBuilder(full).setProvider( + new BouncyCastleProvider()).build(keyPair.getPrivate()); + X509CertificateHolder holder = builder.build(signer); + + JcaX509CertificateConverter converter = new JcaX509CertificateConverter() + .setProvider(new BouncyCastleProvider()); + + return new ApkZLibPair(keyPair.getPrivate(), converter.getCertificate(holder)); + } + +} diff --git a/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/AlignmentTest.java b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/AlignmentTest.java new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3241bd3 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/AlignmentTest.java @@ -0,0 +1,773 @@ +/* + * Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project + * + * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); + * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. + * You may obtain a copy of the License at + * + * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 + * + * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software + * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, + * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. + * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and + * limitations under the License. + */ + +package com.android.builder.internal.packaging.zip; + +import static com.android.builder.internal.utils.ApkZFileTestUtils.readSegment; +import static junit.framework.TestCase.assertEquals; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue; + +import com.google.common.base.Charsets; +import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream; +import java.io.File; +import java.io.FileOutputStream; +import java.util.Random; +import java.util.Set; +import java.util.zip.ZipEntry; +import java.util.zip.ZipOutputStream; +import org.junit.Ignore; +import org.junit.Rule; +import org.junit.Test; +import org.junit.rules.TemporaryFolder; + +public class AlignmentTest { + + private static final AlignmentRule SUFFIX_ALIGNMENT_RULES = + AlignmentRules.compose( + // Disable 4-aligning of uncompressed *.u files, so we can more easily + // calculate offsets for testing. + AlignmentRules.constantForSuffix(".u", 1), + AlignmentRules.constantForSuffix(".a", 1024)); + @Rule + public TemporaryFolder mTemporaryFolder = new TemporaryFolder(); + + @Test + public void addAlignedFile() throws Exception { + File newZFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "test.zip"); + + byte testBytes[] = "This is some text.".getBytes(Charsets.US_ASCII); + + ZFileOptions options = new ZFileOptions(); + options.setAlignmentRule(AlignmentRules.constantForSuffix(".txt", 1024)); + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(newZFile, options)) { + zf.add("test.txt", new ByteArrayInputStream(testBytes), false); + } + + byte found[] = readSegment(newZFile, 1024, testBytes.length); + assertArrayEquals(testBytes, found); + } + + @Test + public void addNonAlignedFile() throws Exception { + File newZFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "test.zip"); + + byte testBytes[] = "This is some text.".getBytes(Charsets.US_ASCII); + + ZFileOptions options = new ZFileOptions(); + options.setAlignmentRule(AlignmentRules.constantForSuffix(".txt", 1024)); + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(newZFile, options)) { + zf.add("test.txt.foo", new ByteArrayInputStream(testBytes), false); + } + + assertTrue(newZFile.length() < 1024); + } + + @Test + public void realignSingleFile() throws Exception { + File newZFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "test.zip"); + + byte testBytes0[] = "Text number 1".getBytes(Charsets.US_ASCII); + byte testBytes1[] = "Text number 2, which is actually 1".getBytes(Charsets.US_ASCII); + + long offset0; + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(newZFile)) { + zf.add("file1.txt", new ByteArrayInputStream(testBytes1), false); + zf.add("file0.txt", new ByteArrayInputStream(testBytes0), false); + zf.close(); + + StoredEntry se0 = zf.get("file0.txt"); + assertNotNull(se0); + offset0 = se0.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getOffset(); + + StoredEntry se1 = zf.get("file1.txt"); + assertNotNull(se1); + + assertTrue(newZFile.length() < 1024); + } + + ZFileOptions options = new ZFileOptions(); + options.setAlignmentRule(AlignmentRules.constantForSuffix(".txt", 1024)); + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(newZFile, options)) { + StoredEntry se1 = zf.get("file1.txt"); + assertNotNull(se1); + se1.realign(); + zf.close(); + + StoredEntry se0 = zf.get("file0.txt"); + assertNotNull(se0); + assertEquals(offset0, se0.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getOffset()); + + se1 = zf.get("file1.txt"); + assertNotNull(se1); + assertTrue(se1.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getOffset() > 950); + assertTrue(se1.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getOffset() < 1024); + assertArrayEquals(testBytes1, readSegment(newZFile, 1024, testBytes1.length)); + + assertTrue(newZFile.length() > 1024); + } + } + + @Test + public void realignFile() throws Exception { + File newZFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "test.zip"); + + byte testBytes0[] = "Text number 1".getBytes(Charsets.US_ASCII); + byte testBytes1[] = "Text number 2, which is actually 1".getBytes(Charsets.US_ASCII); + + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(newZFile)) { + zf.add("file0.txt", new ByteArrayInputStream(testBytes0), false); + zf.add("file1.txt", new ByteArrayInputStream(testBytes1), false); + } + + assertTrue(newZFile.length() < 1024); + + ZFileOptions options = new ZFileOptions(); + options.setAlignmentRule(AlignmentRules.constantForSuffix(".txt", 1024)); + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(newZFile, options)) { + zf.realign(); + zf.update(); + + StoredEntry se0 = zf.get("file0.txt"); + assertNotNull(se0); + long off0 = 1024; + + StoredEntry se1 = zf.get("file1.txt"); + assertNotNull(se1); + long off1 = 2048; + + /* + * ZFile does not guarantee any order. + */ + if (se1.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getOffset() < + se0.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getOffset()) { + off0 = 2048; + off1 = 1024; + } + + assertArrayEquals(testBytes0, readSegment(newZFile, off0, testBytes0.length)); + assertArrayEquals(testBytes1, readSegment(newZFile, off1, testBytes1.length)); + } + } + + @Test + public void realignAlignedEntry() throws Exception { + File newZFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "test.zip"); + + byte testBytes[] = "This is some text.".getBytes(Charsets.US_ASCII); + + ZFileOptions options = new ZFileOptions(); + options.setAlignmentRule(AlignmentRules.constantForSuffix(".txt", 1024)); + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(newZFile, options)) { + zf.add("test.txt", new ByteArrayInputStream(testBytes), false); + } + + assertArrayEquals(testBytes, readSegment(newZFile, 1024, testBytes.length)); + + int flen = (int) newZFile.length(); + + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(newZFile)) { + StoredEntry entry = zf.get("test.txt"); + assertNotNull(entry); + assertFalse(entry.realign()); + } + + assertEquals(flen, (int) newZFile.length()); + assertArrayEquals(testBytes, readSegment(newZFile, 1024, testBytes.length)); + } + + @Test + public void alignmentRulesDoNotAffectAddedFiles() throws Exception { + File newZFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "test.zip"); + + byte testBytes0[] = "Text number 1".getBytes(Charsets.US_ASCII); + byte testBytes1[] = "Text number 2, which is actually 1".getBytes(Charsets.US_ASCII); + + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(newZFile)) { + zf.add("file0.txt", new ByteArrayInputStream(testBytes0), false); + } + + ZFileOptions options = new ZFileOptions(); + options.setAlignmentRule(AlignmentRules.constantForSuffix(".txt", 1024)); + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(newZFile, options)) { + zf.add("file1.txt", new ByteArrayInputStream(testBytes1), false); + zf.update(); + + StoredEntry se0 = zf.get("file0.txt"); + assertNotNull(se0); + + StoredEntry se1 = zf.get("file1.txt"); + assertNotNull(se1); + assertArrayEquals(testBytes1, readSegment(newZFile, 1024, testBytes1.length)); + } + } + + @Test + public void realignStreamedZip() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "test.zip"); + + byte[] pattern = new byte[1024]; + new Random().nextBytes(pattern); + + String name = ""; + try (ZipOutputStream zos = new ZipOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(zipFile))) { + for (int j = 0; j < 10; j++) { + name = name + "a"; + ZipEntry ze = new ZipEntry(name); + zos.putNextEntry(ze); + for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) { + zos.write(pattern); + } + } + } + + ZFileOptions options = new ZFileOptions(); + options.setAlignmentRule(AlignmentRules.constant(10)); + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile, options)) { + zf.realign(); + } + } + + @Test + public void alignFirstEntryUsingExtraField() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "test.zip"); + + byte[] recognizable = new byte[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 3, 2, 1 }; + + ZFileOptions options = new ZFileOptions(); + options.setCoverEmptySpaceUsingExtraField(true); + options.setAlignmentRule(AlignmentRules.constant(1024)); + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile, options)) { + zf.add("foo", new ByteArrayInputStream(recognizable), false); + } + + /* + * Contents should be at 1024 bytes. + */ + assertArrayEquals(recognizable, readSegment(zipFile, 1024, recognizable.length)); + + /* + * But local header should be in the beginning. + */ + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + StoredEntry entry = zf.get("foo"); + assertNotNull(entry); + assertEquals(0, entry.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getOffset()); + } + } + + @Test + public void alignFirstEntryUsingOffset() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "test.zip"); + + byte[] recognizable = new byte[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 3, 2, 1 }; + + ZFileOptions options = new ZFileOptions(); + options.setCoverEmptySpaceUsingExtraField(false); + options.setAlignmentRule(AlignmentRules.constant(1024)); + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile, options)) { + zf.add("foo", new ByteArrayInputStream(recognizable), false); + } + + /* + * Contents should be at 1024 bytes. + */ + assertArrayEquals(recognizable, readSegment(zipFile, 1024, recognizable.length)); + + /* + * Local header should start at 991 (1024 - LOCAL_HEADER_SIZE - 3). + */ + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + StoredEntry entry = zf.get("foo"); + assertNotNull(entry); + assertEquals(991, entry.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getOffset()); + } + } + + @Test + public void alignMiddleEntryUsingExtraField() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "test.zip"); + + byte[] recognizable = new byte[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 3, 2, 1 }; + + ZFileOptions options = new ZFileOptions(); + options.setCoverEmptySpaceUsingExtraField(true); + options.setAlignmentRule(SUFFIX_ALIGNMENT_RULES); + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile, options)) { + zf.add("first.u", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[1024]), false); + zf.add("middle.a", new ByteArrayInputStream(recognizable), false); + zf.add("last.u", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[1024]), false); + } + + /* + * Contents should be at 2048 bytes. + */ + assertArrayEquals(recognizable, readSegment(zipFile, 2048, recognizable.length)); + + /* + * But local header should be right after the first entry. + */ + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + StoredEntry middleEntry = zf.get("middle.a"); + assertNotNull(middleEntry); + assertEquals( + ZFileTestConstants.LOCAL_HEADER_SIZE + "first.u".length() + 1024, + middleEntry.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getOffset()); + } + } + + @Test + public void alignMiddleEntryUsingOffset() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "test.zip"); + + byte[] recognizable = new byte[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 3, 2, 1 }; + + ZFileOptions options = new ZFileOptions(); + options.setCoverEmptySpaceUsingExtraField(false); + options.setAlignmentRule(AlignmentRules.constantForSuffix(".a", 1024)); + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile, options)) { + zf.add("bar1", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[1024]), false); + zf.add("foo.a", new ByteArrayInputStream(recognizable), false); + zf.add("bar2", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[1024]), false); + } + + /* + * Contents should be at 2048 bytes. + */ + assertArrayEquals(recognizable, readSegment(zipFile, 2048, recognizable.length)); + + /* + * Local header should start at 2015 (2048 - LOCAL_HEADER_SIZE - 5). + */ + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + StoredEntry entry = zf.get("foo.a"); + assertNotNull(entry); + assertEquals(2013, entry.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getOffset()); + } + } + + @Test + public void alignUsingOffsetAllowsSmallSpaces() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "test.zip"); + + int fixedLh = ZFileTestConstants.LOCAL_HEADER_SIZE + 3; + + byte[] recognizable = new byte[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 3, 2, 1 }; + + ZFileOptions options = new ZFileOptions(); + options.setCoverEmptySpaceUsingExtraField(false); + options.setAlignmentRule(AlignmentRules.constant(fixedLh)); + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile, options)) { + zf.add("f", new ByteArrayInputStream(recognizable), false); + } + + assertArrayEquals(recognizable, readSegment(zipFile, fixedLh, recognizable.length)); + } + + @Test + public void alignUsingExtraFieldDoesNotAllowSmallSpaces() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "test.zip"); + + int fixedLh = ZFileTestConstants.LOCAL_HEADER_SIZE + 3; + + byte[] recognizable = new byte[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 3, 2, 1 }; + + ZFileOptions options = new ZFileOptions(); + options.setCoverEmptySpaceUsingExtraField(true); + options.setAlignmentRule(AlignmentRules.constant(fixedLh)); + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile, options)) { + zf.add("f", new ByteArrayInputStream(recognizable), false); + } + + assertArrayEquals(recognizable, readSegment(zipFile, fixedLh * 2, recognizable.length)); + } + + @Test + public void extraFieldSpaceUsedForAlignmentCanBeReclaimedBeforeUpdate() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "test.zip"); + + byte[] recognizable1 = new byte[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 3, 2, 1 }; + byte[] recognizable2 = new byte[] { 9, 9, 8, 8, 7, 7, 6, 6, 5, 5, 4, 4 }; + + ZFileOptions options = new ZFileOptions(); + options.setCoverEmptySpaceUsingExtraField(true); + options.setAlignmentRule(SUFFIX_ALIGNMENT_RULES); + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile, options)) { + zf.add("f.a", new ByteArrayInputStream(recognizable1), false); + zf.add("f.u", new ByteArrayInputStream(recognizable2), false); + } + + assertArrayEquals(recognizable1, readSegment(zipFile, 1024, recognizable1.length)); + assertArrayEquals( + recognizable2, + readSegment( + zipFile, + ZFileTestConstants.LOCAL_HEADER_SIZE + "f.u".length(), + recognizable2.length)); + } + + @Test + @Ignore("See ZFile.readData() contents to understand why this is ignored") + public void extraFieldSpaceUsedForAlignmentCanBeReclaimedAfterUpdate() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "test.zip"); + + byte[] recognizable1 = new byte[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 3, 2, 1 }; + byte[] recognizable2 = new byte[] { 9, 9, 8, 8, 7, 7, 6, 6, 5, 5, 4, 4 }; + + ZFileOptions options = new ZFileOptions(); + options.setCoverEmptySpaceUsingExtraField(true); + options.setAlignmentRule(AlignmentRules.constantForSuffix(".a", 1024)); + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile, options)) { + zf.add("f.a", new ByteArrayInputStream(recognizable1), false); + } + + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile, options)) { + zf.add("f.b", new ByteArrayInputStream(recognizable2), false); + } + + assertArrayEquals(recognizable1, readSegment(zipFile, 1024, recognizable1.length)); + assertArrayEquals( + recognizable2, + readSegment( + zipFile, + ZFileTestConstants.LOCAL_HEADER_SIZE + "f.b".length(), + recognizable2.length)); + } + + @Test + public void fillEmptySpaceWithExtraFieldAfterDelete() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "large.zip"); + + byte[] recognizable1 = new byte[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 3, 2, 1 }; + byte[] recognizable2 = new byte[] { 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 }; + + ZFileOptions options = new ZFileOptions(); + options.setCoverEmptySpaceUsingExtraField(true); + options.setAlignmentRule(SUFFIX_ALIGNMENT_RULES); + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile, options)) { + zf.add("first.u", new ByteArrayInputStream(recognizable1), false); + zf.add("second.u", new ByteArrayInputStream(recognizable2), false); + + zf.update(); + + StoredEntry firstEntry = zf.get("first.u"); + assertNotNull(firstEntry); + firstEntry.delete(); + } + + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + Set<StoredEntry> entries = zf.entries(); + assertEquals(1, entries.size()); + + StoredEntry entry = entries.iterator().next(); + assertEquals("second.u", entry.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getName()); + assertEquals(0, entry.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getOffset()); + assertEquals( + ZFileTestConstants.LOCAL_HEADER_SIZE + + "first.u".length() + + recognizable1.length, + entry.getLocalExtra().size()); + } + } + + @Test + public void fillInLargeGapsWithExtraField() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "large.zip"); + + byte[] recognizable1 = new byte[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 3, 2, 1 }; + byte[] recognizable2 = new byte[] { 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 }; + byte[] bigEmpty = new byte[10 * 1024]; + + ZFileOptions options = new ZFileOptions(); + options.setCoverEmptySpaceUsingExtraField(true); + options.setAlignmentRule(SUFFIX_ALIGNMENT_RULES); + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile, options)) { + zf.add("begin.u", new ByteArrayInputStream(recognizable1), false); + zf.add("middle.u", new ByteArrayInputStream(bigEmpty), false); + zf.add("end.u", new ByteArrayInputStream(recognizable2), false); + + zf.update(); + + StoredEntry middleEntry = zf.get("middle.u"); + assertNotNull(middleEntry); + middleEntry.delete(); + } + + /* + * Find the two recognizable files. + */ + int recognizable1Start = ZFileTestConstants.LOCAL_HEADER_SIZE + "begin.u".length(); + assertArrayEquals( + recognizable1, + readSegment(zipFile, recognizable1Start, recognizable1.length)); + + int recognizable2Start = + 3 * ZFileTestConstants.LOCAL_HEADER_SIZE + + "begin.u".length() + + "middle.u".length() + + "end.u".length() + + recognizable1.length + + bigEmpty.length; + assertArrayEquals( + recognizable2, + readSegment(zipFile, recognizable2Start, recognizable2.length)); + } + + @Test + public void fillHoleWithExactEntry() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "a.zip"); + + Random random = new Random(); + + byte[] fourtyFour = new byte[44]; + random.nextBytes(fourtyFour); + byte[] recognizable = new byte[] { 1, 5, 5, 1, 5, 1, 1, 5 }; + byte[] twoHundred = new byte[200]; + random.nextBytes(twoHundred); + + /* + * Start | Header End | Name end | Contents End | Name + * 0 | 30 | 59 | 103 | "File taking exactly 103 bytes" + * 103 | 133 | 136 | 144 | "foo" + * 144 | 174 | 196 | 396 | "File taking more space" + */ + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + zf.add("File taking exactly 103 bytes", new ByteArrayInputStream(fourtyFour), false); + zf.add("foo", new ByteArrayInputStream(recognizable), false); + zf.add("File taking more space", new ByteArrayInputStream(twoHundred), false); + } + + assertArrayEquals(fourtyFour, readSegment(zipFile, 59, fourtyFour.length)); + assertArrayEquals(recognizable, readSegment(zipFile, 136, recognizable.length)); + assertArrayEquals(twoHundred, readSegment(zipFile, 196, twoHundred.length)); + + /* + * Remove the middle file. + */ + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + StoredEntry fooEntry = zf.get("foo"); + assertNotNull(fooEntry); + fooEntry.delete(); + } + + /* + * Add the file again with 4-byte alignment. Because the file fits exactly in the hole, it + * is placed there. + */ + byte[] recognizable2 = new byte[] { 2, 6, 6, 2, 6, 2, 2, 6 }; + + ZFileOptions zfo = new ZFileOptions(); + zfo.setCoverEmptySpaceUsingExtraField(true); + zfo.setAlignmentRule(AlignmentRules.constant(4)); + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile, zfo)) { + zf.add("bar", new ByteArrayInputStream(recognizable2), false); + } + + assertArrayEquals(fourtyFour, readSegment(zipFile, 59, fourtyFour.length)); + assertArrayEquals(recognizable2, readSegment(zipFile, 136, recognizable2.length)); + assertArrayEquals(twoHundred, readSegment(zipFile, 196, twoHundred.length)); + } + + @Test + public void fillHoleWithSmallEntry() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "a.zip"); + + Random random = new Random(); + + byte[] fourtyFour = new byte[44]; + random.nextBytes(fourtyFour); + byte[] recognizable = new byte[] { 1, 5, 5, 1, 5, 1, 1, 5, 1, 5, 5, 1, 5, 1, 1, 5 }; + byte[] twoHundred = new byte[200]; + random.nextBytes(twoHundred); + + /* + * Start | Header End | Name end | Contents End | Name + * 0 | 30 | 59 | 103 | "File taking exactly 103 bytes" + * 103 | 133 | 136 | 152 | "foo" + * 152 | 182 | 204 | 404 | "File taking more space" + */ + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + zf.add("File taking exactly 103 bytes", new ByteArrayInputStream(fourtyFour), false); + zf.add("foo", new ByteArrayInputStream(recognizable), false); + zf.add("File taking more space", new ByteArrayInputStream(twoHundred), false); + } + + assertArrayEquals(fourtyFour, readSegment(zipFile, 59, fourtyFour.length)); + assertArrayEquals(recognizable, readSegment(zipFile, 136, recognizable.length)); + assertArrayEquals(twoHundred, readSegment(zipFile, 204, twoHundred.length)); + + /* + * Remove the middle file. + */ + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + StoredEntry fooEntry = zf.get("foo"); + assertNotNull(fooEntry); + fooEntry.delete(); + } + + /* + * Add a smaller file. It should fit nicely as: + * + * Start | Header End | Name end | Contents End | Name + * 0 | 30 | 59 | 103 | "File taking exactly 103 bytes" + * 103 | 133 | 136 | 140 | "bar" + * 140 - 152 (empty) + * 152 | 182 | 204 | 404 | "File taking more space" + */ + byte[] recognizable2 = new byte[] { 7, 7, 7, 7 }; + + ZFileOptions zfo = new ZFileOptions(); + zfo.setCoverEmptySpaceUsingExtraField(true); + zfo.setAlignmentRule(AlignmentRules.constant(4)); + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile, zfo)) { + zf.add("bar", new ByteArrayInputStream(recognizable2), false); + } + + assertArrayEquals(fourtyFour, readSegment(zipFile, 59, fourtyFour.length)); + assertArrayEquals(recognizable2, readSegment(zipFile, 136, recognizable2.length)); + assertArrayEquals(twoHundred, readSegment(zipFile, 204, twoHundred.length)); + } + + @Test + public void fillHoleWithSmallerEntryNotEnoughFreeSpace() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "a.zip"); + + Random random = new Random(); + + byte[] fourtyFour = new byte[44]; + random.nextBytes(fourtyFour); + byte[] recognizable = new byte[] { 1, 5, 5, 1, 5, 1, 1, 5, 1, 5, 5, 1, 5, 1, 1, 5 }; + byte[] twoHundred = new byte[200]; + random.nextBytes(twoHundred); + + /* + * Start | Header End | Name end | Contents End | Name + * 0 | 30 | 59 | 103 | "File taking exactly 103 bytes" + * 103 | 133 | 136 | 152 | "foo" + * 152 | 182 | 204 | 404 | "File taking more space" + */ + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + zf.add("File taking exactly 103 bytes", new ByteArrayInputStream(fourtyFour), false); + zf.add("foo", new ByteArrayInputStream(recognizable), false); + zf.add("File taking more space", new ByteArrayInputStream(twoHundred), false); + } + + assertArrayEquals(fourtyFour, readSegment(zipFile, 59, fourtyFour.length)); + assertArrayEquals(recognizable, readSegment(zipFile, 136, recognizable.length)); + assertArrayEquals(twoHundred, readSegment(zipFile, 204, twoHundred.length)); + + /* + * Remove the middle file. + */ + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + StoredEntry fooEntry = zf.get("foo"); + assertNotNull(fooEntry); + fooEntry.delete(); + } + + /* + * Add a smaller file. But it can't fit because it would leave less than 6 bytes to + * cover in the next file: + * + * Start | Header End | Name end | Contents End | Name + * 0 | 30 | 59 | 103 | "File taking exactly 103 bytes" + * 103 | 133 | 136 | 148 | "foo" + * 148 - 152 (empty) + * 152 | 182 | 204 | 404 | "File taking more space" + * + * So we end up with: + * + * Start | Header End | Name end | Contents End | Name + * 0 | 30 | 59 | 103 | "File taking exactly 103 bytes" + * 152 | 182 | 204 | 404 | "File taking more space" + * 404 | 434 -> 441 | 444 | 456 | "bar" + */ + byte[] recognizable2 = new byte[] { 7, 7, 7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 9, 9 }; + + ZFileOptions zfo = new ZFileOptions(); + zfo.setCoverEmptySpaceUsingExtraField(true); + zfo.setAlignmentRule(AlignmentRules.constant(4)); + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile, zfo)) { + zf.add("bar", new ByteArrayInputStream(recognizable2), false); + } + + assertArrayEquals(fourtyFour, readSegment(zipFile, 59, fourtyFour.length)); + assertArrayEquals(recognizable2, readSegment(zipFile, 444, recognizable2.length)); + assertArrayEquals(twoHundred, readSegment(zipFile, 204, twoHundred.length)); + } + + @Test + public void fillHoleWithSmallerEntryEnoughFreeSpaceButRequiresExtraOffset() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "a.zip"); + + Random random = new Random(); + + byte[] fourtyFour = new byte[44]; + random.nextBytes(fourtyFour); + byte[] recognizable = new byte[] { 1, 5, 5, 1, 5, 1, 1, 5, 1, 5, 5, 1, 5, 1, 1, 5 }; + byte[] twoHundred = new byte[200]; + random.nextBytes(twoHundred); + + /* + * Start | Header End | Name end | Contents End | Name + * 0 | 30 | 59 | 103 | "File taking exactly 103 bytes" + * 103 | 133 | 136 | 152 | "foo" + * 152 | 182 | 204 | 404 | "File taking more space" + */ + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + zf.add("File taking exactly 103 bytes", new ByteArrayInputStream(fourtyFour), false); + zf.add("foo", new ByteArrayInputStream(recognizable), false); + zf.add("File taking more space", new ByteArrayInputStream(twoHundred), false); + } + + assertArrayEquals(fourtyFour, readSegment(zipFile, 59, fourtyFour.length)); + assertArrayEquals(recognizable, readSegment(zipFile, 136, recognizable.length)); + assertArrayEquals(twoHundred, readSegment(zipFile, 204, twoHundred.length)); + + /* + * Remove the middle file. + */ + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + StoredEntry fooEntry = zf.get("foo"); + assertNotNull(fooEntry); + fooEntry.delete(); + } + + /* + * Add a smaller file. It will fit, but not aligned at 140 because that would require + * adding less than 6 bytes in the local header. It has to move to 150. + * + * Start | Header End | Name end | Contents End | Name + * 0 | 30 | 59 | 103 | "File taking exactly 103 bytes" + * 103 | 133 | 150 | 152 | "foo" + * 152 | 182 | 204 | 404 | "File taking more space" + */ + byte[] recognizable2 = new byte[] { 10, 10 }; + + ZFileOptions zfo = new ZFileOptions(); + zfo.setCoverEmptySpaceUsingExtraField(true); + zfo.setAlignmentRule(AlignmentRules.constant(10)); + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile, zfo)) { + zf.add("bar", new ByteArrayInputStream(recognizable2), false); + } + + assertArrayEquals(fourtyFour, readSegment(zipFile, 59, fourtyFour.length)); + assertArrayEquals(recognizable2, readSegment(zipFile, 150, recognizable2.length)); + assertArrayEquals(twoHundred, readSegment(zipFile, 204, twoHundred.length)); + } +} diff --git a/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/EncodeUtilsTest.java b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/EncodeUtilsTest.java new file mode 100644 index 0000000..91e9676 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/EncodeUtilsTest.java @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +/* + * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project + * + * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); + * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. + * You may obtain a copy of the License at + * + * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 + * + * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software + * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, + * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. + * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and + * limitations under the License. + */ + +package com.android.builder.internal.packaging.zip; + +import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue; + +import org.junit.Test; + +public class EncodeUtilsTest { + @Test + public void canEncodeAsciiWithAsciiString() { + assertTrue(EncodeUtils.canAsciiEncode("foo")); + } + + @Test + public void cannotEncodeAscuuWithUtf8String() { + String greekInGreek ="\u3b53\ubb3b\ub3b7\u3bd3\ub93b\ua3ac"; + assertFalse(EncodeUtils.canAsciiEncode(greekInGreek)); + } + + @Test + public void asciiEncodeAndDecode() { + String text = "foo"; + GPFlags flags = GPFlags.make(false); + + byte[] encoded = EncodeUtils.encode(text, flags); + assertArrayEquals(new byte[] { 0x66, 0x6f, 0x6f }, encoded); + assertEquals(text, EncodeUtils.decode(encoded, flags)); + } + + @Test + public void utf8EncodeAndDecode() { + String kazakhCapital = "\u0410\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430"; + GPFlags flags = GPFlags.make(true); + + byte[] encoded = EncodeUtils.encode(kazakhCapital, flags); + assertArrayEquals(new byte[] { (byte) 0xd0, (byte) 0x90, (byte) 0xd1, (byte) 0x81, + (byte) 0xd1, (byte) 0x82, (byte) 0xd0, (byte) 0xb0, (byte) 0xd0, (byte) 0xbd, + (byte) 0xd0, (byte) 0xb0 }, encoded); + assertEquals(kazakhCapital, EncodeUtils.decode(encoded, flags)); + } +} diff --git a/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/ExtraFieldTest.java b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/ExtraFieldTest.java new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d4275d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/ExtraFieldTest.java @@ -0,0 +1,335 @@ +/* + * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project + * + * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); + * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. + * You may obtain a copy of the License at + * + * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 + * + * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software + * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, + * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. + * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and + * limitations under the License. + */ + +package com.android.builder.internal.packaging.zip; + +import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull; + +import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList; + +import org.junit.Before; +import org.junit.Rule; +import org.junit.Test; +import org.junit.rules.TemporaryFolder; +import org.junit.runner.RunWith; +import org.junit.runners.Parameterized; + +import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream; +import java.io.File; +import java.io.FileOutputStream; +import java.io.IOException; +import java.nio.ByteBuffer; +import java.util.function.BiConsumer; +import java.util.function.Function; +import java.util.zip.ZipEntry; +import java.util.zip.ZipOutputStream; + +/** + * Test setting, removing and updating the extra field of zip entries. + */ +@RunWith(Parameterized.class) +public class ExtraFieldTest { + + @Rule + public TemporaryFolder mTemporaryFolder = new TemporaryFolder(); + + private File mZipFile; + + @Parameterized.Parameter + public Function<StoredEntry, ExtraField> mExtraFieldGetter; + + @Parameterized.Parameter(1) + public BiConsumer<StoredEntry, ExtraField> mExtraFieldSetter; + + @Before + public final void before() throws Exception { + mZipFile = mTemporaryFolder.newFile(); + mZipFile.delete(); + } + + @Parameterized.Parameters + public static ImmutableList<Object[]> getParameters() { + Function<StoredEntry, ExtraField> localGet = StoredEntry::getLocalExtra; + BiConsumer<StoredEntry, ExtraField> localSet = (se, ef) -> { + try { + se.setLocalExtra(ef); + } catch (IOException e) { + throw new AssertionError(e); + } + }; + + Function<StoredEntry, ExtraField> centralGet = + se -> se.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getExtraField(); + BiConsumer<StoredEntry, ExtraField> centralSet = (se, ef) -> { + try { + se.getCentralDirectoryHeader().setExtraField(ef); + } catch (Exception e) { + throw new AssertionError(e); + } + }; + + return ImmutableList.of( + new Object[]{ localGet, localSet }, + new Object[]{ centralGet, centralSet }); + } + + @Test + public void readEntryWithNoExtraField() throws Exception { + try (ZipOutputStream zos = new ZipOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(mZipFile))) { + zos.putNextEntry(new ZipEntry("foo")); + zos.write(new byte[] { 1, 2, 3 }); + } + + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(mZipFile)) { + StoredEntry foo = zf.get("foo"); + assertNotNull(foo); + assertEquals(3, foo.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getUncompressedSize()); + assertEquals(0, mExtraFieldGetter.apply(foo).size()); + } + } + + @Test + public void readSingleExtraField() throws Exception { + /* + * Header ID: 0x0A0B + * Data Size: 0x0004 + * Data: 0x01 0x02 0x03 0x04 + * + * In little endian is: + * + * 0xCDAB040001020304 + */ + byte[] extraField = new byte[] { 0x0B, 0x0A, 0x04, 0x00, 0x01, 0x02, 0x03, 0x04 }; + + try (ZipOutputStream zos = new ZipOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(mZipFile))) { + ZipEntry ze = new ZipEntry("foo"); + ze.setExtra(extraField); + zos.putNextEntry(ze); + zos.write(new byte[] { 1, 2, 3 }); + } + + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(mZipFile)) { + StoredEntry foo = zf.get("foo"); + assertNotNull(foo); + assertEquals(3, foo.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getUncompressedSize()); + assertEquals(8, mExtraFieldGetter.apply(foo).size()); + ImmutableList<ExtraField.Segment> segments = mExtraFieldGetter.apply(foo).getSegments(); + assertEquals(1, segments.size()); + assertEquals(0x0A0B, segments.get(0).getHeaderId()); + byte[] segData = new byte[8]; + segments.get(0).write(ByteBuffer.wrap(segData)); + assertArrayEquals(extraField, segData); + } + } + + @Test + public void readMultipleExtraFields() throws Exception { + /* + * Header ID: 0x0A01 + * Data Size: 0x0002 + * Data: 0x01 0x02 + * + * Header ID: 0x0A02 + * Data Size: 0x0001 + * Data: 0x03 + * + * Header ID: 0x0A02 + * Data Size: 0x0001 + * Dataa: 0x04 + * + * In little endian is: + * + * 0x010A02000102 020A010003 020A010004 + */ + byte[] extraField = + new byte[] { + 0x01, 0x0A, 0x02, 0x00, 0x01, 0x02, + 0x02, 0x0A, 0x01, 0x00, 0x03, + 0x02, 0x0A, 0x01, 0x00, 0x04 }; + + try (ZipOutputStream zos = new ZipOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(mZipFile))) { + ZipEntry ze = new ZipEntry("foo"); + + ze.setExtra(extraField); + zos.putNextEntry(ze); + zos.write(new byte[] { 1, 2, 3 }); + } + + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(mZipFile)) { + StoredEntry foo = zf.get("foo"); + assertNotNull(foo); + assertEquals(3, foo.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getUncompressedSize()); + assertEquals(16, mExtraFieldGetter.apply(foo).size()); + ImmutableList<ExtraField.Segment> segments = mExtraFieldGetter.apply(foo).getSegments(); + assertEquals(3, segments.size()); + + assertEquals(0x0A01, segments.get(0).getHeaderId()); + byte[] segData = new byte[6]; + segments.get(0).write(ByteBuffer.wrap(segData)); + assertArrayEquals(new byte[] { 0x01, 0x0A, 0x02, 0x00, 0x01, 0x02 }, segData); + + assertEquals(0x0A02, segments.get(1).getHeaderId()); + segData = new byte[5]; + segments.get(1).write(ByteBuffer.wrap(segData)); + assertArrayEquals(new byte[] { 0x02, 0x0A, 0x01, 0x00, 0x03 }, segData); + + assertEquals(0x0A02, segments.get(2).getHeaderId()); + segData = new byte[5]; + segments.get(2).write(ByteBuffer.wrap(segData)); + assertArrayEquals(new byte[] { 0x02, 0x0A, 0x01, 0x00, 0x04 }, segData); + } + } + + @Test + public void addExtraFieldToExistingEntry() throws Exception { + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(mZipFile)) { + zf.add("before", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[] { 0, 1, 2 })); + zf.add("extra", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[] { 3, 4, 5 })); + zf.add("after", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[] { 6, 7, 8 })); + } + + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(mZipFile)) { + StoredEntry ex = zf.get("extra"); + assertNotNull(ex); + mExtraFieldSetter.accept(ex, + new ExtraField( + ImmutableList.of( + new ExtraField.RawDataSegment( + 0x7654, + new byte[] { 1, 1, 3, 3 })))); + } + + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(mZipFile)) { + StoredEntry before = zf.get("before"); + assertNotNull(before); + assertArrayEquals(new byte[] { 0, 1, 2 }, before.read()); + + StoredEntry extra = zf.get("extra"); + assertNotNull(extra); + assertArrayEquals(new byte[] { 3, 4, 5 }, extra.read()); + + StoredEntry after = zf.get("after"); + assertNotNull(after); + assertArrayEquals(new byte[] { 6, 7, 8 }, after.read()); + + ExtraField ef = mExtraFieldGetter.apply(extra); + assertEquals(1, ef.getSegments().size()); + ExtraField.Segment s = ef.getSingleSegment(0x7654); + assertNotNull(s); + byte[] sData = new byte[8]; + s.write(ByteBuffer.wrap(sData)); + assertArrayEquals(new byte[] { 0x54, 0x76, 0x04, 0x00, 1, 1, 3, 3 }, sData); + } + } + + @Test + public void removeExtraFieldFromExistingEntry() throws Exception { + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(mZipFile)) { + zf.add("before", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[] { 0, 1, 2 })); + zf.add("extra", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[] { 3, 4, 5 })); + zf.add("after", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[] { 6, 7, 8 })); + } + + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(mZipFile)) { + StoredEntry ex = zf.get("extra"); + assertNotNull(ex); + mExtraFieldSetter.accept(ex, + new ExtraField( + ImmutableList.of( + new ExtraField.RawDataSegment( + 0x7654, + new byte[] { 1, 1, 3, 3 })))); + } + + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(mZipFile)) { + StoredEntry ex = zf.get("extra"); + assertNotNull(ex); + mExtraFieldSetter.accept(ex, new ExtraField()); + } + + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(mZipFile)) { + StoredEntry before = zf.get("before"); + assertNotNull(before); + assertArrayEquals(new byte[] { 0, 1, 2 }, before.read()); + + StoredEntry extra = zf.get("extra"); + assertNotNull(extra); + assertArrayEquals(new byte[] { 3, 4, 5 }, extra.read()); + + StoredEntry after = zf.get("after"); + assertNotNull(after); + assertArrayEquals(new byte[] { 6, 7, 8 }, after.read()); + + ExtraField ef = mExtraFieldGetter.apply(extra); + assertEquals(0, ef.getSegments().size()); + } + } + + @Test + public void updateExtraFieldOfExistingEntry() throws Exception { + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(mZipFile)) { + zf.add("before", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[] { 0, 1, 2 })); + zf.add("extra", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[] { 3, 4, 5 })); + zf.add("after", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[] { 6, 7, 8 })); + } + + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(mZipFile)) { + StoredEntry ex = zf.get("extra"); + assertNotNull(ex); + mExtraFieldSetter.accept(ex, + new ExtraField( + ImmutableList.of( + new ExtraField.RawDataSegment( + 0x7654, + new byte[] { 1, 1, 3, 3 })))); + } + + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(mZipFile)) { + StoredEntry ex = zf.get("extra"); + assertNotNull(ex); + mExtraFieldSetter.accept(ex, + new ExtraField( + ImmutableList.of( + new ExtraField.RawDataSegment( + 0x7654, + new byte[] { 2, 4, 2, 4 })))); + } + + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(mZipFile)) { + StoredEntry before = zf.get("before"); + assertNotNull(before); + assertArrayEquals(new byte[] { 0, 1, 2 }, before.read()); + + StoredEntry extra = zf.get("extra"); + assertNotNull(extra); + assertArrayEquals(new byte[] { 3, 4, 5 }, extra.read()); + + StoredEntry after = zf.get("after"); + assertNotNull(after); + assertArrayEquals(new byte[] { 6, 7, 8 }, after.read()); + + ExtraField ef = mExtraFieldGetter.apply(extra); + assertEquals(1, ef.getSegments().size()); + ExtraField.Segment s = ef.getSingleSegment(0x7654); + assertNotNull(s); + byte[] sData = new byte[8]; + s.write(ByteBuffer.wrap(sData)); + assertArrayEquals(new byte[] { 0x54, 0x76, 0x04, 0x00, 2, 4, 2, 4 }, sData); + } + } +} diff --git a/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/FileUseMapTest.java b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/FileUseMapTest.java new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a53e9cb --- /dev/null +++ b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/FileUseMapTest.java @@ -0,0 +1,134 @@ +/* + * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project + * + * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); + * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. + * You may obtain a copy of the License at + * + * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 + * + * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software + * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, + * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. + * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and + * limitations under the License. + */ + +package com.android.builder.internal.packaging.zip; + +import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals; +import static org.junit.Assert.fail; + +import com.google.common.base.Stopwatch; + +import org.junit.Ignore; +import org.junit.Test; + +import java.text.DecimalFormat; +import java.util.Random; +import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit; + +/** + * Tests for {@link FileUseMap}. + */ +public class FileUseMapTest { + + /** + * Verifies that as elements are added to the map, the performance of adding new elements + * is not significantly downgraded. This test creates a map and does several runs until + * a maximum is reached or a time limit is reached. + * + * <p>In each run, a random block is requested from the map with a random alignment and offset. + * The time for each run is saved. + * + * <p>After all runs are completed, the average time of the first runs (the head time) and + * the average time of the last runs (the tail time) is computed, as well as the average + * time. + * + * <p>The test passes if the average tail set time is (1) at most twice as long as the average + * and (2) is at most three times as long as the head set. This ensures that performance can + * degrade somewhat as the file map size increases, but not too much. + */ + @Test + @Ignore("This test relies on magic ratios to detect when performance is bad.") + public void addPerformanceTest() { + final long MAP_SIZE = 10000000; + final int MAX_RUNS = 10000; + final long MAX_TEST_DURATION_MS = 1000; + final int MAX_RANDOM_BLOCK_SIZE = 1000; + final int MAX_RANDOM_ALIGNMENT = 10; + final int HEAD_SET_SIZE = 1000; + final int TAIL_SET_SIZE = 1000; + final double MAX_TAIL_HEAD_RATIO = 3.0; + final double MAX_TAIL_TOTAL_RATIO = 2.0; + + long mapSize = MAP_SIZE; + FileUseMap map = new FileUseMap(mapSize, 0); + Random rand = new Random(0); + + long[] runs = new long[MAX_RUNS]; + int currentRun = 0; + + Stopwatch testStopwatch = Stopwatch.createStarted(); + while (testStopwatch.elapsed(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS) < MAX_TEST_DURATION_MS + && currentRun < runs.length) { + Stopwatch runStopwatch = Stopwatch.createStarted(); + + long blockSize = 1 + rand.nextInt(MAX_RANDOM_BLOCK_SIZE); + long start = map.locateFree(blockSize, rand.nextInt(MAX_RANDOM_ALIGNMENT), + rand.nextInt(MAX_RANDOM_ALIGNMENT), FileUseMap.PositionAlgorithm.BEST_FIT); + long end = start + blockSize; + if (end >= mapSize) { + mapSize *= 2; + map.extend(mapSize); + } + + map.add(start, end, new Object()); + + runs[currentRun] = runStopwatch.elapsed(TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS); + currentRun++; + } + + double initialAvg = 0; + for (int i = 0; i < HEAD_SET_SIZE; i++) { + initialAvg += runs[i]; + } + + initialAvg /= HEAD_SET_SIZE; + + double endAvg = 0; + for (int i = currentRun - TAIL_SET_SIZE; i < currentRun; i++) { + endAvg += runs[i]; + } + + endAvg /= TAIL_SET_SIZE; + + double totalAvg = 0; + for (int i = 0; i < runs.length; i++) { + totalAvg += runs[i]; + } + + totalAvg /= currentRun; + + if (endAvg > totalAvg * MAX_TAIL_TOTAL_RATIO || endAvg > initialAvg * MAX_TAIL_HEAD_RATIO) { + DecimalFormat df = new DecimalFormat("#,###"); + + fail("Add performance at end is too bad. Performance in the beginning is " + + df.format(initialAvg) + "ns per insertion and at the end is " + + df.format(endAvg) + "ns. Average over the total of " + currentRun + " runs " + + "is " + df.format(totalAvg) + "ns."); + } + } + + @Test + public void testSizeComputation() { + FileUseMap m = new FileUseMap(200, 0); + + assertEquals(200, m.size()); + assertEquals(0, m.usedSize()); + + m.add(10, 20, new Object()); + assertEquals(200, m.size()); + assertEquals(20, m.usedSize()); + } +} diff --git a/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/OldApkReadTest.java b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/OldApkReadTest.java new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3121c44 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/OldApkReadTest.java @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +/* + * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project + * + * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); + * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. + * You may obtain a copy of the License at + * + * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 + * + * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software + * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, + * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. + * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and + * limitations under the License. + */ + +package com.android.builder.internal.packaging.zip; + +import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue; + +import com.android.builder.internal.utils.ApkZFileTestUtils; +import java.io.File; +import org.junit.Test; + +public class OldApkReadTest { + + @Test + public void testReadOldApk() throws Exception { + File apkFile = ApkZFileTestUtils.getResource("/testData/packaging/test.apk"); + assertTrue(apkFile.exists()); + + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(apkFile, new ZFileOptions())) { + StoredEntry classesDex = zf.get("classes.dex"); + assertNotNull(classesDex); + } + } +} diff --git a/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/ReadWithDifferentCompressionLevelsTest.java b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/ReadWithDifferentCompressionLevelsTest.java new file mode 100644 index 0000000..154dfcd --- /dev/null +++ b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/ReadWithDifferentCompressionLevelsTest.java @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +/* + * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project + * + * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); + * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. + * You may obtain a copy of the License at + * + * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 + * + * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software + * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, + * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. + * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and + * limitations under the License. + */ + +package com.android.builder.internal.packaging.zip; + +import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue; + +import com.android.builder.internal.utils.ApkZFileTestUtils; +import java.io.File; +import org.junit.Test; + +public class ReadWithDifferentCompressionLevelsTest { + + @Test + public void readL9() throws Exception { + File l9File = ApkZFileTestUtils.getResource("/testData/packaging/l9.zip"); + assertTrue(l9File.isFile()); + + try (ZFile read = new ZFile(l9File, new ZFileOptions())) { + assertNotNull(read.get("text-files/rfc2460.txt")); + } + } + + @Test + public void readL1() throws Exception { + File l1File = ApkZFileTestUtils.getResource("/testData/packaging/l1.zip"); + assertTrue(l1File.isFile()); + + try (ZFile read = new ZFile(l1File, new ZFileOptions())) { + assertNotNull(read.get("text-files/rfc2460.txt")); + } + } +} diff --git a/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/ZFileNotificationTest.java b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/ZFileNotificationTest.java new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b7c490f --- /dev/null +++ b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/ZFileNotificationTest.java @@ -0,0 +1,422 @@ +/* + * Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project + * + * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); + * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. + * You may obtain a copy of the License at + * + * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 + * + * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software + * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, + * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. + * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and + * limitations under the License. + */ + +package com.android.builder.internal.packaging.zip; + +import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertSame; + +import com.android.annotations.NonNull; +import com.android.annotations.Nullable; +import com.android.builder.internal.utils.ApkZLibPair; +import com.android.builder.internal.utils.IOExceptionRunnable; +import com.google.common.collect.Lists; + +import org.junit.Rule; +import org.junit.Test; +import org.junit.rules.TemporaryFolder; +import org.mockito.Mockito; + +import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream; +import java.io.File; +import java.io.IOException; +import java.util.List; + +public class ZFileNotificationTest { + private static class KeepListener extends ZFileExtension { + public int open; + public int beforeUpdated; + public int updated; + public int closed; + public List<ApkZLibPair<StoredEntry, StoredEntry>> added; + public List<StoredEntry> removed; + public IOExceptionRunnable returnRunnable; + + KeepListener() { + reset(); + } + + @Nullable + @Override + public IOExceptionRunnable open() { + open++; + return returnRunnable; + } + + @Nullable + @Override + public IOExceptionRunnable beforeUpdate() { + beforeUpdated++; + return returnRunnable; + } + + @Override + public void updated() { + updated++; + } + + @Override + public void closed() { + closed++; + } + + @Nullable + @Override + public IOExceptionRunnable added(@NonNull StoredEntry entry, + @Nullable StoredEntry replaced) { + added.add(new ApkZLibPair<>(entry, replaced)); + return returnRunnable; + } + + @Nullable + @Override + public IOExceptionRunnable removed(@NonNull StoredEntry entry) { + removed.add(entry); + return returnRunnable; + } + + void reset() { + open = 0; + beforeUpdated = 0; + updated = 0; + closed = 0; + added = Lists.newArrayList(); + removed = Lists.newArrayList(); + } + + void assertClear() { + assertEquals(0, open); + assertEquals(0, beforeUpdated); + assertEquals(0, updated); + assertEquals(0, closed); + assertEquals(0, added.size()); + assertEquals(0, removed.size()); + } + } + + @Rule + public TemporaryFolder mTemporaryFolder = new TemporaryFolder(); + + @Test + public void notifyAddFile() throws Exception { + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "a.zip"))) { + KeepListener kl = new KeepListener(); + zf.addZFileExtension(kl); + + kl.assertClear(); + + zf.add("foo", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[] { 1, 2 })); + zf.finishAllBackgroundTasks(); + assertEquals(1, kl.added.size()); + StoredEntry addedSe = kl.added.get(0).v1; + assertNull(kl.added.get(0).v2); + kl.added.clear(); + kl.assertClear(); + + StoredEntry foo = zf.get("foo"); + assertNotNull(foo); + + assertSame(foo, addedSe); + } + } + + @Test + public void notifyRemoveFile() throws Exception { + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "a.zip"))) { + KeepListener kl = new KeepListener(); + zf.addZFileExtension(kl); + + kl.assertClear(); + + zf.add("foo", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[] { 1, 2 })); + zf.finishAllBackgroundTasks(); + kl.reset(); + + StoredEntry foo = zf.get("foo"); + assertNotNull(foo); + + foo.delete(); + assertEquals(1, kl.removed.size()); + assertSame(foo, kl.removed.get(0)); + kl.removed.clear(); + kl.assertClear(); + } + } + + @Test + public void notifyUpdateFile() throws Exception { + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "a.zip"))) { + KeepListener kl = new KeepListener(); + zf.addZFileExtension(kl); + + kl.assertClear(); + + zf.add("foo", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[] { 1, 2 })); + zf.finishAllBackgroundTasks(); + StoredEntry foo1 = zf.get("foo"); + kl.reset(); + + zf.add("foo", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[] { 2, 3 })); + zf.finishAllBackgroundTasks(); + StoredEntry foo2 = zf.get("foo"); + + assertEquals(1, kl.added.size()); + assertSame(foo2, kl.added.get(0).v1); + assertSame(foo1, kl.added.get(0).v2); + + kl.added.clear(); + kl.assertClear(); + } + } + + @Test + public void notifyOpenUpdateClose() throws Exception { + KeepListener kl = new KeepListener(); + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "a.zip"))) { + zf.addZFileExtension(kl); + + kl.assertClear(); + + zf.add("foo", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[] { 1, 2 })); + zf.finishAllBackgroundTasks(); + kl.reset(); + } + + assertEquals(1, kl.open); + kl.open = 0; + assertEquals(1, kl.beforeUpdated); + assertEquals(1, kl.updated); + kl.beforeUpdated = 0; + kl.updated = 0; + assertEquals(1, kl.closed); + kl.closed = 0; + kl.assertClear(); + } + + @Test + public void notifyOpenUpdate() throws Exception { + KeepListener kl = new KeepListener(); + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "a.zip"))) { + zf.addZFileExtension(kl); + + kl.assertClear(); + + zf.add("foo", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[] { 1, 2 })); + zf.finishAllBackgroundTasks(); + kl.reset(); + zf.update(); + + assertEquals(1, kl.open); + kl.open = 0; + assertEquals(1, kl.beforeUpdated); + assertEquals(1, kl.updated); + kl.beforeUpdated = 0; + kl.updated = 0; + kl.assertClear(); + } + } + + @Test + public void notifyUpdate() throws Exception { + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "a.zip"))) { + KeepListener kl = new KeepListener(); + zf.addZFileExtension(kl); + + kl.assertClear(); + + zf.add("foo", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[] { 1, 2 })); + zf.update(); + kl.reset(); + + zf.add("bar", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[] { 2, 3 })); + zf.finishAllBackgroundTasks(); + kl.reset(); + + zf.update(); + assertEquals(1, kl.beforeUpdated); + assertEquals(1, kl.updated); + kl.beforeUpdated = 0; + kl.updated = 0; + kl.assertClear(); + } + } + + @Test + public void removedListenersAreNotNotified() throws Exception { + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "a.zip"))) { + KeepListener kl = new KeepListener(); + zf.addZFileExtension(kl); + + kl.assertClear(); + + zf.add("foo", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[] { 1, 2 })); + zf.finishAllBackgroundTasks(); + assertEquals(1, kl.added.size()); + kl.added.clear(); + kl.assertClear(); + + zf.removeZFileExtension(kl); + + zf.add("foo", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[] { 2, 3 })); + zf.finishAllBackgroundTasks(); + kl.assertClear(); + } + } + + @Test + public void actionsExecutedAtEndOfNotification() throws Exception { + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "a.zip"))) { + + IOException death[] = new IOException[1]; + + KeepListener kl1 = new KeepListener(); + zf.addZFileExtension(kl1); + kl1.returnRunnable = new IOExceptionRunnable() { + private boolean once = false; + + @Override + public void run() { + if (once) { + return; + } + + once = true; + + try { + zf.add("foo", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[] { 1, 2 })); + } catch (IOException e) { + death[0] = e; + } + } + }; + + KeepListener kl2 = new KeepListener(); + zf.addZFileExtension(kl2); + kl2.returnRunnable = new IOExceptionRunnable() { + private boolean once = false; + + @Override + public void run() { + if (once) { + return; + } + + once = true; + try { + zf.add("bar", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[] { 1, 2 })); + } catch (IOException e) { + death[0] = e; + } + } + }; + + kl1.assertClear(); + kl2.assertClear(); + + zf.add("xpto", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[] { 1, 2 })); + zf.finishAllBackgroundTasks(); + + assertEquals(3, kl1.added.size()); + kl1.added.clear(); + kl1.assertClear(); + assertEquals(3, kl2.added.size()); + kl2.added.clear(); + kl2.assertClear(); + + assertNull(death[0]); + } + } + + @Test + public void canAddFilesDuringUpdateNotification() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "a.zip"); + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + IOException death[] = new IOException[1]; + + KeepListener kl1 = new KeepListener(); + zf.addZFileExtension(kl1); + + zf.add("foo", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[] { 1, 2 })); + zf.finishAllBackgroundTasks(); + + kl1.returnRunnable = new IOExceptionRunnable() { + private boolean once = false; + + @Override + public void run() { + if (once) { + return; + } + + once = true; + + try { + zf.add("bar", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[] { 1, 2 })); + } catch (IOException e) { + death[0] = e; + } + } + }; + } + + try (ZFile zf2 = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + StoredEntry fooFile = zf2.get("foo"); + assertNotNull(fooFile); + StoredEntry barFile = zf2.get("bar"); + assertNotNull(barFile); + } + } + + @Test + public void notifyOnceEntriesWritten() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "a.zip"); + ZFileExtension ext = Mockito.mock(ZFileExtension.class); + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + zf.addZFileExtension(ext); + + zf.add("foo", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[] { 1, 2 })); + zf.finishAllBackgroundTasks(); + + Mockito.verify(ext, Mockito.times(0)).entriesWritten(); + } + + Mockito.verify(ext, Mockito.times(1)).entriesWritten(); + } + + @Test + public void notifyTwiceEntriesWrittenIfCdChanged() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "a.zip"); + ZFileExtension ext = Mockito.mock(ZFileExtension.class); + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + Mockito.doAnswer((invocation) -> { + zf.setExtraDirectoryOffset(10); + Mockito.doNothing().when(ext).entriesWritten(); + return null; + }).when(ext).entriesWritten(); + + zf.addZFileExtension(ext); + + zf.add("foo", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[] { 1, 2 })); + zf.finishAllBackgroundTasks(); + + Mockito.verify(ext, Mockito.times(0)).entriesWritten(); + } + + Mockito.verify(ext, Mockito.times(2)).entriesWritten(); + } +} diff --git a/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/ZFileSortTest.java b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/ZFileSortTest.java new file mode 100644 index 0000000..41e5301 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/ZFileSortTest.java @@ -0,0 +1,218 @@ +/* + * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project + * + * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); + * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. + * You may obtain a copy of the License at + * + * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 + * + * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software + * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, + * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. + * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and + * limitations under the License. + */ + +package com.android.builder.internal.packaging.zip; + +import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue; + +import com.android.annotations.Nullable; +import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream; +import java.io.File; +import org.junit.After; +import org.junit.Before; +import org.junit.Rule; +import org.junit.Test; +import org.junit.rules.TemporaryFolder; + +public class ZFileSortTest { + @Rule + public TemporaryFolder mTemporaryFolder = new TemporaryFolder(); + private File mFile; + private ZFile mZFile; + private StoredEntry mMaryEntry; + private long mMaryOffset; + private StoredEntry mAndrewEntry; + private long mAndrewOffset; + private StoredEntry mBethEntry; + private long mBethOffset; + private StoredEntry mPeterEntry; + private long mPeterOffset; + + @Before + public final void before() throws Exception { + mFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "a.zip"); + setupZFile(null); + } + + @After + public final void after() throws Exception { + mZFile.close(); + } + + /** + * Recreates the zip file, if one already exist. + * + * @param options the options for the file, may be {@code null} in which case the default + * options will be used + * @throws Exception failed to re-create the file + */ + private void setupZFile(@Nullable ZFileOptions options) throws Exception { + if (mZFile != null) { + mZFile.close(); + } + + if (mFile.exists()) { + assertTrue(mFile.delete()); + } + + if (options == null) { + options = new ZFileOptions(); + } + + mZFile = new ZFile(mFile, options); + + mZFile.add("Mary.xml", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[] { 1, 2, 3 })); + mZFile.add("Andrew.txt", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[] { 4, 5 })); + mZFile.add("Beth.png", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[] { 6, 7, 8, 9 })); + mZFile.add("Peter.html", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[] { 10 })); + mZFile.finishAllBackgroundTasks(); + } + + private void readEntries() throws Exception { + mMaryEntry = mZFile.get("Mary.xml"); + assertNotNull(mMaryEntry); + mMaryOffset = mMaryEntry.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getOffset(); + assertArrayEquals(new byte[] { 1, 2, 3 }, mMaryEntry.read()); + + mAndrewEntry = mZFile.get("Andrew.txt"); + assertNotNull(mAndrewEntry); + mAndrewOffset = mAndrewEntry.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getOffset(); + assertArrayEquals(new byte[] { 4, 5 }, mAndrewEntry.read()); + + mBethEntry = mZFile.get("Beth.png"); + assertNotNull(mBethEntry); + mBethOffset = mBethEntry.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getOffset(); + assertArrayEquals(new byte[] { 6, 7, 8, 9 }, mBethEntry.read()); + + mPeterEntry = mZFile.get("Peter.html"); + assertNotNull(mPeterEntry); + mPeterOffset = mPeterEntry.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getOffset(); + assertArrayEquals(new byte[] { 10 }, mPeterEntry.read()); + } + + @Test + public void noSort() throws Exception { + readEntries(); + + assertEquals(-1, mMaryOffset); + assertEquals(-1, mAndrewOffset); + assertEquals(-1, mBethOffset); + assertEquals(-1, mPeterOffset); + + mZFile.update(); + + readEntries(); + + assertTrue(mMaryOffset >= 0); + assertTrue(mMaryOffset < mAndrewOffset); + assertTrue(mAndrewOffset < mBethOffset); + assertTrue(mBethOffset < mPeterOffset); + } + + @Test + public void sortFilesBeforeUpdate() throws Exception { + readEntries(); + mZFile.sortZipContents(); + + mZFile.update(); + + readEntries(); + + assertTrue(mAndrewOffset >= 0); + assertTrue(mBethOffset > mAndrewOffset); + assertTrue(mMaryOffset > mBethOffset); + assertTrue(mPeterOffset > mMaryOffset); + } + + @Test + public void autoSort() throws Exception { + ZFileOptions options = new ZFileOptions(); + options.setAutoSortFiles(true); + setupZFile(options); + + readEntries(); + + mZFile.update(); + + readEntries(); + + assertTrue(mAndrewOffset >= 0); + assertTrue(mBethOffset > mAndrewOffset); + assertTrue(mMaryOffset > mBethOffset); + assertTrue(mPeterOffset > mMaryOffset); + } + + @Test + public void sortFilesAfterUpdate() throws Exception { + readEntries(); + + mZFile.update(); + + mZFile.sortZipContents(); + + readEntries(); + + assertEquals(-1, mMaryOffset); + assertEquals(-1, mAndrewOffset); + assertEquals(-1, mBethOffset); + assertEquals(-1, mPeterOffset); + + mZFile.update(); + + readEntries(); + + assertTrue(mAndrewOffset >= 0); + assertTrue(mBethOffset > mAndrewOffset); + assertTrue(mMaryOffset > mBethOffset); + assertTrue(mPeterOffset > mMaryOffset); + } + + @Test + public void sortFilesWithAlignment() throws Exception { + mZFile.close(); + + ZFileOptions options = new ZFileOptions(); + options.setAlignmentRule(AlignmentRules.constantForSuffix(".xml", 1024)); + mZFile = new ZFile(mFile, options); + + mZFile.sortZipContents(); + mZFile.update(); + + readEntries(); + assertTrue(mAndrewOffset >= 0); + assertTrue(mBethOffset > mAndrewOffset); + assertTrue(mPeterOffset > mBethOffset); + assertTrue(mMaryOffset > mPeterOffset); + } + + @Test + public void sortFilesOnClosedFile() throws Exception { + mZFile.close(); + mZFile = new ZFile(mFile); + mZFile.sortZipContents(); + mZFile.update(); + + readEntries(); + + assertTrue(mAndrewOffset >= 0); + assertTrue(mBethOffset > mAndrewOffset); + assertTrue(mMaryOffset > mBethOffset); + assertTrue(mPeterOffset > mMaryOffset); + } +} diff --git a/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/ZFileTest.java b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/ZFileTest.java new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0b54b44 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/ZFileTest.java @@ -0,0 +1,1418 @@ +/* + * Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project + * + * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); + * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. + * You may obtain a copy of the License at + * + * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 + * + * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software + * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, + * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. + * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and + * limitations under the License. + */ + +package com.android.builder.internal.packaging.zip; + +import static com.android.builder.internal.utils.ApkZFileTestUtils.readSegment; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotEquals; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertSame; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue; +import static org.junit.Assert.fail; + +import com.android.annotations.NonNull; +import com.android.builder.internal.packaging.zip.compress.DeflateExecutionCompressor; +import com.android.builder.internal.packaging.zip.utils.CloseableByteSource; +import com.android.builder.internal.packaging.zip.utils.RandomAccessFileUtils; +import com.google.common.base.Charsets; +import com.google.common.base.Strings; +import com.google.common.base.Throwables; +import com.google.common.hash.Hashing; +import com.google.common.io.ByteStreams; +import com.google.common.io.Closer; +import com.google.common.io.Files; + +import org.junit.Rule; +import org.junit.Test; +import org.junit.rules.TemporaryFolder; + +import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream; +import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream; +import java.io.File; +import java.io.FileInputStream; +import java.io.FileOutputStream; +import java.io.IOException; +import java.io.InputStream; +import java.io.RandomAccessFile; +import java.util.Random; +import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService; +import java.util.concurrent.Executors; +import java.util.zip.Deflater; +import java.util.zip.ZipEntry; +import java.util.zip.ZipFile; +import java.util.zip.ZipInputStream; +import java.util.zip.ZipOutputStream; + +public class ZFileTest { + @Rule + public TemporaryFolder mTemporaryFolder = new TemporaryFolder(); + + @Test + public void getZipPath() throws Exception { + File temporaryDir = mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(); + File zpath = new File(temporaryDir, "a"); + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zpath)) { + assertEquals(zpath, zf.getFile()); + } + } + + @Test + public void readNonExistingFile() throws Exception { + File temporaryDir = mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(); + File zf = new File(temporaryDir, "a"); + try (ZFile azf = new ZFile(zf)) { + azf.touch(); + } + + assertTrue(zf.exists()); + } + + @Test(expected = IOException.class) + public void readExistingEmptyFile() throws Exception { + File temporaryDir = mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(); + File zf = new File(temporaryDir, "a"); + Files.write(new byte[0], zf); + try (ZFile azf = new ZFile(zf)) { + /* + * Just open and close. + */ + } + } + + @Test + public void readAlmostEmptyZip() throws Exception { + File zf = ZipTestUtils.cloneRsrc("empty-zip.zip", mTemporaryFolder); + + try (ZFile azf = new ZFile(zf)) { + assertEquals(1, azf.entries().size()); + + StoredEntry z = azf.get("z/"); + assertNotNull(z); + assertSame(StoredEntryType.DIRECTORY, z.getType()); + } + } + + @Test + public void readZipWithTwoFilesOneDirectory() throws Exception { + File zf = ZipTestUtils.cloneRsrc("simple-zip.zip", mTemporaryFolder); + + try (ZFile azf = new ZFile(zf)) { + assertEquals(3, azf.entries().size()); + + StoredEntry e0 = azf.get("dir/"); + assertNotNull(e0); + assertSame(StoredEntryType.DIRECTORY, e0.getType()); + + StoredEntry e1 = azf.get("dir/inside"); + assertNotNull(e1); + assertSame(StoredEntryType.FILE, e1.getType()); + ByteArrayOutputStream e1BytesOut = new ByteArrayOutputStream(); + ByteStreams.copy(e1.open(), e1BytesOut); + byte e1Bytes[] = e1BytesOut.toByteArray(); + String e1Txt = new String(e1Bytes, Charsets.US_ASCII); + assertEquals("inside", e1Txt); + + StoredEntry e2 = azf.get("file.txt"); + assertNotNull(e2); + assertSame(StoredEntryType.FILE, e2.getType()); + ByteArrayOutputStream e2BytesOut = new ByteArrayOutputStream(); + ByteStreams.copy(e2.open(), e2BytesOut); + byte e2Bytes[] = e2BytesOut.toByteArray(); + String e2Txt = new String(e2Bytes, Charsets.US_ASCII); + assertEquals("file with more text to allow deflating to be useful", e2Txt); + } + } + + @Test + public void readOnlyZipSupport() throws Exception { + File testZip = ZipTestUtils.cloneRsrc("empty-zip.zip", mTemporaryFolder); + + assertTrue(testZip.setWritable(false)); + + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(testZip)) { + assertEquals(1, zf.entries().size()); + } + } + + @Test + public void compressedFilesReadableByJavaZip() throws Exception { + File testZip = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "t.zip"); + + File wiki = ZipTestUtils + .cloneRsrc("text-files/wikipedia.html", mTemporaryFolder, "wiki"); + File rfc = ZipTestUtils.cloneRsrc("text-files/rfc2460.txt", mTemporaryFolder, "rfc"); + File lena = ZipTestUtils.cloneRsrc("images/lena.png", mTemporaryFolder, "lena"); + byte[] wikiData = Files.toByteArray(wiki); + byte[] rfcData = Files.toByteArray(rfc); + byte[] lenaData = Files.toByteArray(lena); + + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(testZip)) { + zf.add("wiki", new ByteArrayInputStream(wikiData)); + zf.add("rfc", new ByteArrayInputStream(rfcData)); + zf.add("lena", new ByteArrayInputStream(lenaData)); + } + + try(ZipFile jz = new ZipFile(testZip)) { + ZipEntry ze = jz.getEntry("wiki"); + assertNotNull(ze); + assertEquals(ZipEntry.DEFLATED, ze.getMethod()); + assertTrue(ze.getCompressedSize() < wikiData.length); + InputStream zeis = jz.getInputStream(ze); + assertArrayEquals(wikiData, ByteStreams.toByteArray(zeis)); + zeis.close(); + + ze = jz.getEntry("rfc"); + assertNotNull(ze); + assertEquals(ZipEntry.DEFLATED, ze.getMethod()); + assertTrue(ze.getCompressedSize() < rfcData.length); + zeis = jz.getInputStream(ze); + assertArrayEquals(rfcData, ByteStreams.toByteArray(zeis)); + zeis.close(); + + ze = jz.getEntry("lena"); + assertNotNull(ze); + assertEquals(ZipEntry.STORED, ze.getMethod()); + assertTrue(ze.getCompressedSize() == lenaData.length); + zeis = jz.getInputStream(ze); + assertArrayEquals(lenaData, ByteStreams.toByteArray(zeis)); + zeis.close(); + } + } + + @Test + public void removeFileFromZip() throws Exception { + File zipFile = mTemporaryFolder.newFile("test.zip"); + + try(ZipOutputStream zos = new ZipOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(zipFile))) { + ZipEntry entry = new ZipEntry("foo/"); + entry.setMethod(ZipEntry.STORED); + entry.setSize(0); + entry.setCompressedSize(0); + entry.setCrc(0); + zos.putNextEntry(entry); + zos.putNextEntry(new ZipEntry("foo/bar")); + zos.write(new byte[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }); + zos.closeEntry(); + } + + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + assertEquals(2, zf.entries().size()); + for (StoredEntry e : zf.entries()) { + if (e.getType() == StoredEntryType.FILE) { + e.delete(); + } + } + + zf.update(); + + try (ZipInputStream zis = new ZipInputStream(new FileInputStream(zipFile))) { + ZipEntry e1 = zis.getNextEntry(); + assertNotNull(e1); + + assertEquals("foo/", e1.getName()); + + ZipEntry e2 = zis.getNextEntry(); + assertNull(e2); + } + } + } + + @Test + public void addFileToZip() throws Exception { + File zipFile = mTemporaryFolder.newFile("test.zip"); + + try (ZipOutputStream zos = new ZipOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(zipFile))) { + ZipEntry fooDir = new ZipEntry("foo/"); + fooDir.setCrc(0); + fooDir.setCompressedSize(0); + fooDir.setSize(0); + fooDir.setMethod(ZipEntry.STORED); + zos.putNextEntry(fooDir); + zos.closeEntry(); + } + + ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile); + assertEquals(1, zf.entries().size()); + + zf.update(); + + try (ZipInputStream zis = new ZipInputStream(new FileInputStream(zipFile))) { + ZipEntry e1 = zis.getNextEntry(); + assertNotNull(e1); + + assertEquals("foo/", e1.getName()); + + ZipEntry e2 = zis.getNextEntry(); + assertNull(e2); + } + } + + @Test + public void createNewZip() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "test.zip"); + + ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile); + zf.add("foo", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[] { 0, 1 })); + zf.close(); + + try (ZipFile jzf = new ZipFile(zipFile)) { + assertEquals(1, jzf.size()); + + ZipEntry fooEntry = jzf.getEntry("foo"); + assertNotNull(fooEntry); + assertEquals("foo", fooEntry.getName()); + assertEquals(2, fooEntry.getSize()); + + InputStream is = jzf.getInputStream(fooEntry); + assertEquals(0, is.read()); + assertEquals(1, is.read()); + assertEquals(-1, is.read()); + + is.close(); + } + } + + @Test + public void replaceFileWithSmallerInMiddle() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "test.zip"); + + try (ZipOutputStream zos = new ZipOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(zipFile))) { + zos.putNextEntry(new ZipEntry("file1")); + zos.write(new byte[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }); + zos.putNextEntry(new ZipEntry("file2")); + zos.write(new byte[] { 6, 7, 8 }); + zos.putNextEntry(new ZipEntry("file3")); + zos.write(new byte[] { 9, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 }); + } + + int totalSize = (int) zipFile.length(); + + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + assertEquals(3, zf.entries().size()); + + StoredEntry file2 = zf.get("file2"); + assertNotNull(file2); + assertEquals(3, file2.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getUncompressedSize()); + + assertArrayEquals(new byte[] { 6, 7, 8 }, file2.read()); + + zf.add("file2", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[] { 11, 12 })); + + int newTotalSize = (int) zipFile.length(); + assertTrue(newTotalSize + " == " + totalSize, newTotalSize == totalSize); + + file2 = zf.get("file2"); + assertNotNull(file2); + assertArrayEquals(new byte[] { 11, 12 }, file2.read()); + } + + try (ZFile zf2 = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + StoredEntry file2 = zf2.get("file2"); + assertNotNull(file2); + assertArrayEquals(new byte[] { 11, 12 }, file2.read()); + } + } + + @Test + public void replaceFileWithSmallerAtEnd() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "test.zip"); + try (ZipOutputStream zos = new ZipOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(zipFile))) { + zos.putNextEntry(new ZipEntry("file1")); + zos.write(new byte[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}); + zos.putNextEntry(new ZipEntry("file2")); + zos.write(new byte[]{6, 7, 8}); + zos.putNextEntry(new ZipEntry("file3")); + zos.write(new byte[]{9, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4}); + } + + int totalSize = (int) zipFile.length(); + + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + assertEquals(3, zf.entries().size()); + + StoredEntry file3 = zf.get("file3"); + assertNotNull(file3); + assertEquals(6, file3.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getUncompressedSize()); + + assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{9, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4}, file3.read()); + + zf.add("file3", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[]{11, 12})); + zf.close(); + + int newTotalSize = (int) zipFile.length(); + assertTrue(newTotalSize + " < " + totalSize, newTotalSize < totalSize); + + file3 = zf.get("file3"); + assertNotNull(file3); + assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{11, 12,}, file3.read()); + } + + try (ZFile zf2 = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + StoredEntry file3 = zf2.get("file3"); + assertNotNull(file3); + assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{11, 12,}, file3.read()); + } + } + + @Test + public void replaceFileWithBiggerAtBegin() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "test.zip"); + + try (ZipOutputStream zos = new ZipOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(zipFile))) { + zos.putNextEntry(new ZipEntry("file1")); + zos.write(new byte[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}); + zos.putNextEntry(new ZipEntry("file2")); + zos.write(new byte[]{6, 7, 8}); + zos.putNextEntry(new ZipEntry("file3")); + zos.write(new byte[]{9, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4}); + } + + int totalSize = (int) zipFile.length(); + byte[] newData = new byte[100]; + + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + assertEquals(3, zf.entries().size()); + + StoredEntry file1 = zf.get("file1"); + assertNotNull(file1); + assertEquals(5, file1.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getUncompressedSize()); + + assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, file1.read()); + + /* + * Need some data because java zip API uses data descriptors which we don't and makes + * the entries bigger (meaning just adding a couple of bytes would still fit in the + * same place). + */ + Random r = new Random(); + r.nextBytes(newData); + + zf.add("file1", new ByteArrayInputStream(newData)); + zf.close(); + + int newTotalSize = (int) zipFile.length(); + assertTrue(newTotalSize + " > " + totalSize, newTotalSize > totalSize); + + file1 = zf.get("file1"); + assertNotNull(file1); + assertArrayEquals(newData, file1.read()); + } + + try (ZFile zf2 = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + StoredEntry file1 = zf2.get("file1"); + assertNotNull(file1); + assertArrayEquals(newData, file1.read()); + } + } + + @Test + public void replaceFileWithBiggerAtEnd() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "test.zip"); + + try (ZipOutputStream zos = new ZipOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(zipFile))) { + zos.putNextEntry(new ZipEntry("file1")); + zos.write(new byte[]{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}); + zos.putNextEntry(new ZipEntry("file2")); + zos.write(new byte[]{6, 7, 8}); + zos.putNextEntry(new ZipEntry("file3")); + zos.write(new byte[]{9, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4}); + } + + int totalSize = (int) zipFile.length(); + byte[] newData = new byte[100]; + + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + assertEquals(3, zf.entries().size()); + + StoredEntry file3 = zf.get("file3"); + assertNotNull(file3); + assertEquals(6, file3.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getUncompressedSize()); + + assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{9, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4}, file3.read()); + + /* + * Need some data because java zip API uses data descriptors which we don't and makes + * the entries bigger (meaning just adding a couple of bytes would still fit in the + * same place). + */ + Random r = new Random(); + r.nextBytes(newData); + + zf.add("file3", new ByteArrayInputStream(newData)); + zf.close(); + + int newTotalSize = (int) zipFile.length(); + assertTrue(newTotalSize + " > " + totalSize, newTotalSize > totalSize); + + file3 = zf.get("file3"); + assertNotNull(file3); + assertArrayEquals(newData, file3.read()); + } + + try (ZFile zf2 = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + StoredEntry file3 = zf2.get("file3"); + assertNotNull(file3); + assertArrayEquals(newData, file3.read()); + } + } + + @Test + public void ignoredFilesDuringMerge() throws Exception { + File zip1 = mTemporaryFolder.newFile("t1.zip"); + + try (ZipOutputStream zos1 = new ZipOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(zip1))) { + zos1.putNextEntry(new ZipEntry("only_in_1")); + zos1.write(new byte[] { 1, 2 }); + zos1.putNextEntry(new ZipEntry("overridden_by_2")); + zos1.write(new byte[] { 2, 3 }); + zos1.putNextEntry(new ZipEntry("not_overridden_by_2")); + zos1.write(new byte[] { 3, 4 }); + } + + File zip2 = mTemporaryFolder.newFile("t2.zip"); + try (ZipOutputStream zos2 = new ZipOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(zip2))) { + zos2.putNextEntry(new ZipEntry("only_in_2")); + zos2.write(new byte[] { 4, 5 }); + zos2.putNextEntry(new ZipEntry("overridden_by_2")); + zos2.write(new byte[] { 5, 6 }); + zos2.putNextEntry(new ZipEntry("not_overridden_by_2")); + zos2.write(new byte[] { 6, 7 }); + zos2.putNextEntry(new ZipEntry("ignored_in_2")); + zos2.write(new byte[] { 7, 8 }); + } + + try ( + ZFile zf1 = new ZFile(zip1); + ZFile zf2 = new ZFile(zip2)) { + zf1.mergeFrom(zf2, (input) -> input.matches("not.*") || input.matches(".*gnored.*")); + + StoredEntry only_in_1 = zf1.get("only_in_1"); + assertNotNull(only_in_1); + assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{1, 2}, only_in_1.read()); + + StoredEntry overridden_by_2 = zf1.get("overridden_by_2"); + assertNotNull(overridden_by_2); + assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{5, 6}, overridden_by_2.read()); + + StoredEntry not_overridden_by_2 = zf1.get("not_overridden_by_2"); + assertNotNull(not_overridden_by_2); + assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{3, 4}, not_overridden_by_2.read()); + + StoredEntry only_in_2 = zf1.get("only_in_2"); + assertNotNull(only_in_2); + assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{4, 5}, only_in_2.read()); + + StoredEntry ignored_in_2 = zf1.get("ignored_in_2"); + assertNull(ignored_in_2); + } + } + + @Test + public void addingFileDoesNotAddDirectoriesAutomatically() throws Exception { + File zip = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "z.zip"); + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zip)) { + zf.add("a/b/c", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[]{1, 2, 3})); + zf.update(); + assertEquals(1, zf.entries().size()); + + StoredEntry c = zf.get("a/b/c"); + assertNotNull(c); + assertEquals(3, c.read().length); + } + } + + @Test + public void zipFileWithEocdSignatureInComment() throws Exception { + File zip = mTemporaryFolder.newFile("f.zip"); + try (ZipOutputStream zos = new ZipOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(zip))) { + zos.putNextEntry(new ZipEntry("a")); + zos.write(new byte[] { 1, 2, 3 }); + zos.setComment("Random comment with XXXX weird characters. There must be enough " + + "characters to survive skipping back the EOCD size."); + } + + byte zipBytes[] = Files.toByteArray(zip); + boolean didX4 = false; + for (int i = 0; i < zipBytes.length - 3; i++) { + boolean x4 = true; + for (int j = 0; j < 4; j++) { + if (zipBytes[i + j] != 'X') { + x4 = false; + break; + } + } + + if (x4) { + zipBytes[i] = (byte) 0x50; + zipBytes[i + 1] = (byte) 0x4b; + zipBytes[i + 2] = (byte) 0x05; + zipBytes[i + 3] = (byte) 0x06; + didX4 = true; + break; + } + } + + assertTrue(didX4); + + Files.write(zipBytes, zip); + + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zip)) { + assertEquals(1, zf.entries().size()); + StoredEntry a = zf.get("a"); + assertNotNull(a); + assertArrayEquals(new byte[]{1, 2, 3}, a.read()); + } + } + + @Test + public void addFileRecursively() throws Exception { + File tdir = mTemporaryFolder.newFolder(); + File tfile = new File(tdir, "blah-blah"); + Files.write("blah", tfile, Charsets.US_ASCII); + + File zip = new File(tdir, "f.zip"); + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zip)) { + zf.addAllRecursively(tfile); + + StoredEntry blahEntry = zf.get("blah-blah"); + assertNotNull(blahEntry); + String contents = new String(blahEntry.read(), Charsets.US_ASCII); + assertEquals("blah", contents); + } + } + + @Test + public void addDirectoryRecursively() throws Exception { + File tdir = mTemporaryFolder.newFolder(); + + String boom = Strings.repeat("BOOM!", 100); + String kaboom = Strings.repeat("KABOOM!", 100); + + Files.write(boom, new File(tdir, "danger"), Charsets.US_ASCII); + Files.write(kaboom, new File(tdir, "do not touch"), Charsets.US_ASCII); + File safeDir = new File(tdir, "safe"); + assertTrue(safeDir.mkdir()); + + String iLoveChocolate = Strings.repeat("I love chocolate! ", 200); + String iLoveOrange = Strings.repeat("I love orange! ", 50); + String loremIpsum = "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Aenean vitae " + + "turpis quis justo scelerisque vulputate in et magna. Suspendisse eleifend " + + "ultricies nisi, placerat consequat risus accumsan et. Pellentesque habitant " + + "morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. " + + "Integer vitae leo purus. Nulla facilisi. Duis ligula libero, lacinia a " + + "malesuada a, viverra tempor sapien. Donec eget consequat sapien, ultrices" + + "interdum diam. Maecenas ipsum erat, suscipit at iaculis a, mollis nec risus. " + + "Quisque tristique ac velit sed auctor. Nulla lacus diam, tristique id sem non, " + + "pellentesque commodo mauris."; + + Files.write(iLoveChocolate, new File(safeDir, "eat.sweet"), Charsets.US_ASCII); + Files.write(iLoveOrange, new File(safeDir, "eat.fruit"), Charsets.US_ASCII); + Files.write(loremIpsum, new File(safeDir, "bedtime.reading.txt"), Charsets.US_ASCII); + + File zip = new File(tdir, "f.zip"); + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zip)) { + zf.addAllRecursively(tdir, (f) -> !f.getName().startsWith("eat.")); + + assertEquals(6, zf.entries().size()); + + StoredEntry boomEntry = zf.get("danger"); + assertNotNull(boomEntry); + assertEquals(CompressionMethod.DEFLATE, + boomEntry.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getCompressionInfoWithWait().getMethod()); + assertEquals(boom, new String(boomEntry.read(), Charsets.US_ASCII)); + + StoredEntry kaboomEntry = zf.get("do not touch"); + assertNotNull(kaboomEntry); + assertEquals(CompressionMethod.DEFLATE, + kaboomEntry + .getCentralDirectoryHeader() + .getCompressionInfoWithWait() + .getMethod()); + assertEquals(kaboom, new String(kaboomEntry.read(), Charsets.US_ASCII)); + + StoredEntry safeEntry = zf.get("safe/"); + assertNotNull(safeEntry); + assertEquals(0, safeEntry.read().length); + + StoredEntry choc = zf.get("safe/eat.sweet"); + assertNotNull(choc); + assertEquals(CompressionMethod.STORE, + choc.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getCompressionInfoWithWait().getMethod()); + assertEquals(iLoveChocolate, new String(choc.read(), Charsets.US_ASCII)); + + StoredEntry orangeEntry = zf.get("safe/eat.fruit"); + assertNotNull(orangeEntry); + assertEquals(CompressionMethod.STORE, + orangeEntry + .getCentralDirectoryHeader() + .getCompressionInfoWithWait() + .getMethod()); + assertEquals(iLoveOrange, new String(orangeEntry.read(), Charsets.US_ASCII)); + + StoredEntry loremEntry = zf.get("safe/bedtime.reading.txt"); + assertNotNull(loremEntry); + assertEquals(CompressionMethod.DEFLATE, + loremEntry + .getCentralDirectoryHeader() + .getCompressionInfoWithWait() + .getMethod()); + assertEquals(loremIpsum, new String(loremEntry.read(), Charsets.US_ASCII)); + } + } + + @Test + public void extraDirectoryOffsetEmptyFile() throws Exception { + File zipNoOffsetFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "a.zip"); + File zipWithOffsetFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "b.zip"); + + int offset = 31; + + long zipNoOffsetSize; + try ( + ZFile zipNoOffset = new ZFile(zipNoOffsetFile); + ZFile zipWithOffset = new ZFile(zipWithOffsetFile)) { + zipWithOffset.setExtraDirectoryOffset(offset); + + zipNoOffset.close(); + zipWithOffset.close(); + + zipNoOffsetSize = zipNoOffsetFile.length(); + long zipWithOffsetSize = zipWithOffsetFile.length(); + + assertEquals(zipNoOffsetSize + offset, zipWithOffsetSize); + + /* + * EOCD with no comment has 22 bytes. + */ + assertEquals(0, zipNoOffset.getCentralDirectoryOffset()); + assertEquals(0, zipNoOffset.getCentralDirectorySize()); + assertEquals(0, zipNoOffset.getEocdOffset()); + assertEquals(ZFileTestConstants.EOCD_SIZE, zipNoOffset.getEocdSize()); + assertEquals(offset, zipWithOffset.getCentralDirectoryOffset()); + assertEquals(0, zipWithOffset.getCentralDirectorySize()); + assertEquals(offset, zipWithOffset.getEocdOffset()); + assertEquals(ZFileTestConstants.EOCD_SIZE, zipWithOffset.getEocdSize()); + } + + /* + * The EOCDs should not differ up until the end of the Central Directory size and should + * not differ after the offset + */ + int p1Start = 0; + int p1Size = Eocd.F_CD_SIZE.endOffset(); + int p2Start = Eocd.F_CD_OFFSET.endOffset(); + int p2Size = (int) zipNoOffsetSize - p2Start; + + byte[] noOffsetData1 = readSegment(zipNoOffsetFile, p1Start, p1Size); + byte[] noOffsetData2 = readSegment(zipNoOffsetFile, p2Start, p2Size); + byte[] withOffsetData1 = readSegment(zipWithOffsetFile, offset, p1Size); + byte[] withOffsetData2 = readSegment(zipWithOffsetFile, offset + p2Start, p2Size); + + assertArrayEquals(noOffsetData1, withOffsetData1); + assertArrayEquals(noOffsetData2, withOffsetData2); + + try (ZFile readWithOffset = new ZFile(zipWithOffsetFile)) { + assertEquals(0, readWithOffset.entries().size()); + } + } + + @Test + public void extraDirectoryOffsetNonEmptyFile() throws Exception { + File zipNoOffsetFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "a.zip"); + File zipWithOffsetFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "b.zip"); + + int cdSize; + + // The byte arrays below are larger when compressed, so we end up storing them uncompressed, + // which would normally cause them to be 4-aligned. Disable that, to make calculations + // easier. + ZFileOptions options = new ZFileOptions(); + options.setAlignmentRule(AlignmentRules.constant(AlignmentRule.NO_ALIGNMENT)); + + try (ZFile zipNoOffset = new ZFile(zipNoOffsetFile, options); + ZFile zipWithOffset = new ZFile(zipWithOffsetFile, options)) { + zipWithOffset.setExtraDirectoryOffset(37); + + zipNoOffset.add("x", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[]{1, 2})); + zipWithOffset.add("x", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[]{1, 2})); + + zipNoOffset.close(); + zipWithOffset.close(); + + long zipNoOffsetSize = zipNoOffsetFile.length(); + long zipWithOffsetSize = zipWithOffsetFile.length(); + + assertEquals(zipNoOffsetSize + 37, zipWithOffsetSize); + + /* + * Local file header has 30 bytes + name. + * Central directory entry has 46 bytes + name + * EOCD with no comment has 22 bytes. + */ + assertEquals(ZFileTestConstants.LOCAL_HEADER_SIZE + 1 + 2, + zipNoOffset.getCentralDirectoryOffset()); + cdSize = (int) zipNoOffset.getCentralDirectorySize(); + assertEquals(ZFileTestConstants.CENTRAL_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_SIZE + 1, cdSize); + assertEquals(ZFileTestConstants.LOCAL_HEADER_SIZE + 1 + 2 + cdSize, + zipNoOffset.getEocdOffset()); + assertEquals(ZFileTestConstants.EOCD_SIZE, zipNoOffset.getEocdSize()); + assertEquals(ZFileTestConstants.LOCAL_HEADER_SIZE + 1 + 2 + 37, + zipWithOffset.getCentralDirectoryOffset()); + assertEquals(cdSize, zipWithOffset.getCentralDirectorySize()); + assertEquals(ZFileTestConstants.LOCAL_HEADER_SIZE + 1 + 2 + 37 + cdSize, + zipWithOffset.getEocdOffset()); + assertEquals(ZFileTestConstants.EOCD_SIZE, zipWithOffset.getEocdSize()); + } + + /* + * The files should be equal: until the end of the first entry, from the beginning of the + * central directory until the offset field in the EOCD and after the offset field. + */ + int p1Start = 0; + int p1Size = ZFileTestConstants.LOCAL_HEADER_SIZE + 1 + 2; + int p2Start = ZFileTestConstants.LOCAL_HEADER_SIZE + 1 + 2; + int p2Size = cdSize + Eocd.F_CD_SIZE.endOffset(); + int p3Start = p2Start + cdSize + Eocd.F_CD_OFFSET.endOffset(); + int p3Size = ZFileTestConstants.EOCD_SIZE - Eocd.F_CD_OFFSET.endOffset(); + + byte[] noOffsetData1 = readSegment(zipNoOffsetFile, p1Start, p1Size); + byte[] noOffsetData2 = readSegment(zipNoOffsetFile, p2Start, p2Size); + byte[] noOffsetData3 = readSegment(zipNoOffsetFile, p3Start, p3Size); + byte[] withOffsetData1 = readSegment(zipWithOffsetFile, p1Start, p1Size); + byte[] withOffsetData2 = readSegment(zipWithOffsetFile, 37 + p2Start, p2Size); + byte[] withOffsetData3 = readSegment(zipWithOffsetFile, 37 + p3Start, p3Size); + + assertArrayEquals(noOffsetData1, withOffsetData1); + assertArrayEquals(noOffsetData2, withOffsetData2); + assertArrayEquals(noOffsetData3, withOffsetData3); + + try (ZFile readWithOffset = new ZFile(zipWithOffsetFile)) { + assertEquals(1, readWithOffset.entries().size()); + } + } + + @Test + public void changeExtraDirectoryOffset() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "a.zip"); + + try (ZFile zip = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + zip.add("x", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[]{1, 2})); + zip.close(); + + long noOffsetSize = zipFile.length(); + + zip.setExtraDirectoryOffset(177); + zip.close(); + + long withOffsetSize = zipFile.length(); + + assertEquals(noOffsetSize + 177, withOffsetSize); + } + } + + @Test + public void computeOffsetWhenReadingEmptyFile() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "a.zip"); + + try (ZFile zip = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + zip.setExtraDirectoryOffset(18); + } + + try (ZFile zip = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + assertEquals(18, zip.getExtraDirectoryOffset()); + } + } + + @Test + public void computeOffsetWhenReadingNonEmptyFile() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "a.zip"); + + try (ZFile zip = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + zip.setExtraDirectoryOffset(287); + zip.add("x", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[]{1, 2})); + } + + try (ZFile zip = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + assertEquals(287, zip.getExtraDirectoryOffset()); + } + } + + @Test + public void obtainingCDAndEocdWhenEntriesWrittenOnEmptyZip() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "a.zip"); + + byte[][] cd = new byte[1][]; + byte[][] eocd = new byte[1][]; + + try (ZFile zip = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + zip.addZFileExtension(new ZFileExtension() { + @Override + public void entriesWritten() throws IOException { + cd[0] = zip.getCentralDirectoryBytes(); + eocd[0] = zip.getEocdBytes(); + } + }); + } + + assertNotNull(cd[0]); + assertEquals(0, cd[0].length); + assertNotNull(eocd[0]); + assertEquals(22, eocd[0].length); + } + + @Test + public void obtainingCDAndEocdWhenEntriesWrittenOnNonEmptyZip() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "a.zip"); + + byte[][] cd = new byte[1][]; + byte[][] eocd = new byte[1][]; + + try (ZFile zip = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + zip.add("foo", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[0])); + zip.addZFileExtension(new ZFileExtension() { + @Override + public void entriesWritten() throws IOException { + cd[0] = zip.getCentralDirectoryBytes(); + eocd[0] = zip.getEocdBytes(); + } + }); + } + + /* + * Central directory entry has 46 bytes + name + * EOCD with no comment has 22 bytes. + */ + assertNotNull(cd[0]); + assertEquals(46 + 3, cd[0].length); + assertNotNull(eocd[0]); + assertEquals(22, eocd[0].length); + } + + @Test + public void java7JarSupported() throws Exception { + File jar = ZipTestUtils.cloneRsrc("j7.jar", mTemporaryFolder); + + try (ZFile j = new ZFile(jar)) { + assertEquals(8, j.entries().size()); + } + } + + @Test + public void java8JarSupported() throws Exception { + File jar = ZipTestUtils.cloneRsrc("j8.jar", mTemporaryFolder); + + try (ZFile j = new ZFile(jar)) { + assertEquals(8, j.entries().size()); + } + } + + @Test + public void utf8NamesSupportedOnReading() throws Exception { + File zip = ZipTestUtils.cloneRsrc("zip-with-utf8-filename.zip", mTemporaryFolder); + + try (ZFile f = new ZFile(zip)) { + assertEquals(1, f.entries().size()); + + StoredEntry entry = f.entries().iterator().next(); + String filetMignonKorean = "\uc548\uc2eC \uc694\ub9ac"; + String isGoodJapanese = "\u3068\u3066\u3082\u826f\u3044"; + + assertEquals( + filetMignonKorean + " " + isGoodJapanese, + entry.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getName()); + assertArrayEquals( + "Stuff about food is good.\n".getBytes(Charsets.US_ASCII), + entry.read()); + } + } + + @Test + public void utf8NamesSupportedOnWriting() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "a.zip"); + String lettuceIsHealthyArmenian = "\u0533\u0561\u0566\u0561\u0580\u0020\u0561\u057C" + + "\u0578\u0572\u057B"; + + try (ZFile zip = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + zip.add(lettuceIsHealthyArmenian, new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[]{0})); + } + + try (ZFile zip2 = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + assertEquals(1, zip2.entries().size()); + StoredEntry entry = zip2.entries().iterator().next(); + assertEquals(lettuceIsHealthyArmenian, entry.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getName()); + } + } + + @Test + public void zipMemoryUsageIsZeroAfterClose() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "a.zip"); + + ZFileOptions options = new ZFileOptions(); + long used; + try (ZFile zip = new ZFile(zipFile, options)) { + + assertEquals(0, options.getTracker().getBytesUsed()); + assertEquals(0, options.getTracker().getMaxBytesUsed()); + + zip.add("Blah", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[500])); + used = options.getTracker().getBytesUsed(); + assertTrue(used > 500); + assertEquals(used, options.getTracker().getMaxBytesUsed()); + } + + assertEquals(0, options.getTracker().getBytesUsed()); + assertEquals(used, options.getTracker().getMaxBytesUsed()); + } + + @Test + public void unusedZipAreasAreClearedOnWrite() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "a.zip"); + ZFileOptions options = new ZFileOptions(); + options.setAlignmentRule(AlignmentRules.constantForSuffix(".txt", 1000)); + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile, options)) { + zf.add("test1.txt", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[]{1}), false); + } + + /* + * Write dummy data in some unused portion of the file. + */ + try (RandomAccessFile raf = new RandomAccessFile(zipFile, "rw")) { + + raf.seek(500); + byte[] dummyData = "Dummy".getBytes(Charsets.US_ASCII); + raf.write(dummyData); + } + + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + zf.touch(); + } + + try (RandomAccessFile raf = new RandomAccessFile(zipFile, "r")) { + + /* + * test1.txt won't take more than 200 bytes. Additionally, the header for + */ + byte[] data = new byte[900]; + RandomAccessFileUtils.fullyRead(raf, data); + + byte[] zeroData = new byte[data.length]; + assertArrayEquals(zeroData, data); + } + } + + @Test + public void deferredCompression() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "a.zip"); + + ExecutorService executor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor(); + + ZFileOptions options = new ZFileOptions(); + boolean[] done = new boolean[1]; + options.setCompressor(new DeflateExecutionCompressor(executor, options.getTracker(), + Deflater.BEST_COMPRESSION) { + @NonNull + @Override + protected CompressionResult immediateCompress(@NonNull CloseableByteSource source) + throws Exception { + Thread.sleep(500); + CompressionResult cr = super.immediateCompress(source); + done[0] = true; + return cr; + } + }); + + try (ZFile zip = new ZFile(zipFile, options)) { + byte sequences = 100; + int seqCount = 1000; + byte[] compressableData = new byte[sequences * seqCount]; + for (byte i = 0; i < sequences; i++) { + for (int j = 0; j < seqCount; j++) { + compressableData[i * seqCount + j] = i; + } + } + + zip.add("compressedFile", new ByteArrayInputStream(compressableData)); + assertFalse(done[0]); + + /* + * Even before closing, eventually all the stream will be read. + */ + long tooLong = System.currentTimeMillis() + 10000; + while (!done[0] && System.currentTimeMillis() < tooLong) { + Thread.sleep(10); + } + + assertTrue(done[0]); + } + + executor.shutdownNow(); + } + + @Test + public void zipFileWithEocdMarkerInComment() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "x"); + + try (Closer closer = Closer.create()) { + ZipOutputStream zos = closer.register( + new ZipOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(zipFile))); + zos.setComment("\u0065\u4b50"); + zos.putNextEntry(new ZipEntry("foo")); + zos.write(new byte[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }); + zos.close(); + + ZFile zf = closer.register(new ZFile(zipFile)); + StoredEntry entry = zf.get("foo"); + assertNotNull(entry); + assertEquals(4, entry.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getUncompressedSize()); + } + } + + @Test + public void zipFileWithEocdMarkerInFileName() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "x"); + + String fname = "tricky-\u0050\u004b\u0005\u0006"; + byte[] bytes = new byte[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 }; + + try (Closer closer = Closer.create()) { + ZipOutputStream zos = closer.register( + new ZipOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(zipFile))); + zos.putNextEntry(new ZipEntry(fname)); + zos.write(bytes); + zos.close(); + + ZFile zf = closer.register(new ZFile(zipFile)); + StoredEntry entry = zf.get(fname); + assertNotNull(entry); + assertEquals(4, entry.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getUncompressedSize()); + } + } + + @Test + public void zipFileWithEocdMarkerInFileContents() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "x"); + + byte[] bytes = new byte[] { 0x50, 0x4b, 0x05, 0x06 }; + + try (Closer closer = Closer.create()) { + ZipOutputStream zos = closer.register( + new ZipOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(zipFile))); + ZipEntry zipEntry = new ZipEntry("file"); + zipEntry.setMethod(ZipEntry.STORED); + zipEntry.setCompressedSize(4); + zipEntry.setSize(4); + zipEntry.setCrc(Hashing.crc32().hashBytes(bytes).padToLong()); + zos.putNextEntry(zipEntry); + zos.write(bytes); + zos.close(); + + ZFile zf = closer.register(new ZFile(zipFile)); + StoredEntry entry = zf.get("file"); + assertNotNull(entry); + assertEquals(4, entry.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getUncompressedSize()); + } + } + + @Test + public void replaceVeryLargeFileWithBiggerInMiddleOfZip() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "x"); + + long small1Offset; + long small2Offset; + ZFileOptions coverOptions = new ZFileOptions(); + coverOptions.setCoverEmptySpaceUsingExtraField(true); + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile, coverOptions)) { + zf.add("small1", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[] { 0, 1 })); + } + + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile, coverOptions)) { + zf.add("verybig", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[100_000]), false); + } + + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile, coverOptions)) { + zf.add("small2", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[] { 0, 1 })); + } + + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile, coverOptions)) { + StoredEntry se = zf.get("small1"); + assertNotNull(se); + small1Offset = se.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getOffset(); + + se = zf.get("small2"); + assertNotNull(se); + small2Offset = se.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getOffset(); + + se = zf.get("verybig"); + assertNotNull(se); + se.delete(); + + zf.add("evenbigger", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[110_000]), false); + } + + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile, coverOptions)) { + StoredEntry se = zf.get("small1"); + assertNotNull(se); + assertEquals(se.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getOffset(), small1Offset); + + se = zf.get("small2"); + assertNotNull(se); + assertNotEquals(se.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getOffset(), small2Offset); + } + } + + @Test + public void regressionRepackingDoesNotFail() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "x"); + + ZFileOptions coverOptions = new ZFileOptions(); + coverOptions.setCoverEmptySpaceUsingExtraField(true); + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile, coverOptions)) { + zf.add("small_1", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[] { 0, 1 })); + zf.add("very_big", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[100_000]), false); + zf.add("small_2", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[] { 0, 1 })); + zf.add("big", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[10_000]), false); + zf.add("small_3", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[] { 0, 1 })); + } + + /* + * Regression we're covering is that small_2 cannot be extended to cover up for the space + * taken by very_big and needs to be repositioned. However, the algorithm to reposition + * will put it in the best-fitting block, which is the one in "big", failing to actually + * move it backwards in the file. + */ + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile, coverOptions)) { + StoredEntry se = zf.get("big"); + assertNotNull(se); + se.delete(); + + se = zf.get("very_big"); + assertNotNull(se); + se.delete(); + } + } + + @Test + public void cannotAddMoreThan0x7fffExtraField() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "a.zip"); + + ZFileOptions zfo = new ZFileOptions(); + zfo.setCoverEmptySpaceUsingExtraField(true); + + /* + * Create a zip file with: + * + * [small file][large file with exactly 0x8000 bytes][small file 2] + */ + long smallFile1Offset; + long smallFile2Offset; + long largeFileOffset; + String largeFileName = "Large file"; + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile, zfo)) { + zf.add("Small file", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[] { 0, 1 })); + + int largeFileTotalSize = 0x8000; + int largeFileContentsSize = + largeFileTotalSize + - ZFileTestConstants.LOCAL_HEADER_SIZE + - largeFileName.length(); + + zf.add(largeFileName, new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[largeFileContentsSize]), false); + zf.add("Small file 2", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[] { 0, 1 })); + + zf.update(); + + StoredEntry sfEntry = zf.get("Small file"); + assertNotNull(sfEntry); + smallFile1Offset = sfEntry.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getOffset(); + assertEquals(0, smallFile1Offset); + + StoredEntry lfEntry = zf.get(largeFileName); + assertNotNull(lfEntry); + largeFileOffset = lfEntry.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getOffset(); + + StoredEntry sf2Entry = zf.get("Small file 2"); + assertNotNull(sf2Entry); + smallFile2Offset = sf2Entry.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getOffset(); + + assertEquals(largeFileTotalSize, smallFile2Offset - largeFileOffset); + } + + /* + * Remove the large file from the zip file and check that small file 2 has been moved, but + * no extra field has been added. + */ + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile, zfo)) { + StoredEntry lfEntry = zf.get(largeFileName); + assertNotNull(lfEntry); + lfEntry.delete(); + + zf.update(); + + StoredEntry sfEntry = zf.get("Small file"); + assertNotNull(sfEntry); + smallFile1Offset = sfEntry.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getOffset(); + assertEquals(0, smallFile1Offset); + + StoredEntry sf2Entry = zf.get("Small file 2"); + assertNotNull(sf2Entry); + long newSmallFile2Offset = sf2Entry.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getOffset(); + assertEquals(largeFileOffset, newSmallFile2Offset); + + assertEquals(0, sf2Entry.getLocalExtra().size()); + } + } + + @Test + public void canAddMoreThan0x7fffExtraField() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "a.zip"); + + ZFileOptions zfo = new ZFileOptions(); + zfo.setCoverEmptySpaceUsingExtraField(true); + + /* + * Create a zip file with: + * + * [small file][large file with exactly 0x7fff bytes][small file 2] + */ + long smallFile1Offset; + long smallFile2Offset; + long largeFileOffset; + String largeFileName = "Large file"; + int largeFileTotalSize = 0x7fff; + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile, zfo)) { + zf.add("Small file", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[] { 0, 1 })); + + int largeFileContentsSize = + largeFileTotalSize + - ZFileTestConstants.LOCAL_HEADER_SIZE + - largeFileName.length(); + + zf.add(largeFileName, new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[largeFileContentsSize]), false); + zf.add("Small file 2", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[] { 0, 1 })); + + zf.update(); + + StoredEntry sfEntry = zf.get("Small file"); + assertNotNull(sfEntry); + smallFile1Offset = sfEntry.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getOffset(); + assertEquals(0, smallFile1Offset); + + StoredEntry lfEntry = zf.get(largeFileName); + assertNotNull(lfEntry); + largeFileOffset = lfEntry.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getOffset(); + + StoredEntry sf2Entry = zf.get("Small file 2"); + assertNotNull(sf2Entry); + smallFile2Offset = sf2Entry.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getOffset(); + + assertEquals(largeFileTotalSize, smallFile2Offset - largeFileOffset); + } + + /* + * Remove the large file from the zip file and check that small file 2 has been moved back + * but with 0x7fff extra space added. + */ + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile, zfo)) { + StoredEntry lfEntry = zf.get(largeFileName); + assertNotNull(lfEntry); + lfEntry.delete(); + + zf.update(); + + StoredEntry sfEntry = zf.get("Small file"); + assertNotNull(sfEntry); + smallFile1Offset = sfEntry.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getOffset(); + assertEquals(0, smallFile1Offset); + + StoredEntry sf2Entry = zf.get("Small file 2"); + assertNotNull(sf2Entry); + long newSmallFile2Offset = sf2Entry.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getOffset(); + + assertEquals(largeFileOffset, newSmallFile2Offset); + assertEquals(largeFileTotalSize, sf2Entry.getLocalExtra().size()); + } + } + + @Test + public void detectIncorrectCRC32InLocalHeader() throws Exception { + File zipFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "a.zip"); + + /* + * Zip files created by ZFile never have data descriptors so we need to create one using + * java's zip. + */ + try ( + FileOutputStream fos = new FileOutputStream(zipFile); + ZipOutputStream zos = new ZipOutputStream(fos)) { + ZipEntry ze = new ZipEntry("foo"); + zos.putNextEntry(ze); + byte[] randomBytes = new byte[512]; + new Random().nextBytes(randomBytes); + zos.write(randomBytes); + } + + /* + * Open the zip file and compute where the local header CRC32 is. + */ + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile)) { + StoredEntry se = zf.get("foo"); + assertNotNull(se); + long cdOffset = zf.getCentralDirectoryOffset(); + + /* + * Twelve bytes from the CD offset, we have the start of the CRC32 of the zip entry. + * Corrupt it. + */ + byte[] crc = new byte[4]; + zf.directFullyRead(cdOffset - 12, crc); + crc[0]++; + zf.directWrite(cdOffset - 12, crc); + } + + /* + * Now open the zip file and it should fail. + */ + try { + new ZFile(zipFile); + fail(); + } catch (IOException e) { + /* + * We should be complaining about the CRC32 somewhere... + */ + boolean foundCrc32Complain = false; + + assertTrue( + Throwables.getCausalChain(e).stream() + .map(Throwable::getMessage) + .anyMatch(s -> s.contains("CRC32"))); + } + + /* + * But opening with data validation skip should work. + */ + ZFileOptions options = new ZFileOptions(); + options.setSkipDataDescriptionValidation(true); + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zipFile, options)) { + /* + * Nothing to do. + */ + } + } +} diff --git a/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/ZFileTestConstants.java b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/ZFileTestConstants.java new file mode 100644 index 0000000..40189cb --- /dev/null +++ b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/ZFileTestConstants.java @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +/* + * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project + * + * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); + * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. + * You may obtain a copy of the License at + * + * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 + * + * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software + * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, + * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. + * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and + * limitations under the License. + */ + +package com.android.builder.internal.packaging.zip; + +/** + * Constants used in tests. + */ +public interface ZFileTestConstants { + + /** + * Number of bytes in a zip entry local header, not considering name and comment. + */ + int LOCAL_HEADER_SIZE = 30; + + /** + * Number of bytes in a zip central directory entry, not considering name and comment. + */ + int CENTRAL_DIRECTORY_ENTRY_SIZE = 46; + + /** + * Number of bytes in an EOCD without comment. + */ + int EOCD_SIZE = 22; +} diff --git a/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/ZipMergeTest.java b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/ZipMergeTest.java new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fb29395 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/ZipMergeTest.java @@ -0,0 +1,208 @@ +/* + * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project + * + * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); + * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. + * You may obtain a copy of the License at + * + * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 + * + * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software + * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, + * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. + * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and + * limitations under the License. + */ + +package com.android.builder.internal.packaging.zip; + +import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertSame; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue; + +import com.android.builder.internal.utils.CachedFileContents; +import com.google.common.base.Charsets; +import com.google.common.hash.Hashing; +import com.google.common.io.ByteStreams; +import com.google.common.io.Closer; +import com.google.common.io.Files; + +import org.junit.Rule; +import org.junit.Test; +import org.junit.rules.TemporaryFolder; + +import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream; +import java.io.File; +import java.io.FileOutputStream; +import java.util.zip.ZipEntry; +import java.util.zip.ZipOutputStream; + +public class ZipMergeTest { + @Rule + public TemporaryFolder mTemporaryFolder = new TemporaryFolder(); + + @Test + public void mergeZip() throws Exception { + File aZip = ZipTestUtils.cloneRsrc("simple-zip.zip", mTemporaryFolder, "a.zip"); + + CachedFileContents<Object> changeDetector; + File merged = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "r.zip"); + try (ZFile mergedZf = new ZFile(merged)) { + mergedZf.mergeFrom(new ZFile(aZip), f -> false); + mergedZf.close(); + + assertEquals(3, mergedZf.entries().size()); + + StoredEntry e0 = mergedZf.get("dir/"); + assertNotNull(e0); + assertSame(StoredEntryType.DIRECTORY, e0.getType()); + + StoredEntry e1 = mergedZf.get("dir/inside"); + assertNotNull(e1); + assertSame(StoredEntryType.FILE, e1.getType()); + ByteArrayOutputStream e1BytesOut = new ByteArrayOutputStream(); + ByteStreams.copy(e1.open(), e1BytesOut); + byte e1Bytes[] = e1BytesOut.toByteArray(); + String e1Txt = new String(e1Bytes, Charsets.US_ASCII); + assertEquals("inside", e1Txt); + + StoredEntry e2 = mergedZf.get("file.txt"); + assertNotNull(e2); + assertSame(StoredEntryType.FILE, e2.getType()); + ByteArrayOutputStream e2BytesOut = new ByteArrayOutputStream(); + ByteStreams.copy(e2.open(), e2BytesOut); + byte e2Bytes[] = e2BytesOut.toByteArray(); + String e2Txt = new String(e2Bytes, Charsets.US_ASCII); + assertEquals("file with more text to allow deflating to be useful", e2Txt); + + changeDetector = new CachedFileContents<>(merged); + changeDetector.closed(null); + + /* + * Clone aZip into bZip and merge. Should have no effect on the final zip file. + */ + File bZip = ZipTestUtils.cloneRsrc("simple-zip.zip", mTemporaryFolder, "b.zip"); + + mergedZf.mergeFrom(new ZFile(bZip), f -> false); + } + + assertTrue(changeDetector.isValid()); + } + + @Test + public void mergeZipWithDeferredCrc() throws Exception { + File foo = mTemporaryFolder.newFile("foo"); + + byte[] wBytes = Files.toByteArray(ZipTestUtils.rsrcFile("text-files/wikipedia.html")); + + try (ZipOutputStream fooOut = new ZipOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(foo))) { + fooOut.putNextEntry(new ZipEntry("w")); + fooOut.write(wBytes); + } + + try (Closer closer = Closer.create()) { + ZFile fooZf = closer.register(new ZFile(foo)); + StoredEntry wStored = fooZf.get("w"); + assertNotNull(wStored); + assertTrue(wStored.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getGpBit().isDeferredCrc()); + assertEquals(CompressionMethod.DEFLATE, + wStored.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getCompressionInfoWithWait().getMethod()); + + ZFile merged = closer.register(new ZFile(new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "bar"))); + merged.mergeFrom(fooZf, f -> false); + merged.update(); + + StoredEntry wmStored = merged.get("w"); + assertNotNull(wmStored); + assertFalse(wmStored.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getGpBit().isDeferredCrc()); + assertEquals(CompressionMethod.DEFLATE, + wmStored.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getCompressionInfoWithWait().getMethod()); + } + } + + @Test + public void mergeZipKeepsDeflatedAndStored() throws Exception { + File foo = mTemporaryFolder.newFile("foo"); + + byte[] wBytes = Files.toByteArray(ZipTestUtils.rsrcFile("text-files/wikipedia.html")); + byte[] lBytes = Files.toByteArray(ZipTestUtils.rsrcFile("images/lena.png")); + + try (ZipOutputStream fooOut = new ZipOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(foo))) { + fooOut.putNextEntry(new ZipEntry("w")); + fooOut.write(wBytes); + ZipEntry le = new ZipEntry("l"); + le.setMethod(ZipEntry.STORED); + le.setSize(lBytes.length); + le.setCrc(Hashing.crc32().hashBytes(lBytes).padToLong()); + fooOut.putNextEntry(le); + fooOut.write(lBytes); + } + + try (Closer closer = Closer.create()) { + ZFile fooZf = closer.register(new ZFile(foo)); + StoredEntry wStored = fooZf.get("w"); + assertNotNull(wStored); + assertEquals(CompressionMethod.DEFLATE, + wStored.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getCompressionInfoWithWait().getMethod()); + StoredEntry lStored = fooZf.get("l"); + assertNotNull(lStored); + assertEquals(CompressionMethod.STORE, + lStored.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getCompressionInfoWithWait().getMethod()); + + ZFile merged = closer.register(new ZFile(new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "bar"))); + merged.mergeFrom(fooZf, f -> false); + merged.update(); + + StoredEntry wmStored = merged.get("w"); + assertNotNull(wmStored); + assertFalse(wmStored.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getGpBit().isDeferredCrc()); + assertEquals(CompressionMethod.DEFLATE, + wmStored.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getCompressionInfoWithWait().getMethod()); + assertArrayEquals(wBytes, wmStored.read()); + + StoredEntry lmStored = merged.get("l"); + assertNotNull(lmStored); + assertEquals(CompressionMethod.STORE, + lmStored.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getCompressionInfoWithWait().getMethod()); + assertArrayEquals(lBytes, lmStored.read()); + } + } + + @Test + public void mergeZipWithSorting() throws Exception { + File foo = mTemporaryFolder.newFile("foo"); + + byte[] wBytes = Files.toByteArray(ZipTestUtils.rsrcFile("text-files/wikipedia.html")); + byte[] lBytes = Files.toByteArray(ZipTestUtils.rsrcFile("images/lena.png")); + + try (ZipOutputStream fooOut = new ZipOutputStream(new FileOutputStream(foo))) { + fooOut.putNextEntry(new ZipEntry("w")); + fooOut.write(wBytes); + ZipEntry le = new ZipEntry("l"); + le.setMethod(ZipEntry.STORED); + le.setSize(lBytes.length); + le.setCrc(Hashing.crc32().hashBytes(lBytes).padToLong()); + fooOut.putNextEntry(le); + fooOut.write(lBytes); + } + + try ( + ZFile fooZf = new ZFile(foo); + ZFile merged = new ZFile(new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "bar"))) { + merged.mergeFrom(fooZf, f -> false); + merged.sortZipContents(); + merged.update(); + + StoredEntry wmStored = merged.get("w"); + assertNotNull(wmStored); + assertArrayEquals(wBytes, wmStored.read()); + + StoredEntry lmStored = merged.get("l"); + assertNotNull(lmStored); + assertArrayEquals(lBytes, lmStored.read()); + } + } +} diff --git a/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/ZipTestUtils.java b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/ZipTestUtils.java new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7d2e6df --- /dev/null +++ b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/ZipTestUtils.java @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +/* + * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project + * + * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); + * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. + * You may obtain a copy of the License at + * + * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 + * + * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software + * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, + * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. + * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and + * limitations under the License. + */ + +package com.android.builder.internal.packaging.zip; + +import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue; + +import com.android.annotations.NonNull; +import com.android.builder.internal.utils.ApkZFileTestUtils; +import com.google.common.io.Files; + +import org.junit.rules.TemporaryFolder; + +import java.io.File; +import java.io.IOException; + +/** + * Utility method for zip tests. + */ +class ZipTestUtils { + + /** + * Obtains the file with a resource with the given name. This is a file that lays in + * the packaging subdirectory of test resources. + * + * @param rsrcName the resource name inside packaging resource folder + * @return the resource file, guaranteed to exist + */ + @NonNull + static File rsrcFile(@NonNull String rsrcName) { + File packagingRoot = ApkZFileTestUtils.getResource("/testData/packaging"); + String rsrcPath = packagingRoot.getAbsolutePath() + "/" + rsrcName; + File rsrcFile = new File(rsrcPath); + assertTrue(rsrcFile.isFile()); + return rsrcFile; + } + + /** + * Clones a resource to a temporary folder. Generally, resources do not need to be cloned to + * be used. However, in code where there is danger of changing resource files and corrupting + * the source directory, cloning should be done before accessing the resources. + * + * @param rsrcName the resource name + * @param folder the temporary folder + * @return the file that was created with the resource + * @throws IOException failed to clone the resource + */ + static File cloneRsrc(@NonNull String rsrcName, @NonNull TemporaryFolder folder) + throws IOException { + String cloneName; + if (rsrcName.contains("/")) { + cloneName = rsrcName.substring(rsrcName.lastIndexOf('/') + 1); + } else { + cloneName = rsrcName; + } + + return cloneRsrc(rsrcName, folder, cloneName); + } + + /** + * Clones a resource to a temporary folder. Generally, resources do not need to be cloned to + * be used. However, in code where there is danger of changing resource files and corrupting + * the source directory, cloning should be done before accessing the resources. + * + * @param rsrcName the resource name + * @param folder the temporary folder + * @param cloneName the name of the cloned resource that will be created inside the temporary + * folder + * @return the file that was created with the resource + * @throws IOException failed to clone the resource + */ + static File cloneRsrc(@NonNull String rsrcName, @NonNull TemporaryFolder folder, + @NonNull String cloneName) throws IOException { + File result = new File(folder.getRoot(), cloneName); + assertFalse(result.exists()); + + Files.copy(rsrcFile(rsrcName), result); + return result; + } +} diff --git a/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/ZipToolsTest.java b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/ZipToolsTest.java new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c0bd788 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/ZipToolsTest.java @@ -0,0 +1,222 @@ +/* + * Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project + * + * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); + * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. + * You may obtain a copy of the License at + * + * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 + * + * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software + * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, + * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. + * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and + * limitations under the License. + */ + +package com.android.builder.internal.packaging.zip; + +import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue; +import static org.junit.Assert.fail; + +import com.android.annotations.NonNull; +import com.android.annotations.Nullable; +import com.google.common.base.Charsets; +import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList; +import com.google.common.collect.Lists; +import com.google.common.collect.Maps; +import com.google.common.io.ByteStreams; +import com.google.common.io.Files; + +import org.junit.Assume; +import org.junit.Rule; +import org.junit.Test; +import org.junit.rules.TemporaryFolder; +import org.junit.runner.RunWith; +import org.junit.runners.Parameterized; + +import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream; +import java.io.File; +import java.io.FileInputStream; +import java.io.InputStream; +import java.util.Arrays; +import java.util.List; +import java.util.Map; +import java.util.regex.Matcher; +import java.util.regex.Pattern; + +@RunWith(Parameterized.class) +public class ZipToolsTest { + + @Parameterized.Parameter(0) + @Nullable + public String mZipFile; + + @Parameterized.Parameter(1) + @Nullable + public List<String> mUnzipCommand; + + @Parameterized.Parameter(2) + @Nullable + public String mUnzipLineRegex; + + @Parameterized.Parameter(3) + public boolean mToolStoresDirectories; + + @Parameterized.Parameter(4) + public String mName; + + @Rule + @NonNull + public TemporaryFolder mTemporaryFolder = new TemporaryFolder(); + + @Parameterized.Parameters(name = "{4} {index}") + public static Iterable<Object[]> getConfigurations() { + return Arrays.asList(new Object[][] { + { + "linux-zip.zip", + ImmutableList.of("/usr/bin/unzip", "-v"), + "^\\s*(?<size>\\d+)\\s+(?:Stored|Defl:N).*\\s(?<name>\\S+)\\S*$", + true, + "Linux Zip" + }, + { + "windows-7zip.zip", + ImmutableList.of("c:\\Program Files\\7-Zip\\7z.exe", "l"), + "^(?:\\S+\\s+){3}(?<size>\\d+)\\s+\\d+\\s+(?<name>\\S+)\\s*$", + true, + "Windows 7-Zip" + }, + { + "windows-cf.zip", + ImmutableList.of( + "Cannot use compressed folders from cmd line to list zip contents"), + "", + false, + "Windows Compressed Folders" + } + }); + } + + private File cloneZipFile() throws Exception { + File zfile = mTemporaryFolder.newFile("file.zip"); + Files.copy(ZipTestUtils.rsrcFile(mZipFile), zfile); + return zfile; + } + + private static void assertFileInZip(@NonNull ZFile zfile, @NonNull String name) throws Exception { + StoredEntry root = zfile.get(name); + assertNotNull(root); + + InputStream is = root.open(); + byte[] inZipData = ByteStreams.toByteArray(is); + is.close(); + + byte[] inFileData = Files.toByteArray(ZipTestUtils.rsrcFile(name)); + assertArrayEquals(inFileData, inZipData); + } + + @Test + public void zfileReadsZipFile() throws Exception { + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(cloneZipFile())) { + if (mToolStoresDirectories) { + assertEquals(6, zf.entries().size()); + } else { + assertEquals(4, zf.entries().size()); + } + + assertFileInZip(zf, "root"); + assertFileInZip(zf, "images/lena.png"); + assertFileInZip(zf, "text-files/rfc2460.txt"); + assertFileInZip(zf, "text-files/wikipedia.html"); + } + } + + @Test + public void toolReadsZfFile() throws Exception { + testReadZFile(false); + } + + @Test + public void toolReadsAlignedZfFile() throws Exception { + testReadZFile(true); + } + + private void testReadZFile(boolean align) throws Exception { + String unzipcmd = mUnzipCommand.get(0); + Assume.assumeTrue(new File(unzipcmd).canExecute()); + + ZFileOptions options = new ZFileOptions(); + if (align) { + options.setAlignmentRule(AlignmentRules.constant(500)); + } + + File zfile = new File (mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "zfile.zip"); + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zfile, options)) { + zf.add("root", new FileInputStream(ZipTestUtils.rsrcFile("root"))); + zf.add("images/", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[0])); + zf.add("images/lena.png", new FileInputStream(ZipTestUtils.rsrcFile("images/lena.png"))); + zf.add("text-files/", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[0])); + zf.add("text-files/rfc2460.txt", new FileInputStream( + ZipTestUtils.rsrcFile("text-files/rfc2460.txt"))); + zf.add("text-files/wikipedia.html", + new FileInputStream(ZipTestUtils.rsrcFile("text-files/wikipedia.html"))); + } + + List<String> command = Lists.newArrayList(mUnzipCommand); + command.add(zfile.getAbsolutePath()); + ProcessBuilder pb = new ProcessBuilder(command); + Process proc = pb.start(); + InputStream is = proc.getInputStream(); + byte output[] = ByteStreams.toByteArray(is); + String text = new String(output, Charsets.US_ASCII); + String lines[] = text.split("\n"); + Map<String, Integer> sizes = Maps.newHashMap(); + for (String l : lines) { + Matcher m = Pattern.compile(mUnzipLineRegex).matcher(l); + if (m.matches()) { + String sizeTxt = m.group("size"); + int size = Integer.parseInt(sizeTxt); + String name = m.group("name"); + sizes.put(name, size); + } + } + + assertEquals(6, sizes.size()); + + /* + * The "images" directory may show up as "images" or "images/". + */ + String imagesKey = "images/"; + if (!sizes.containsKey(imagesKey)) { + imagesKey = "images"; + } + + assertTrue(sizes.containsKey(imagesKey)); + assertEquals(0, sizes.get(imagesKey).intValue()); + + assertSize(new String[] { "images/", "images" }, 0, sizes); + assertSize(new String[] { "text-files/", "text-files"}, 0, sizes); + assertSize(new String[] { "root" }, ZipTestUtils.rsrcFile("root").length(), sizes); + assertSize(new String[] { "images/lena.png", "images\\lena.png" }, + ZipTestUtils.rsrcFile("images/lena.png").length(), sizes); + assertSize(new String[] { "text-files/rfc2460.txt", "text-files\\rfc2460.txt" }, + ZipTestUtils.rsrcFile("text-files/rfc2460.txt").length(), sizes); + assertSize(new String[] { "text-files/wikipedia.html", "text-files\\wikipedia.html" }, + ZipTestUtils.rsrcFile("text-files/wikipedia.html").length(), sizes); + } + + private static void assertSize(String[] names, long size, Map<String, Integer> sizes) { + for (String n : names) { + if (sizes.containsKey(n)) { + assertEquals((long) sizes.get(n), size); + return; + } + } + + fail(); + } +} diff --git a/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/compress/MultiCompressorTest.java b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/compress/MultiCompressorTest.java new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2fc7bf7 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/compress/MultiCompressorTest.java @@ -0,0 +1,156 @@ +/* + * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project + * + * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); + * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. + * You may obtain a copy of the License at + * + * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 + * + * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software + * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, + * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. + * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and + * limitations under the License. + */ + +package com.android.builder.internal.packaging.zip.compress; + +import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue; + +import com.android.builder.internal.packaging.zip.CentralDirectoryHeaderCompressInfo; +import com.android.builder.internal.packaging.zip.CompressionMethod; +import com.android.builder.internal.packaging.zip.StoredEntry; +import com.android.builder.internal.packaging.zip.ZFile; +import com.android.builder.internal.packaging.zip.ZFileOptions; +import com.android.builder.internal.utils.ApkZFileTestUtils; +import com.google.common.io.Files; +import com.google.common.util.concurrent.MoreExecutors; +import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream; +import java.io.File; +import java.util.zip.Deflater; +import org.junit.Rule; +import org.junit.Test; +import org.junit.rules.TemporaryFolder; + +public class MultiCompressorTest { + @Rule + public TemporaryFolder mTemporaryFolder = new TemporaryFolder(); + + private static byte[] getCompressibleData() throws Exception { + File textFiles = ApkZFileTestUtils.getResource("/testData/packaging/text-files"); + assertTrue(textFiles.isDirectory()); + File wikipediaFile = new File(textFiles, "wikipedia.html"); + assertTrue(wikipediaFile.isFile()); + return Files.asByteSource(wikipediaFile).read(); + } + + private static byte[] compress(byte[] data, int level) throws Exception { + Deflater deflater = new Deflater(level); + deflater.setInput(data); + deflater.finish(); + + byte[] resultAll = new byte[data.length * 2]; + int resultAllCount = deflater.deflate(resultAll); + + byte[] result = new byte[resultAllCount]; + System.arraycopy(resultAll, 0, result, 0, resultAllCount); + return result; + } + + @Test + public void storeIsBest() throws Exception { + File zip = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "test.zip"); + + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zip)) { + zf.add("file", new ByteArrayInputStream(new byte[0])); + StoredEntry entry = zf.get("file"); + assertNotNull(entry); + + CentralDirectoryHeaderCompressInfo ci = + entry.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getCompressionInfoWithWait(); + + assertEquals(0, ci.getCompressedSize()); + assertEquals(CompressionMethod.STORE, ci.getMethod()); + } + } + + @Test + public void sameCompressionResultButBetterThanStore() throws Exception { + File zip = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "test.zip"); + + byte[] data = new byte[] { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 }; + + try (ZFile zf = new ZFile(zip)) { + zf.add("file", new ByteArrayInputStream(data)); + StoredEntry entry = zf.get("file"); + assertNotNull(entry); + + CentralDirectoryHeaderCompressInfo ci = + entry.getCentralDirectoryHeader().getCompressionInfoWithWait(); + + assertEquals(CompressionMethod.DEFLATE, ci.getMethod()); + assertTrue(ci.getCompressedSize() < data.length); + } + } + + @Test + public void bestBetterThanDefault() throws Exception { + byte[] data = getCompressibleData(); + int bestSize = compress(data, Deflater.BEST_COMPRESSION).length; + int defaultSize = compress(data, Deflater.DEFAULT_COMPRESSION).length; + + double ratio = bestSize / (double) defaultSize; + assertTrue(ratio < 1.0); + + File defaultFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "default.zip"); + File resultFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "result.zip"); + + ZFileOptions resultOptions = new ZFileOptions(); + resultOptions.setCompressor(new BestAndDefaultDeflateExecutorCompressor( + MoreExecutors.sameThreadExecutor(), resultOptions.getTracker(), ratio + 0.001)); + + try ( + ZFile defaultZFile = new ZFile(defaultFile); + ZFile resultZFile = new ZFile(resultFile, resultOptions)) { + defaultZFile.add("wikipedia.html", new ByteArrayInputStream(data)); + resultZFile.add("wikipedia.html", new ByteArrayInputStream(data)); + } + + long defaultFileSize = defaultFile.length(); + long resultFileSize = resultFile.length(); + + assertTrue(resultFileSize < defaultFileSize); + } + + @Test + public void bestBetterThanDefaultButNotEnough() throws Exception { + byte[] data = getCompressibleData(); + int bestSize = compress(data, Deflater.BEST_COMPRESSION).length; + int defaultSize = compress(data, Deflater.DEFAULT_COMPRESSION).length; + + double ratio = bestSize / (double) defaultSize; + assertTrue(ratio < 1.0); + + File defaultFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "default.zip"); + File resultFile = new File(mTemporaryFolder.getRoot(), "result.zip"); + + ZFileOptions resultOptions = new ZFileOptions(); + resultOptions.setCompressor(new BestAndDefaultDeflateExecutorCompressor( + MoreExecutors.sameThreadExecutor(), resultOptions.getTracker(), ratio - 0.001)); + + try ( + ZFile defaultZFile = new ZFile(defaultFile); + ZFile resultZFile = new ZFile(resultFile, resultOptions)) { + defaultZFile.add("wikipedia.html", new ByteArrayInputStream(data)); + resultZFile.add("wikipedia.html", new ByteArrayInputStream(data)); + } + + long defaultFileSize = defaultFile.length(); + long resultFileSize = resultFile.length(); + + assertTrue(resultFileSize == defaultFileSize); + } +} diff --git a/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/utils/LittleEndianUtilsTest.java b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/utils/LittleEndianUtilsTest.java new file mode 100644 index 0000000..855f39f --- /dev/null +++ b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/utils/LittleEndianUtilsTest.java @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ +/* + * Copyright (C) 2015 The Android Open Source Project + * + * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); + * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. + * You may obtain a copy of the License at + * + * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 + * + * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software + * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, + * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. + * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and + * limitations under the License. + */ + +package com.android.builder.internal.packaging.zip.utils; + +import static junit.framework.TestCase.assertEquals; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertArrayEquals; + +import org.junit.Test; + +import java.nio.ByteBuffer; +import java.util.Random; + +public class LittleEndianUtilsTest { + @Test + public void read2Le() throws Exception { + assertEquals(0x0102, LittleEndianUtils.readUnsigned2Le(ByteBuffer.wrap( + new byte[] { 2, 1 }))); + assertEquals(0xfedc, LittleEndianUtils.readUnsigned2Le(ByteBuffer.wrap( + new byte[] { (byte) 0xdc, (byte) 0xfe }))); + } + + @Test + public void write2Le() throws Exception { + ByteBuffer out = ByteBuffer.allocate(2); + LittleEndianUtils.writeUnsigned2Le(out, 0x0102); + assertArrayEquals(new byte[] { 2, 1 }, out.array()); + + out = ByteBuffer.allocate(2); + LittleEndianUtils.writeUnsigned2Le(out, 0xfedc); + assertArrayEquals(new byte[] { (byte) 0xdc, (byte) 0xfe }, out.array()); + } + + @Test + public void readWrite2Le() throws Exception { + Random r = new Random(); + + int range = 0x0000ffff; + + final int COUNT = 1000; + int[] data = new int[COUNT]; + for (int i = 0; i < data.length; i++) { + data[i] = r.nextInt(range); + } + + ByteBuffer out = ByteBuffer.allocate(COUNT * 2); + for (int d : data) { + LittleEndianUtils.writeUnsigned2Le(out, d); + } + + ByteBuffer in = ByteBuffer.wrap(out.array()); + for (int i = 0; i < data.length; i++) { + assertEquals(data[i], LittleEndianUtils.readUnsigned2Le(in)); + } + } + + @Test + public void read4Le() throws Exception { + assertEquals(0x01020304, LittleEndianUtils.readUnsigned4Le(ByteBuffer.wrap( + new byte[] { 4, 3, 2, 1 }))); + assertEquals(0xfedcba98L, LittleEndianUtils.readUnsigned4Le(ByteBuffer.wrap( + new byte[] { (byte) 0x98, (byte) 0xba, (byte) 0xdc, (byte) 0xfe }))); + } + + @Test + public void write4Le() throws Exception { + ByteBuffer out = ByteBuffer.allocate(4); + LittleEndianUtils.writeUnsigned4Le(out, 0x01020304); + assertArrayEquals(new byte[] { 4, 3, 2, 1 }, out.array()); + + out = ByteBuffer.allocate(4); + LittleEndianUtils.writeUnsigned4Le(out, 0xfedcba98L); + assertArrayEquals(new byte[] { (byte) 0x98, (byte) 0xba, (byte) 0xdc, (byte) 0xfe }, + out.array()); + } + + @Test + public void readWrite4Le() throws Exception { + Random r = new Random(); + + final int COUNT = 1000; + long[] data = new long[COUNT]; + for (int i = 0; i < data.length; i++) { + do { + data[i] = r.nextInt() - (long) Integer.MIN_VALUE; + } while (data[i] < 0); + } + + ByteBuffer out = ByteBuffer.allocate(COUNT * 4); + for (long d : data) { + LittleEndianUtils.writeUnsigned4Le(out, d); + } + + ByteBuffer in = ByteBuffer.wrap(out.array()); + for (int i = 0; i < data.length; i++) { + assertEquals(data[i], LittleEndianUtils.readUnsigned4Le(in)); + } + } +} diff --git a/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/utils/MsDosDateTimeUtilsTest.java b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/utils/MsDosDateTimeUtilsTest.java new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4c098c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/packaging/zip/utils/MsDosDateTimeUtilsTest.java @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +/* + * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project + * + * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); + * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. + * You may obtain a copy of the License at + * + * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 + * + * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software + * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, + * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. + * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and + * limitations under the License. + */ + +package com.android.builder.internal.packaging.zip.utils; + +import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals; + +import org.junit.Test; + +import java.util.Calendar; + +public class MsDosDateTimeUtilsTest { + @Test + public void packDate() throws Exception { + Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(); + + c.set(Calendar.YEAR, 2016); + c.set(Calendar.MONTH, 0); + c.set(Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH, 5); + + long time = c.getTime().getTime(); + + int packed = MsDosDateTimeUtils.packDate(time); + + // Year = 2016 - 1980 = 36 (0000 0000 0[010 0100]) + // Month = 1 (0000 0000 0000 [0001]) + // Day = 5 (0000 0000 000[0 0101]) + // Packs as 010 0100 | 0001 | 00101 + // Or 0100 1000 0010 0101 + // In hex 4 8 2 5 + + int expectedDateBits = 0x4825; + assertEquals(expectedDateBits, packed); + } + + @Test + public void packTime() throws Exception { + Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance(); + + c.set(Calendar.HOUR_OF_DAY, 8); + c.set(Calendar.MINUTE, 45); + c.set(Calendar.SECOND, 20); + + long time = c.getTime().getTime(); + + int packed = MsDosDateTimeUtils.packTime(time); + + // Hour = 8 (0000 0000 000[0 1000]) + // Minute = 45 (0000 0000 00[10 1101]) + // Second = 20 / 2 = 10 (0000 0000 000[0 1010]) + // Pack as 0 1000 | 10 1101 | 0 1010 + // Or 0100 0101 1010 1010 + // In hex 4 5 A A + + int expectedTimeBits = 0x45AA; + assertEquals(expectedTimeBits, packed); + } +} diff --git a/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/utils/ApkZFileTestUtils.java b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/utils/ApkZFileTestUtils.java new file mode 100644 index 0000000..88e3c80 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/utils/ApkZFileTestUtils.java @@ -0,0 +1,122 @@ +/* + * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project + * + * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); + * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. + * You may obtain a copy of the License at + * + * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 + * + * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software + * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, + * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. + * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and + * limitations under the License. + */ + +package com.android.builder.internal.utils; + +import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue; + +import com.android.annotations.NonNull; +import com.google.common.base.Preconditions; +import com.google.common.io.Resources; +import java.io.EOFException; +import java.io.File; +import java.io.IOException; +import java.io.RandomAccessFile; +import java.net.URL; + +/** + * Utility functions for tests. + */ +public final class ApkZFileTestUtils { + + /** + * Reads a portion of a file to memory. + * + * @param file the file to read data from + * @param start the offset in the file to start reading + * @param length the number of bytes to read + * @return the bytes read + * @throws Exception failed to read the file + */ + @NonNull + public static byte[] readSegment(@NonNull File file, long start, int length) throws Exception { + Preconditions.checkArgument(start >= 0, "start < 0"); + Preconditions.checkArgument(length >= 0, "length < 0"); + + byte data[]; + try (RandomAccessFile raf = new RandomAccessFile(file, "r")) { + raf.seek(start); + + data = new byte[length]; + int tot = 0; + while (tot < length) { + int r = raf.read(data, tot, length - tot); + if (r < 0) { + throw new EOFException(); + } + + tot += r; + } + } + + return data; + } + + /** + * Obtains the test resource with the given path. + * + * @param path the path + * @return the test resource + */ + @NonNull + public static File getResource(@NonNull String path) { + URL url = Resources.getResource(ApkZFileTestUtils.class, path); + File resource = new File(url.getFile()); + assertTrue(resource.exists()); + return resource; + } + + /** + * Sleeps the current thread for enough time to ensure that the local file system had enough + * time to notice a "tick". This method is usually called in tests when it is necessary to + * ensure filesystem writes are detected through timestamp modification. + * + * @throws InterruptedException waiting interrupted + * @throws IOException issues creating a temporary file + */ + public static void waitForFileSystemTick() throws InterruptedException, IOException { + waitForFileSystemTick(getFreshTimestamp()); + } + + /** + * Sleeps the current thread for enough time to ensure that the local file system had enough + * time to notice a "tick". This method is usually called in tests when it is necessary to + * ensure filesystem writes are detected through timestamp modification. + * + * @param currentTimestamp last timestamp read from disk + * @throws InterruptedException waiting interrupted + * @throws IOException issues creating a temporary file + */ + public static void waitForFileSystemTick(long currentTimestamp) + throws InterruptedException, IOException { + while (getFreshTimestamp() <= currentTimestamp) { + Thread.sleep(100); + } + } + + /** + * Obtains the timestamp of a newly-created file. + * + * @return the timestamp + * @throws IOException the I/O Exception + */ + private static long getFreshTimestamp() throws IOException { + File notUsed = File.createTempFile(ApkZFileTestUtils.class.getName(), "waitForFSTick"); + long freshTimestamp = notUsed.lastModified(); + assertTrue(notUsed.delete()); + return freshTimestamp; + } +} diff --git a/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/utils/CachedFileContentsTest.java b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/utils/CachedFileContentsTest.java new file mode 100644 index 0000000..282ca47 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/utils/CachedFileContentsTest.java @@ -0,0 +1,123 @@ +/* + * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project + * + * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); + * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. + * You may obtain a copy of the License at + * + * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 + * + * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software + * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, + * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. + * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and + * limitations under the License. + */ + +package com.android.builder.internal.utils; + +import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertSame; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue; + +import com.google.common.base.Charsets; +import com.google.common.io.Files; + +import org.junit.Rule; +import org.junit.Test; +import org.junit.rules.TemporaryFolder; + +import java.io.File; + +public class CachedFileContentsTest { + @Rule + public TemporaryFolder mTemporaryFolder = new TemporaryFolder(); + + @Test + public void createFileAndCheckWithNoChanges() throws Exception { + File f = mTemporaryFolder.newFile("test"); + Files.write("abc", f, Charsets.US_ASCII); + + Object cache = new Object(); + + CachedFileContents<Object> cachedFile = new CachedFileContents<>(f); + cachedFile.closed(cache); + + assertTrue(cachedFile.isValid()); + assertSame(cache, cachedFile.getCache()); + } + + @Test + public void createFileAndCheckChanges() throws Exception { + File f = mTemporaryFolder.newFile("test"); + Files.write("abc", f, Charsets.US_ASCII); + + Object cache = new Object(); + + CachedFileContents<Object> cachedFile = new CachedFileContents<>(f); + cachedFile.closed(cache); + + Files.write("def", f, Charsets.US_ASCII); + + assertFalse(cachedFile.isValid()); + assertNull(cachedFile.getCache()); + } + + @Test + public void createFileUpdateAndCheckChanges() throws Exception { + File f = mTemporaryFolder.newFile("test"); + Files.write("abc", f, Charsets.US_ASCII); + + Object cache = new Object(); + + CachedFileContents<Object> cachedFile = new CachedFileContents<>(f); + cachedFile.closed(cache); + + Files.write("def", f, Charsets.US_ASCII); + cachedFile.closed(cache); + + assertTrue(cachedFile.isValid()); + assertSame(cache, cachedFile.getCache()); + } + + @Test + public void immediateChangesDetected() throws Exception { + File f = mTemporaryFolder.newFile("foo"); + Files.write("bar", f, Charsets.US_ASCII); + + CachedFileContents<Object> cachedFile = new CachedFileContents<>(f); + cachedFile.closed(null); + + Files.write("xpto", f, Charsets.US_ASCII); + assertFalse(cachedFile.isValid()); + } + + @Test + public void immediateChangesDetectedEvenWithHackedTs() throws Exception { + File f = mTemporaryFolder.newFile("foo"); + Files.write("bar", f, Charsets.US_ASCII); + + CachedFileContents<Object> cachedFile = new CachedFileContents<>(f); + cachedFile.closed(null); + long lastTs = f.lastModified(); + + Files.write("xpto", f, Charsets.US_ASCII); + f.setLastModified(lastTs); + assertFalse(cachedFile.isValid()); + } + + @Test + public void immediateChangesWithNoContentChangeNotDetected() throws Exception { + File f = mTemporaryFolder.newFile("foo"); + Files.write("bar", f, Charsets.US_ASCII); + + CachedFileContents<Object> cachedFile = new CachedFileContents<>(f); + cachedFile.closed(null); + long lastTs = f.lastModified(); + + Files.write("bar", f, Charsets.US_ASCII); + f.setLastModified(lastTs); + assertTrue(cachedFile.isValid()); + } +} diff --git a/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/utils/CachedSupplierTest.java b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/utils/CachedSupplierTest.java new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e8ce7b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/test/java/com/android/builder/internal/utils/CachedSupplierTest.java @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ +/* + * Copyright (C) 2016 The Android Open Source Project + * + * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); + * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. + * You may obtain a copy of the License at + * + * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 + * + * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software + * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, + * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. + * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and + * limitations under the License. + */ + +package com.android.builder.internal.utils; + +import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse; +import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue; +import static org.junit.Assert.fail; + +import org.junit.Test; + +import java.util.function.Supplier; + +public class CachedSupplierTest { + + @Test + public void testGetsOnlyOnce() { + TestSupplier ts = new TestSupplier(); + CachedSupplier<String> cs = new CachedSupplier<>(ts); + assertFalse(cs.isValid()); + + ts.value = "foo"; + assertEquals(0, ts.invocationCount); + assertEquals("foo", cs.get()); + assertEquals(1, ts.invocationCount); + assertTrue(cs.isValid()); + + ts.value = "bar"; + assertEquals("foo", cs.get()); + assertEquals(1, ts.invocationCount); + assertTrue(cs.isValid()); + } + + @Test + public void cacheCanBePreset() { + TestSupplier ts = new TestSupplier(); + ts.value = "foo"; + CachedSupplier<String> cs = new CachedSupplier<>(ts); + cs.precomputed("bar"); + assertTrue(cs.isValid()); + + assertEquals("bar", cs.get()); + assertEquals(0, ts.invocationCount); + } + + @Test + public void exceptionThrownBySupplier() { + CachedSupplier<String> cs = new CachedSupplier<>(() -> { + throw new RuntimeException("foo"); + }); + assertFalse(cs.isValid()); + + try { + cs.get(); + fail(); + } catch (RuntimeException e) { + assertEquals("foo", e.getMessage()); + } + + assertFalse(cs.isValid()); + + try { + cs.get(); + fail(); + } catch (RuntimeException e) { + assertEquals("foo", e.getMessage()); + } + } + + @Test + public void reset() { + TestSupplier ts = new TestSupplier(); + ts.value = "foo"; + CachedSupplier<String> cs = new CachedSupplier<>(ts); + assertFalse(cs.isValid()); + + assertEquals("foo", cs.get()); + assertEquals(1, ts.invocationCount); + assertTrue(cs.isValid()); + ts.value = "bar"; + + cs.reset(); + assertFalse(cs.isValid()); + assertEquals("bar", cs.get()); + assertEquals(2, ts.invocationCount); + } + + static class TestSupplier implements Supplier<String> { + int invocationCount = 0; + String value; + + @Override + public String get() { + invocationCount++; + return value; + } + } +} diff --git a/src/test/resources/testData/packaging/empty-zip.zip b/src/test/resources/testData/packaging/empty-zip.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..cad60d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/test/resources/testData/packaging/empty-zip.zip diff --git a/src/test/resources/testData/packaging/images/lena.png b/src/test/resources/testData/packaging/images/lena.png Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..59ef68a --- /dev/null +++ b/src/test/resources/testData/packaging/images/lena.png diff --git a/src/test/resources/testData/packaging/j7.jar b/src/test/resources/testData/packaging/j7.jar Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..e768b1d --- /dev/null +++ b/src/test/resources/testData/packaging/j7.jar diff --git a/src/test/resources/testData/packaging/j8.jar b/src/test/resources/testData/packaging/j8.jar Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..09992f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/test/resources/testData/packaging/j8.jar diff --git a/src/test/resources/testData/packaging/l1.zip b/src/test/resources/testData/packaging/l1.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..c7ea899 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/test/resources/testData/packaging/l1.zip diff --git a/src/test/resources/testData/packaging/l9.zip b/src/test/resources/testData/packaging/l9.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f9efa33 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/test/resources/testData/packaging/l9.zip diff --git a/src/test/resources/testData/packaging/linux-zip.zip b/src/test/resources/testData/packaging/linux-zip.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..3ac4dd4 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/test/resources/testData/packaging/linux-zip.zip diff --git a/src/test/resources/testData/packaging/root b/src/test/resources/testData/packaging/root new file mode 100644 index 0000000..11ba934 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/test/resources/testData/packaging/root @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +A text file in the root.
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/src/test/resources/testData/packaging/simple-zip.zip b/src/test/resources/testData/packaging/simple-zip.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..96f3419 --- /dev/null +++ b/src/test/resources/testData/packaging/simple-zip.zip diff --git a/src/test/resources/testData/packaging/test.apk b/src/test/resources/testData/packaging/test.apk Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..fcce0dd --- /dev/null +++ b/src/test/resources/testData/packaging/test.apk diff --git a/src/test/resources/testData/packaging/text-files/rfc2460.txt b/src/test/resources/testData/packaging/text-files/rfc2460.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..de7b7fa --- /dev/null +++ b/src/test/resources/testData/packaging/text-files/rfc2460.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2187 @@ + + + + + + +Network Working Group S. Deering +Request for Comments: 2460 Cisco +Obsoletes: 1883 R. Hinden +Category: Standards Track Nokia + December 1998 + + + Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) + Specification + +Status of this Memo + + This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the + Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for + improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet + Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state + and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited. + +Copyright Notice + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998). All Rights Reserved. + +Abstract + + This document specifies version 6 of the Internet Protocol (IPv6), + also sometimes referred to as IP Next Generation or IPng. + +Table of Contents + + 1. Introduction..................................................2 + 2. Terminology...................................................3 + 3. IPv6 Header Format............................................4 + 4. IPv6 Extension Headers........................................6 + 4.1 Extension Header Order...................................7 + 4.2 Options..................................................9 + 4.3 Hop-by-Hop Options Header...............................11 + 4.4 Routing Header..........................................12 + 4.5 Fragment Header.........................................18 + 4.6 Destination Options Header..............................23 + 4.7 No Next Header..........................................24 + 5. Packet Size Issues...........................................24 + 6. Flow Labels..................................................25 + 7. Traffic Classes..............................................25 + 8. Upper-Layer Protocol Issues..................................27 + 8.1 Upper-Layer Checksums...................................27 + 8.2 Maximum Packet Lifetime.................................28 + 8.3 Maximum Upper-Layer Payload Size........................28 + 8.4 Responding to Packets Carrying Routing Headers..........29 + + + +Deering & Hinden Standards Track [Page 1] + +RFC 2460 IPv6 Specification December 1998 + + + Appendix A. Semantics and Usage of the Flow Label Field.........30 + Appendix B. Formatting Guidelines for Options...................32 + Security Considerations.........................................35 + Acknowledgments.................................................35 + Authors' Addresses..............................................35 + References......................................................35 + Changes Since RFC-1883..........................................36 + Full Copyright Statement........................................39 + +1. Introduction + + IP version 6 (IPv6) is a new version of the Internet Protocol, + designed as the successor to IP version 4 (IPv4) [RFC-791]. The + changes from IPv4 to IPv6 fall primarily into the following + categories: + + o Expanded Addressing Capabilities + + IPv6 increases the IP address size from 32 bits to 128 bits, to + support more levels of addressing hierarchy, a much greater + number of addressable nodes, and simpler auto-configuration of + addresses. The scalability of multicast routing is improved by + adding a "scope" field to multicast addresses. And a new type + of address called an "anycast address" is defined, used to send + a packet to any one of a group of nodes. + + o Header Format Simplification + + Some IPv4 header fields have been dropped or made optional, to + reduce the common-case processing cost of packet handling and + to limit the bandwidth cost of the IPv6 header. + + o Improved Support for Extensions and Options + + Changes in the way IP header options are encoded allows for + more efficient forwarding, less stringent limits on the length + of options, and greater flexibility for introducing new options + in the future. + + o Flow Labeling Capability + + A new capability is added to enable the labeling of packets + belonging to particular traffic "flows" for which the sender + requests special handling, such as non-default quality of + service or "real-time" service. + + + + + + +Deering & Hinden Standards Track [Page 2] + +RFC 2460 IPv6 Specification December 1998 + + + o Authentication and Privacy Capabilities + + Extensions to support authentication, data integrity, and + (optional) data confidentiality are specified for IPv6. + + This document specifies the basic IPv6 header and the initially- + defined IPv6 extension headers and options. It also discusses packet + size issues, the semantics of flow labels and traffic classes, and + the effects of IPv6 on upper-layer protocols. The format and + semantics of IPv6 addresses are specified separately in [ADDRARCH]. + The IPv6 version of ICMP, which all IPv6 implementations are required + to include, is specified in [ICMPv6]. + +2. Terminology + + node - a device that implements IPv6. + + router - a node that forwards IPv6 packets not explicitly + addressed to itself. [See Note below]. + + host - any node that is not a router. [See Note below]. + + upper layer - a protocol layer immediately above IPv6. Examples are + transport protocols such as TCP and UDP, control + protocols such as ICMP, routing protocols such as OSPF, + and internet or lower-layer protocols being "tunneled" + over (i.e., encapsulated in) IPv6 such as IPX, + AppleTalk, or IPv6 itself. + + link - a communication facility or medium over which nodes can + communicate at the link layer, i.e., the layer + immediately below IPv6. Examples are Ethernets (simple + or bridged); PPP links; X.25, Frame Relay, or ATM + networks; and internet (or higher) layer "tunnels", + such as tunnels over IPv4 or IPv6 itself. + + neighbors - nodes attached to the same link. + + interface - a node's attachment to a link. + + address - an IPv6-layer identifier for an interface or a set of + interfaces. + + packet - an IPv6 header plus payload. + + link MTU - the maximum transmission unit, i.e., maximum packet + size in octets, that can be conveyed over a link. + + + + +Deering & Hinden Standards Track [Page 3] + +RFC 2460 IPv6 Specification December 1998 + + + path MTU - the minimum link MTU of all the links in a path between + a source node and a destination node. + + Note: it is possible, though unusual, for a device with multiple + interfaces to be configured to forward non-self-destined packets + arriving from some set (fewer than all) of its interfaces, and to + discard non-self-destined packets arriving from its other interfaces. + Such a device must obey the protocol requirements for routers when + receiving packets from, and interacting with neighbors over, the + former (forwarding) interfaces. It must obey the protocol + requirements for hosts when receiving packets from, and interacting + with neighbors over, the latter (non-forwarding) interfaces. + +3. IPv6 Header Format + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |Version| Traffic Class | Flow Label | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Payload Length | Next Header | Hop Limit | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | | + + + + | | + + Source Address + + | | + + + + | | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | | + + + + | | + + Destination Address + + | | + + + + | | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + + Version 4-bit Internet Protocol version number = 6. + + Traffic Class 8-bit traffic class field. See section 7. + + Flow Label 20-bit flow label. See section 6. + + Payload Length 16-bit unsigned integer. Length of the IPv6 + payload, i.e., the rest of the packet following + this IPv6 header, in octets. (Note that any + + + + + +Deering & Hinden Standards Track [Page 4] + +RFC 2460 IPv6 Specification December 1998 + + + extension headers [section 4] present are + considered part of the payload, i.e., included + in the length count.) + + Next Header 8-bit selector. Identifies the type of header + immediately following the IPv6 header. Uses the + same values as the IPv4 Protocol field [RFC-1700 + et seq.]. + + Hop Limit 8-bit unsigned integer. Decremented by 1 by + each node that forwards the packet. The packet + is discarded if Hop Limit is decremented to + zero. + + Source Address 128-bit address of the originator of the packet. + See [ADDRARCH]. + + Destination Address 128-bit address of the intended recipient of the + packet (possibly not the ultimate recipient, if + a Routing header is present). See [ADDRARCH] + and section 4.4. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Deering & Hinden Standards Track [Page 5] + +RFC 2460 IPv6 Specification December 1998 + + +4. IPv6 Extension Headers + + In IPv6, optional internet-layer information is encoded in separate + headers that may be placed between the IPv6 header and the upper- + layer header in a packet. There are a small number of such extension + headers, each identified by a distinct Next Header value. As + illustrated in these examples, an IPv6 packet may carry zero, one, or + more extension headers, each identified by the Next Header field of + the preceding header: + + +---------------+------------------------ + | IPv6 header | TCP header + data + | | + | Next Header = | + | TCP | + +---------------+------------------------ + + + +---------------+----------------+------------------------ + | IPv6 header | Routing header | TCP header + data + | | | + | Next Header = | Next Header = | + | Routing | TCP | + +---------------+----------------+------------------------ + + + +---------------+----------------+-----------------+----------------- + | IPv6 header | Routing header | Fragment header | fragment of TCP + | | | | header + data + | Next Header = | Next Header = | Next Header = | + | Routing | Fragment | TCP | + +---------------+----------------+-----------------+----------------- + + With one exception, extension headers are not examined or processed + by any node along a packet's delivery path, until the packet reaches + the node (or each of the set of nodes, in the case of multicast) + identified in the Destination Address field of the IPv6 header. + There, normal demultiplexing on the Next Header field of the IPv6 + header invokes the module to process the first extension header, or + the upper-layer header if no extension header is present. The + contents and semantics of each extension header determine whether or + not to proceed to the next header. Therefore, extension headers must + be processed strictly in the order they appear in the packet; a + receiver must not, for example, scan through a packet looking for a + particular kind of extension header and process that header prior to + processing all preceding ones. + + + + + +Deering & Hinden Standards Track [Page 6] + +RFC 2460 IPv6 Specification December 1998 + + + The exception referred to in the preceding paragraph is the Hop-by- + Hop Options header, which carries information that must be examined + and processed by every node along a packet's delivery path, including + the source and destination nodes. The Hop-by-Hop Options header, + when present, must immediately follow the IPv6 header. Its presence + is indicated by the value zero in the Next Header field of the IPv6 + header. + + If, as a result of processing a header, a node is required to proceed + to the next header but the Next Header value in the current header is + unrecognized by the node, it should discard the packet and send an + ICMP Parameter Problem message to the source of the packet, with an + ICMP Code value of 1 ("unrecognized Next Header type encountered") + and the ICMP Pointer field containing the offset of the unrecognized + value within the original packet. The same action should be taken if + a node encounters a Next Header value of zero in any header other + than an IPv6 header. + + Each extension header is an integer multiple of 8 octets long, in + order to retain 8-octet alignment for subsequent headers. Multi- + octet fields within each extension header are aligned on their + natural boundaries, i.e., fields of width n octets are placed at an + integer multiple of n octets from the start of the header, for n = 1, + 2, 4, or 8. + + A full implementation of IPv6 includes implementation of the + following extension headers: + + Hop-by-Hop Options + Routing (Type 0) + Fragment + Destination Options + Authentication + Encapsulating Security Payload + + The first four are specified in this document; the last two are + specified in [RFC-2402] and [RFC-2406], respectively. + +4.1 Extension Header Order + + When more than one extension header is used in the same packet, it is + recommended that those headers appear in the following order: + + IPv6 header + Hop-by-Hop Options header + Destination Options header (note 1) + Routing header + Fragment header + + + +Deering & Hinden Standards Track [Page 7] + +RFC 2460 IPv6 Specification December 1998 + + + Authentication header (note 2) + Encapsulating Security Payload header (note 2) + Destination Options header (note 3) + upper-layer header + + note 1: for options to be processed by the first destination + that appears in the IPv6 Destination Address field + plus subsequent destinations listed in the Routing + header. + + note 2: additional recommendations regarding the relative + order of the Authentication and Encapsulating + Security Payload headers are given in [RFC-2406]. + + note 3: for options to be processed only by the final + destination of the packet. + + Each extension header should occur at most once, except for the + Destination Options header which should occur at most twice (once + before a Routing header and once before the upper-layer header). + + If the upper-layer header is another IPv6 header (in the case of IPv6 + being tunneled over or encapsulated in IPv6), it may be followed by + its own extension headers, which are separately subject to the same + ordering recommendations. + + If and when other extension headers are defined, their ordering + constraints relative to the above listed headers must be specified. + + IPv6 nodes must accept and attempt to process extension headers in + any order and occurring any number of times in the same packet, + except for the Hop-by-Hop Options header which is restricted to + appear immediately after an IPv6 header only. Nonetheless, it is + strongly advised that sources of IPv6 packets adhere to the above + recommended order until and unless subsequent specifications revise + that recommendation. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Deering & Hinden Standards Track [Page 8] + +RFC 2460 IPv6 Specification December 1998 + + +4.2 Options + + Two of the currently-defined extension headers -- the Hop-by-Hop + Options header and the Destination Options header -- carry a variable + number of type-length-value (TLV) encoded "options", of the following + format: + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+- - - - - - - - - + | Option Type | Opt Data Len | Option Data + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+- - - - - - - - - + + Option Type 8-bit identifier of the type of option. + + Opt Data Len 8-bit unsigned integer. Length of the Option + Data field of this option, in octets. + + Option Data Variable-length field. Option-Type-specific + data. + + The sequence of options within a header must be processed strictly in + the order they appear in the header; a receiver must not, for + example, scan through the header looking for a particular kind of + option and process that option prior to processing all preceding + ones. + + The Option Type identifiers are internally encoded such that their + highest-order two bits specify the action that must be taken if the + processing IPv6 node does not recognize the Option Type: + + 00 - skip over this option and continue processing the header. + + 01 - discard the packet. + + 10 - discard the packet and, regardless of whether or not the + packet's Destination Address was a multicast address, send an + ICMP Parameter Problem, Code 2, message to the packet's + Source Address, pointing to the unrecognized Option Type. + + 11 - discard the packet and, only if the packet's Destination + Address was not a multicast address, send an ICMP Parameter + Problem, Code 2, message to the packet's Source Address, + pointing to the unrecognized Option Type. + + The third-highest-order bit of the Option Type specifies whether or + not the Option Data of that option can change en-route to the + packet's final destination. When an Authentication header is present + + + + + +Deering & Hinden Standards Track [Page 9] + +RFC 2460 IPv6 Specification December 1998 + + + in the packet, for any option whose data may change en-route, its + entire Option Data field must be treated as zero-valued octets when + computing or verifying the packet's authenticating value. + + 0 - Option Data does not change en-route + + 1 - Option Data may change en-route + + The three high-order bits described above are to be treated as part + of the Option Type, not independent of the Option Type. That is, a + particular option is identified by a full 8-bit Option Type, not just + the low-order 5 bits of an Option Type. + + The same Option Type numbering space is used for both the Hop-by-Hop + Options header and the Destination Options header. However, the + specification of a particular option may restrict its use to only one + of those two headers. + + Individual options may have specific alignment requirements, to + ensure that multi-octet values within Option Data fields fall on + natural boundaries. The alignment requirement of an option is + specified using the notation xn+y, meaning the Option Type must + appear at an integer multiple of x octets from the start of the + header, plus y octets. For example: + + 2n means any 2-octet offset from the start of the header. + 8n+2 means any 8-octet offset from the start of the header, + plus 2 octets. + + There are two padding options which are used when necessary to align + subsequent options and to pad out the containing header to a multiple + of 8 octets in length. These padding options must be recognized by + all IPv6 implementations: + + Pad1 option (alignment requirement: none) + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | 0 | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + + NOTE! the format of the Pad1 option is a special case -- it does + not have length and value fields. + + The Pad1 option is used to insert one octet of padding into the + Options area of a header. If more than one octet of padding is + required, the PadN option, described next, should be used, rather + than multiple Pad1 options. + + + + +Deering & Hinden Standards Track [Page 10] + +RFC 2460 IPv6 Specification December 1998 + + + PadN option (alignment requirement: none) + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+- - - - - - - - - + | 1 | Opt Data Len | Option Data + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+- - - - - - - - - + + The PadN option is used to insert two or more octets of padding + into the Options area of a header. For N octets of padding, the + Opt Data Len field contains the value N-2, and the Option Data + consists of N-2 zero-valued octets. + + Appendix B contains formatting guidelines for designing new options. + +4.3 Hop-by-Hop Options Header + + The Hop-by-Hop Options header is used to carry optional information + that must be examined by every node along a packet's delivery path. + The Hop-by-Hop Options header is identified by a Next Header value of + 0 in the IPv6 header, and has the following format: + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Next Header | Hdr Ext Len | | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + + | | + . . + . Options . + . . + | | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + + Next Header 8-bit selector. Identifies the type of header + immediately following the Hop-by-Hop Options + header. Uses the same values as the IPv4 + Protocol field [RFC-1700 et seq.]. + + Hdr Ext Len 8-bit unsigned integer. Length of the Hop-by- + Hop Options header in 8-octet units, not + including the first 8 octets. + + Options Variable-length field, of length such that the + complete Hop-by-Hop Options header is an integer + multiple of 8 octets long. Contains one or more + TLV-encoded options, as described in section + 4.2. + + The only hop-by-hop options defined in this document are the Pad1 and + PadN options specified in section 4.2. + + + + +Deering & Hinden Standards Track [Page 11] + +RFC 2460 IPv6 Specification December 1998 + + +4.4 Routing Header + + The Routing header is used by an IPv6 source to list one or more + intermediate nodes to be "visited" on the way to a packet's + destination. This function is very similar to IPv4's Loose Source + and Record Route option. The Routing header is identified by a Next + Header value of 43 in the immediately preceding header, and has the + following format: + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Next Header | Hdr Ext Len | Routing Type | Segments Left | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | | + . . + . type-specific data . + . . + | | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + + Next Header 8-bit selector. Identifies the type of header + immediately following the Routing header. Uses + the same values as the IPv4 Protocol field + [RFC-1700 et seq.]. + + Hdr Ext Len 8-bit unsigned integer. Length of the Routing + header in 8-octet units, not including the first + 8 octets. + + Routing Type 8-bit identifier of a particular Routing header + variant. + + Segments Left 8-bit unsigned integer. Number of route + segments remaining, i.e., number of explicitly + listed intermediate nodes still to be visited + before reaching the final destination. + + type-specific data Variable-length field, of format determined by + the Routing Type, and of length such that the + complete Routing header is an integer multiple + of 8 octets long. + + If, while processing a received packet, a node encounters a Routing + header with an unrecognized Routing Type value, the required behavior + of the node depends on the value of the Segments Left field, as + follows: + + + + + + +Deering & Hinden Standards Track [Page 12] + +RFC 2460 IPv6 Specification December 1998 + + + If Segments Left is zero, the node must ignore the Routing header + and proceed to process the next header in the packet, whose type + is identified by the Next Header field in the Routing header. + + If Segments Left is non-zero, the node must discard the packet and + send an ICMP Parameter Problem, Code 0, message to the packet's + Source Address, pointing to the unrecognized Routing Type. + + If, after processing a Routing header of a received packet, an + intermediate node determines that the packet is to be forwarded onto + a link whose link MTU is less than the size of the packet, the node + must discard the packet and send an ICMP Packet Too Big message to + the packet's Source Address. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Deering & Hinden Standards Track [Page 13] + +RFC 2460 IPv6 Specification December 1998 + + + The Type 0 Routing header has the following format: + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Next Header | Hdr Ext Len | Routing Type=0| Segments Left | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Reserved | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | | + + + + | | + + Address[1] + + | | + + + + | | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | | + + + + | | + + Address[2] + + | | + + + + | | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + . . . + . . . + . . . + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | | + + + + | | + + Address[n] + + | | + + + + | | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + + Next Header 8-bit selector. Identifies the type of header + immediately following the Routing header. Uses + the same values as the IPv4 Protocol field + [RFC-1700 et seq.]. + + Hdr Ext Len 8-bit unsigned integer. Length of the Routing + header in 8-octet units, not including the first + 8 octets. For the Type 0 Routing header, Hdr + Ext Len is equal to two times the number of + addresses in the header. + + Routing Type 0. + + + +Deering & Hinden Standards Track [Page 14] + +RFC 2460 IPv6 Specification December 1998 + + + Segments Left 8-bit unsigned integer. Number of route + segments remaining, i.e., number of explicitly + listed intermediate nodes still to be visited + before reaching the final destination. + + Reserved 32-bit reserved field. Initialized to zero for + transmission; ignored on reception. + + Address[1..n] Vector of 128-bit addresses, numbered 1 to n. + + Multicast addresses must not appear in a Routing header of Type 0, or + in the IPv6 Destination Address field of a packet carrying a Routing + header of Type 0. + + A Routing header is not examined or processed until it reaches the + node identified in the Destination Address field of the IPv6 header. + In that node, dispatching on the Next Header field of the immediately + preceding header causes the Routing header module to be invoked, + which, in the case of Routing Type 0, performs the following + algorithm: + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Deering & Hinden Standards Track [Page 15] + +RFC 2460 IPv6 Specification December 1998 + + + if Segments Left = 0 { + proceed to process the next header in the packet, whose type is + identified by the Next Header field in the Routing header + } + else if Hdr Ext Len is odd { + send an ICMP Parameter Problem, Code 0, message to the Source + Address, pointing to the Hdr Ext Len field, and discard the + packet + } + else { + compute n, the number of addresses in the Routing header, by + dividing Hdr Ext Len by 2 + + if Segments Left is greater than n { + send an ICMP Parameter Problem, Code 0, message to the Source + Address, pointing to the Segments Left field, and discard the + packet + } + else { + decrement Segments Left by 1; + compute i, the index of the next address to be visited in + the address vector, by subtracting Segments Left from n + + if Address [i] or the IPv6 Destination Address is multicast { + discard the packet + } + else { + swap the IPv6 Destination Address and Address[i] + + if the IPv6 Hop Limit is less than or equal to 1 { + send an ICMP Time Exceeded -- Hop Limit Exceeded in + Transit message to the Source Address and discard the + packet + } + else { + decrement the Hop Limit by 1 + + resubmit the packet to the IPv6 module for transmission + to the new destination + } + } + } + } + + + + + + + + +Deering & Hinden Standards Track [Page 16] + +RFC 2460 IPv6 Specification December 1998 + + + As an example of the effects of the above algorithm, consider the + case of a source node S sending a packet to destination node D, using + a Routing header to cause the packet to be routed via intermediate + nodes I1, I2, and I3. The values of the relevant IPv6 header and + Routing header fields on each segment of the delivery path would be + as follows: + + As the packet travels from S to I1: + + Source Address = S Hdr Ext Len = 6 + Destination Address = I1 Segments Left = 3 + Address[1] = I2 + Address[2] = I3 + Address[3] = D + + As the packet travels from I1 to I2: + + Source Address = S Hdr Ext Len = 6 + Destination Address = I2 Segments Left = 2 + Address[1] = I1 + Address[2] = I3 + Address[3] = D + + As the packet travels from I2 to I3: + + Source Address = S Hdr Ext Len = 6 + Destination Address = I3 Segments Left = 1 + Address[1] = I1 + Address[2] = I2 + Address[3] = D + + As the packet travels from I3 to D: + + Source Address = S Hdr Ext Len = 6 + Destination Address = D Segments Left = 0 + Address[1] = I1 + Address[2] = I2 + Address[3] = I3 + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Deering & Hinden Standards Track [Page 17] + +RFC 2460 IPv6 Specification December 1998 + + +4.5 Fragment Header + + The Fragment header is used by an IPv6 source to send a packet larger + than would fit in the path MTU to its destination. (Note: unlike + IPv4, fragmentation in IPv6 is performed only by source nodes, not by + routers along a packet's delivery path -- see section 5.) The + Fragment header is identified by a Next Header value of 44 in the + immediately preceding header, and has the following format: + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Next Header | Reserved | Fragment Offset |Res|M| + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Identification | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + + Next Header 8-bit selector. Identifies the initial header + type of the Fragmentable Part of the original + packet (defined below). Uses the same values as + the IPv4 Protocol field [RFC-1700 et seq.]. + + Reserved 8-bit reserved field. Initialized to zero for + transmission; ignored on reception. + + Fragment Offset 13-bit unsigned integer. The offset, in 8-octet + units, of the data following this header, + relative to the start of the Fragmentable Part + of the original packet. + + Res 2-bit reserved field. Initialized to zero for + transmission; ignored on reception. + + M flag 1 = more fragments; 0 = last fragment. + + Identification 32 bits. See description below. + + In order to send a packet that is too large to fit in the MTU of the + path to its destination, a source node may divide the packet into + fragments and send each fragment as a separate packet, to be + reassembled at the receiver. + + For every packet that is to be fragmented, the source node generates + an Identification value. The Identification must be different than + that of any other fragmented packet sent recently* with the same + Source Address and Destination Address. If a Routing header is + present, the Destination Address of concern is that of the final + destination. + + + + + +Deering & Hinden Standards Track [Page 18] + +RFC 2460 IPv6 Specification December 1998 + + + * "recently" means within the maximum likely lifetime of a packet, + including transit time from source to destination and time spent + awaiting reassembly with other fragments of the same packet. + However, it is not required that a source node know the maximum + packet lifetime. Rather, it is assumed that the requirement can + be met by maintaining the Identification value as a simple, 32- + bit, "wrap-around" counter, incremented each time a packet must + be fragmented. It is an implementation choice whether to + maintain a single counter for the node or multiple counters, + e.g., one for each of the node's possible source addresses, or + one for each active (source address, destination address) + combination. + + The initial, large, unfragmented packet is referred to as the + "original packet", and it is considered to consist of two parts, as + illustrated: + + original packet: + + +------------------+----------------------//-----------------------+ + | Unfragmentable | Fragmentable | + | Part | Part | + +------------------+----------------------//-----------------------+ + + The Unfragmentable Part consists of the IPv6 header plus any + extension headers that must be processed by nodes en route to the + destination, that is, all headers up to and including the Routing + header if present, else the Hop-by-Hop Options header if present, + else no extension headers. + + The Fragmentable Part consists of the rest of the packet, that is, + any extension headers that need be processed only by the final + destination node(s), plus the upper-layer header and data. + + The Fragmentable Part of the original packet is divided into + fragments, each, except possibly the last ("rightmost") one, being an + integer multiple of 8 octets long. The fragments are transmitted in + separate "fragment packets" as illustrated: + + original packet: + + +------------------+--------------+--------------+--//--+----------+ + | Unfragmentable | first | second | | last | + | Part | fragment | fragment | .... | fragment | + +------------------+--------------+--------------+--//--+----------+ + + + + + + +Deering & Hinden Standards Track [Page 19] + +RFC 2460 IPv6 Specification December 1998 + + + fragment packets: + + +------------------+--------+--------------+ + | Unfragmentable |Fragment| first | + | Part | Header | fragment | + +------------------+--------+--------------+ + + +------------------+--------+--------------+ + | Unfragmentable |Fragment| second | + | Part | Header | fragment | + +------------------+--------+--------------+ + o + o + o + +------------------+--------+----------+ + | Unfragmentable |Fragment| last | + | Part | Header | fragment | + +------------------+--------+----------+ + + Each fragment packet is composed of: + + (1) The Unfragmentable Part of the original packet, with the + Payload Length of the original IPv6 header changed to contain + the length of this fragment packet only (excluding the length + of the IPv6 header itself), and the Next Header field of the + last header of the Unfragmentable Part changed to 44. + + (2) A Fragment header containing: + + The Next Header value that identifies the first header of + the Fragmentable Part of the original packet. + + A Fragment Offset containing the offset of the fragment, + in 8-octet units, relative to the start of the + Fragmentable Part of the original packet. The Fragment + Offset of the first ("leftmost") fragment is 0. + + An M flag value of 0 if the fragment is the last + ("rightmost") one, else an M flag value of 1. + + The Identification value generated for the original + packet. + + (3) The fragment itself. + + The lengths of the fragments must be chosen such that the resulting + fragment packets fit within the MTU of the path to the packets' + destination(s). + + + +Deering & Hinden Standards Track [Page 20] + +RFC 2460 IPv6 Specification December 1998 + + + At the destination, fragment packets are reassembled into their + original, unfragmented form, as illustrated: + + reassembled original packet: + + +------------------+----------------------//------------------------+ + | Unfragmentable | Fragmentable | + | Part | Part | + +------------------+----------------------//------------------------+ + + The following rules govern reassembly: + + An original packet is reassembled only from fragment packets that + have the same Source Address, Destination Address, and Fragment + Identification. + + The Unfragmentable Part of the reassembled packet consists of all + headers up to, but not including, the Fragment header of the first + fragment packet (that is, the packet whose Fragment Offset is + zero), with the following two changes: + + The Next Header field of the last header of the Unfragmentable + Part is obtained from the Next Header field of the first + fragment's Fragment header. + + The Payload Length of the reassembled packet is computed from + the length of the Unfragmentable Part and the length and offset + of the last fragment. For example, a formula for computing the + Payload Length of the reassembled original packet is: + + PL.orig = PL.first - FL.first - 8 + (8 * FO.last) + FL.last + + where + PL.orig = Payload Length field of reassembled packet. + PL.first = Payload Length field of first fragment packet. + FL.first = length of fragment following Fragment header of + first fragment packet. + FO.last = Fragment Offset field of Fragment header of + last fragment packet. + FL.last = length of fragment following Fragment header of + last fragment packet. + + The Fragmentable Part of the reassembled packet is constructed + from the fragments following the Fragment headers in each of the + fragment packets. The length of each fragment is computed by + subtracting from the packet's Payload Length the length of the + + + + + +Deering & Hinden Standards Track [Page 21] + +RFC 2460 IPv6 Specification December 1998 + + + headers between the IPv6 header and fragment itself; its relative + position in Fragmentable Part is computed from its Fragment Offset + value. + + The Fragment header is not present in the final, reassembled + packet. + + The following error conditions may arise when reassembling fragmented + packets: + + If insufficient fragments are received to complete reassembly of a + packet within 60 seconds of the reception of the first-arriving + fragment of that packet, reassembly of that packet must be + abandoned and all the fragments that have been received for that + packet must be discarded. If the first fragment (i.e., the one + with a Fragment Offset of zero) has been received, an ICMP Time + Exceeded -- Fragment Reassembly Time Exceeded message should be + sent to the source of that fragment. + + If the length of a fragment, as derived from the fragment packet's + Payload Length field, is not a multiple of 8 octets and the M flag + of that fragment is 1, then that fragment must be discarded and an + ICMP Parameter Problem, Code 0, message should be sent to the + source of the fragment, pointing to the Payload Length field of + the fragment packet. + + If the length and offset of a fragment are such that the Payload + Length of the packet reassembled from that fragment would exceed + 65,535 octets, then that fragment must be discarded and an ICMP + Parameter Problem, Code 0, message should be sent to the source of + the fragment, pointing to the Fragment Offset field of the + fragment packet. + + The following conditions are not expected to occur, but are not + considered errors if they do: + + The number and content of the headers preceding the Fragment + header of different fragments of the same original packet may + differ. Whatever headers are present, preceding the Fragment + header in each fragment packet, are processed when the packets + arrive, prior to queueing the fragments for reassembly. Only + those headers in the Offset zero fragment packet are retained in + the reassembled packet. + + The Next Header values in the Fragment headers of different + fragments of the same original packet may differ. Only the value + from the Offset zero fragment packet is used for reassembly. + + + + +Deering & Hinden Standards Track [Page 22] + +RFC 2460 IPv6 Specification December 1998 + + +4.6 Destination Options Header + + The Destination Options header is used to carry optional information + that need be examined only by a packet's destination node(s). The + Destination Options header is identified by a Next Header value of 60 + in the immediately preceding header, and has the following format: + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Next Header | Hdr Ext Len | | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + + | | + . . + . Options . + . . + | | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + + Next Header 8-bit selector. Identifies the type of header + immediately following the Destination Options + header. Uses the same values as the IPv4 + Protocol field [RFC-1700 et seq.]. + + Hdr Ext Len 8-bit unsigned integer. Length of the + Destination Options header in 8-octet units, not + including the first 8 octets. + + Options Variable-length field, of length such that the + complete Destination Options header is an + integer multiple of 8 octets long. Contains one + or more TLV-encoded options, as described in + section 4.2. + + The only destination options defined in this document are the Pad1 + and PadN options specified in section 4.2. + + Note that there are two possible ways to encode optional destination + information in an IPv6 packet: either as an option in the Destination + Options header, or as a separate extension header. The Fragment + header and the Authentication header are examples of the latter + approach. Which approach can be used depends on what action is + desired of a destination node that does not understand the optional + information: + + o If the desired action is for the destination node to discard + the packet and, only if the packet's Destination Address is not + a multicast address, send an ICMP Unrecognized Type message to + the packet's Source Address, then the information may be + encoded either as a separate header or as an option in the + + + +Deering & Hinden Standards Track [Page 23] + +RFC 2460 IPv6 Specification December 1998 + + + Destination Options header whose Option Type has the value 11 + in its highest-order two bits. The choice may depend on such + factors as which takes fewer octets, or which yields better + alignment or more efficient parsing. + + o If any other action is desired, the information must be encoded + as an option in the Destination Options header whose Option + Type has the value 00, 01, or 10 in its highest-order two bits, + specifying the desired action (see section 4.2). + +4.7 No Next Header + + The value 59 in the Next Header field of an IPv6 header or any + extension header indicates that there is nothing following that + header. If the Payload Length field of the IPv6 header indicates the + presence of octets past the end of a header whose Next Header field + contains 59, those octets must be ignored, and passed on unchanged if + the packet is forwarded. + +5. Packet Size Issues + + IPv6 requires that every link in the internet have an MTU of 1280 + octets or greater. On any link that cannot convey a 1280-octet + packet in one piece, link-specific fragmentation and reassembly must + be provided at a layer below IPv6. + + Links that have a configurable MTU (for example, PPP links [RFC- + 1661]) must be configured to have an MTU of at least 1280 octets; it + is recommended that they be configured with an MTU of 1500 octets or + greater, to accommodate possible encapsulations (i.e., tunneling) + without incurring IPv6-layer fragmentation. + + From each link to which a node is directly attached, the node must be + able to accept packets as large as that link's MTU. + + It is strongly recommended that IPv6 nodes implement Path MTU + Discovery [RFC-1981], in order to discover and take advantage of path + MTUs greater than 1280 octets. However, a minimal IPv6 + implementation (e.g., in a boot ROM) may simply restrict itself to + sending packets no larger than 1280 octets, and omit implementation + of Path MTU Discovery. + + In order to send a packet larger than a path's MTU, a node may use + the IPv6 Fragment header to fragment the packet at the source and + have it reassembled at the destination(s). However, the use of such + fragmentation is discouraged in any application that is able to + adjust its packets to fit the measured path MTU (i.e., down to 1280 + octets). + + + +Deering & Hinden Standards Track [Page 24] + +RFC 2460 IPv6 Specification December 1998 + + + A node must be able to accept a fragmented packet that, after + reassembly, is as large as 1500 octets. A node is permitted to + accept fragmented packets that reassemble to more than 1500 octets. + An upper-layer protocol or application that depends on IPv6 + fragmentation to send packets larger than the MTU of a path should + not send packets larger than 1500 octets unless it has assurance that + the destination is capable of reassembling packets of that larger + size. + + In response to an IPv6 packet that is sent to an IPv4 destination + (i.e., a packet that undergoes translation from IPv6 to IPv4), the + originating IPv6 node may receive an ICMP Packet Too Big message + reporting a Next-Hop MTU less than 1280. In that case, the IPv6 node + is not required to reduce the size of subsequent packets to less than + 1280, but must include a Fragment header in those packets so that the + IPv6-to-IPv4 translating router can obtain a suitable Identification + value to use in resulting IPv4 fragments. Note that this means the + payload may have to be reduced to 1232 octets (1280 minus 40 for the + IPv6 header and 8 for the Fragment header), and smaller still if + additional extension headers are used. + +6. Flow Labels + + The 20-bit Flow Label field in the IPv6 header may be used by a + source to label sequences of packets for which it requests special + handling by the IPv6 routers, such as non-default quality of service + or "real-time" service. This aspect of IPv6 is, at the time of + writing, still experimental and subject to change as the requirements + for flow support in the Internet become clearer. Hosts or routers + that do not support the functions of the Flow Label field are + required to set the field to zero when originating a packet, pass the + field on unchanged when forwarding a packet, and ignore the field + when receiving a packet. + + Appendix A describes the current intended semantics and usage of the + Flow Label field. + +7. Traffic Classes + + The 8-bit Traffic Class field in the IPv6 header is available for use + by originating nodes and/or forwarding routers to identify and + distinguish between different classes or priorities of IPv6 packets. + At the point in time at which this specification is being written, + there are a number of experiments underway in the use of the IPv4 + Type of Service and/or Precedence bits to provide various forms of + "differentiated service" for IP packets, other than through the use + of explicit flow set-up. The Traffic Class field in the IPv6 header + is intended to allow similar functionality to be supported in IPv6. + + + +Deering & Hinden Standards Track [Page 25] + +RFC 2460 IPv6 Specification December 1998 + + + It is hoped that those experiments will eventually lead to agreement + on what sorts of traffic classifications are most useful for IP + packets. Detailed definitions of the syntax and semantics of all or + some of the IPv6 Traffic Class bits, whether experimental or intended + for eventual standardization, are to be provided in separate + documents. + + The following general requirements apply to the Traffic Class field: + + o The service interface to the IPv6 service within a node must + provide a means for an upper-layer protocol to supply the value + of the Traffic Class bits in packets originated by that upper- + layer protocol. The default value must be zero for all 8 bits. + + o Nodes that support a specific (experimental or eventual + standard) use of some or all of the Traffic Class bits are + permitted to change the value of those bits in packets that + they originate, forward, or receive, as required for that + specific use. Nodes should ignore and leave unchanged any bits + of the Traffic Class field for which they do not support a + specific use. + + o An upper-layer protocol must not assume that the value of the + Traffic Class bits in a received packet are the same as the + value sent by the packet's source. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Deering & Hinden Standards Track [Page 26] + +RFC 2460 IPv6 Specification December 1998 + + +8. Upper-Layer Protocol Issues + +8.1 Upper-Layer Checksums + + Any transport or other upper-layer protocol that includes the + addresses from the IP header in its checksum computation must be + modified for use over IPv6, to include the 128-bit IPv6 addresses + instead of 32-bit IPv4 addresses. In particular, the following + illustration shows the TCP and UDP "pseudo-header" for IPv6: + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | | + + + + | | + + Source Address + + | | + + + + | | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | | + + + + | | + + Destination Address + + | | + + + + | | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Upper-Layer Packet Length | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | zero | Next Header | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + + o If the IPv6 packet contains a Routing header, the Destination + Address used in the pseudo-header is that of the final + destination. At the originating node, that address will be in + the last element of the Routing header; at the recipient(s), + that address will be in the Destination Address field of the + IPv6 header. + + o The Next Header value in the pseudo-header identifies the + upper-layer protocol (e.g., 6 for TCP, or 17 for UDP). It will + differ from the Next Header value in the IPv6 header if there + are extension headers between the IPv6 header and the upper- + layer header. + + o The Upper-Layer Packet Length in the pseudo-header is the + length of the upper-layer header and data (e.g., TCP header + plus TCP data). Some upper-layer protocols carry their own + + + +Deering & Hinden Standards Track [Page 27] + +RFC 2460 IPv6 Specification December 1998 + + + length information (e.g., the Length field in the UDP header); + for such protocols, that is the length used in the pseudo- + header. Other protocols (such as TCP) do not carry their own + length information, in which case the length used in the + pseudo-header is the Payload Length from the IPv6 header, minus + the length of any extension headers present between the IPv6 + header and the upper-layer header. + + o Unlike IPv4, when UDP packets are originated by an IPv6 node, + the UDP checksum is not optional. That is, whenever + originating a UDP packet, an IPv6 node must compute a UDP + checksum over the packet and the pseudo-header, and, if that + computation yields a result of zero, it must be changed to hex + FFFF for placement in the UDP header. IPv6 receivers must + discard UDP packets containing a zero checksum, and should log + the error. + + The IPv6 version of ICMP [ICMPv6] includes the above pseudo-header in + its checksum computation; this is a change from the IPv4 version of + ICMP, which does not include a pseudo-header in its checksum. The + reason for the change is to protect ICMP from misdelivery or + corruption of those fields of the IPv6 header on which it depends, + which, unlike IPv4, are not covered by an internet-layer checksum. + The Next Header field in the pseudo-header for ICMP contains the + value 58, which identifies the IPv6 version of ICMP. + +8.2 Maximum Packet Lifetime + + Unlike IPv4, IPv6 nodes are not required to enforce maximum packet + lifetime. That is the reason the IPv4 "Time to Live" field was + renamed "Hop Limit" in IPv6. In practice, very few, if any, IPv4 + implementations conform to the requirement that they limit packet + lifetime, so this is not a change in practice. Any upper-layer + protocol that relies on the internet layer (whether IPv4 or IPv6) to + limit packet lifetime ought to be upgraded to provide its own + mechanisms for detecting and discarding obsolete packets. + +8.3 Maximum Upper-Layer Payload Size + + When computing the maximum payload size available for upper-layer + data, an upper-layer protocol must take into account the larger size + of the IPv6 header relative to the IPv4 header. For example, in + IPv4, TCP's MSS option is computed as the maximum packet size (a + default value or a value learned through Path MTU Discovery) minus 40 + octets (20 octets for the minimum-length IPv4 header and 20 octets + for the minimum-length TCP header). When using TCP over IPv6, the + MSS must be computed as the maximum packet size minus 60 octets, + + + + +Deering & Hinden Standards Track [Page 28] + +RFC 2460 IPv6 Specification December 1998 + + + because the minimum-length IPv6 header (i.e., an IPv6 header with no + extension headers) is 20 octets longer than a minimum-length IPv4 + header. + +8.4 Responding to Packets Carrying Routing Headers + + When an upper-layer protocol sends one or more packets in response to + a received packet that included a Routing header, the response + packet(s) must not include a Routing header that was automatically + derived by "reversing" the received Routing header UNLESS the + integrity and authenticity of the received Source Address and Routing + header have been verified (e.g., via the use of an Authentication + header in the received packet). In other words, only the following + kinds of packets are permitted in response to a received packet + bearing a Routing header: + + o Response packets that do not carry Routing headers. + + o Response packets that carry Routing headers that were NOT + derived by reversing the Routing header of the received packet + (for example, a Routing header supplied by local + configuration). + + o Response packets that carry Routing headers that were derived + by reversing the Routing header of the received packet IF AND + ONLY IF the integrity and authenticity of the Source Address + and Routing header from the received packet have been verified + by the responder. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Deering & Hinden Standards Track [Page 29] + +RFC 2460 IPv6 Specification December 1998 + + +Appendix A. Semantics and Usage of the Flow Label Field + + A flow is a sequence of packets sent from a particular source to a + particular (unicast or multicast) destination for which the source + desires special handling by the intervening routers. The nature of + that special handling might be conveyed to the routers by a control + protocol, such as a resource reservation protocol, or by information + within the flow's packets themselves, e.g., in a hop-by-hop option. + The details of such control protocols or options are beyond the scope + of this document. + + There may be multiple active flows from a source to a destination, as + well as traffic that is not associated with any flow. A flow is + uniquely identified by the combination of a source address and a + non-zero flow label. Packets that do not belong to a flow carry a + flow label of zero. + + A flow label is assigned to a flow by the flow's source node. New + flow labels must be chosen (pseudo-)randomly and uniformly from the + range 1 to FFFFF hex. The purpose of the random allocation is to + make any set of bits within the Flow Label field suitable for use as + a hash key by routers, for looking up the state associated with the + flow. + + All packets belonging to the same flow must be sent with the same + source address, destination address, and flow label. If any of those + packets includes a Hop-by-Hop Options header, then they all must be + originated with the same Hop-by-Hop Options header contents + (excluding the Next Header field of the Hop-by-Hop Options header). + If any of those packets includes a Routing header, then they all must + be originated with the same contents in all extension headers up to + and including the Routing header (excluding the Next Header field in + the Routing header). The routers or destinations are permitted, but + not required, to verify that these conditions are satisfied. If a + violation is detected, it should be reported to the source by an ICMP + Parameter Problem message, Code 0, pointing to the high-order octet + of the Flow Label field (i.e., offset 1 within the IPv6 packet). + + The maximum lifetime of any flow-handling state established along a + flow's path must be specified as part of the description of the + state-establishment mechanism, e.g., the resource reservation + protocol or the flow-setup hop-by-hop option. A source must not re- + use a flow label for a new flow within the maximum lifetime of any + flow-handling state that might have been established for the prior + use of that flow label. + + + + + + +Deering & Hinden Standards Track [Page 30] + +RFC 2460 IPv6 Specification December 1998 + + + When a node stops and restarts (e.g., as a result of a "crash"), it + must be careful not to use a flow label that it might have used for + an earlier flow whose lifetime may not have expired yet. This may be + accomplished by recording flow label usage on stable storage so that + it can be remembered across crashes, or by refraining from using any + flow labels until the maximum lifetime of any possible previously + established flows has expired. If the minimum time for rebooting the + node is known, that time can be deducted from the necessary waiting + period before starting to allocate flow labels. + + There is no requirement that all, or even most, packets belong to + flows, i.e., carry non-zero flow labels. This observation is placed + here to remind protocol designers and implementors not to assume + otherwise. For example, it would be unwise to design a router whose + performance would be adequate only if most packets belonged to flows, + or to design a header compression scheme that only worked on packets + that belonged to flows. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Deering & Hinden Standards Track [Page 31] + +RFC 2460 IPv6 Specification December 1998 + + +Appendix B. Formatting Guidelines for Options + + This appendix gives some advice on how to lay out the fields when + designing new options to be used in the Hop-by-Hop Options header or + the Destination Options header, as described in section 4.2. These + guidelines are based on the following assumptions: + + o One desirable feature is that any multi-octet fields within the + Option Data area of an option be aligned on their natural + boundaries, i.e., fields of width n octets should be placed at + an integer multiple of n octets from the start of the Hop-by- + Hop or Destination Options header, for n = 1, 2, 4, or 8. + + o Another desirable feature is that the Hop-by-Hop or Destination + Options header take up as little space as possible, subject to + the requirement that the header be an integer multiple of 8 + octets long. + + o It may be assumed that, when either of the option-bearing + headers are present, they carry a very small number of options, + usually only one. + + These assumptions suggest the following approach to laying out the + fields of an option: order the fields from smallest to largest, with + no interior padding, then derive the alignment requirement for the + entire option based on the alignment requirement of the largest field + (up to a maximum alignment of 8 octets). This approach is + illustrated in the following examples: + + Example 1 + + If an option X required two data fields, one of length 8 octets and + one of length 4 octets, it would be laid out as follows: + + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Option Type=X |Opt Data Len=12| + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | 4-octet field | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | | + + 8-octet field + + | | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + + + + + + + +Deering & Hinden Standards Track [Page 32] + +RFC 2460 IPv6 Specification December 1998 + + + Its alignment requirement is 8n+2, to ensure that the 8-octet field + starts at a multiple-of-8 offset from the start of the enclosing + header. A complete Hop-by-Hop or Destination Options header + containing this one option would look as follows: + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Next Header | Hdr Ext Len=1 | Option Type=X |Opt Data Len=12| + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | 4-octet field | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | | + + 8-octet field + + | | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + + Example 2 + + If an option Y required three data fields, one of length 4 octets, + one of length 2 octets, and one of length 1 octet, it would be laid + out as follows: + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Option Type=Y | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |Opt Data Len=7 | 1-octet field | 2-octet field | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | 4-octet field | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + + Its alignment requirement is 4n+3, to ensure that the 4-octet field + starts at a multiple-of-4 offset from the start of the enclosing + header. A complete Hop-by-Hop or Destination Options header + containing this one option would look as follows: + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Next Header | Hdr Ext Len=1 | Pad1 Option=0 | Option Type=Y | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |Opt Data Len=7 | 1-octet field | 2-octet field | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | 4-octet field | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | PadN Option=1 |Opt Data Len=2 | 0 | 0 | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + + + + + + + + +Deering & Hinden Standards Track [Page 33] + +RFC 2460 IPv6 Specification December 1998 + + + Example 3 + + A Hop-by-Hop or Destination Options header containing both options X + and Y from Examples 1 and 2 would have one of the two following + formats, depending on which option appeared first: + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Next Header | Hdr Ext Len=3 | Option Type=X |Opt Data Len=12| + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | 4-octet field | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | | + + 8-octet field + + | | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | PadN Option=1 |Opt Data Len=1 | 0 | Option Type=Y | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |Opt Data Len=7 | 1-octet field | 2-octet field | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | 4-octet field | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | PadN Option=1 |Opt Data Len=2 | 0 | 0 | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + + + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | Next Header | Hdr Ext Len=3 | Pad1 Option=0 | Option Type=Y | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + |Opt Data Len=7 | 1-octet field | 2-octet field | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | 4-octet field | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | PadN Option=1 |Opt Data Len=4 | 0 | 0 | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | 0 | 0 | Option Type=X |Opt Data Len=12| + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | 4-octet field | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + | | + + 8-octet field + + | | + +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ + + + + + + + + + +Deering & Hinden Standards Track [Page 34] + +RFC 2460 IPv6 Specification December 1998 + + +Security Considerations + + The security features of IPv6 are described in the Security + Architecture for the Internet Protocol [RFC-2401]. + +Acknowledgments + + The authors gratefully acknowledge the many helpful suggestions of + the members of the IPng working group, the End-to-End Protocols + research group, and the Internet Community At Large. + +Authors' Addresses + + Stephen E. Deering + Cisco Systems, Inc. + 170 West Tasman Drive + San Jose, CA 95134-1706 + USA + + Phone: +1 408 527 8213 + Fax: +1 408 527 8254 + EMail: deering@cisco.com + + + Robert M. Hinden + Nokia + 232 Java Drive + Sunnyvale, CA 94089 + USA + + Phone: +1 408 990-2004 + Fax: +1 408 743-5677 + EMail: hinden@iprg.nokia.com + +References + + [RFC-2401] Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "Security Architecture for the + Internet Protocol", RFC 2401, November 1998. + + [RFC-2402] Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "IP Authentication Header", + RFC 2402, November 1998. + + [RFC-2406] Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "IP Encapsulating Security + Protocol (ESP)", RFC 2406, November 1998. + + [ICMPv6] Conta, A. and S. Deering, "ICMP for the Internet + Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 2463, December 1998. + + + + +Deering & Hinden Standards Track [Page 35] + +RFC 2460 IPv6 Specification December 1998 + + + [ADDRARCH] Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing + Architecture", RFC 2373, July 1998. + + [RFC-1981] McCann, J., Mogul, J. and S. Deering, "Path MTU + Discovery for IP version 6", RFC 1981, August 1996. + + [RFC-791] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791, + September 1981. + + [RFC-1700] Reynolds, J. and J. Postel, "Assigned Numbers", STD 2, + RFC 1700, October 1994. See also: + http://www.iana.org/numbers.html + + [RFC-1661] Simpson, W., "The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)", STD + 51, RFC 1661, July 1994. + +CHANGES SINCE RFC-1883 + + This memo has the following changes from RFC-1883. Numbers identify + the Internet-Draft version in which the change was made. + + 02) Removed all references to jumbograms and the Jumbo Payload + option (moved to a separate document). + + 02) Moved most of Flow Label description from section 6 to (new) + Appendix A. + + 02) In Flow Label description, now in Appendix A, corrected maximum + Flow Label value from FFFFFF to FFFFF (i.e., one less "F") due + to reduction of size of Flow Label field from 24 bits to 20 + bits. + + 02) Renumbered (relettered?) the previous Appendix A to be Appendix + B. + + 02) Changed the wording of the Security Considerations section to + avoid dependency loop between this spec and the IPsec specs. + + 02) Updated R. Hinden's email address and company affiliation. + + + -------------------------------------------------------- + + 01) In section 3, changed field name "Class" to "Traffic Class" and + increased its size from 4 to 8 bits. Decreased size of Flow + Label field from 24 to 20 bits to compensate for increase in + Traffic Class field. + + + + +Deering & Hinden Standards Track [Page 36] + +RFC 2460 IPv6 Specification December 1998 + + + 01) In section 4.1, restored the order of the Authentication Header + and the ESP header, which were mistakenly swapped in the 00 + version of this memo. + + 01) In section 4.4, deleted the Strict/Loose Bit Map field and the + strict routing functionality from the Type 0 Routing header, and + removed the restriction on number of addresses that may be + carried in the Type 0 Routing header (was limited to 23 + addresses, because of the size of the strict/loose bit map). + + 01) In section 5, changed the minimum IPv6 MTU from 576 to 1280 + octets, and added a recommendation that links with configurable + MTU (e.g., PPP links) be configured to have an MTU of at least + 1500 octets. + + 01) In section 5, deleted the requirement that a node must not send + fragmented packets that reassemble to more than 1500 octets + without knowledge of the destination reassembly buffer size, and + replaced it with a recommendation that upper-layer protocols or + applications should not do that. + + 01) Replaced reference to the IPv4 Path MTU Discovery spec (RFC- + 1191) with reference to the IPv6 Path MTU Discovery spec (RFC- + 1981), and deleted the Notes at the end of section 5 regarding + Path MTU Discovery, since those details are now covered by RFC- + 1981. + + 01) In section 6, deleted specification of "opportunistic" flow + set-up, and removed all references to the 6-second maximum + lifetime for opportunistically established flow state. + + 01) In section 7, deleted the provisional description of the + internal structure and semantics of the Traffic Class field, and + specified that such descriptions be provided in separate + documents. + + -------------------------------------------------------- + + 00) In section 4, corrected the Code value to indicate "unrecognized + Next Header type encountered" in an ICMP Parameter Problem + message (changed from 2 to 1). + + 00) In the description of the Payload Length field in section 3, and + of the Jumbo Payload Length field in section 4.3, made it + clearer that extension headers are included in the payload + length count. + + + + + +Deering & Hinden Standards Track [Page 37] + +RFC 2460 IPv6 Specification December 1998 + + + 00) In section 4.1, swapped the order of the Authentication header + and the ESP header. (NOTE: this was a mistake, and the change + was undone in version 01.) + + 00) In section 4.2, made it clearer that options are identified by + the full 8-bit Option Type, not by the low-order 5 bits of an + Option Type. Also specified that the same Option Type numbering + space is used for both Hop-by-Hop Options and Destination + Options headers. + + 00) In section 4.4, added a sentence requiring that nodes processing + a Routing header must send an ICMP Packet Too Big message in + response to a packet that is too big to fit in the next hop link + (rather than, say, performing fragmentation). + + 00) Changed the name of the IPv6 Priority field to "Class", and + replaced the previous description of Priority in section 7 with + a description of the Class field. Also, excluded this field + from the set of fields that must remain the same for all packets + in the same flow, as specified in section 6. + + 00) In the pseudo-header in section 8.1, changed the name of the + "Payload Length" field to "Upper-Layer Packet Length". Also + clarified that, in the case of protocols that carry their own + length info (like non-jumbogram UDP), it is the upper-layer- + derived length, not the IP-layer-derived length, that is used in + the pseudo-header. + + 00) Added section 8.4, specifying that upper-layer protocols, when + responding to a received packet that carried a Routing header, + must not include the reverse of the Routing header in the + response packet(s) unless the received Routing header was + authenticated. + + 00) Fixed some typos and grammatical errors. + + 00) Authors' contact info updated. + + -------------------------------------------------------- + + + + + + + + + + + + +Deering & Hinden Standards Track [Page 38] + +RFC 2460 IPv6 Specification December 1998 + + +Full Copyright Statement + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998). All Rights Reserved. + + This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to + others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it + or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published + and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any + kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are + included on all such copies and derivative works. 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_(disambiguation)" title="Wikipedia (disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig">Wikipedia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> +<div class="hatnote"><span class="plainlinks selfreference">For Wikipedia's non-encyclopedic visitor introduction, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Wikipedia:About">Wikipedia:About</a>.</span></div> +<div class="hatnote">For the Wikipedia home page, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Main_Page" title="Wikipedia:Main Page" class="mw-redirect">Wikipedia:Main Page</a>.</div> +<table class="infobox" style="width:22em"> +<caption>Wikipedia</caption> +<tr> +<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="image"><img alt="A white sphere made of large jigsaw pieces, with letters from several alphabets shown on the pieces" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/150px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" width="150" height="137" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/225px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/300px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a><br /> +<a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_wordmark.svg" class="image" title="Wikipedia wordmark"><img alt="Wikipedia wordmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Wikipedia_wordmark.svg/150px-Wikipedia_wordmark.svg.png" width="150" height="26" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Wikipedia_wordmark.svg/225px-Wikipedia_wordmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Wikipedia_wordmark.svg/300px-Wikipedia_wordmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="85" /></a> +<div>The <a href="/wiki/Logo_of_Wikipedia" title="Logo of Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect">logo of Wikipedia</a>, a globe featuring <a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">glyphs</a> from several <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a>, for the letter <a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a> or sounds "wi", "wo" or "wa"</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"> +<div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;"> +<div class="NavHead" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;">Screenshot </div> +<div class="NavContent" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_Main_Page.png" class="image"><img alt="Main page of the English Wikipedia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Wikipedia_Main_Page.png/300px-Wikipedia_Main_Page.png" width="300" height="502" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Wikipedia_Main_Page.png/450px-Wikipedia_Main_Page.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Wikipedia_Main_Page.png/600px-Wikipedia_Main_Page.png 2x" data-file-width="1264" data-file-height="2114" /></a> +<div><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Main Page">Main Page</a> of the English Wikipedia</div> +</div> +</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Uniform_resource_locator" title="Uniform resource locator" class="mw-redirect">Web address</a></th> +<td><span class="url"><a class="external text" href="https://www.wikipedia.org">wikipedia<wbr />.org</a></span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Slogan" title="Slogan">Slogan</a></th> +<td>The free encyclopedia that anyone can edit</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Commercial?</th> +<td>No</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em;"> +<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Type of site</div> +</th> +<td><a href="/wiki/Internet_encyclopedia" title="Internet encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect">Internet encyclopedia</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Registration</th> +<td>Optional<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>notes 1<span>]</span></a></sup></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Available in</th> +<td>288 editions<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Registered_user" title="Registered user">Users</a></th> +<td><a href="/wiki/Special:Statistics" title="Special:Statistics">127,505</a> active editors<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>notes 2<span>]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Special:Statistics" title="Special:Statistics">26,886,656</a> registered editors</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em;"> +<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Content license</div> +</th> +<td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_licenses" title="Creative Commons licenses" class="mw-redirect">CC Attribution / Share-Alike</a> 3.0</span><br /> +<small>Most text is also dual-licensed under <a href="/wiki/GFDL" title="GFDL" class="mw-redirect">GFDL</a>; media licensing varies</small></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Written in</th> +<td><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">L</a> <a href="/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Server" title="Apache HTTP Server">A</a> <a href="/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL">M</a> <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">P</a> platform<sup id="cite_ref-roadchap_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roadchap-4"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Owner</th> +<td><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Created by</th> +<td><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larry_Sanger" title="Larry Sanger">Larry Sanger</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sidener_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidener-5"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Launched</th> +<td>January 15, 2001<span class="noprint">; 14 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2001-01-15</span>)</span></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em;"> +<div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Alexa_Internet" title="Alexa Internet">Alexa</a> rank</div> +</th> +<td><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span> 7<sup id="cite_ref-Alexa_siteinfo_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexa_siteinfo-6"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> (November 2015<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>)</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Current status</th> +<td>Active</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p><b>Wikipedia</b> (<span class="nowrap"><span class="noexcerpt"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/En-uk-Wikipedia.ogg" title="Listen"><img alt="Listen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/11px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/17px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/22px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="11" data-file-height="11" /></a><sup><span class="IPA" style="color:#00e;font:bold 80% sans-serif;padding:0 .1em"><a href="/wiki/File:En-uk-Wikipedia.ogg" title="File:En-uk-Wikipedia.ogg">i</a></span></sup></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/ secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɪ/ short 'i' in 'bid'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɨ/ 'e' in 'roses'">ɨ</span><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/iː/ long 'e' in 'bead'">iː</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/i/ 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/ 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> or <span class="nowrap"><span class="noexcerpt"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/En-us-Wikipedia.ogg" title="Listen"><img alt="Listen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/11px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png" width="11" height="11" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/17px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Speakerlink-new.svg/22px-Speakerlink-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="11" data-file-height="11" /></a><sup><span class="IPA" style="color:#00e;font:bold 80% sans-serif;padding:0 .1em"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Wikipedia.ogg" title="File:En-us-Wikipedia.ogg">i</a></span></sup></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/ secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɪ/ short 'i' in 'bid'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/i/ 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/iː/ long 'e' in 'bead'">iː</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/i/ 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/ 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <span title="English pronunciation respelling"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Wikipedia:Pronunciation respelling key"><i><b><span class="smallcaps"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: SMALL-CAPS; TEXT-TRANSFORM: LOWERCASE;">WIK</span></span></b>-i-<b><span class="smallcaps"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: SMALL-CAPS; TEXT-TRANSFORM: LOWERCASE;">PEE</span></span></b>-dee-ə</i></a></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Gratis" title="Gratis">free-access</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free-content</a> <a href="/wiki/Internet_encyclopedia" title="Internet encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect">Internet encyclopedia</a>, supported and hosted by the <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">non-profit</a> <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a>. Those who can access the site can edit most of its articles.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> Wikipedia is ranked among the ten most popular websites<sup id="cite_ref-Alexa_siteinfo_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexa_siteinfo-6"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> and constitutes the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>'s largest and most popular general <a href="/wiki/Reference_work" title="Reference work">reference work</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tancer_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tancer-8"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Woodson_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodson-9"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Larry_Sanger" title="Larry Sanger">Larry Sanger</a> launched Wikipedia on January 15, 2001. Sanger<sup id="cite_ref-MiliardWho_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MiliardWho-11"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> coined <a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wikipedia" class="extiw" title="wikt:Wikipedia">its name</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-J_Sidener_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J_Sidener-12"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">wiki</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>notes 3<span>]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia">encyclo<i>pedia</i></a>. Initially only in English, Wikipedia quickly became <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">multilingual</a> as it developed similar versions in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Multilingual_coordination" title="Wikipedia:Multilingual coordination">other languages</a>, which differ in content and in editing practices. The <a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English Wikipedia">English Wikipedia</a> is now one of 291 Wikipedia editions and is the largest with <a href="/wiki/Special:Statistics" title="Special:Statistics">5,022,963</a> articles (having <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_million_articles" title="Wikipedia:Five million articles">reached</a> 5,000,000 articles in November 2015). There is a grand total, including all Wikipedias, of over <a href="/wiki/Special:Statistics" title="Special:Statistics">37 million articles</a> in over 250 different languages.<sup id="cite_ref-CBS_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS-15"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> As of February 2014, it had 18 billion page views and nearly 500 million <a href="/wiki/Unique_visitor" title="Unique visitor">unique visitors</a> each month.<sup id="cite_ref-small_screen_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-small_screen-16"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>Supporters of Wikipedia cite a 2005 survey of Wikipedia published in <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> based on a comparison of 42 science articles with <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, which found that Wikipedia's level of accuracy approached <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i> 's.<sup id="cite_ref-GilesJ2005Internet_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GilesJ2005Internet-17"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Criticisms_of_Wikipedia" title="Criticisms of Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect">Criticisms of Wikipedia</a> include claims that <a href="/wiki/Bias_in_Wikipedia" title="Bias in Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect">it exhibits systemic bias</a>, presents a mixture of "truths, half truths, and some falsehoods",<sup id="cite_ref-EdwinBlack_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EdwinBlack-18"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> and is subject to manipulation and <a href="/wiki/Spin_(public_relations)" title="Spin (public relations)">spin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Petrilli_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrilli-19"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<div class="toclimit-3"> +<div id="toc" class="toc"> +<div id="toctitle"> +<h2>Contents</h2> +</div> +<ul> +<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> +<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Openness"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Openness</span></a> +<ul> +<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Restrictions"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Restrictions</span></a></li> +<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Review_of_changes"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Review of changes</span></a></li> +<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Vandalism"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Vandalism</span></a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Policies_and_laws"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext"><span>Policies and laws</span></span></a> +<ul> +<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Content_policies_and_guidelines"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Content policies and guidelines</span></a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Governance"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Governance</span></a> +<ul> +<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Administrators"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Administrators</span></a></li> +<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Dispute_resolution"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Dispute resolution</span></a> +<ul> +<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Arbitration_Committee"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Arbitration Committee</span></a></li> +</ul> +</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Community"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Community</span></a> +<ul> +<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Diversity"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Diversity</span></a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Language_editions"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Language editions</span></a></li> +<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Critical_reception"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Critical reception</span></a> +<ul> +<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Accuracy_of_content"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Accuracy of content</span></a> +<ul> +<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Medical_information"><span class="tocnumber">7.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Medical information</span></a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Quality_of_writing"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Quality of writing</span></a></li> +<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Coverage_of_topics_and_systemic_bias"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Coverage of topics and systemic bias</span></a> +<ul> +<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Coverage_of_topics_and_selection_bias"><span class="tocnumber">7.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Coverage of topics and selection bias</span></a></li> +<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Systemic_bias"><span class="tocnumber">7.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Systemic bias</span></a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Explicit_content"><span class="tocnumber">7.4</span> <span class="toctext">Explicit content</span></a></li> +<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Privacy"><span class="tocnumber">7.5</span> <span class="toctext">Privacy</span></a></li> +<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Sexism"><span class="tocnumber">7.6</span> <span class="toctext">Sexism</span></a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Operation"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Operation</span></a> +<ul> +<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Wikimedia_Foundation_and_the_Wikimedia_chapters"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Wikimedia Foundation and the Wikimedia chapters</span></a></li> +<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Software_operations_and_support"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Software operations and support</span></a></li> +<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Automated_editing"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">Automated editing</span></a></li> +<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Wikiprojects.2C_and_assessments_of_articles.27_importance_and_quality"><span class="tocnumber">8.4</span> <span class="toctext">Wikiprojects, and assessments of articles' importance and quality</span></a></li> +<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Hardware_operations_and_support"><span class="tocnumber">8.5</span> <span class="toctext">Hardware operations and support</span></a></li> +<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Internal_research_and_operational_development"><span class="tocnumber">8.6</span> <span class="toctext">Internal research and operational development</span></a></li> +<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Internal_news_publications"><span class="tocnumber">8.7</span> <span class="toctext">Internal news publications</span></a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Access_to_content"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Access to content</span></a> +<ul> +<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Content_licensing"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Content licensing</span></a></li> +<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Methods_of_access"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Methods of access</span></a> +<ul> +<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-36"><a href="#Mobile_access"><span class="tocnumber">9.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Mobile access</span></a></li> +</ul> +</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#Impact"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Impact</span></a> +<ul> +<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Readership"><span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Readership</span></a></li> +<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Cultural_significance"><span class="tocnumber">10.2</span> <span class="toctext">Cultural significance</span></a> +<ul> +<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-40"><a href="#Awards"><span class="tocnumber">10.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Awards</span></a></li> +<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-41"><a href="#Satire"><span class="tocnumber">10.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Satire</span></a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Sister_projects_.E2.80.93_Wikimedia"><span class="tocnumber">10.3</span> <span class="toctext">Sister projects – Wikimedia</span></a></li> +<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Publishing"><span class="tocnumber">10.4</span> <span class="toctext">Publishing</span></a></li> +<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Scientific_use"><span class="tocnumber">10.5</span> <span class="toctext">Scientific use</span></a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="#Related_projects"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Related projects</span></a></li> +<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> +<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a> +<ul> +<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">13.1</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a> +<ul> +<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="#Academic_studies"><span class="tocnumber">14.1</span> <span class="toctext">Academic studies</span></a></li> +<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51"><a href="#Books"><span class="tocnumber">14.2</span> <span class="toctext">Books</span></a></li> +<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-52"><a href="#Book_reviews_and_other_articles"><span class="tocnumber">14.3</span> <span class="toctext">Book reviews and other articles</span></a> +<ul> +<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-53"><a href="#Learning_resources"><span class="tocnumber">14.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Learning resources</span></a></li> +<li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-54"><a href="#Other_media_coverage"><span class="tocnumber">14.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Other media coverage</span></a></li> +</ul> +</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-55"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> +</ul> +</div> +</div> +<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2> +<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Wikipedia" title="History of Wikipedia">History of Wikipedia</a></div> +<div class="thumb tmulti tright"> +<div class="thumbinner" style="width:248px;max-width:248px"> +<div class="tsingle" style="float:left;margin:1px;width:122px;max-width:122px"> +<div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Jimmy_Wales_September_2015.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Jimmy_Wales_September_2015.jpg/120px-Jimmy_Wales_September_2015.jpg" width="120" height="170" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Jimmy_Wales_September_2015.jpg/180px-Jimmy_Wales_September_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Jimmy_Wales_September_2015.jpg/240px-Jimmy_Wales_September_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2088" data-file-height="2962" /></a></div> +</div> +<div class="tsingle" style="float:left;margin:1px;width:122px;max-width:122px"> +<div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:L_Sanger.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/L_Sanger.jpg/120px-L_Sanger.jpg" width="120" height="148" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/L_Sanger.jpg/180px-L_Sanger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/L_Sanger.jpg/240px-L_Sanger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1209" data-file-height="1490" /></a></div> +</div> +<div style="clear:left"></div> +<div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left;text-align:left;background-color:transparent">Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="thumb tright"> +<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nupedia_logo_and_wordmark.png" class="image"><img alt="Logo reading "Nupedia.com the free encyclopedia" in blue with large initial "N"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Nupedia_logo_and_wordmark.png/220px-Nupedia_logo_and_wordmark.png" width="220" height="51" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Nupedia_logo_and_wordmark.png/330px-Nupedia_logo_and_wordmark.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Nupedia_logo_and_wordmark.png/440px-Nupedia_logo_and_wordmark.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="117" /></a> +<div class="thumbcaption"> +<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Nupedia_logo_and_wordmark.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> +Wikipedia originally developed from another encyclopedia project, <a href="/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia">Nupedia</a></div> +</div> +</div> +<p>Other collaborative online encyclopedias were attempted before Wikipedia but none were so successful.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>Wikipedia began as a complementary project for <a href="/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia">Nupedia</a>, a free online <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English-language</a> encyclopedia project whose articles were written by experts and reviewed under a formal process. Nupedia was founded on March 9, 2000, under the ownership of <a href="/wiki/Bomis" title="Bomis">Bomis</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Web_portal" title="Web portal">web portal</a> company. Its main figures were the Bomis <abbr title="chief executive officer">CEO</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Larry_Sanger" title="Larry Sanger">Larry Sanger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">editor-in-chief</a> for Nupedia and later Wikipedia. Nupedia was licensed initially under its own Nupedia <a href="/wiki/Open_Content" title="Open Content" class="mw-redirect">Open Content</a> License, switching to the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="GNU Free Documentation License">GNU Free Documentation License</a> before Wikipedia's founding at the urging of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stallman1999_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stallman1999-21"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> Sanger and Wales founded Wikipedia.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-22"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Meyers_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyers-23"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup> While Wales is credited with defining the goal of making a publicly editable encyclopedia,<sup id="cite_ref-SangerMemoir_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SangerMemoir-24"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sanger_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanger-25"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup> Sanger is credited with the strategy of using a <a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">wiki</a> to reach that goal.<sup id="cite_ref-WM_foundation_of_WP_1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WM_foundation_of_WP_1-26"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup> On January 10, 2001, Sanger proposed on the Nupedia <a href="/wiki/Electronic_mailing_list" title="Electronic mailing list">mailing list</a> to create a wiki as a "feeder" project for Nupedia.<sup id="cite_ref-nupedia_feeder_from_WP_1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nupedia_feeder_from_WP_1-27"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<table class="infobox" style="width:22em;width: 210px; float: right; clear: right; margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em"> +<caption>External audio</caption> +<tr> +<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align: left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/ideas/episodes/2014/01/15/the-great-book-of-knowledge-part-1/">The Great Book of Knowledge, Part 1</a>, Ideas with <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kennedy_(host)" title="Paul Kennedy (host)">Paul Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">CBC</a>, January 15, 2014</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>Wikipedia was formally launched on January 15, 2001, as a single English-language edition at www.wikipedia.com,<sup id="cite_ref-WikipediaHome_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WikipediaHome-28"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> and announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list.<sup id="cite_ref-SangerMemoir_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SangerMemoir-24"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> Wikipedia's policy of "neutral point-of-view"<sup id="cite_ref-NPOV_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPOV-29"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup> was codified in its first months. Otherwise, there were relatively few rules initially and Wikipedia operated independently of Nupedia.<sup id="cite_ref-SangerMemoir_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SangerMemoir-24"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> Originally, Bomis intended to make Wikipedia a business for profit.<sup id="cite_ref-Seth-Finkelstein_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seth-Finkelstein-30"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>Wikipedia gained early contributors from Nupedia, <a href="/wiki/Slashdot" title="Slashdot">Slashdot</a> postings, and <a href="/wiki/Web_search_engine" title="Web search engine">web search engine</a> indexing. By August 8, 2001, Wikipedia had over 8,000 articles.<sup id="cite_ref-Wikipedia_August_08.2C_2001_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia_August_08.2C_2001-31"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> On September 25, 2001, Wikipedia had over 13,000 articles.<sup id="cite_ref-Wikipedia_September_25.2C_2001_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia_September_25.2C_2001-32"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> And by the end of 2001 it had grown to approximately 20,000 articles and 18 language editions. It had reached 26 language editions by late 2002, 46 by the end of 2003, and 161 by the final days of 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-WP_early_language_stats_1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_early_language_stats_1-33"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> Nupedia and Wikipedia coexisted until the former's servers were taken down permanently in 2003, and its text was incorporated into Wikipedia. <a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English Wikipedia">English Wikipedia</a> passed the mark of two million articles on September 9, 2007, making it the largest encyclopedia ever assembled, surpassing even the 1408 <a href="/wiki/Yongle_Encyclopedia" title="Yongle Encyclopedia">Yongle Encyclopedia</a>, which had held the record for almost 600 years.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_encyclopedia_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB_encyclopedia-34"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>Citing fears of commercial advertising and lack of control in Wikipedia, users of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Wikipedia" title="Spanish Wikipedia">Spanish Wikipedia</a> <a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">forked</a> from Wikipedia to create the <i><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Libre_Universal_en_Espa%C3%B1ol" title="Enciclopedia Libre Universal en Español">Enciclopedia Libre</a></i> in February 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-EL_fears_and_start_1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EL_fears_and_start_1-35"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> These moves encouraged Wales to announce that Wikipedia would not display advertisements, and to change Wikipedia's domain from <i>wikipedia.com</i> to <i>wikipedia.org</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shirky_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shirky-36"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>Though the English Wikipedia reached three million articles in August 2009, the growth of the edition, in terms of the numbers of articles and of contributors, appears to have peaked around early 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_WP_user_peak_1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian_WP_user_peak_1-37"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> Around 1,800 articles were added daily to the encyclopedia in 2006; by 2013 that average was roughly 800.<sup id="cite_ref-WP_growth_modelling_1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_growth_modelling_1-38"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> A team at the <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto_Research_Center" title="Palo Alto Research Center" class="mw-redirect">Palo Alto Research Center</a> attributed this slowing of growth to the project's increasing exclusivity and resistance to change.<sup id="cite_ref-wikisym_slowing_growth_1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikisym_slowing_growth_1-39"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup> Others suggest that the growth is flattening naturally because articles that could be called "<a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/low-hanging_fruit" class="extiw" title="wikt:low-hanging fruit">low-hanging fruit</a>"—topics that clearly merit an article—have already been created and built up extensively.<sup id="cite_ref-bostonreview_the_end_of_WP_1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bostonreview_the_end_of_WP_1-40"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stanford_WP_lack_of_future_growth_1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanford_WP_lack_of_future_growth_1-42"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p><span id="Decline_in_participation_since_2009"></span> In November 2009, a researcher at the <a href="/wiki/Rey_Juan_Carlos_University" title="Rey Juan Carlos University" class="mw-redirect">Rey Juan Carlos University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>) found that the English Wikipedia had lost 49,000 editors during the first three months of 2009; in comparison, the project lost only 4,900 editors during the same period in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_editors_leaving_1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian_editors_leaving_1-43"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup> <i>The Wall Street Journal</i> cited the array of rules applied to editing and disputes related to such content among the reasons for this trend.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ_WP_losing_editors_1_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ_WP_losing_editors_1-45"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup> Wales disputed these claims in 2009, denying the decline and questioning the methodology of the study.<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph_Wales_WP_not_losing_editors_1_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph_Wales_WP_not_losing_editors_1-46"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup> Two years later, Wales acknowledged the presence of a slight decline, noting a decrease from "a little more than 36,000 writers" in June 2010 to 35,800 in June 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-wiki-women_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiki-women-47"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup> In the same interview, Wales also claimed the number of editors was "stable and sustainable", a claim which was questioned by MIT's <i><a href="/wiki/Technology_Review" title="Technology Review" class="mw-redirect">Technology Review</a></i> in a 2013 article titled "The Decline of Wikipedia."<sup id="cite_ref-Simonite-2013_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simonite-2013-48"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup> In July 2012, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">the Atlantic</a></i> reported that the number of administrators is also in decline.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup> In the November 25, 2013, issue of <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_(magazine)" title="New York (magazine)">New York</a></i> magazine, Katherine Ward stated "Wikipedia, the sixth-most-used website, is facing an internal crisis. In 2013, MIT's <i>Technology Review</i> revealed that since 2007, the site has lost a third of the volunteer editors who update and correct the online encyclopedia's millions of pages and those still there have focused increasingly on minutiae."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<div class="thumb tright"> +<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:History_Wikipedia_English_SOPA_2012_Blackout2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/History_Wikipedia_English_SOPA_2012_Blackout2.jpg/220px-History_Wikipedia_English_SOPA_2012_Blackout2.jpg" width="220" height="107" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/History_Wikipedia_English_SOPA_2012_Blackout2.jpg/330px-History_Wikipedia_English_SOPA_2012_Blackout2.jpg 1.5x, 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data-mwtitle="TimedText:Wikipedia_Edit_2014.webm.zh.srt" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" type="text/x-srt" src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=:Wikipedia+Edit+2014.webm.zh.srt&amp;action=raw&amp;ctype=text%2Fx-srt" srclang="zh" data-dir="ltr" label="中文 (zh) subtitles" />Sorry, your browser either has JavaScript disabled or does not have any supported player.<br /> +You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Wikipedia_Edit_2014.webm">download the clip</a> or <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/Client_download">download a player</a> to play the clip in your browser.</video></div>"><img alt="File:Wikipedia Edit 2014.webm" style="width:250px;height:141px" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Wikipedia_Edit_2014.webm/250px--Wikipedia_Edit_2014.webm.jpg" /><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Wikipedia_Edit_2014.webm" title="Play media" target="new"><span class="play-btn-large"><span class="mw-tmh-playtext">Play media</span></span></a></div> +<div class="thumbcaption"> +<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_Edit_2014.webm" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> +A promotional video of the Wikimedia Foundation that encourages viewers to edit Wikipedia, mostly reviewing 2014 via Wikipedia content</div> +</div> +</div> +<p>In January 2007, Wikipedia entered for the first time the top-ten list of the most popular websites in the United States, according to <a href="/wiki/ComScore" title="ComScore">comScore</a> Networks. With 42.9 million unique visitors, Wikipedia was ranked number 9, surpassing the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" title="New York Times" class="mw-redirect">New York Times</a></i> (#10) and <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> (#11). This marked a significant increase over January 2006, when the rank was number 33, with Wikipedia receiving around 18.3 million unique visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup> As of March 2015<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Wikipedia has rank 6<sup id="cite_ref-Alexa_siteinfo_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexa_siteinfo-6"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alexa_top_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexa_top-52"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup> among websites in terms of popularity according to <a href="/wiki/Alexa_Internet" title="Alexa Internet">Alexa Internet</a>. In 2014, it received 8 billion pageviews every month.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup> On February 9, 2014, <i>The New York Times</i> reported that Wikipedia has 18 billion <a href="/wiki/Page_view" title="Page view">page views</a> and nearly 500 million <a href="/wiki/Unique_visitor" title="Unique visitor">unique visitors</a> a month, "according to the ratings firm comScore."<sup id="cite_ref-small_screen_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-small_screen-16"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>On January 18, 2012, the English Wikipedia participated in a series of coordinated protests against two proposed laws in the United States Congress—the <a href="/wiki/Stop_Online_Piracy_Act" title="Stop Online Piracy Act">Stop Online Piracy Act</a> (SOPA) and the <a href="/wiki/PROTECT_IP_Act" title="PROTECT IP Act">PROTECT IP Act</a> (PIPA)—by <a href="/wiki/2012_Wikipedia_blackout" title="2012 Wikipedia blackout" class="mw-redirect">blacking out its pages for 24 hours</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LA_Times_Jan_19_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LA_Times_Jan_19-54"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup> More than 162 million people viewed the blackout explanation page that temporarily replaced Wikipedia content.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_WP_blackout_protest_1_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_WP_blackout_protest_1-55"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>Loveland and Reagle argue that, in process, Wikipedia follows a long tradition of historical encyclopedias that accumulated improvements piecemeal through "<a href="/wiki/Stigmergy" title="Stigmergy">stigmergic</a> accumulation".<sup id="cite_ref-sagepub_WP_and_encyclopedic_production_1_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sagepub_WP_and_encyclopedic_production_1-57"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-theatlantic_WP_actually_a_reversion_1_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theatlantic_WP_actually_a_reversion_1-58"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>On January 20, 2014, Subodh Varma reporting for <i>The Economic Times</i> indicated that not only had Wikipedia growth flattened but that it has "lost nearly 10 per cent of its page-views last year. That's a decline of about 2 billion between December 2012 and December 2013. Its most popular versions are leading the slide: page-views of the English Wikipedia declined by 12 per cent, those of German version slid by 17 per cent and the Japanese version lost 9 per cent."<sup id="cite_ref-economictimes.indiatimes.com_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economictimes.indiatimes.com-59"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup> Varma added that, "While Wikipedia's managers think that this could be due to errors in counting, other experts feel that Google's Knowledge Graphs project launched last year may be gobbling up Wikipedia users."<sup id="cite_ref-economictimes.indiatimes.com_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economictimes.indiatimes.com-59"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup> When contacted on this matter, Clay Shirky, associate professor at New York University and fellow at Harvard's Berkman Center for internet and Security indicated that he suspected much of the page view decline was due to Knowledge Graphs, stating, "If you can get your question answered from the search page, you don't need to click [any further]."<sup id="cite_ref-economictimes.indiatimes.com_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economictimes.indiatimes.com-59"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<table style="background:transparent;margin-top:0.5em;float:left"> +<tr> +<td> +<table style="width:350px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"> +<tr> +<td style="height:240px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"> +<div class="center"> +<div class="floatnone"><a href="/wiki/File:EnwikipediaGom.PNG" class="image" title="Number of articles in the English Wikipedia (in blue)"><img alt="Graph of number of articles in the English Wikipedia showing steady growth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/EnwikipediaGom.PNG/309px-EnwikipediaGom.PNG" width="309" height="220" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/EnwikipediaGom.PNG/463px-EnwikipediaGom.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/EnwikipediaGom.PNG/617px-EnwikipediaGom.PNG 2x" data-file-width="763" data-file-height="544" /></a></div> +</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr style="vertical-align:top"> +<td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"> +<div class="gallerytext" style="width:337px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px">Number of articles in the English Wikipedia (in blue) </div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table style="width:350px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"> +<tr> +<td style="height:240px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"> +<div class="center"> +<div class="floatnone"><a href="/wiki/File:EnwikipediagrowthGom.PNG" class="image" title="Growth of the number of articles in the English Wikipedia (in blue)"><img alt="Growth of the number of articles in the English Wikipedia showing a max around 2007" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/EnwikipediagrowthGom.PNG/330px-EnwikipediagrowthGom.PNG" width="330" height="207" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/EnwikipediagrowthGom.PNG/495px-EnwikipediagrowthGom.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/EnwikipediagrowthGom.PNG/660px-EnwikipediagrowthGom.PNG 2x" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="437" /></a></div> +</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr style="vertical-align:top"> +<td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"> +<div class="gallerytext" style="width:337px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px">Growth of the number of articles in the English Wikipedia (in blue) </div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table style="width:350px;float:left;border-collapse:collapse;margin:3px"> +<tr> +<td style="height:240px;border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background-color:#F8F8F8;padding:0px;text-align:center"> +<div class="center"> +<div class="floatnone"><a href="/wiki/File:Time_Between_Edits_Graph_Jul05-Present.png" class="image" title="Number of days between every 10,000,000th edit from 2005 to 2012"><img alt="Graph showing the number of days between every 10,000,000th edit (ca. 50 days), from 2005 to 2011" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Time_Between_Edits_Graph_Jul05-Present.png/330px-Time_Between_Edits_Graph_Jul05-Present.png" width="330" height="203" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Time_Between_Edits_Graph_Jul05-Present.png/495px-Time_Between_Edits_Graph_Jul05-Present.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Time_Between_Edits_Graph_Jul05-Present.png/660px-Time_Between_Edits_Graph_Jul05-Present.png 2x" data-file-width="1505" data-file-height="926" /></a></div> +</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr style="vertical-align:top"> +<td style="display:block;font-size:1em;padding:0px"> +<div class="gallerytext" style="width:337px;line-height:1.3em;padding:2px 6px 1px 6px;margin:0px;border:none;border-width:0px">Number of days between every 10,000,000th edit from 2005 to 2012 </div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<div style="clear:both;"></div> +<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Openness">Openness</span></h2> +<div class="thumb tleft"> +<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:History_Comparison_Example_(Vector).png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/History_Comparison_Example_%28Vector%29.png/220px-History_Comparison_Example_%28Vector%29.png" width="220" height="138" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/History_Comparison_Example_%28Vector%29.png/330px-History_Comparison_Example_%28Vector%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/History_Comparison_Example_%28Vector%29.png/440px-History_Comparison_Example_%28Vector%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1225" data-file-height="768" /></a> +<div class="thumbcaption"> +<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:History_Comparison_Example_(Vector).png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> +Differences between versions of an article are highlighted as shown.</div> +</div> +</div> +<p>Unlike traditional encyclopedias, Wikipedia follows the <a href="/wiki/Procrastination" title="Procrastination">procrastination</a> principle<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span>[</span>notes 4<span>]</span></a></sup> regarding the security of its content.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup> It started almost entirely open—anyone could create articles, and any Wikipedia article could be edited by any reader, even those who did not have a Wikipedia account. Modifications to all articles would be published immediately. As a result, any article could contain inaccuracies such as errors, ideological biases, and nonsensical or irrelevant text.</p> +<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Restrictions">Restrictions</span></h3> +<p>Over time, the English Wikipedia and some other Wikipedias gradually have restricted modifications. For example, in the English Wikipedia and some other language editions, only registered users may create a new article.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup> On the English Wikipedia and some others, some particularly controversial, sensitive and/or vandalism-prone pages are now "<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy" title="Wikipedia:Protection policy">protected</a>" to some degree.<sup id="cite_ref-WP_protection_policy_1_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_protection_policy_1-63"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup> A frequently vandalized article can be <i><a href="/wiki/Help:Semi-protection" title="Help:Semi-protection" class="mw-redirect">semi-protected</a></i>, meaning that only certain editors are able to modify it.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup> A particularly contentious article may be locked so that only <a href="/wiki/Administrators_(Wikipedia)" title="Administrators (Wikipedia)" class="mw-redirect">administrators</a> are able to make changes.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>In certain cases, all editors are allowed to submit modifications, but review is required for some editors, depending on certain conditions. For example, the <a href="/wiki/German_Wikipedia" title="German Wikipedia">German Wikipedia</a> maintains "stable versions" of articles,<sup id="cite_ref-WP_some_sites_stable_versions_1_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_some_sites_stable_versions_1-66"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup> which have passed certain reviews. Following protracted trials and community discussion, the English Wikipedia introduced <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">the "pending changes" system</a> in December 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-BInsider_pending_changes_intro_1_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BInsider_pending_changes_intro_1-67"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup> Under this system, new users' edits to certain controversial or vandalism-prone articles are "subject to review from an established Wikipedia editor before publication".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<div class="thumb tleft"> +<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_editing_interface.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Wikipedia_editing_interface.png/220px-Wikipedia_editing_interface.png" width="220" height="105" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Wikipedia_editing_interface.png/330px-Wikipedia_editing_interface.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Wikipedia_editing_interface.png/440px-Wikipedia_editing_interface.png 2x" data-file-width="1912" data-file-height="909" /></a> +<div class="thumbcaption"> +<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_editing_interface.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> +The editing interface of Wikipedia</div> +</div> +</div> +<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Review_of_changes">Review of changes</span></h3> +<p>Although changes are not systematically reviewed, the software that powers Wikipedia provides certain tools allowing anyone to review changes made by others. The "History" page of each article links to each revision.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span>[</span>notes 5<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Torsten_Kleinz_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torsten_Kleinz-70"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup> On most articles, anyone can undo others' changes by clicking a link on the article's history page. Anyone can view the <a href="/wiki/Help:Recent_changes" title="Help:Recent changes">latest changes</a> to articles, and anyone may maintain a <a href="/wiki/Recent_changes" title="Recent changes" class="mw-redirect">"watchlist"</a> of articles that interest them so they can be notified of any changes. "New pages patrol" is a process whereby newly created articles are checked for obvious problems.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>In 2003, economics PhD student Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low <a href="/wiki/Transaction_cost" title="Transaction cost">transaction costs</a> of participating in a <a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">wiki</a> create a catalyst for collaborative development, and that features such as allowing easy access to past versions of a page favor "creative construction" over "creative destruction".<sup id="cite_ref-FMonday_collaborative_effort_1_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FMonday_collaborative_effort_1-72"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Vandalism">Vandalism</span></h3> +<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vandalism_on_Wikipedia" title="Vandalism on Wikipedia">Vandalism on Wikipedia</a></div> +<p>Any edit that changes content in a way that deliberately compromises the integrity of Wikipedia is considered vandalism. The most common and obvious types of vandalism include insertion of obscenities and crude humor. Vandalism can also include advertising language and other types of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam" title="Wikipedia:Spam">spam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-upenn_link_spamming_1_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-upenn_link_spamming_1-73"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></a></sup> Sometimes editors commit vandalism by removing information or entirely blanking a given page. Less common types of vandalism, such as the deliberate addition of plausible but false information to an article, can be more difficult to detect. Vandals can introduce irrelevant formatting, modify page semantics such as the page's title or categorization, manipulate the underlying code of an article, or use images disruptively.<sup id="cite_ref-WP_vandalism_manipulation_1_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_vandalism_manipulation_1-74"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<div class="thumb tright"> +<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Seigenthaler_Sr._speaking.jpg" class="image"><img alt="White-haired elderly gentleman in suit and tie speaks at a podium." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/John_Seigenthaler_Sr._speaking.jpg/220px-John_Seigenthaler_Sr._speaking.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/John_Seigenthaler_Sr._speaking.jpg/330px-John_Seigenthaler_Sr._speaking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/John_Seigenthaler_Sr._speaking.jpg/440px-John_Seigenthaler_Sr._speaking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> +<div class="thumbcaption"> +<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Seigenthaler_Sr._speaking.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> +American journalist <a href="/wiki/John_Seigenthaler" title="John Seigenthaler">John Seigenthaler</a> (1927–2014), subject of the <a href="/wiki/Seigenthaler_incident" title="Seigenthaler incident" class="mw-redirect">Seigenthaler incident</a></div> +</div> +</div> +<p>Obvious vandalism is generally easy to remove from wiki articles; the median time to detect and fix vandalism is a few minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-MIT_IBM_study_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MIT_IBM_study-75"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CreatingDestroyingAndRestoringValue_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CreatingDestroyingAndRestoringValue-76"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></a></sup> However, some vandalism takes much longer to repair.<sup id="cite_ref-Seigenthaler_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seigenthaler-77"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>In the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Seigenthaler_biography_incident" title="Wikipedia Seigenthaler biography incident">Wikipedia Seigenthaler biography incident</a>, an anonymous editor introduced false information into the biography of American political figure <a href="/wiki/John_Seigenthaler" title="John Seigenthaler">John Seigenthaler</a> in May 2005. Seigenthaler was falsely presented as a suspect in the assassination of John F. Kennedy.<sup id="cite_ref-Seigenthaler_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seigenthaler-77"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></a></sup> The article remained uncorrected for four months.<sup id="cite_ref-Seigenthaler_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seigenthaler-77"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></a></sup> Seigenthaler, the founding editorial director of <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i> and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Forum" title="Freedom Forum">Freedom Forum</a> <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_Center" title="First Amendment Center">First Amendment Center</a> at <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt University">Vanderbilt University</a>, called Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales and asked whether he had any way of knowing who contributed the misinformation. Wales replied that he did not, although the perpetrator was eventually traced.<sup id="cite_ref-book_The_World_is_Flat_1_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book_The_World_is_Flat_1-78"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></a></sup> After the incident, Seigenthaler described Wikipedia as "a flawed and irresponsible research tool".<sup id="cite_ref-Seigenthaler_77-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seigenthaler-77"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></a></sup> This incident led to policy changes at Wikipedia, specifically targeted at tightening up the verifiability of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">biographical articles of living people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Policies_and_laws"><span id="Rules_and_laws_governing_content">Policies and laws</span><span id="Rules_and_laws_governing_content_and_editor_behavior"></span></span></h2> +<p><span id="Censorship"></span></p> +<dl> +<dd><i>See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars" title="Wikipedia:Five pillars">Wikipedia:Five Pillars</a></i></dd> +</dl> +<table class="infobox" style="width:22em;width: 210px; float: right; clear: right; margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em"> +<caption>External video</caption> +<tr> +<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Jimbo_at_Fosdem_cropped.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Jimbo at Fosdem cropped.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jimbo_at_Fosdem_cropped.jpg/210px-Jimbo_at_Fosdem_cropped.jpg" width="210" height="244" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jimbo_at_Fosdem_cropped.jpg/315px-Jimbo_at_Fosdem_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Jimbo_at_Fosdem_cropped.jpg/420px-Jimbo_at_Fosdem_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1786" /></a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align: left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/news/wikipedia-jimmy-wales-morley-safer-60-minutes/">Wikimania</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/60_Minutes" title="60 Minutes">60 Minutes</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>, 20 minutes, April 5, 2015, co-founder Jimbo Wales at Fosdem</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>Content in Wikipedia is subject to the laws (in particular, <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> laws) of the United States and of the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, where the majority of Wikipedia's servers are located. Beyond legal matters, the editorial principles of Wikipedia are embodied in the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars" title="Wikipedia:Five pillars">"five pillars"</a> and in numerous <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of policies and guidelines">policies and guidelines</a> intended to appropriately shape content. Even these rules are stored in wiki form, and Wikipedia editors write and revise the website's policies and guidelines.<sup id="cite_ref-pcworld_who.27s_behind_WP_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pcworld_who.27s_behind_WP-81"><span>[</span>76<span>]</span></a></sup> Editors can <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Enforcement" title="Wikipedia:Enforcement" class="mw-redirect">enforce these rules</a> by deleting or modifying non-compliant material. Originally, rules on the non-English editions of Wikipedia were based on a translation of the rules for the English Wikipedia. They have since diverged to some extent.<sup id="cite_ref-WP_some_sites_stable_versions_1_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_some_sites_stable_versions_1-66"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Content_policies_and_guidelines">Content policies and guidelines<span id="Content_policies"></span></span></h3> +<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main pages: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_policies" title="Wikipedia:Content policies" class="mw-redirect">Wikipedia:Content policies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Content guidelines" class="mw-redirect">Wikipedia:Content guidelines</a></div> +<p>According to the rules on the English Wikipedia, each entry in Wikipedia must be about a topic that is <a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/encyclopedic" class="extiw" title="wikt:encyclopedic">encyclopedic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_is_not_a_dictionary" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not a dictionary">is not a dictionary entry</a> or dictionary-like.<sup id="cite_ref-WP_content_policy_1_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_content_policy_1-82"><span>[</span>77<span>]</span></a></sup> A topic should also meet <a href="/wiki/Notability_in_the_English_Wikipedia" title="Notability in the English Wikipedia">Wikipedia's standards of "notability"</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-WP_notability_guide_1_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_notability_guide_1-83"><span>[</span>78<span>]</span></a></sup> which generally means that the topic must have been covered in mainstream media or major academic journal sources that are independent of the article's subject. Further, Wikipedia intends to convey only knowledge that is already established and recognized.<sup id="cite_ref-NOR_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOR-84"><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">It must not present original research</a>. A claim that is likely to be challenged requires a reference to a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">reliable source</a>. Among Wikipedia editors, this is often phrased as "verifiability, not truth" to express the idea that the readers, not the encyclopedia, are ultimately responsible for checking the truthfulness of the articles and making their own interpretations.<sup id="cite_ref-WP_Verifiability_policy_1_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_Verifiability_policy_1-85"><span>[</span>80<span>]</span></a></sup> This can at times lead to the removal of information that is valid.<sup id="cite_ref-IHT_WP_valid_info_wrong_removable_1_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IHT_WP_valid_info_wrong_removable_1-86"><span>[</span>81<span>]</span></a></sup> Finally, Wikipedia must not take sides.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-87"><span>[</span>82<span>]</span></a></sup> All opinions and viewpoints, if attributable to external sources, must enjoy an appropriate share of coverage within an article.<sup id="cite_ref-alternet_WP_unethical_editing_destroy.27s_credibility_1_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alternet_WP_unethical_editing_destroy.27s_credibility_1-88"><span>[</span>83<span>]</span></a></sup> This is known as neutral point of view (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">NPOV</a>).</p> +<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Governance">Governance</span></h2> +<p>Wikipedia's initial <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">anarchy</a> integrated <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> and hierarchical elements over time.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span>[</span>84<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span>[</span>85<span>]</span></a></sup> An article is not considered to be owned by its creator or any other editor and is not vetted by any recognized authority.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span>[</span>86<span>]</span></a></sup> Wikipedia's contributors avoid a <a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">tragedy of the commons</a> by internalizing benefits. They do this by experiencing <a href="/wiki/Flow_(psychology)" title="Flow (psychology)">flow</a> and identifying with and gaining status in the Wikipedia community.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span>[</span>87<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Administrators">Administrators</span></h3> +<p>Editors in good standing in the community can run for one of many levels of volunteer stewardship: this begins with "<a href="/wiki/Administrators_(Wikipedia)" title="Administrators (Wikipedia)" class="mw-redirect">administrator</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span>[</span>88<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-David_Mehegan_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_Mehegan-94"><span>[</span>89<span>]</span></a></sup> privileged users who can delete pages, prevent articles from being changed in case of vandalism or editorial disputes, and try to prevent certain persons from editing. Despite the name, administrators are not supposed to enjoy any special privilege in decision-making; instead, their powers are mostly limited to making edits that have project-wide effects and thus are disallowed to ordinary editors, and to implement restrictions intended to prevent certain persons from making disruptive edits (such as vandalism).<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span>[</span>90<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span>[</span>91<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>Fewer editors become administrators than in years past, in part because the process of vetting potential Wikipedia administrators has become more rigorous.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span>[</span>92<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bureaucrats" title="Wikipedia:Bureaucrats">Bureaucrats</a></i> name new administrators, solely upon the recommendations from the community.</p> +<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Dispute_resolution">Dispute resolution</span></h3> +<p>Wikipedians may dispute, for example by repeatedly making opposite changes to an article.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span>[</span>93<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span>[</span>94<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NBC_WP_editorial_warzone_1_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBC_WP_editorial_warzone_1-100"><span>[</span>95<span>]</span></a></sup> Over time, Wikipedia has developed <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution" title="Wikipedia:Dispute resolution">documentation for editors about dispute resolution</a>. In order to determine community consensus, editors can raise issues at the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Village_pump" title="Wikipedia:Village pump">Village Pump</a>, or initiate a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_comment" title="Wikipedia:Requests for comment">request for comment</a>.</p> +<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Arbitration_Committee">Arbitration Committee</span></h4> +<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arbitration_Committee" title="Arbitration Committee">Arbitration Committee</a></div> +<p>The Arbitration Committee presides over the ultimate dispute resolution process. Although disputes usually arise from a disagreement between two opposing views on how an article should read, the Arbitration Committee explicitly refuses to directly rule on the specific view that should be adopted. Statistical analyses suggest that the committee ignores the content of disputes and rather focuses on the way disputes are conducted,<sup id="cite_ref-emory_disputes_handled_1_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emory_disputes_handled_1-101"><span>[</span>96<span>]</span></a></sup> functioning not so much to resolve disputes and make peace between conflicting editors, but to weed out problematic editors while allowing potentially productive editors back in to participate. Therefore, the committee does not dictate the content of articles, although it sometimes condemns content changes when it deems the new content violates Wikipedia policies (for example, if the new content is considered <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">biased</a>). Its remedies include cautions and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Probation" title="Wikipedia:Probation" class="mw-redirect">probations</a> (used in 63% of cases) and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BAN" title="Wikipedia:BAN" class="mw-redirect">banning editors from articles</a> (43%), subject matters (23%) or Wikipedia (16%). Complete bans from Wikipedia are generally limited to instances of impersonation and <a href="/wiki/Anti-social_behavior" title="Anti-social behavior" class="mw-redirect">anti-social behavior</a>. When conduct is not impersonation or anti-social, but rather anti-consensus or in violation of editing policies, remedies tend to be limited to warnings.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span>[</span>97<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Community">Community</span></h2> +<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_community" title="Wikipedia community">Wikipedia community</a></div> +<div class="thumb tright"> +<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"> +<div id="mwe_player_2" class="PopUpMediaTransform" style="width:220px;" videopayload="<div class="mediaContainer" style="width:628px"><video id="mwe_player_3" style="width:628px;height:478px" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm/627px--Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" class="kskin" data-durationhint="2068.031" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm/Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm.160p.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs=&quot;theora, vorbis&quot;" transcodekey="160p.ogv" data-title="Low bandwidth Ogg video (160P)" data-shorttitle="Ogg 160P" data-width="210" data-height="160" data-bandwidth="192096" data-framerate="15" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm/Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm.360p.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs=&quot;theora, vorbis&quot;" transcodekey="360p.ogv" data-title="Web streamable Ogg video (360P)" data-shorttitle="Ogg 360P" data-width="472" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="563088" data-framerate="29.97" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm/Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" transcodekey="360p.webm" data-title="Web streamable WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-width="472" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="582888" data-framerate="29.97" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" data-title="Original WebM file, 627 × 478 (869 kbps)" data-shorttitle="WebM source" data-width="627" data-height="478" data-bandwidth="869182" data-framerate="29.97" />Sorry, your browser either has JavaScript disabled or does not have any supported player.<br /> +You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm">download the clip</a> or <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/Client_download">download a player</a> to play the clip in your browser.</video></div>"><img alt="File:Wikimania - the Wikimentary.webm" style="width:220px;height:168px" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm/220px--Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm.jpg" /><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm" title="Play media" target="new"><span class="play-btn-large"><span class="mw-tmh-playtext">Play media</span></span></a></div> +<div class="thumbcaption"> +<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> +Video of <a href="/wiki/Wikimania#2005" title="Wikimania">Wikimania 2005</a> – an annual conference for users of Wikipedia and other projects operated by the <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a>, was held in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" title="Frankfurt am Main" class="mw-redirect">Frankfurt am Main</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> from August 4 to 8</div> +</div> +</div> +<p>Each article and each user of Wikipedia has an associated "Talk" page. 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codecs=&quot;theora, vorbis&quot;" transcodekey="360p.ogv" data-title="Web streamable Ogg video (360P)" data-shorttitle="Ogg 360P" data-width="536" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="480768" data-framerate="25" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv/Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs=&quot;vp8, vorbis&quot;" transcodekey="360p.webm" data-title="Web streamable WebM (360P)" data-shorttitle="WebM 360P" data-width="536" data-height="360" data-bandwidth="504504" data-framerate="25" />Sorry, your browser either has JavaScript disabled or does not have any supported player.<br /> +You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv">download the clip</a> or <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:TimedMediaHandler/Client_download">download a player</a> to play the clip in your browser.</video></div>"><img alt="File:Editing Hoxne Hoard at the British Museum.ogv" style="width:220px;height:148px" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv/220px--Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv.jpg" /><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv" title="Play media" target="new"><span class="play-btn-large"><span class="mw-tmh-playtext">Play media</span></span></a></div> +<div class="thumbcaption"> +<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> +Wikipedians and <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> curators collaborate on the article <a href="/wiki/Hoxne_Hoard" title="Hoxne Hoard">Hoxne Hoard</a> in June 2010</div> +</div> +</div> +<p>Wikipedia's community has been described as <a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cult</a>-like,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span>[</span>99<span>]</span></a></sup> although not always with entirely negative connotations.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span>[</span>100<span>]</span></a></sup> The project's preference for cohesiveness, even if it requires compromise that includes disregard of <a href="/wiki/Credential" title="Credential">credentials</a>, has been referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Anti-elitism" title="Anti-elitism" class="mw-redirect">anti-elitism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span>[</span>101<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>Wikipedians sometimes award one another <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Barnstars" title="Wikipedia:Barnstars">virtual barnstars</a> for good work. These personalized tokens of appreciation reveal a wide range of valued work extending far beyond simple editing to include social support, administrative actions, and types of articulation work.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span>[</span>102<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>Wikipedia does not require that its editors and contributors provide identification.<sup id="cite_ref-user_identification_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-user_identification-108"><span>[</span>103<span>]</span></a></sup> As Wikipedia grew, "Who writes Wikipedia?" became one of the questions frequently asked on the project.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span>[</span>104<span>]</span></a></sup> Jimmy Wales once argued that only "a community ... a dedicated group of a few hundred volunteers" makes the bulk of contributions to Wikipedia and that the project is therefore "much like any traditional organization".<sup id="cite_ref-blodget_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blodget-110"><span>[</span>105<span>]</span></a></sup> In 2008, a <i>Slate</i> magazine article reported that: "According to researchers in Palo Alto, 1 percent of Wikipedia users are responsible for about half of the site's edits."<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span>[</span>106<span>]</span></a></sup> This method of evaluating contributions was later disputed by <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a>, who noted that several articles he sampled had large portions of their content (measured by number of characters) contributed by users with low edit counts.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span>[</span>107<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p><span id="Decline_in_participation_since_2007"></span> The English Wikipedia has <a href="/wiki/Special:Statistics" title="Special:Statistics">5,022,963</a> articles, <a href="/wiki/Special:ActiveUsers" title="Special:ActiveUsers">26,886,656</a> registered editors, and <a href="/wiki/Special:ActiveUsers" title="Special:ActiveUsers">127,505</a> active editors. An editor is considered active if they make one or more edits in said month.</p> +<p>Editors who fail to comply with Wikipedia cultural rituals, such as signing talk pages, may implicitly signal that they are Wikipedia outsiders, increasing the odds that Wikipedia insiders may target or discount their contributions. Becoming a Wikipedia insider involves non-trivial costs: the contributor is expected to learn Wikipedia-specific technological codes, submit to a sometimes convoluted dispute resolution process, and learn a "baffling culture rich with in-jokes and insider references". Editors who do not log in are in some sense second-class citizens on Wikipedia,<sup id="cite_ref-labor_squeeze_on_WP_1_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-labor_squeeze_on_WP_1-113"><span>[</span>108<span>]</span></a></sup> as "participants are accredited by members of the wiki community, who have a vested interest in preserving the quality of the work product, on the basis of their ongoing participation",<sup id="cite_ref-legal_edu_and_WP_1_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legal_edu_and_WP_1-114"><span>[</span>109<span>]</span></a></sup> but the contribution histories of anonymous unregistered editors recognized only by their <a href="/wiki/IP_addresses" title="IP addresses" class="mw-redirect">IP addresses</a> cannot be attributed to a particular editor with certainty.</p> +<p>A 2007 study by researchers from <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a> found that "anonymous and infrequent contributors to Wikipedia [...] are as reliable a source of knowledge as those contributors who register with the site".<sup id="cite_ref-sciam_good_samaritans_1_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sciam_good_samaritans_1-115"><span>[</span>110<span>]</span></a></sup> Jimmy Wales stated in 2009 that "(I)t turns out over 50% of all the edits are done by just .7% of the users... 524 people... And in fact the most active 2%, which is 1400 people, have done 73.4% of all the edits."<sup id="cite_ref-blodget_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blodget-110"><span>[</span>105<span>]</span></a></sup> However, <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a></i> editor and journalist <a href="/wiki/Henry_Blodget" title="Henry Blodget">Henry Blodget</a> showed in 2009 that in a random sample of articles, most content in Wikipedia (measured by the amount of contributed text that survives to the latest sampled edit) is created by "outsiders", while most editing and formatting is done by "insiders".<sup id="cite_ref-blodget_110-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blodget-110"><span>[</span>105<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>A 2008 study found that Wikipedians were less agreeable, open, and conscientious than others.<sup id="cite_ref-liebertonline_view_on_WP_users_1_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liebertonline_view_on_WP_users_1-116"><span>[</span>111<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-newscientist_view_on_WP_users_1_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newscientist_view_on_WP_users_1-117"><span>[</span>112<span>]</span></a></sup> According to a 2009 study, there is "evidence of growing resistance from the Wikipedia community to new content".<sup id="cite_ref-newscientist_WP_boom_to_bust_1_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newscientist_WP_boom_to_bust_1-118"><span>[</span>113<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Diversity">Diversity</span></h3> +<div class="thumb tright"> +<div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/wiki/File:WMFstratplanSurvey1.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WMFstratplanSurvey1.png/300px-WMFstratplanSurvey1.png" width="300" height="248" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WMFstratplanSurvey1.png/450px-WMFstratplanSurvey1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WMFstratplanSurvey1.png/600px-WMFstratplanSurvey1.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="910" /></a> +<div class="thumbcaption"> +<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:WMFstratplanSurvey1.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> +Wikipedia editor demographics (April 2009)</div> +</div> +</div> +<p>One study found that the contributor base to Wikipedia "was barely 13% women; the average age of a contributor was in the mid-20s".<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span>[</span>114<span>]</span></a></sup> A 2011 study by researchers from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a> found that females comprised 16.1% of the 38,497 editors who started editing Wikipedia during 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span>[</span>115<span>]</span></a></sup> In a January 2011 <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" title="New York Times" class="mw-redirect">New York Times</a></i> article, Noam Cohen observed that just 13% of Wikipedia's contributors are female according to a 2009 Wikimedia Foundation survey.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span>[</span>116<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sue_Gardner" title="Sue Gardner">Sue Gardner</a>, a former executive director of the Wikimedia Foundation, hoped to see female contributions increase to twenty-five percent by 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_WP_contributors_gender_1_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_WP_contributors_gender_1-122"><span>[</span>117<span>]</span></a></sup> Linda Basch, president of the National Council for Research on Women, noted the contrast in these Wikipedia editor statistics with the percentage of women currently completing bachelor's degrees, master's degrees and PhD programs in the United States (all at rates of 50 percent or greater).<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_WP_male_domination_1_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_WP_male_domination_1-123"><span>[</span>118<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>In response, various universities have hosted <a href="/wiki/Edit-a-thon" title="Edit-a-thon">edit-a-thons</a> to encourage more women to participate in the Wikipedia community. In fall 2013, 15 colleges and universities, including Yale, Brown, and Pennsylvania State, offered college credit for students to "write feminist thinking" about technology into Wikipedia.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span>[</span>119<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>In August 2014, Wikipedia co-founder <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a> announced in a BBC interview the <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a>'s plans for "doubling down" on the issue of <a href="/wiki/Gender_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Gender bias on Wikipedia">gender bias on Wikipedia</a>. Wales agreed that Sue Gardner's goal of 25% women enrollment by 2015 had not been met. Wales said the foundation would be open to more outreach, more software changes,<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-125"><span>[</span>120<span>]</span></a></sup> and more women administrators. Software changes were left open to explore ways of increasing the appeal of Wikipedia to attract women readers to register as editors, and to increase <span class="clarify-content" style="background-color: #fff9f9; color: DarkSlateGray;">the potential of existing editors to nominate more women administrators</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Clarify" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="This passage needs to be better explained. (September 2014)">clarify</span></a></i>]</sup> to enhance the 'management' presence of women at Wikipedia.<sup id="cite_ref-CommonKnowledge_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CommonKnowledge-126"><span>[</span>121<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Language_editions">Language editions</span></h2> +<p>There are currently 288 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias" title="List of Wikipedias">language editions of Wikipedia</a> (also called <i>language versions</i>, or simply <i>Wikipedias</i>). Twelve of these have over one million articles each (<a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English Wikipedia">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Wikipedia" title="Swedish Wikipedia">Swedish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Wikipedia" title="Dutch Wikipedia">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Wikipedia" title="German Wikipedia">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Wikipedia" title="French Wikipedia">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waray-Waray_Wikipedia" title="Waray-Waray Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect">Waray-Waray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Wikipedia" title="Russian Wikipedia">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_Wikipedia" title="Cebuano Wikipedia">Cebuano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wikipedia" title="Italian Wikipedia">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Wikipedia" title="Spanish Wikipedia">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Wikipedia" title="Vietnamese Wikipedia">Vietnamese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polish_Wikipedia" title="Polish Wikipedia">Polish</a>), three more have over 700,000 articles (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_Wikipedia" title="Japanese Wikipedia">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Wikipedia" title="Portuguese Wikipedia">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Wikipedia" title="Chinese Wikipedia">Chinese</a>), 36 more have over 100,000 articles, and 77 more have over 10,000 articles.<sup id="cite_ref-ListOfWikipedias_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ListOfWikipedias-127"><span>[</span>122<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WP_list_of_WPs_1_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_list_of_WPs_1-128"><span>[</span>123<span>]</span></a></sup> The largest, the English Wikipedia, has over 5 million articles. As of May 2015<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, according to Alexa, the English <a href="/wiki/Subdomain" title="Subdomain">subdomain</a> (en.wikipedia.org; <a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English Wikipedia">English Wikipedia</a>) receives approximately 58% of Wikipedia's cumulative traffic, with the remaining split among the other languages (Japanese: 8%; Spanish: 7%; German: 5%; Russian: 4%).<sup id="cite_ref-Alexa_siteinfo_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexa_siteinfo-6"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> As of December 2015, the six largest language editions are (in order of article count) the <a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English Wikipedia">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Wikipedia" title="Swedish Wikipedia">Swedish</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Wikipedia" title="German Wikipedia">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Wikipedia" title="Dutch Wikipedia">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Wikipedia" title="French Wikipedia">French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_Wikipedia" title="Cebuano Wikipedia">Cebuano</a> Wikipedias.<sup id="cite_ref-WP_list_of_WPs_by_article_1_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_list_of_WPs_by_article_1-129"><span>[</span>124<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<div class="thumb tright"> +<div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> +<div style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden"> +<p><br /></p> +<p><br /></p> +<div class="transborder" style="position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:9.4108313318515px 99.556196460308px 0 0; border-top-color:#333333"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#333333"></div> +<div class="transborder" style="position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 880.42099845209px 100px 0; border-right-color:#33CC99"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#33CC99"></div> +<div class="transborder" style="position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 301.31325811305px 100px 0; border-right-color:#CC79A7"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#CC79A7"></div> +<div class="transborder" style="position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 169.0907655785px 100px 0; border-right-color:#D55E00"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#D55E00"></div> +<div class="transborder" style="position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 107.83906208398px 100px 0; border-right-color:#0072B2"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#0072B2"></div> +<div class="transborder" style="position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 65.238931786305px 100px 0; border-right-color:#F0E442"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#F0E442"></div> +<div class="transborder" style="position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 29.735293003841px 100px 0; border-right-color:#009E73"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#009E73"></div> +<div class="transborder" style="position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:0.03158107166999px; border-width:0 0 99.96841892833px 2.5130095443334px; border-bottom-color:#56B4E9"></div> +<div class="transborder" style="position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:5.9119231045774px; border-width:0 0 94.088076895423px 33.873792024529px; border-bottom-color:#E69F00"></div> +<div class="transborder" style="position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:24.574861926389px; border-width:0 0 75.425138073611px 65.658575575296px; border-bottom-color:#666666"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:0;top:0"><img alt="Circle frame.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/200px-Circle_frame.svg.png" width="200" height="200" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/300px-Circle_frame.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/400px-Circle_frame.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></div> +</div> +<div class="thumbcaption"> +<p><b>Distribution of the 37,006,309 articles in different language editions (as of 3 December 2015)</b><sup id="cite_ref-meta.wikimedia_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meta.wikimedia-130"><span>[</span>125<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #666666; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English Wikipedia">English</a> (13.6%)</div> +<div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #E69F00; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Wikipedia" title="Swedish Wikipedia">Swedish</a> (5.9%)</div> +<div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #56B4E9; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/German_Wikipedia" title="German Wikipedia">German</a> (5.1%)</div> +<div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #009E73; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Wikipedia" title="Dutch Wikipedia">Dutch</a> (5%)</div> +<div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #F0E442; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/French_Wikipedia" title="French Wikipedia">French</a> (4.6%)</div> +<div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #0072B2; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_Wikipedia" title="Cebuano Wikipedia">Cebuano</a> (3.9%)</div> +<div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #D55E00; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Wikipedia" title="Russian Wikipedia">Russian</a> (3.4%)</div> +<div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #CC79A7; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Waray-Waray_Wikipedia" title="Waray-Waray Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect">Waray-Waray</a> (3.4%)</div> +<div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #33CC99; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wikipedia" title="Italian Wikipedia">Italian</a> (3.3%)</div> +<div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color: #333333; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Wikipedia" title="Spanish Wikipedia">Spanish</a> (3.3%)</div> +<div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:white; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> Other (48.5%)</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<table width="300px"> +<caption><b>Logarithmic graph of the 20 largest language editions of Wikipedia</b><br /> +(as of 3 December 2015)<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span>[</span>126<span>]</span></a></sup><br /> +(millions of articles)</caption> +<tr style="text-align:center;border-style:solid; border-color:black; border-width=1px;"> +<td colspan="2" style="border-right:solid black 1px;">0.1</td> +<td colspan="2" style="border-right:solid black 1px;">0.3</td> +<td colspan="2" style="border-right:solid black 1px;">1</td> +<td colspan="2" style="border-right:solid black 1px;">3</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td width="12.5%" style="border-right:solid black 1px;"></td> +<td width="12.5%" style="border-right:solid black 1px;"></td> +<td width="12.5%" style="border-right:solid black 1px;"></td> +<td width="12.5%" style="border-right:solid black 1px;"></td> +<td width="12.5%" style="border-right:solid black 1px;"></td> +<td width="12.5%" style="border-right:solid black 1px;"></td> +<td width="12.5%" style="border-right:solid black 1px;"></td> +<td width="12.5%" style="border-right:solid black 1px;"><br /></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan="8"> +<table style="text-align:left;"> +<tr> +<td> +<div style="background-color:rgb(215,72,88); width:570.83158562343px; height:20px; padding-left:1em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English Wikipedia">English</a> 5,022,963</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<div style="background-color:rgb(125,47,203); width:462.16119815682px; height:20px; padding-left:1em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Wikipedia" title="Swedish Wikipedia">Swedish</a> 2,181,350</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<div style="background-color:rgb(203,47,125); width:442.90898432951px; height:20px; padding-left:1em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/German_Wikipedia" title="German Wikipedia">German</a> 1,881,704</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<div style="background-color:rgb(88,72,215); width:440.32498885628px; height:20px; padding-left:1em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Wikipedia" title="Dutch Wikipedia">Dutch</a> 1,844,752</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<div style="background-color:rgb(178,35,162); width:429.79042128354px; height:20px; padding-left:1em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/French_Wikipedia" title="French Wikipedia">French</a> 1,701,464</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<div style="background-color:rgb(58,106,211); width:409.59996653804px; height:20px; padding-left:1em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_Wikipedia" title="Cebuano Wikipedia">Cebuano</a> 1,457,207</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<div style="background-color:rgb(144,39,192); width:391.8758967856px; height:20px; padding-left:1em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Wikipedia" title="Russian Wikipedia">Russian</a> 1,271,865</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<div style="background-color:rgb(39,144,192); width:390.59031915387px; height:20px; padding-left:1em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Waray-Waray_Wikipedia" title="Waray-Waray Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect">Waray-Waray</a> 1,259,377</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<div style="background-color:rgb(106,58,211); width:388.45099730576px; height:20px; padding-left:1em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wikipedia" title="Italian Wikipedia">Italian</a> 1,238,867</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<div style="background-color:rgb(35,178,162); width:386.08311629904px; height:20px; padding-left:1em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Wikipedia" title="Spanish Wikipedia">Spanish</a> 1,216,555</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<div style="background-color:rgb(72,88,215); width:378.37171825697px; height:20px; padding-left:1em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Wikipedia" title="Polish Wikipedia">Polish</a> 1,146,640</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<div style="background-color:rgb(47,203,125); width:377.76342292007px; height:20px; padding-left:1em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Wikipedia" title="Vietnamese Wikipedia">Vietnamese</a> 1,141,299</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<div style="background-color:rgb(47,125,203); width:359.74666125433px; height:20px; padding-left:1em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Wikipedia" title="Japanese Wikipedia">Japanese</a> 993,902</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<div style="background-color:rgb(72,215,88); width:346.24980811889px; height:20px; padding-left:1em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Wikipedia" title="Portuguese Wikipedia">Portuguese</a> 896,095</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<div style="background-color:rgb(35,162,178); width:339.39164662988px; height:20px; padding-left:1em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Wikipedia" title="Chinese Wikipedia">Chinese</a> 850,146</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<div style="background-color:rgb(106,211,58); width:294.83978870085px; height:20px; padding-left:1em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Wikipedia" title="Ukrainian Wikipedia">Ukrainian</a> 603,931</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<div style="background-color:rgb(39,192,144); width:266.79639441381px; height:20px; padding-left:1em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Wikipedia" title="Catalan Wikipedia">Catalan</a> 486,978</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<div style="background-color:rgb(144,192,39); width:263.75996954551px; height:20px; padding-left:1em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Wikipedia" title="Persian Wikipedia">Persian</a> 475,760</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<div style="background-color:rgb(58,211,106); width:250.25799987965px; height:20px; padding-left:1em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_Wikipedia" title="Serbo-Croatian Wikipedia">Serbo-Croatian</a> 428,925</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<div style="background-color:rgb(178,162,35); width:249.3114085819px; height:20px; padding-left:1em; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Wikipedia" title="Norwegian Wikipedia">Norwegian</a> 425,820</div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p><b>The unit for the numbers in bars is articles.</b> Since Wikipedia is based on the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">Web</a> and therefore worldwide, contributors to the same language edition may use different dialects or may come from different countries (as is the case for the <a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English Wikipedia">English edition</a>). These differences may lead to some conflicts over <a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences" title="American and British English spelling differences">spelling differences</a> (e.g. <i>colour</i> versus <i><a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-WP_spelling_MOS_1_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_spelling_MOS_1-132"><span>[</span>127<span>]</span></a></sup> or points of view.<sup id="cite_ref-WP_countering_bias_1_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_countering_bias_1-133"><span>[</span>128<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>Though the various language editions are held to global policies such as "neutral point of view", they diverge on some points of policy and practice, most notably on whether images that are not <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">licensed freely</a> may be used under a claim of <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WP_meta_fair_use_1_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_meta_fair_use_1-134"><span>[</span>129<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WP_meta_WP_images_1_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_meta_WP_images_1-135"><span>[</span>130<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IBM_visual_WP_1_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM_visual_WP_1-136"><span>[</span>131<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>Jimmy Wales has described Wikipedia as "an effort to create and distribute a free encyclopedia of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language".<sup id="cite_ref-WP_Wales_free_multi-lingual_encyclopedia_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_Wales_free_multi-lingual_encyclopedia-137"><span>[</span>132<span>]</span></a></sup> Though each language edition functions more or less independently, some efforts are made to supervise them all. They are coordinated in part by Meta-Wiki, the Wikimedia Foundation's wiki devoted to maintaining all of its projects (Wikipedia and others).<sup id="cite_ref-WP_metawiki_maintenance_1_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_metawiki_maintenance_1-138"><span>[</span>133<span>]</span></a></sup> For instance, Meta-Wiki provides important statistics on all language editions of Wikipedia,<sup id="cite_ref-WP_meta_stats_1_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_meta_stats_1-139"><span>[</span>134<span>]</span></a></sup> and it maintains a list of articles every Wikipedia should have.<sup id="cite_ref-WP_meta_articles_on_all_sites_1_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_meta_articles_on_all_sites_1-140"><span>[</span>135<span>]</span></a></sup> The list concerns basic content by subject: biography, history, geography, society, culture, science, technology, and mathematics. As for the rest, it is not rare for articles strongly related to a particular language not to have counterparts in another edition. For example, articles about small towns in the United States might only be available in English, even when they meet notability criteria of other language Wikipedia projects.</p> +<div class="thumb tleft"> +<div class="thumbinner" style="width:502px;"><a href="/wiki/File:User_-_demography.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/User_-_demography.svg/500px-User_-_demography.svg.png" width="500" height="300" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/User_-_demography.svg/750px-User_-_demography.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/User_-_demography.svg/1000px-User_-_demography.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="420" /></a> +<div class="thumbcaption"> +<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:User_-_demography.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> +Estimation of contributions shares from different regions in the world to different Wikipedia editions</div> +</div> +</div> +<p>Translated articles represent only a small portion of articles in most editions, in part because fully automated translation of articles is disallowed.<sup id="cite_ref-WP_auto-translations_rules_1_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_auto-translations_rules_1-141"><span>[</span>136<span>]</span></a></sup> Articles available in more than one language may offer "<a href="/wiki/Interwiki_links" title="Interwiki links">interwiki links</a>", which link to the counterpart articles in other editions.</p> +<p>A study published by <a href="/wiki/PLOS_ONE" title="PLOS ONE">PLOS ONE</a> in 2012 also estimated the share of contributions to different editions of Wikipedia from different regions of the world. It reported that the proportion of the edits made from <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> was 51% for the <a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English Wikipedia">English Wikipedia</a>, and 25% for the <a href="/wiki/Simple_English_Wikipedia" title="Simple English Wikipedia">simple English Wikipedia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span>[</span>137<span>]</span></a></sup> The Wikimedia Foundation hopes to increase the number of editors in the Global South to thirty-seven percent by 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-WP_global_south_demographic_increase_plan_1_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_global_south_demographic_increase_plan_1-143"><span>[</span>138<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>On March 1, 2014, <i>The Economist</i> in an article titled "The Future of Wikipedia" cited a trend analysis concerning data published by Wikimedia stating that: "The number of editors for the English-language version has fallen by a third in seven years."<sup id="cite_ref-economist1_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist1-144"><span>[</span>139<span>]</span></a></sup> The attrition rate for active editors in English Wikipedia was cited by <i>The Economist</i> as substantially in contrast to statistics for Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia). <i>The Economist</i> reported that the number of contributors with an average of five of more edits per month was relatively constant since 2008 for Wikipedia in other languages at approximately 42,000 editors within narrow seasonal variances of about 2,000 editors up or down. The attrition rates for editors in English Wikipedia, by sharp comparison, were cited as peaking in 2007 at approximately 50,000 editors which has dropped to 30,000 editors as of the start of 2014. At the quoted trend rate, the number of active editors in English Wikipedia has lost approximately 20,000 editors to attrition since 2007, and the documented trend rate indicates the loss of another 20,000 editors by 2021, down to 10,000 active editors on English Wikipedia by 2021 if left unabated.<sup id="cite_ref-economist1_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist1-144"><span>[</span>139<span>]</span></a></sup> Given that the trend analysis published in <i>The Economist</i> presents the number of active editors for Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia) as remaining relatively constant and successful in sustaining its numbers at approximately 42,000 active editors, the contrast has pointed to the effectiveness of Wikipedia in other languages to retain its active editors on a renewable and sustained basis.<sup id="cite_ref-economist1_144-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist1-144"><span>[</span>139<span>]</span></a></sup> No comment was made concerning which of the differentiated edit policy standards from Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia) would provide a possible alternative to English Wikipedia for effectively ameliorating substantial editor attrition rates on the English language Wikipedia.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span>[</span>140<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Critical_reception">Critical reception</span></h2> +<div class="hatnote">See also: <a href="/wiki/Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia" title="Academic studies about Wikipedia">Academic studies about Wikipedia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Wikipedia" title="Criticism of Wikipedia">Criticism of Wikipedia</a></div> +<p>Several Wikipedians have <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Wikipedia#Excessive_regulation" title="Criticism of Wikipedia">criticized Wikipedia's large and growing regulation</a>, which includes over 50 policies and nearly 150,000 words as of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-bureaucracy_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bureaucracy-146"><span>[</span>141<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span>[</span>142<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>Critics have stated that Wikipedia exhibits <a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">systemic bias</a>. Columnist and journalist <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Black" title="Edwin Black">Edwin Black</a> criticizes Wikipedia for being a mixture of "truth, half truth, and some falsehoods".<sup id="cite_ref-EdwinBlack_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EdwinBlack-18"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> Articles in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicle_of_Higher_Education" title="The Chronicle of Higher Education">The Chronicle of Higher Education</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Academic_Librarianship" title="The Journal of Academic Librarianship">The Journal of Academic Librarianship</a></i> have criticized Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Undue" title="Wikipedia:Undue" class="mw-redirect">Undue Weight</a> policy, concluding that the fact that Wikipedia explicitly is not designed to provide correct information about a subject, but rather only present <span class="clarify-content" style="background-color: #fff9f9; color: DarkSlateGray;">the majority “weight” of viewpoints</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Clarify" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="This passage needs to be better explained. (February 2015)">clarify</span></a></i>]</sup>, creates omissions which can lead to false beliefs based on incomplete information.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span>[</span>143<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span>[</span>144<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span>[</span>145<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>Journalists <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Kamm" title="Oliver Kamm">Oliver Kamm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Black" title="Edwin Black">Edwin Black</a> noted how articles are dominated by the loudest and most persistent voices, usually by a group with an "ax to grind" on the topic.<sup id="cite_ref-EdwinBlack_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EdwinBlack-18"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-okw_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-okw-151"><span>[</span>146<span>]</span></a></sup> An article in <i><a href="/wiki/Education_Next" title="Education Next" class="mw-redirect">Education Next</a></i> Journal concluded that as a resource about controversial topics, Wikipedia is notoriously subject to manipulation and <a href="/wiki/Spin_(public_relations)" title="Spin (public relations)">spin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Petrilli_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrilli-19"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>In 2006, the <i>Wikipedia Watch</i> criticism website listed dozens of examples of <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">plagiarism</a> in the English Wikipedia.<sup id="cite_ref-wwplagiarism_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwplagiarism-152"><span>[</span>147<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Accuracy_of_content">Accuracy of content</span></h3> +<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reliability_of_Wikipedia" title="Reliability of Wikipedia">Reliability of Wikipedia</a></div> +<p>Articles for traditional encyclopedias such as <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> are carefully and deliberately written by experts, lending such encyclopedias a reputation for accuracy.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span>[</span>148<span>]</span></a></sup> Conversely, Wikipedia is often cited for factual inaccuracies and misrepresentations. However, a peer review in 2005 of forty-two scientific entries on both Wikipedia and <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> by the science journal <i>Nature</i> found few differences in accuracy, and concluded that "the average science entry in Wikipedia contained around four inaccuracies; <i>Britannica</i>, about three."<sup id="cite_ref-GilesJ2005Internet_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GilesJ2005Internet-17"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> Reagle suggested that while the study reflects "a topical strength of Wikipedia contributors" in science articles, "Wikipedia may not have fared so well using a random sampling of articles or on humanities subjects."<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span>[</span>149<span>]</span></a></sup> The findings by <i>Nature</i> were disputed by <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-corporate.britannica.com_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corporate.britannica.com-155"><span>[</span>150<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nature.com_britannica_response_1_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature.com_britannica_response_1-156"><span>[</span>151<span>]</span></a></sup> and in response, <i>Nature</i> gave a rebuttal of the points raised by <i>Britannica</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-nature.com_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature.com-157"><span>[</span>152<span>]</span></a></sup> In addition to the point-for-point disagreement between these two parties, others have examined the sample size and selection method used in the <i>Nature</i> effort, and suggested a "flawed study design" (in <i>Nature</i> 's manual selection of articles, in part or in whole, for comparison), absence of statistical analysis (e.g., of reported <a href="/wiki/Confidence_interval" title="Confidence interval">confidence intervals</a>), and a lack of study "statistical power" (i.e., owing to small sample size, 42 or 4 x 10<sup>1</sup> articles compared, vs >10<sup>5</sup> and >10<sup>6</sup> set sizes for <i>Britannica</i> and the English Wikipedia, respectively).<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span>[</span>153<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>As a consequence of the open structure, Wikipedia "makes no guarantee of validity" of its content, since no one is ultimately responsible for any claims appearing in it.<sup id="cite_ref-WP_general_disclaimer_1_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_general_disclaimer_1-159"><span>[</span>154<span>]</span></a></sup> Concerns have been raised by <i>PC World</i> in 2009 regarding the lack of <a href="/wiki/Accountability" title="Accountability">accountability</a> that results from users' anonymity,<sup id="cite_ref-WikipediaWatch_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WikipediaWatch-160"><span>[</span>155<span>]</span></a></sup> the insertion of false information,<sup id="cite_ref-pcworld_WP_blunders_1_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pcworld_WP_blunders_1-161"><span>[</span>156<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vandalism_on_Wikipedia" title="Vandalism on Wikipedia">vandalism</a>, and similar problems.</p> +<p>Economist <a href="/wiki/Tyler_Cowen" title="Tyler Cowen">Tyler Cowen</a> wrote: "If I had to guess whether Wikipedia or the median refereed journal article on economics was more likely to be true, after a not so long think I would opt for Wikipedia." He comments that some traditional sources of non-fiction suffer from systemic biases and novel results, in his opinion, are over-reported in journal articles and relevant information is omitted from news reports. However, he also cautions that errors are frequently found on Internet sites, and that academics and experts must be vigilant in correcting them.<sup id="cite_ref-tnr_experts_vigilant_in_correcting_WP_1_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tnr_experts_vigilant_in_correcting_WP_1-162"><span>[</span>157<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>Critics argue that Wikipedia's open nature and a lack of proper sources for most of the information makes it unreliable.<sup id="cite_ref-TNY_reliability_issues_1_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TNY_reliability_issues_1-163"><span>[</span>158<span>]</span></a></sup> Some commentators suggest that Wikipedia may be reliable, but that the reliability of any given article is not clear.<sup id="cite_ref-AcademiaAndWikipedia_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AcademiaAndWikipedia-164"><span>[</span>159<span>]</span></a></sup> Editors of traditional <a href="/wiki/Reference_work" title="Reference work">reference works</a> such as the <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> have questioned the project's <a href="/wiki/Utility" title="Utility">utility</a> and status as an encyclopedia.<sup id="cite_ref-McHenry_2004_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McHenry_2004-165"><span>[</span>160<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<table class="infobox" style="width:22em;width: 210px; float: right; clear: right; margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em"> +<caption>External video</caption> +<tr> +<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align: left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.de/inside-wikipedia-attack-of-the-pr-industry/av-17745881">Inside Wikipedia - Attack of the PR Industry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>, 7:13 mins<sup id="cite_ref-dw_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dw-166"><span>[</span>161<span>]</span></a></sup></td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>Wikipedia's open structure inherently makes it an easy target for Internet <a href="/wiki/Troll_(Internet)" title="Troll (Internet)" class="mw-redirect">trolls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spam_(electronic)" title="Spam (electronic)" class="mw-redirect">spammers</a>, and various forms of paid advocacy seen as counterproductive to the maintenance of a neutral and verifiable online encyclopedia.<sup id="cite_ref-Torsten_Kleinz_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torsten_Kleinz-70"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-citizendium_WP_trolling_issues_1_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citizendium_WP_trolling_issues_1-167"><span>[</span>162<span>]</span></a></sup> In response to <a href="/wiki/Conflict-of-interest_editing_on_Wikipedia" title="Conflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia">paid advocacy editing</a> and undisclosed editing issues, Wikipedia was reported in an article by Jeff Elder in <i>The Wall Street Journal</i> on June 16, 2014 to have strengthened its rules and laws against undisclosed editing.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-168"><span>[</span>163<span>]</span></a></sup> The article stated that: "Beginning Monday (from date of article), changes in Wikipedia's terms of use will require anyone paid to edit articles to disclose that arrangement. Katherine Maher, the nonprofit Wikimedia Foundation's chief communications officer, said the changes address a sentiment among volunteer editors that, 'we're not an advertising service; we're an encyclopedia.'"<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-168"><span>[</span>163<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DeathByWikipedia_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeathByWikipedia-169"><span>[</span>164<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cnet_politicians_and_WP_1_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnet_politicians_and_WP_1-170"><span>[</span>165<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-msnbc_MS_cash_for_WP_edits_1_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msnbc_MS_cash_for_WP_edits_1-171"><span>[</span>166<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Seeing_Corporate_Fingerprints_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seeing_Corporate_Fingerprints-172"><span>[</span>167<span>]</span></a></sup> These issues, among others, had been parodied since the first decade of Wikipedia, notably by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Stephen Colbert</a> on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Colbert_Report" title="The Colbert Report">The Colbert Report</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-wikiality_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikiality-173"><span>[</span>168<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>Most university <a href="/wiki/Lecturer" title="Lecturer">lecturers</a> discourage students from citing any encyclopedia in <a href="/wiki/Academia" title="Academia">academic work</a>, preferring <a href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">primary sources</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-WideWorldOfWikipedia_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WideWorldOfWikipedia-174"><span>[</span>169<span>]</span></a></sup> some specifically prohibit Wikipedia citations.<sup id="cite_ref-insidehighered_against_WP_1_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insidehighered_against_WP_1-175"><span>[</span>170<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-insidehighered_wiki_no_cite_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insidehighered_wiki_no_cite-176"><span>[</span>171<span>]</span></a></sup> Wales stresses that encyclopedias of any type are not usually appropriate to use as citeable sources, and should not be relied upon as authoritative.<sup id="cite_ref-AWorkInProgress_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWorkInProgress-177"><span>[</span>172<span>]</span></a></sup> Wales once (2006 or earlier) said he receives about ten <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">emails</a> weekly from students saying they got failing grades on papers because they cited Wikipedia; he told the students they got what they deserved. "For God's sake, you're in college; don't cite the encyclopedia", he said.<sup id="cite_ref-Jimmy_Wales_don.27t_cite_WP_1_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jimmy_Wales_don.27t_cite_WP_1-178"><span>[</span>173<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>In February 2007, an article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Harvard_Crimson" title="The Harvard Crimson">The Harvard Crimson</a></i> newspaper reported that a few of the professors at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> include Wikipedia in their <a href="/wiki/Syllabus" title="Syllabus">syllabi</a>, but that there is a split in their perception of using Wikipedia.<sup id="cite_ref-thecrimson_wiki_debate_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thecrimson_wiki_debate-179"><span>[</span>174<span>]</span></a></sup> In June 2007, former president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gorman_(librarian)" title="Michael Gorman (librarian)">Michael Gorman</a> condemned Wikipedia, along with <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-stothart_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stothart-180"><span>[</span>175<span>]</span></a></sup> stating that academics who endorse the use of Wikipedia are "the intellectual equivalent of a dietitian who recommends a steady diet of Big Macs with everything".</p> +<p>A Harvard law textbook, <i>Legal Research in a Nutshell</i> (2011), cites Wikipedia as a "general source" that "can be a real boon" in "coming up to speed in the law governing a situation" and, "while not authoritative, can provide basic facts as well as leads to more in-depth resources".<sup id="cite_ref-Nutshell_in-depth_resources_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nutshell_in-depth_resources-181"><span>[</span>176<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Medical_information">Medical information</span></h4> +<p><span id="Medical_information"></span></p> +<div class="hatnote">See also: <a href="/wiki/Health_information_on_Wikipedia" title="Health information on Wikipedia">Health information on Wikipedia</a></div> +<p>On March 5, 2014, Julie Beck writing for <i>The Atlantic</i> magazine in an article titled "Doctors' #1 Source for Healthcare Information: Wikipedia", stated that "Fifty percent of physicians look up conditions on the (Wikipedia) site, and some are editing articles themselves to improve the quality of available information."<sup id="cite_ref-Julie_Beck_2014_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Julie_Beck_2014-182"><span>[</span>177<span>]</span></a></sup> Beck continued to detail in this article new programs of Dr. Amin Azzam at the University of San Francisco to offer medical school courses to medical students for learning to edit and improve <a href="/wiki/Health_information_on_Wikipedia" title="Health information on Wikipedia">Wikipedia articles on health-related issues</a>, as well as internal quality control programs within Wikipedia organized by Dr. <a href="/wiki/James_Heilman" title="James Heilman">James Heilman</a> to improve a group of 200 health-related articles of central medical importance up to Wikipedia's highest standard of peer review evaluated articles using its Featured Article and Good Article peer review evaluation standards.<sup id="cite_ref-Julie_Beck_2014_182-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Julie_Beck_2014-182"><span>[</span>177<span>]</span></a></sup> In a May 7, 2014 follow-up article in <i>The Atlantic</i> titled "Can Wikipedia Ever Be a Definitive Medical Text?", Julie Beck quotes Wikiproject Medicine's Dr. James Heilman as stating: "Just because a reference is peer-reviewed doesn't mean it's a high-quality reference."<sup id="cite_ref-theatlantic.com_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theatlantic.com-183"><span>[</span>178<span>]</span></a></sup> Beck added that: "Wikipedia has its own peer review process before articles can be classified as 'good' or 'featured.' Heilman, who has participated in that process before, says 'less than 1 percent' of Wikipedia's medical articles have passed.<sup id="cite_ref-theatlantic.com_183-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theatlantic.com-183"><span>[</span>178<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Quality_of_writing">Quality of writing</span></h3> +<p>Because contributors usually rewrite small portions of an entry rather than making full-length revisions, high- and low-quality content may be intermingled within an entry. <a href="/wiki/Roy_Rosenzweig" title="Roy Rosenzweig">Roy Rosenzweig</a>, a history professor, stated that <i>American National Biography Online</i> outperformed Wikipedia in terms of its "clear and engaging prose", which, he said, was an important aspect of good historical writing.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenzweig_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenzweig-184"><span>[</span>179<span>]</span></a></sup> Contrasting Wikipedia's treatment of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> to that of <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> historian <a href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. McPherson">James McPherson</a> in <i>American National Biography Online</i>, he said that both were essentially accurate and covered the major episodes in Lincoln's life, but praised "McPherson's richer contextualization [...] his artful use of quotations to capture Lincoln's voice [...] and [...] his ability to convey a profound message in a handful of words." By contrast, he gives an example of Wikipedia's prose that he finds "both verbose and dull". Rosenzweig also criticized the "waffling—encouraged by the npov policy—[which] means that it is hard to discern any overall interpretive stance in Wikipedia history". By example, he quoted the conclusion of Wikipedia's article on <a href="/wiki/William_Clarke_Quantrill" title="William Clarke Quantrill" class="mw-redirect">William Clarke Quantrill</a>. While generally praising the article, he pointed out its "waffling" conclusion: "Some historians [...] remember him as an opportunistic, bloodthirsty outlaw, while others continue to view him as a daring soldier and local folk hero."<sup id="cite_ref-Rosenzweig_184-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenzweig-184"><span>[</span>179<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>Other critics have made similar charges that, even if Wikipedia articles are factually accurate, they are often written in a poor, almost unreadable style. Frequent Wikipedia critic Andrew Orlowski commented: "Even when a Wikipedia entry is 100 per cent factually correct, and those facts have been carefully chosen, it all too often reads as if it has been translated from one language to another then into to a third, passing an illiterate translator at each stage."<sup id="cite_ref-theregister_Wales_WP_founder_on_quality_1_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theregister_Wales_WP_founder_on_quality_1-185"><span>[</span>180<span>]</span></a></sup> A study of articles on <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> was undertaken in 2010 by Yaacov Lawrence of the Kimmel Cancer Center at <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_University" title="Thomas Jefferson University">Thomas Jefferson University</a> limited to those Wikipedia articles which could be found in the <i>Physician Data Query</i> and excluding Wikipedia articles written at the "start" class or the "stub" class level. Lawrence found the articles accurate but not very readable, and thought that "Wikipedia's lack of readability (to non-college readers) may reflect its varied origins and haphazard editing".<sup id="cite_ref-upi_accuracy_1_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-upi_accuracy_1-186"><span>[</span>181<span>]</span></a></sup> <i>The Economist</i> argued that better-written articles tend to be more reliable: "inelegant or ranting prose usually reflects muddled thoughts and incomplete information".<sup id="cite_ref-economist_incomplete_info_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist_incomplete_info-187"><span>[</span>182<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Coverage_of_topics_and_systemic_bias">Coverage of topics and systemic bias</span></h3> +<div class="hatnote">See also: <a href="/wiki/Notability_in_the_English_Wikipedia" title="Notability in the English Wikipedia">Notability in the English Wikipedia</a></div> +<p>Wikipedia seeks to create a summary of all <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> knowledge in the form of an online encyclopedia, with each topic covered encyclopedically in one article. Since it has <a href="/wiki/Terabyte" title="Terabyte">terabytes</a> of disk space, it can have far more topics than can be covered by any printed encyclopedia.<sup id="cite_ref-WP_advantages_over_trad_media_1_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_advantages_over_trad_media_1-188"><span>[</span>183<span>]</span></a></sup> The exact degree and manner of coverage on Wikipedia is under constant review by its editors, and disagreements are not uncommon (see <a href="/wiki/Deletionism_and_inclusionism_in_Wikipedia" title="Deletionism and inclusionism in Wikipedia">deletionism and inclusionism</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Economist_disagreements_not_uncommon_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist_disagreements_not_uncommon-189"><span>[</span>184<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-telegraph_WP_torn_apart_1_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph_WP_torn_apart_1-190"><span>[</span>185<span>]</span></a></sup> Wikipedia contains materials that some people may find objectionable, offensive, or pornographic because <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_censored" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not" class="mw-redirect">Wikipedia is not censored</a>. The policy has sometimes proved controversial: in 2008, Wikipedia rejected an online petition against the inclusion of <a href="/wiki/Online_petition_on_Wikipedia_Muhammad_article" title="Online petition on Wikipedia Muhammad article" class="mw-redirect">images of Muhammad</a> in the <a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English Wikipedia">English edition</a> of its <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> article, citing this policy. The presence of politically, religiously, and pornographically sensitive materials in Wikipedia has led to the <a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_Wikipedia" title="Censorship of Wikipedia">censorship of Wikipedia</a> by national authorities in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-191"><span>[</span>186<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-washington_post_state_censorship_1_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washington_post_state_censorship_1-192"><span>[</span>187<span>]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_child_image_censored_1_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_child_image_censored_1-193"><span>[</span>188<span>]</span></a></sup> among other countries.</p> +<div class="thumb tright"> +<div class="thumbinner" style="width:502px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_content_by_subject.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Wikipedia_content_by_subject.png/500px-Wikipedia_content_by_subject.png" width="500" height="322" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Wikipedia_content_by_subject.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Wikipedia_content_by_subject.png 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="382" /></a> +<div class="thumbcaption"> +<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_content_by_subject.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> +Pie chart of Wikipedia content by subject as of January 2008<sup id="cite_ref-Kittur2009_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kittur2009-194"><span>[</span>189<span>]</span></a></sup></div> +</div> +</div> +<p>A 2008 study conducted by researchers at Carnegie Mellon University and Palo Alto Research Center gave a distribution of topics as well as growth (from July 2006 to January 2008) in each field:<sup id="cite_ref-Kittur2009_194-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kittur2009-194"><span>[</span>189<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;"> +<ul> +<li>Culture and the arts: 30% (210%)</li> +<li>Biographies and persons: 15% (97%)</li> +<li>Geography and places: 14% (52%)</li> +<li>Society and social sciences: 12% (83%)</li> +<li>History and events: 11% (143%)</li> +<li>Natural and physical sciences: 9% (213%)</li> +<li>Technology and the applied sciences: 4% (−6%)</li> +<li>Religions and belief systems: 2% (38%)</li> +<li>Health: 2% (42%)</li> +<li>Mathematics and logic: 1% (146%)</li> +<li>Thought and philosophy: 1% (160%)</li> +</ul> +</div> +<p>These numbers refer only to the quantity of articles: it is possible for one topic to contain a large number of short articles and another to contain a small number of large ones. Through its "<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Loves_Libraries" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Loves Libraries">Wikipedia Loves Libraries</a>" program, Wikipedia has partnered with major public libraries such as the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="New York Public Library for the Performing Arts">New York Public Library for the Performing Arts</a> to expand its coverage of underrepresented subjects and articles.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_subjects_and_articles_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_subjects_and_articles-195"><span>[</span>190<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>A 2011 study conducted by researchers at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a> indicated that male and female editors focus on different coverage topics. There was a greater concentration of females in the People and Arts category, while males focus more on Geography and Science.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span>[</span>191<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Coverage_of_topics_and_selection_bias">Coverage of topics and selection bias</span></h4> +<p>Research conducted by the Oxford Internet Institute has shown that the geographic distribution of article topics is highly uneven. <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> is most underrepresented.<sup id="cite_ref-zerogeography_places_coverage_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zerogeography_places_coverage-197"><span>[</span>192<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>A "selection bias" may arise when more words per article are devoted to one public figure than a rival public figure. Editors may dispute suspected biases and discuss controversial articles, sometimes at great length.</p> +<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Systemic_bias">Systemic bias</span></h4> +<p>When multiple editors contribute to one topic or set of topics, there may arise a <a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">systemic bias</a>, such as non-opposite definitions for apparent antonyms. In 2011, Wales noted that the unevenness of coverage is a reflection of the demography of the editors, which predominantly consists of young males with high education levels in the developed world (cf. previously).<sup id="cite_ref-wiki-women_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiki-women-47"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup> The October 22, 2013, essay by Tom Simonite in MIT's <i>Technology Review</i> titled "The Decline of Wikipedia" discussed the effect of systemic bias and <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Wikipedia#Excessive_regulation" title="Criticism of Wikipedia">policy creep</a> on the <a href="#Decline_in_participation_since_2009">downward trend in the number of editors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Simonite-2013_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simonite-2013-48"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p><a href="/wiki/Bias_in_Wikipedia" title="Bias in Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect">Systemic bias on Wikipedia</a> may follow that of culture generally, for example favouring certain ethnicities or majority religions.<sup id="cite_ref-Quilter_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quilter-198"><span>[</span>193<span>]</span></a></sup> It may more specifically follow the biases of <a href="/wiki/Internet_culture" title="Internet culture" class="mw-redirect">Internet culture</a>, inclining to being young, male, English-speaking, educated, technologically aware, and wealthy enough to spare time for editing. Biases of its own may include over-emphasis on topics such as pop culture, technology, and current events.<sup id="cite_ref-Quilter_198-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quilter-198"><span>[</span>193<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>Taha Yasseri of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>, in 2013, studied the statistical trends of systemic bias at Wikipedia introduced by editing conflicts and their resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span>[</span>194<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-200"><span>[</span>195<span>]</span></a></sup> His research examined the <a href="/wiki/Counterproductive_work_behavior" title="Counterproductive work behavior">counterproductive work behavior</a> of edit warring. Yasseri contended that simple reverts or "undo" operations were not the most significant measure of counterproductive behavior at Wikipedia and relied instead on the statistical measurement of detecting "reverting/reverted pairs" or "mutually reverting edit pairs." Such a "mutually reverting edit pair" is defined where one editor reverts the edit of another editor who then, in sequence, returns to revert the first editor in the "mutually reverting edit pairs." The results were tabulated for several language versions of Wikipedia. The English Wikipedia's three largest conflict rates belonged to the articles <i><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_200-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-200"><span>[</span>195<span>]</span></a></sup> By comparison, for the German Wikipedia, the three largest conflict rates at the time of the Oxford study were for the articles covering (i) <i><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></i>, (ii) <i><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></i> and (iii) <i><a href="/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">9/11 conspiracy theories</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_200-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-200"><span>[</span>195<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Explicit_content">Explicit content</span></h3> +<div class="hatnote">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_objectionable_content" title="Category:Wikipedia objectionable content">Wikipedia objectionable content</a></div> +<div class="hatnote">See also: <a href="/wiki/Internet_Watch_Foundation_and_Wikipedia" title="Internet Watch Foundation and Wikipedia">Internet Watch Foundation and Wikipedia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reporting_of_child_pornography_images_on_Wikimedia_Commons" title="Reporting of child pornography images on Wikimedia Commons">Reporting of child pornography images on Wikimedia Commons</a></div> +<table class="rquote floatright" role="presentation" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; float:right; margin:0.5em 0.75em; width:33%;"> +<tr style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"> +<td style="color:#b2b7f2; font-size:3.3em; font-family:'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; padding:4px 2px 2px; width:0.5em; line-height: 1em;">“</td> +<td style="padding:0 10px;">Problem? What problem? So, you didn't know that Wikipedia has a porn problem?</td> +<td style="color:#b2b7f2; font-size:3.3em; font-family:'Times New Roman',serif; font-weight:bold; padding:4px 2px 2px; text-align:right; vertical-align:bottom; width:0.5em; line-height: 1em;">”</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="rquotecite" colspan="3" style="padding-top:10px;"> +<div style="font-size:smaller; line-height:1em; text-align:right"><cite>— Larry Sanger, <sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-201"><span>[</span>196<span>]</span></a></sup></cite></div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<p>Wikipedia has been criticized for allowing information of graphic content. Articles depicting arguably objectionable content (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">Feces</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cadaver" title="Cadaver">Cadaver</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">Human penis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">Vulva</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Nudity" title="Nudity">Nudity</a></i>) contain graphic pictures and detailed information easily available to anyone with access to the internet, including children.</p> +<p>The site also includes <a href="/wiki/Sexual_content" title="Sexual content">sexual content</a> such as images and videos of <a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">masturbation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">ejaculation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_nudity" title="Child nudity" class="mw-redirect">photographs of nude children</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoophilia" title="Zoophilia">illustrations of zoophilia</a>, and photos from <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">hardcore pornographic</a> films in its articles.</p> +<p>The Wikipedia article about <i><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Killer" title="Virgin Killer">Virgin Killer</a>—</i>a 1976 album from <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> <a href="/wiki/Rock_band" title="Rock band" class="mw-redirect">band</a> <a href="/wiki/Scorpions_(band)" title="Scorpions (band)">Scorpions</a>—features a picture of the album's original cover, which depicts a naked <a href="/wiki/Prepubescent" title="Prepubescent" class="mw-redirect">prepubescent</a> girl. The original release cover caused controversy and was replaced in some countries. In December 2008, access to the Wikipedia article <i><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Killer" title="Virgin Killer">Virgin Killer</a></i> was blocked for four days by most <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service providers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> after it was reported by a member of the public as <a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">child pornography</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Register_ISP_censorship_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Register_ISP_censorship-202"><span>[</span>197<span>]</span></a></sup> to the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Watch_Foundation" title="Internet Watch Foundation">Internet Watch Foundation</a> (IWF), which issues a stop list to Internet service providers. IWF, a non-profit, non-government-affiliated organization, later criticized the inclusion of the picture as "distasteful".<sup id="cite_ref-WP_free_speech_debate_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_free_speech_debate-203"><span>[</span>198<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>In April 2010, Sanger wrote a letter to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, outlining his concerns that two categories of images on <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> contained child pornography, and were in violation of <a href="/wiki/United_States_obscenity_law" title="United States obscenity law">US federal obscenity law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Inquirer_child_abuse_allegations_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inquirer_child_abuse_allegations-204"><span>[</span>199<span>]</span></a></sup> Sanger later clarified that the images, which were related to <a href="/wiki/Pedophilia" title="Pedophilia">pedophilia</a> and one about <a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">lolicon</a>, were not of real children, but said that they constituted "obscene visual representations of the sexual abuse of children", under the <a href="/wiki/Child_pornography_laws_in_the_United_States#Section_1466A" title="Child pornography laws in the United States">PROTECT Act of 2003</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Register-April_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Register-April-205"><span>[</span>200<span>]</span></a></sup> That law bans photographic child pornography and cartoon images and drawings of children that are <a href="/wiki/Obscenity#United_States_obscenity_law" title="Obscenity">obscene under American law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Register-April_205-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Register-April-205"><span>[</span>200<span>]</span></a></sup> Sanger also expressed concerns about access to the images on Wikipedia in schools.<sup id="cite_ref-TET_child_porn_accusations_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TET_child_porn_accusations-206"><span>[</span>201<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a> spokesman Jay Walsh strongly rejected Sanger's accusation,<sup id="cite_ref-AFP_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP-207"><span>[</span>202<span>]</span></a></sup> saying that Wikipedia did not have "material we would deem to be illegal. If we did, we would remove it."<sup id="cite_ref-AFP_207-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP-207"><span>[</span>202<span>]</span></a></sup> Following the complaint by Sanger, Wales deleted sexual images without consulting the community. After some editors who volunteer to maintain the site argued that the decision to delete had been made hastily, Wales voluntarily gave up some of the powers he had held up to that time as part of his co-founder status. He wrote in a message to the Wikimedia Foundation mailing-list that this action was "in the interest of encouraging this discussion to be about real philosophical/content issues, rather than be about me and how quickly I acted".<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News_Wales_cedes_rights_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_Wales_cedes_rights-208"><span>[</span>203<span>]</span></a></sup> Critics, including <a href="/wiki/Wikipediocracy" title="Wikipediocracy">Wikipediocracy</a>, noticed that many of the pornographic images deleted from Wikipedia since 2010 have reappeared.<sup id="cite_ref-XBIZ_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XBIZ-209"><span>[</span>204<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Privacy">Privacy</span></h3> +<p>One <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a> concern in the case of Wikipedia is the right of a private citizen to remain a "private citizen" rather than a "<a href="/wiki/Public_figure" title="Public figure">public figure</a>" in the eyes of the law.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span>[</span>205<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span>[</span>notes 6<span>]</span></a></sup> It is a battle between the right to be anonymous in <a href="/wiki/Cyberspace" title="Cyberspace">cyberspace</a> and the right to be anonymous in <a href="/wiki/Real_life" title="Real life">real life</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Meatspace" title="Meatspace" class="mw-redirect">meatspace</a>"). A particular problem occurs in the case of an individual who is relatively unimportant and for whom there exists a Wikipedia page against her or his wishes.</p> +<p>In January 2006, a German court ordered the <a href="/wiki/German_Wikipedia" title="German Wikipedia">German Wikipedia</a> shut down within Germany because it stated the full name of <a href="/wiki/Tron_(hacker)" title="Tron (hacker)">Boris Floricic</a>, aka "Tron", a deceased hacker. On February 9, 2006, the injunction against Wikimedia Deutschland was overturned, with the court rejecting the notion that Tron's right to privacy or that of his parents was being violated.<sup id="cite_ref-heise_Tron_public_issue_1_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heise_Tron_public_issue_1-212"><span>[</span>206<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>Wikipedia has a "<span id="Volunteer_Response_Team">Volunteer Response Team</span>" that uses the <a href="/wiki/OTRS" title="OTRS">OTRS</a> system to handle queries without having to reveal the identities of the involved parties. This is used, for example, in confirming the permission for using individual images and other media in the project.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span>[</span>207<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sexism">Sexism</span></h3> +<p>Wikipedia has been described as harboring a battleground culture of <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">harassment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span>[</span>208<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span>[</span>209<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Operation">Operation</span></h2> +<p>A group of Wikipedia editors may form a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject">WikiProject</a> to focus their work on a specific topic area, using its associated discussion page to coordinate changes across multiple articles.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span>[</span>210<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Wikimedia_Foundation_and_the_Wikimedia_chapters">Wikimedia Foundation and the Wikimedia chapters</span></h3> +<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a></div> +<div class="thumb tright"> +<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikimedia_Foundation_RGB_logo_with_text.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Wikimedia_Foundation_RGB_logo_with_text.svg/170px-Wikimedia_Foundation_RGB_logo_with_text.svg.png" width="170" height="170" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Wikimedia_Foundation_RGB_logo_with_text.svg/255px-Wikimedia_Foundation_RGB_logo_with_text.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Wikimedia_Foundation_RGB_logo_with_text.svg/340px-Wikimedia_Foundation_RGB_logo_with_text.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a> +<div class="thumbcaption"> +<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikimedia_Foundation_RGB_logo_with_text.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> +<a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a> logo</div> +</div> +</div> +<p>Wikipedia is hosted and funded by the <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a>, a non-profit organization which also operates Wikipedia-related projects such as <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks" title="Wikibooks">Wikibooks</a>. The foundation relies on public contributions and grants to fund its mission.<sup id="cite_ref-financialstatements_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-financialstatements-217"><span>[</span>211<span>]</span></a></sup> Wikimedia chapters, local associations of users and supporters of the Wikimedia projects also participate in the promotion, development, and funding of the project. The foundation's 2013 IRS Form 990 shows revenue of $39.7 million and expenses of almost $29 million, with assets of $37.2 million and liabilities of about $2.3 million.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span>[</span>212<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>In May 2014, Wikimedia Foundation named <a href="/wiki/Lila_Tretikov" title="Lila Tretikov">Lila Tretikov</a> as its new executive director, taking over for Sue Gardner.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span>[</span>213<span>]</span></a></sup> The <i>Wall Street Journal</i> reported on May 1, 2014 that Tretikov's information technology background from her years at University of California offers Wikipedia an opportunity to develop in more concentrated directions guided by her often repeated position statement that, "Information, like air, wants to be free."<sup id="cite_ref-Jeff_Elder_2014_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeff_Elder_2014-220"><span>[</span>214<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-221"><span>[</span>215<span>]</span></a></sup> The same <i>Wall Street Journal</i> article reported these directions of development according to an interview with spokesman Jay Walsh of Wikimedia who "said Tretikov would address that issue (<a href="/wiki/Conflict-of-interest_editing_on_Wikipedia" title="Conflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia">paid advocacy</a>) as a priority. 'We are really pushing toward more transparency... We are reinforcing that paid advocacy is not welcome.' Initiatives to involve greater diversity of contributors, better mobile support of Wikipedia, new geo-location tools to find local content more easily, and more tools for users in the second and third world are also priorities, Walsh said."<sup id="cite_ref-Jeff_Elder_2014_220-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeff_Elder_2014-220"><span>[</span>214<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Software_operations_and_support">Software operations and support</span></h3> +<div class="hatnote">See also: <a href="/wiki/MediaWiki" title="MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a></div> +<p>The operation of Wikipedia depends on <a href="/wiki/MediaWiki" title="MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a>, a custom-made, <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open_source_software" title="Open source software" class="mw-redirect">open source</a> <a href="/wiki/Wiki_software" title="Wiki software">wiki software</a> platform written in <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a> and built upon the <a href="/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a> database system.<sup id="cite_ref-nedworks_database_system_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nedworks_database_system-222"><span>[</span>216<span>]</span></a></sup> The software incorporates programming features such as a <a href="/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">macro language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Variable_(programming)" title="Variable (programming)" class="mw-redirect">variables</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Transclusion" title="Transclusion">transclusion</a> system for <a href="/wiki/Web_template" title="Web template" class="mw-redirect">templates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/URL_redirection" title="URL redirection">URL redirection</a>. MediaWiki is licensed under the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> and it is used by all Wikimedia projects, as well as many other wiki projects. Originally, Wikipedia ran on <a href="/wiki/UseModWiki" title="UseModWiki">UseModWiki</a> written in <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a> by Clifford Adams (Phase I), which initially required <a href="/wiki/CamelCase" title="CamelCase">CamelCase</a> for article hyperlinks; the present double bracket style was incorporated later. Starting in January 2002 (Phase II), Wikipedia began running on a <a href="/wiki/PhpWiki" title="PhpWiki">PHP wiki</a> engine with a MySQL database; this software was custom-made for Wikipedia by <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Manske" title="Magnus Manske">Magnus Manske</a>. The Phase II software was repeatedly modified to accommodate the <a href="/wiki/Exponential_growth" title="Exponential growth">exponentially increasing</a> demand. In July 2002 (Phase III), Wikipedia shifted to the third-generation software, MediaWiki, originally written by <a href="/wiki/Lee_Daniel_Crocker" title="Lee Daniel Crocker">Lee Daniel Crocker</a>.</p> +<p>Several MediaWiki extensions are installed<sup id="cite_ref-WP_extensions_installed_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_extensions_installed-223"><span>[</span>217<span>]</span></a></sup> to extend the functionality of the MediaWiki software.</p> +<p>In April 2005, a <a href="/wiki/Lucene" title="Lucene">Lucene</a> extension<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span>[</span>218<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span>[</span>219<span>]</span></a></sup> was added to MediaWiki's built-in search and Wikipedia switched from <a href="/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a> to Lucene for searching. The site currently uses Lucene Search 2.1,<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span>[</span>220<span>]</span></a></sup> which is written in <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> and based on Lucene library 2.3.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span>[</span>221<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>In July 2013, after extensive beta testing, a WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) extension, <a href="/wiki/VisualEditor" title="VisualEditor">VisualEditor</a>, was opened to public use.<sup id="cite_ref-thenextwebve_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thenextwebve-228"><span>[</span>222<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span>[</span>223<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TheEconomistVE_230-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheEconomistVE-230"><span>[</span>224<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-softpedia-best_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-softpedia-best-231"><span>[</span>225<span>]</span></a></sup> It was met with much rejection and criticism, and was described as "slow and buggy".<sup id="cite_ref-Orlowski.2C_Andrew_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orlowski.2C_Andrew-232"><span>[</span>226<span>]</span></a></sup> The feature was turned off afterward.</p> +<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Automated_editing">Automated editing</span></h3> +<p>Computer programs called <a href="/wiki/Internet_bot" title="Internet bot">bots</a> have been used widely to perform simple and repetitive tasks, such as correcting common misspellings and stylistic issues, or to start articles such as geography entries in a standard format from statistical data.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span>[</span>227<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-meetbots_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meetbots-234"><span>[</span>228<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span>[</span>229<span>]</span></a></sup> One controversial contributor massively creating articles with his bot was reported to create up to ten thousand articles on the Swedish Wikipedia on certain days.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span>[</span>230<span>]</span></a></sup> There are also some bots designed to automatically warn editors making common editing errors (such as unmatched quotes or unmatched parenthesis).<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span>[</span>231<span>]</span></a></sup> Edits misidentified by a bot as the work of a banned editor can be restored by other editors. <a href="/wiki/User:ClueBot_NG" title="User:ClueBot NG">An anti-vandal bot</a> tries to detect and revert vandalism quickly and automatically.<sup id="cite_ref-meetbots_234-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meetbots-234"><span>[</span>228<span>]</span></a></sup> Bots can also report edits from particular accounts or IP address ranges, as was done at the time of the MH17 jet downing incident in July 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span>[</span>232<span>]</span></a></sup> Bots on Wikipedia must be approved prior to activation.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span>[</span>233<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>According to <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lih" title="Andrew Lih">Andrew Lih</a>, the current expansion of Wikipedia to millions of articles would be difficult to envision without the use of such bots.<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span>[</span>234<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Wikiprojects.2C_and_assessments_of_articles.27_importance_and_quality">Wikiprojects, and assessments of articles' importance and quality</span></h3> +<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/WikiProject" title="WikiProject">WikiProject</a></div> +<p>A "<a href="/wiki/WikiProject" title="WikiProject">WikiProject</a>" is a <a href="/wiki/Social_group" title="Social group">group</a> of contributors who want to work together as a <a href="/wiki/Team" title="Team">team</a> to improve Wikipedia. These groups often focus on a specific topic area (for example, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">women's history</a>), a specific location or a specific kind of task (for example, checking newly created pages). The <a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English Wikipedia">English Wikipedia</a> currently has over <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Database_reports/WikiProjects_by_changes" title="Wikipedia:Database reports/WikiProjects by changes">2,000 WikiProjects</a> and activity varies.<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span>[</span>235<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>In 2007, in preparation for producing a print version, the English Wikipedia introduced an assessment scale of the quality of articles.<sup id="cite_ref-WP_1.0_editorial_team_1_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_1.0_editorial_team_1-242"><span>[</span>236<span>]</span></a></sup> Articles are rated by Wikiprojects. The range of quality classes begins with "Stub" (very short pages), followed by "Start", "C" and "B" (in increasing order of quality). Community peer review is needed for the article to enter one of the highest quality classes: either "A", "<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles" title="Wikipedia:Good articles">good article</a>" or the highest, "<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles" title="Wikipedia:Featured articles">featured article</a>". Of the about 4.4 million articles and lists assessed as of March 2015, a little more than 5000 (0.12%) are featured articles, and a little less than 2000 (0.04%) are featured lists. One featured article per day, as selected by editors, appears on the <a href="/wiki/Main_page" title="Main page" class="mw-redirect">main page</a> of Wikipedia.<sup id="cite_ref-FMonday_feat_article_patterns_1_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FMonday_feat_article_patterns_1-243"><span>[</span>237<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IBM_feat_articles_hidden_pattern_1_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBM_feat_articles_hidden_pattern_1-244"><span>[</span>238<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>The articles can also be rated as per "importance" as judged by a Wikiproject. Currently, there are 5 importance categories: "low", "mid", "high", "top", and "???" for unclassified/unsure level. For a particular article, different Wikiprojects may assign different importance levels.</p> +<p>The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Version_1.0_Editorial_Team" title="Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team">Wikipedia Version 1.0 Editorial Team</a> has developed a table (shown below) that displays data of all rated articles by quality and importance, on the English Wikipedia. <b>If an article or list receives different ratings by two or more Wikiprojects, then the highest rating is used in the table, pie-charts, and bar-chart.</b> The software regularly auto-updates the data.</p> +<p>Researcher Giacomo Poderi found that articles tend to reach featured status via the intensive work of a few editors.<sup id="cite_ref-Poderi_Giacomo_feat_articles_1_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poderi_Giacomo_feat_articles_1-245"><span>[</span>239<span>]</span></a></sup> A 2010 study found unevenness in quality among featured articles and concluded that the community process is ineffective in assessing the quality of articles.<sup id="cite_ref-FMonday_WP_quality_control_1_246-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FMonday_WP_quality_control_1-246"><span>[</span>240<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<div class="thumb tright"> +<div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> +<div style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden"> +<p><br /></p> +<p><br /></p> +<div class="transborder" style="position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:black"></div> +<div class="transborder" style="position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 137.82021170681px; border-left-color:purple"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:purple"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:purple"></div> +<div class="transborder" style="position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 88.273589137601px; border-left-color:red"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:red"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:red"></div> +<div class="transborder" style="position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 50.399772021864px 100px 0; border-right-color:orange"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:orange"></div> +<div class="transborder" style="position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:59.135092526365px; border-width:0 0 40.864907473635px 91.26915874035px; border-bottom-color:yellow"></div> +<div class="transborder" style="position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:83.054728989056px; border-width:0 0 16.945271010944px 98.553831941562px; border-bottom-color:lightgreen"></div> +<div class="transborder" style="position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:95.854286152471px; border-width:0 0 4.1457138475285px 99.91402832783px; border-bottom-color:darkgreen"></div> +<div class="transborder" style="position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:98.869050755034px; border-width:0 0 1.1309492449658px 99.993604564519px; border-bottom-color:lightblue"></div> +<div class="transborder" style="position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:99.057536156686px; border-width:0 0 0.9424638433144px 99.995558710895px; border-bottom-color:indigo"></div> +<div class="transborder" style="position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:99.308855118778px; border-width:0 0 0.69114488122233px 99.997611565243px; border-bottom-color:violet"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:0;top:0"><img alt="Circle frame.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/200px-Circle_frame.svg.png" width="200" height="200" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/300px-Circle_frame.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/400px-Circle_frame.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></div> +</div> +<div class="thumbcaption"> +<p><b>Quality-wise distribution of over 4.8 million articles and lists on the English Wikipedia, as of 3 April 2015<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup></b><sup id="cite_ref-en.wikipedia_247-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-en.wikipedia-247"><span>[</span>241<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:violet; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> Featured articles (0.11%)</div> +<div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:indigo; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> Featured lists (0.04%)</div> +<div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:lightblue; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> A class (0.03%)</div> +<div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:darkgreen; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> Good articles (0.48%)</div> +<div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:lightgreen; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> B class (2.05%)</div> +<div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:yellow; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> C class (3.99%)</div> +<div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:orange; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> Start class (25.73%)</div> +<div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:red; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> Stub class (54.08%)</div> +<div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:purple; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> Lists (3.50%)</div> +<div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:black; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> Unassessed (9.99%)</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<div style="float: right; padding-left: 7 px;"> +<div class="thumb tright"> +<div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> +<div style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden"> +<p><br /></p> +<p><br /></p> +<p><br /></p> +<p><br /></p> +<p><br /></p> +<div class="transborder" style="position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:fuchsia"></div> +<div class="transborder" style="position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:83.684075955104px 54.744638381675px 0 0; border-top-color:yellow"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:yellow"></div> +<div class="transborder" style="position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:14.215028120458px; border-width:0 0 85.784971879542px 51.390063238199px; border-bottom-color:blue"></div> +<div class="transborder" style="position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:74.401430588733px; border-width:0 0 25.598569411267px 96.668056999696px; border-bottom-color:green"></div> +<div class="transborder" style="position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:94.285416252053px; border-width:0 0 5.7145837479469px 99.836584139221px; border-bottom-color:red"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:0;top:0"><img alt="Circle frame.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/200px-Circle_frame.svg.png" width="200" height="200" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/300px-Circle_frame.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/400px-Circle_frame.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></div> +</div> +<div class="thumbcaption"> +<p><b>Importance-wise distribution of over 4.8 million articles and lists on the English Wikipedia, as of 5 April 2015<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup></b><sup id="cite_ref-en.wikipedia_247-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-en.wikipedia-247"><span>[</span>241<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:red; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> Top (0.91%)</div> +<div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:green; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> High (3.21%)</div> +<div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:blue; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> Medium (12.29%)</div> +<div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:yellow; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> Low (49.37%)</div> +<div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:fuchsia; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> ??? (34.22%)</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<table class="ratingstable wikitable plainlinks" style="text-align: right; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"> +<tr> +<th colspan="7" class="ratingstabletitle">All rated articles by quality and importance</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: bottom"><b>Quality</b></th> +<th colspan="6"><b>Importance</b></th> +</tr> +<tr> +<th class="import-top" style="text-align:center; background: #ff00ff;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Top-importance_articles" title="Category:Top-importance articles">Top</a></b></th> +<th class="import-high" style="text-align:center; background: #ff88ff;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:High-importance_articles" title="Category:High-importance articles">High</a></b></th> +<th class="import-mid" style="text-align:center; background: #ffbbff;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Mid-importance_articles" title="Category:Mid-importance articles">Mid</a></b></th> +<th class="import-low" style="text-align:center; background: #ffddff;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Low-importance_articles" title="Category:Low-importance articles">Low</a></b></th> +<th class="assess-" style="background: transparent; text-align: center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Unassessed-Class_articles" title="Category:Unassessed-Class articles">???</a></b></th> +<th style="text-align: center;"><b>Total</b></th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="assess-fa" style="background: #6699ff; text-align: center;"><span style="" title="Featured Article"><a href="/wiki/File:Featured_article_star.svg" class="image" title="Featured article"><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/16px-Featured_article_star.svg.png" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/24px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/32px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:FA-Class_articles" title="Category:FA-Class articles">FA</a></b></td> +<td>1,113</td> +<td>1,717</td> +<td>1,619</td> +<td>969</td> +<td>181</td> +<td><b>5,599</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="assess-fl" style="background: #6699ff; text-align: center;"><span style="" title="Featured List"><a href="/wiki/File:Featured_article_star.svg" class="image" title="Featured list"><img alt="Featured list" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/16px-Featured_article_star.svg.png" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/24px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Featured_article_star.svg/32px-Featured_article_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:FL-Class_articles" title="Category:FL-Class articles">FL</a></b></td> +<td>141</td> +<td>541</td> +<td>633</td> +<td>579</td> +<td>112</td> +<td><b>2,006</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="assess-a" style="background: #66ffff; text-align:center;"><span style="" title="A-Class Article"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_a_class.svg" class="image" title="A-Class article"><img alt="A-Class article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Symbol_a_class.svg/16px-Symbol_a_class.svg.png" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Symbol_a_class.svg/24px-Symbol_a_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Symbol_a_class.svg/32px-Symbol_a_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:A-Class_articles" title="Category:A-Class articles">A</a></b></td> +<td>196</td> +<td>392</td> +<td>549</td> +<td>327</td> +<td>71</td> +<td><b>1,535</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="assess-ga" style="background: #66ff66; text-align: center;"><span style="" title="Good Article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/16px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" title="Good article" width="16" height="16" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/24px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/32px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:GA-Class_articles" title="Category:GA-Class articles">GA</a></b></td> +<td>1,893</td> +<td>4,348</td> +<td>8,532</td> +<td>8,749</td> +<td>1,608</td> +<td><b>25,130</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="assess-b" style="background: #b2ff66; text-align: center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:B-Class_articles" title="Category:B-Class articles">B</a></b></td> +<td>11,448</td> +<td>21,809</td> +<td>32,962</td> +<td>25,400</td> +<td>13,325</td> +<td><b>104,944</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="assess-c" style="background: #ffff66; text-align: center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:C-Class_articles" title="Category:C-Class articles">C</a></b></td> +<td>9,285</td> +<td>26,836</td> +<td>59,408</td> +<td>77,837</td> +<td>39,413</td> +<td><b>212,779</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="assess-start" style="background: #ffaa66; text-align: center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Start-Class_articles" title="Category:Start-Class articles">Start</a></b></td> +<td>16,463</td> +<td>71,419</td> +<td>286,418</td> +<td>698,360</td> +<td>270,485</td> +<td><b>1,343,145</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="assess-stub" style="background: #ff6666; text-align: center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Stub-Class_articles" title="Category:Stub-Class articles">Stub</a></b></td> +<td>4,220</td> +<td>29,632</td> +<td>212,076</td> +<td>1,708,662</td> +<td>816,889</td> +<td><b>2,771,479</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="assess-list" style="background: #aa88ff; text-align: center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:List-Class_articles" title="Category:List-Class articles">List</a></b></td> +<td>2,787</td> +<td>10,239</td> +<td>30,160</td> +<td>80,926</td> +<td>58,084</td> +<td><b>182,196</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><b>Assessed</b></td> +<td>47,546</td> +<td>166,933</td> +<td>632,357</td> +<td>2,601,809</td> +<td>1,200,168</td> +<td><b>4,648,813</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="assess-unassessed" style="background: transparent; text-align:center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Unassessed-Class_articles" title="Category:Unassessed-Class articles">Unassessed</a></b></td> +<td>116</td> +<td>351</td> +<td>1,621</td> +<td>17,418</td> +<td>483,846</td> +<td><b>503,352</b></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td style="text-align: center;"><b>Total</b></td> +<td><b>47,662</b></td> +<td><b>167,284</b></td> +<td><b>633,978</b></td> +<td><b>2,619,227</b></td> +<td><b>1,684,014</b></td> +<td><b>5,152,165</b></td> +</tr> +</table> +<div style="max-width:800px;"> +<div style="position:relative;min-height:700px;min-width:800px;max-width:800px;"> +<div style="float:right;position:relative;min-height:620px;min-width:700px;max-width:700px;border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;"> +<div style="position:absolute;left:51px;top:620px;height:0px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:violet;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="Featured articles: 1,054"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:191px;top:620px;height:0px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:violet;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="Featured articles: 1,651"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:331px;top:620px;height:0px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:violet;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="Featured articles: 1,542"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:471px;top:620px;height:0px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:violet;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="Featured articles: 897"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:611px;top:620px;height:0px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:violet;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="Featured articles: 169"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:51px;top:620px;height:0px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:indigo;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="Featured lists: 135"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:191px;top:620px;height:0px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:indigo;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="Featured lists: 518"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:331px;top:620px;height:0px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:indigo;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="Featured lists: 614"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:471px;top:620px;height:0px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:indigo;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="Featured lists: 563"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:611px;top:620px;height:0px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:indigo;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="Featured lists: 122"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:51px;top:620px;height:0px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:lightblue;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="A-class articles: 189"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:191px;top:620px;height:0px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:lightblue;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="A-class articles: 363"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:331px;top:620px;height:0px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:lightblue;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="A-class articles: 534"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:471px;top:620px;height:0px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:lightblue;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="A-class articles: 294"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:611px;top:620px;height:0px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:lightblue;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="A-class articles: 69"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:51px;top:620px;height:0px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:darkgreen;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="Good articles: 1,757"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:191px;top:619px;height:1px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:darkgreen;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="Good articles: 4,109"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:331px;top:618px;height:2px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:darkgreen;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="Good articles: 8,016"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:471px;top:618px;height:2px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:darkgreen;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="Good articles: 7,927"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:611px;top:620px;height:0px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:darkgreen;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="Good articles: 1,562"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:51px;top:618px;height:2px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:lightgreen;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="B-class articles: 10,883"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:191px;top:615px;height:4px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:lightgreen;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="B-class articles: 20,924"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:331px;top:611px;height:7px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:lightgreen;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="B-class articles: 31,625"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:471px;top:613px;height:5px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:lightgreen;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="B-class articles: 23,722"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:611px;top:617px;height:3px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:lightgreen;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="B-class articles: 12,919"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:51px;top:616px;height:2px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:yellow;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="C-class articles: 8,574"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:191px;top:610px;height:5px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:yellow;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="C-class articles: 24,667"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:331px;top:601px;height:11px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:yellow;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="C-class articles: 54,790"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:471px;top:600px;height:14px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:yellow;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="C-class articles: 68,867"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:611px;top:609px;height:8px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:yellow;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="C-class articles: 37,261"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:51px;top:613px;height:3px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:orange;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="Start-class articles: 15,548"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:191px;top:596px;height:14px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:orange;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="Start-class articles: 67,227"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:331px;top:544px;height:56px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:orange;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="Start-class articles: 272,795"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:471px;top:467px;height:132px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:orange;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="Start-class articles: 640,683"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:611px;top:557px;height:53px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:orange;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="Start-class articles: 258,114"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:51px;top:612px;height:1px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:red;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="Stub articles: 3,902"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:191px;top:590px;height:6px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:red;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="Stub articles: 27,452"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:331px;top:502px;height:42px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:red;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="Stub articles: 201,827"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:471px;top:143px;height:324px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:red;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="Stub articles: 1,568,976"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:611px;top:383px;height:173px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:red;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="Stub articles: 838,139"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:51px;top:611px;height:1px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:purple;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="Lists: 2,531"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:191px;top:588px;height:2px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:purple;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="Lists: 9,435"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:331px;top:496px;height:6px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:purple;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="Lists: 27,511"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:471px;top:128px;height:15px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:purple;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="Lists: 73,543"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:611px;top:371px;height:12px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:purple;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="Lists: 57,349"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:51px;top:611px;height:0px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:black;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="Unassessed articles and lists: 103"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:191px;top:588px;height:0px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:black;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="Unassessed articles and lists: 320"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:331px;top:497px;height:0px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:black;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="Unassessed articles and lists: 1,647"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:471px;top:124px;height:4px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:black;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="Unassessed articles and lists: 18,791"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:611px;top:274px;height:97px;min-width:38px;max-width:38px;background-color:black;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;overflow:hidden;" title="Unassessed articles and lists: 471,002"></div> +</div> +<div style="position:absolute;height:620px;min-width:100px;max-width:100px;"> +<div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:507px;padding:0 2px">500,000</div> +<div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:517px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:403px;padding:0 2px">1,000,000</div> +<div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:413px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:300px;padding:0 2px">1,500,000</div> +<div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:310px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:197px;padding:0 2px">2,000,000</div> +<div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:207px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:93px;padding:0 2px">2,500,000</div> +<div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:103px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:-10px;padding:0 2px">3,000,000</div> +<div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:0px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> +</div> +<div style="position:absolute;top:620px;left:100px;width:700px;"> +<div style="position:absolute;left:5px;top:10px;min-width:130px;max-width:130px;text-align:center;veritical-align:top;">Top</div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:70px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:145px;top:10px;min-width:130px;max-width:130px;text-align:center;veritical-align:top;">High</div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:210px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:285px;top:10px;min-width:130px;max-width:130px;text-align:center;veritical-align:top;">Medium</div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:350px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:425px;top:10px;min-width:130px;max-width:130px;text-align:center;veritical-align:top;">Low</div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:490px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:565px;top:10px;min-width:130px;max-width:130px;text-align:center;veritical-align:top;">???</div> +<div style="position:absolute;left:630px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> +</div> +</div> +<div> +<ul style="width:100%;list-style:none;-webkit-column-width:12em;-moz-column-width:12em;column-width:12em;"> +<li><span style="padding:0 1em;background-color:violet;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;margin-right:1em;"> </span> Featured articles</li> +<li><span style="padding:0 1em;background-color:indigo;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;margin-right:1em;"> </span> Featured lists</li> +<li><span style="padding:0 1em;background-color:lightblue;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;margin-right:1em;"> </span> A-class articles</li> +<li><span style="padding:0 1em;background-color:darkgreen;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;margin-right:1em;"> </span> Good articles</li> +<li><span style="padding:0 1em;background-color:lightgreen;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;margin-right:1em;"> </span> B-class articles</li> +<li><span style="padding:0 1em;background-color:yellow;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;margin-right:1em;"> </span> C-class articles</li> +<li><span style="padding:0 1em;background-color:orange;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;margin-right:1em;"> </span> Start-class articles</li> +<li><span style="padding:0 1em;background-color:red;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;margin-right:1em;"> </span> Stub articles</li> +<li><span style="padding:0 1em;background-color:purple;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;margin-right:1em;"> </span> Lists</li> +<li><span style="padding:0 1em;background-color:black;box-shadow:2px -1px 4px 0 silver;margin-right:1em;"> </span> Unassessed articles and lists</li> +</ul> +</div> +</div> +<p><i>[Note: The table above (prepared by the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Version_1.0_Editorial_Team" title="Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team">Wikipedia Version 1.0 Editorial Team</a>) is automatically updated daily by <a href="/wiki/User:WP_1.0_bot" title="User:WP 1.0 bot">User:WP 1.0 bot</a>, but the bar-chart and the two pie-charts are not auto-updated. In them, new data has to be entered by a Wikipedia editor.]</i></p> +<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Hardware_operations_and_support">Hardware operations and support</span></h3> +<div class="hatnote">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation#Hardware" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation § Hardware</a></div> +<p>Wikipedia receives between 25,000 and 60,000 page requests per second, depending on time of day.<sup id="cite_ref-WP_tools_requests_per_day_248-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_tools_requests_per_day-248"><span>[</span>242<span>]</span></a></sup> As of 2008<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> page requests are first passed to a front-end layer of <a href="/wiki/Squid_(software)" title="Squid (software)">Squid</a> caching servers.<sup id="cite_ref-site_internals_configuration_249-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-site_internals_configuration-249"><span>[</span>243<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="HTTP header clearly shows usage of varnish and not of squid (October 2015)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> Further statistics, based on a publicly available 3-month Wikipedia access trace, are available.<sup id="cite_ref-globule_access_trace_250-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globule_access_trace-250"><span>[</span>244<span>]</span></a></sup> Requests that cannot be served from the Squid cache are sent to load-balancing servers running the <a href="/wiki/Linux_Virtual_Server" title="Linux Virtual Server">Linux Virtual Server</a> software, which in turn pass them to one of the Apache web servers for page rendering from the database. The web servers deliver pages as requested, performing page rendering for all the language editions of Wikipedia. To increase speed further, rendered pages are cached in a distributed memory cache until invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses.</p> +<p>Wikipedia currently runs on dedicated <a href="/wiki/Cluster_(computing)" title="Cluster (computing)" class="mw-redirect">clusters</a> of <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> servers (mainly <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_(operating_system)" title="Ubuntu (operating system)">Ubuntu</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-CW_WP_simplifies_infrastructure_251-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CW_WP_simplifies_infrastructure-251"><span>[</span>245<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ars_tech_Ubuntu_server_infra_252-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars_tech_Ubuntu_server_infra-252"><span>[</span>246<span>]</span></a></sup> As of December 2009, there were 300 in Florida and 44 in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-servers_253-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-servers-253"><span>[</span>247<span>]</span></a></sup> By January 22, 2013, Wikipedia had migrated its primary data center to an <a href="/wiki/Equinix" title="Equinix">Equinix</a> facility in <a href="/wiki/Ashburn,_Virginia" title="Ashburn, Virginia">Ashburn, Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span>[</span>248<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span>[</span>249<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<div class="center"> +<div class="thumb tnone"> +<div class="thumbinner" style="width:702px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikimedia-servers-2010-12-28.svg" class="image"><img alt="Diagram showing flow of data between Wikipedia's servers. Twenty database servers talk to hundreds of Apache servers in the backend; the Apache servers talk to fifty squids in the frontend." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Wikimedia-servers-2010-12-28.svg/700px-Wikimedia-servers-2010-12-28.svg.png" width="700" height="753" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Wikimedia-servers-2010-12-28.svg/1050px-Wikimedia-servers-2010-12-28.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Wikimedia-servers-2010-12-28.svg/1400px-Wikimedia-servers-2010-12-28.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1290" /></a> +<div class="thumbcaption"> +<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikimedia-servers-2010-12-28.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> +Overview of system architecture, December 2010. See <a href="//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Server_layout_diagrams" class="extiw" title="meta:Server layout diagrams">server layout diagrams on Meta-Wiki</a></div> +</div> +</div> +</div> +<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Internal_research_and_operational_development">Internal research and operational development</span></h3> +<p>In accordance with growing amounts of incoming donations exceeding seven digits in 2013 as recently reported,<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span>[</span>250<span>]</span></a></sup> the Foundation has reached a threshold of assets which qualify its consideration under the principles of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_organization" title="Industrial organization">industrial organization</a> economics to indicate the need for the re-investment of donations into the internal research and development of the Foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_257-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-257"><span>[</span>251<span>]</span></a></sup> Two of the recent projects of such internal research and development have been the creation of a Visual Editor and a largely under-utilized "Thank" tab which were developed for the purpose of ameliorating issues of editor attrition, which have met with limited success.<sup id="cite_ref-Orlowski.2C_Andrew_232-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orlowski.2C_Andrew-232"><span>[</span>226<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span>[</span>252<span>]</span></a></sup> The estimates for reinvestment by industrial organizations into internal research and development was studied by Adam Jaffe who recorded that the range of 4% to 25% annually was to be recommended, with high end technology requiring the higher level of support for internal reinvestment.<sup id="cite_ref-Patents.2C_Citations_pp_89-153_259-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patents.2C_Citations_pp_89-153-259"><span>[</span>253<span>]</span></a></sup> At the 2013 level of contributions for Wikimedia presently documented as 45 million dollars, the computed budget level recommended by Jaffe and Caballero for reinvestment into internal research and development is between 1.8 million and 11.3 million dollars annually.<sup id="cite_ref-Patents.2C_Citations_pp_89-153_259-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patents.2C_Citations_pp_89-153-259"><span>[</span>253<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>According to the Michael <a href="/wiki/Porter_five_forces_analysis" title="Porter five forces analysis">Porter five forces analysis</a> framework for industry analysis, Wikipedia and its parent institution Wikimedia are known as "first movers" and "radical innovators" in the services provided and supported by an open-source, on-line encyclopedia.<sup id="cite_ref-Porter.2C_M.E._1985_260-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porter.2C_M.E._1985-260"><span>[</span>254<span>]</span></a></sup> The "five forces" are centered around the issue of "competitive rivalry" within the encyclopedia industry where Wikipedia is seen as having redefined by its "radical innovation" the parameters of effectiveness applied to conventional encyclopedia publication. This is the first force of Porter's five forces analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-Porter.2C_M.E._1980_261-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porter.2C_M.E._1980-261"><span>[</span>255<span>]</span></a></sup> The second force is the "threat of new entrants" with competitive services and products possibly arising on the internet or the web. As a "first mover", Wikipedia has largely eluded the emergence of a <a href="/wiki/Fast_second" title="Fast second" class="mw-redirect">fast second</a> to challenge its radical innovation and its standing as the central provider of the services which it offers through the World Wide Web.<sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262"><span>[</span>256<span>]</span></a></sup> Porter's third force is the "threat of substitute products" and it is too early to identify Google's "Knowledge Graphs" as an effective competitor given the current dependence of "Knowledge Graphs" upon Wikipedia's free access to its open-source services.<sup id="cite_ref-Porter.2C_M.E._1985_260-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porter.2C_M.E._1985-260"><span>[</span>254<span>]</span></a></sup> The fourth force in the <a href="/wiki/Porter_five_forces_analysis" title="Porter five forces analysis">Porter five forces analysis</a> is the "bargaining power of consumers" who use the services provided by Wikipedia, which has historically largely been nullified by the Wikipedia founding principle of an open invitation to expand and edit its content expressed in its moniker of being "the encyclopedia which anyone can edit."<sup id="cite_ref-Porter.2C_M.E._1980_261-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porter.2C_M.E._1980-261"><span>[</span>255<span>]</span></a></sup> The fifth force in the <a href="/wiki/Porter_five_forces_analysis" title="Porter five forces analysis">Porter five forces analysis</a> is defined as the "bargaining power of suppliers", presently seen as the open domain of both the global internet as a whole and the resources of public libraries world-wide, and therefore it is not seen as a limiting factor in the immediate future of the further development of Wikipedia.<sup id="cite_ref-Porter.2C_M.E._1985_260-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porter.2C_M.E._1985-260"><span>[</span>254<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Internal_news_publications">Internal news publications</span></h3> +<p>Community-produced news publications include the <a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English Wikipedia">English Wikipedia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Signpost" title="Wikipedia:Signpost" class="mw-redirect"><i>The Signpost</i></a>, founded in 2005 by Michael Snow, an attorney, Wikipedia administrator and former chair of the <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a> board of trustees.<sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263"><span>[</span>257<span>]</span></a></sup> It covers news and events from the site, as well as major events from other <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_project" title="Wikimedia project">Wikimedia projects</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a>. Similar publications are the German-language <a href="//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:Kurier" class="extiw" title="de:WP:Kurier"><i>Kurier</i></a>, and the Portuguese-language <a href="//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/wp:Correio_da_Wikip%C3%A9dia" class="extiw" title="pt:wp:Correio da Wikipédia"><i>Correio da Wikipédia</i></a>. Other past and present community news publications on English Wikipedia include the "Wikiworld" web comic, the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Weekly" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia Weekly" class="mw-redirect"><i>Wikipedia Weekly</i></a> podcast, and newsletters of specific WikiProjects like <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BUGLE" title="Wikipedia:BUGLE" class="mw-redirect"><i>The Bugle</i></a> from <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Milhist" title="Wikipedia:Milhist" class="mw-redirect">WikiProject Military History</a> and the monthly newsletter from <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:GOCE" title="Wikipedia:GOCE" class="mw-redirect">The Guild of Copy Editors</a>. There are also a number of publications from the Wikimedia Foundation and multilingual publications such as the <a class="external text" href="http://blog.wikimedia.org/">Wikimedia Blog</a> and <i><a href="//outreach.wikimedia.org/wiki/This_Month_in_Education" class="extiw" title="outreach:This Month in Education">This Month in Education</a></i>.</p> +<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Access_to_content">Access to content</span></h2> +<div class="thumb tright"> +<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Imagina_un_mundo_donde_cada_persona_tenga_acceso_a_todo_el_conocimiento_humano..JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Imagina_un_mundo_donde_cada_persona_tenga_acceso_a_todo_el_conocimiento_humano..JPG/220px-Imagina_un_mundo_donde_cada_persona_tenga_acceso_a_todo_el_conocimiento_humano..JPG" width="220" height="154" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Imagina_un_mundo_donde_cada_persona_tenga_acceso_a_todo_el_conocimiento_humano..JPG/330px-Imagina_un_mundo_donde_cada_persona_tenga_acceso_a_todo_el_conocimiento_humano..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Imagina_un_mundo_donde_cada_persona_tenga_acceso_a_todo_el_conocimiento_humano..JPG/440px-Imagina_un_mundo_donde_cada_persona_tenga_acceso_a_todo_el_conocimiento_humano..JPG 2x" data-file-width="3235" data-file-height="2258" /></a> +<div class="thumbcaption"> +<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Imagina_un_mundo_donde_cada_persona_tenga_acceso_a_todo_el_conocimiento_humano..JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> +A world where every person has access to all human knowledge.</div> +</div> +</div> +<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Content_licensing">Content licensing</span></h3> +<p>When the project was started in 2001, all text in Wikipedia was covered by the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="GNU Free Documentation License">GNU Free Documentation License</a> (GFDL), a <a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">copyleft</a> license permitting the redistribution, creation of derivative works, and commercial use of content while authors retain copyright of their work.<sup id="cite_ref-WP_copyright_and_commerciality_1_264-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_copyright_and_commerciality_1-264"><span>[</span>258<span>]</span></a></sup> The GFDL was created for software manuals that come with <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> programs licensed under the <a href="/wiki/GPL" title="GPL" class="mw-redirect">GPL</a>. This made it a poor choice for a general reference work; for example, the GFDL requires the reprints of materials from Wikipedia to come with a full copy of the GFDL text. In December 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons license</a> was released: it was specifically designed for creative works in general, not just for software manuals. The license gained popularity among bloggers and others distributing creative works on the Web. The Wikipedia project sought the switch to the Creative Commons.<sup id="cite_ref-WPF_switch_to_CC_265-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPF_switch_to_CC-265"><span>[</span>259<span>]</span></a></sup> Because the two licenses, GFDL and Creative Commons, were incompatible, in November 2008, following the request of the project, the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> (FSF) released a new version of the GFDL designed specifically to allow Wikipedia to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Licensing_update" title="Wikipedia:Licensing update">relicense its content to CC BY-SA</a> by August 1, 2009. (A new version of the GFDL automatically covers Wikipedia contents.) In April 2009, Wikipedia and its sister projects held a community-wide referendum which decided the switch in June 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-voteresult_266-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voteresult-266"><span>[</span>260<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MW_licensing_QA_267-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW_licensing_QA-267"><span>[</span>261<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MW_licensing_timeline_1_268-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW_licensing_timeline_1-268"><span>[</span>262<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WP_blog_license_migration_269-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_blog_license_migration-269"><span>[</span>263<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>The handling of media files (e.g. image files) varies across language editions. Some language editions, such as the English Wikipedia, include non-free image files under <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> doctrine, while the others have opted not to, in part because of the lack of fair use doctrines in their home countries (e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Japan" title="Copyright law of Japan">Japanese copyright law</a>). Media files covered by <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> licenses (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a>' CC BY-SA) are shared across language editions via <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> repository, a project operated by the Wikimedia Foundation. Wikipedia's accommodation of varying international copyright laws regarding images has led some to observe that its photographic coverage of topics lags behind the quality of the encyclopedic text.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_photos_on_WP_270-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_photos_on_WP-270"><span>[</span>264<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>The Wikimedia Foundation is not a licensor of content, but merely a hosting service for the contributors (and licensors) of the Wikipedia. This position has been successfully defended in court.<sup id="cite_ref-reuters_French_defamation_case_271-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters_French_defamation_case-271"><span>[</span>265<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ars_tech_WP_dumb_suing_case_272-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars_tech_WP_dumb_suing_case-272"><span>[</span>266<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Methods_of_access"><span id="Reusing_Wikipedia.27s_content"></span>Methods of access</span></h3> +<p>Because Wikipedia content is distributed under an open license, anyone can reuse or re-distribute it at no charge. The content of Wikipedia has been published in many forms, both online and offline, outside of the Wikipedia website.</p> +<ul> +<li><b>Websites</b> – Thousands of "<a href="/wiki/Mirror_website" title="Mirror website" class="mw-redirect">mirror sites</a>" exist that republish content from Wikipedia: two prominent ones, that also include content from other reference sources, are <a href="/wiki/Reference.com" title="Reference.com">Reference.com</a> and <a href="/wiki/Answers.com" title="Answers.com">Answers.com</a>. Another example is <a href="/wiki/Wapedia" title="Wapedia">Wapedia</a>, which began to display Wikipedia content in a mobile-device-friendly format before Wikipedia itself did.</li> +<li><b>Mobile apps</b> – A variety of mobile apps provide access to Wikipedia on <a href="/wiki/Hand-held_device" title="Hand-held device" class="mw-redirect">hand-held devices</a>, including both <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> and <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> devices (see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_App" title="Wikipedia App" class="mw-redirect">Wikipedia apps</a>). (See also <a href="#Mobile_access">Mobile access</a>.)</li> +<li><b>Search engines</b> – Some <a href="/wiki/Web_search_engine" title="Web search engine">web search engines</a> make special use of Wikipedia content when displaying search results: examples include <a href="/wiki/Bing" title="Bing">Bing</a> (via technology gained from <a href="/wiki/Powerset_(company)" title="Powerset (company)">Powerset</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-bing_WP_research_and_referencing_273-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bing_WP_research_and_referencing-273"><span>[</span>267<span>]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/DuckDuckGo" title="DuckDuckGo">DuckDuckGo</a>.</li> +<li><b>Compact discs, DVDs</b> – Collections of Wikipedia articles have been published on <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">optical discs</a>. An English version, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_CD_Selection" title="Wikipedia CD Selection" class="mw-redirect">2006 Wikipedia CD Selection</a>, contained about 2,000 articles.<sup id="cite_ref-wikipediaondvd_authorized_1_274-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikipediaondvd_authorized_1-274"><span>[</span>268<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wikipediaondvd_commercially_available_1_275-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikipediaondvd_commercially_available_1-275"><span>[</span>269<span>]</span></a></sup> The Polish-language version contains nearly 240,000 articles.<sup id="cite_ref-WM_polish_WP_on_dvd_276-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WM_polish_WP_on_dvd-276"><span>[</span>270<span>]</span></a></sup> There are German- and Spanish-language versions as well.<sup id="cite_ref-WP_german_on_dvd_1_277-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_german_on_dvd_1-277"><span>[</span>271<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-python.org_CDPedia_Argentina_1_278-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-python.org_CDPedia_Argentina_1-278"><span>[</span>272<span>]</span></a></sup> Also, "Wikipedia for Schools", the Wikipedia series of CDs / DVDs produced by Wikipedians and <a href="/wiki/SOS_Children%27s_Villages_UK" title="SOS Children's Villages UK">SOS Children</a>, is a free, hand-checked, non-commercial selection from Wikipedia targeted around the <a href="/wiki/National_Curriculum_(UK)" title="National Curriculum (UK)" class="mw-redirect">UK National Curriculum</a> and intended to be useful for much of the English-speaking world.<sup id="cite_ref-WP_CD_selection_1_279-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_CD_selection_1-279"><span>[</span>273<span>]</span></a></sup> The project is available online; an equivalent print encyclopedia would require roughly 20 volumes.</li> +<li><b>Books</b> – There are efforts to put a select subset of Wikipedia's articles into printed book form.<sup id="cite_ref-WP_into_books_1_280-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_into_books_1-280"><span>[</span>274<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WP_schools_selection_1_281-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_schools_selection_1-281"><span>[</span>275<span>]</span></a></sup> Since 2009, tens of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Print_on_demand" title="Print on demand">print on demand</a> books which reproduced English, German, Russian and French Wikipedia articles have been produced by the American company <a href="/wiki/Books_LLC" title="Books LLC">Books LLC</a> and by three <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritian</a> subsidiaries of the German publisher <a href="/wiki/VDM_Publishing" title="VDM Publishing">VDM</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FAZ_282-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAZ-282"><span>[</span>276<span>]</span></a></sup></li> +<li><b>Semantic Web</b> – The website <a href="/wiki/DBpedia" title="DBpedia">DBpedia</a>, begun in 2007, extracts data from the infoboxes and category declarations of the English-language Wikipedia. Wikimedia has created the <a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a> project with a similar objective of storing the basic facts from each page of Wikipedia and the other WMF wikis and make it available in a queriable <a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">semantic</a> format, <a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a>. This is still under development. As of Feb 2014 it has 15,000,000 items and 1,000 properties for describing them.</li> +</ul> +<p>Obtaining the full contents of Wikipedia for reuse presents challenges, since direct cloning via a <a href="/wiki/Web_crawler" title="Web crawler">web crawler</a> is discouraged.<sup id="cite_ref-WP_DB_usage_policy_1_283-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_DB_usage_policy_1-283"><span>[</span>277<span>]</span></a></sup> Wikipedia publishes <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Database_download" title="Wikipedia:Database download">"dumps"</a> of its contents, but these are text-only; as of 2007<sup class="plainlinks noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> there was no dump available of Wikipedia's images.<sup id="cite_ref-WP_image_data_dumps_1_284-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_image_data_dumps_1-284"><span>[</span>278<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>Several languages of Wikipedia also maintain a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:REFDESK" title="Wikipedia:REFDESK" class="mw-redirect">reference desk</a>, where volunteers answer questions from the general public. According to a study by Pnina Shachaf in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Documentation" title="Journal of Documentation">Journal of Documentation</a>, the quality of the Wikipedia reference desk is comparable to a standard <a href="/wiki/Library_reference_desk" title="Library reference desk" class="mw-redirect">library reference desk</a>, with an accuracy of 55%.<sup id="cite_ref-slis_WP_reference_desk_1_285-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slis_WP_reference_desk_1-285"><span>[</span>279<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Mobile_access">Mobile access<span id="Wikipedia_mobile_access"></span><span id="Wikipedia_mobile"></span></span></h4> +<div class="hatnote">See also: <a href="/wiki/Help:Mobile_access" title="Help:Mobile access">Help:Mobile access</a></div> +<div class="thumb tright"> +<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Android_2.2_GT-I5800.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Android_2.2_GT-I5800.png/220px-Android_2.2_GT-I5800.png" width="220" height="367" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Android_2.2_GT-I5800.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Android_2.2_GT-I5800.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="400" /></a> +<div class="thumbcaption"> +<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Android_2.2_GT-I5800.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> +The mobile version of the English Wikipedia's main page</div> +</div> +</div> +<p>Wikipedia's original medium was for users to read and edit content using any standard <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a> through a fixed <a href="/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">Internet connection</a>. Although Wikipedia content has been accessible through the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_web" title="Mobile web" class="mw-redirect">mobile web</a> since July 2013, <i>The New York Times</i> on February 9, 2014 quoted Erik Moller, deputy director of the Wikimedia Foundation, stating that the transition of internet traffic from desktops to mobile devices was significant and a cause for concern and worry.<sup id="cite_ref-small_screen_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-small_screen-16"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> The <i>The New York Times</i> article reported the comparison statistics for mobile edits stating that, "Only 20 percent of the readership of the English-language Wikipedia comes via mobile devices, a figure substantially lower than the percentage of mobile traffic for other media sites, many of which approach 50 percent. And the shift to mobile editing has lagged even more."<sup id="cite_ref-small_screen_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-small_screen-16"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> <i>The New York Times</i> reports that Mr. Moller has assigned "a team of 10 software developers focused on mobile", out of a total of approximately 200 employees working at the Wikimedia Foundation. One principal concern cited by <i>The New York Times</i> for the "worry" is for Wikipedia to effectively address attrition issues with the number of editors which the online encyclopedia attracts to edit and maintain its content in a mobile access environment.<sup id="cite_ref-small_screen_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-small_screen-16"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p><i>Bloomberg BusinessWeek</i> reported in July 2014 that Google's Android mobile apps have dominated the largest share of global smartphone shipments for 2013 with 78.6% of market share over their next closest competitor in iOS with 15.2% of the market.<sup id="cite_ref-286" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-286"><span>[</span>280<span>]</span></a></sup> At the time of the Tretikov appointment and her posted web interview with Sue Gardner in May 2014, Wikimedia representatives made a technical announcement concerning the number of mobile access systems in the market seeking access to Wikipedia. Directly after the posted web interview, the representatives stated that Wikimedia would be applying an all-inclusive approach to accommodate as many mobile access systems as possible in its efforts for expanding general mobile access, including BlackBerry and the Windows Phone system, making market share a secondary issue.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_221-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-221"><span>[</span>215<span>]</span></a></sup> The latest version of the Android app for Wikipedia was released on July 23, 2014 to generally positive reviews, scoring over four of a possible five in a poll of approximately 200,000 users downloading from Google.<sup id="cite_ref-287" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-287"><span>[</span>281<span>]</span></a></sup> The latest version for iOS was released on April 3, 2013 to similar reviews.<sup id="cite_ref-288" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-288"><span>[</span>282<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>Access to Wikipedia from mobile phones was possible as early as 2004, through the <a href="/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocol" title="Wireless Application Protocol">Wireless Application Protocol</a> (WAP), via the <a href="/wiki/Wapedia" title="Wapedia">Wapedia</a> service. In June 2007 Wikipedia launched <a class="external text" href="http://en.mobile.wikipedia.org/">en.mobile.wikipedia.org</a>, an official website for wireless devices. In 2009 a newer mobile service was officially released,<sup id="cite_ref-WM_mobile_added_1_289-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WM_mobile_added_1-289"><span>[</span>283<span>]</span></a></sup> located at <a class="external text" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/">en.m.wikipedia.org</a>, which caters to more advanced mobile devices such as the <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>-based devices or <a href="/wiki/WebOS" title="WebOS">WebOS</a>-based devices. Several other methods of mobile access to Wikipedia have emerged. Many devices and applications optimise or enhance the display of Wikipedia content for mobile devices, while some also incorporate additional features such as use of Wikipedia <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> (See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Metadata" title="Wikipedia:Metadata" class="mw-disambig">Wikipedia:Metadata</a>), such as <a href="/wiki/Geoinformation" title="Geoinformation" class="mw-redirect">geoinformation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-androgeoid.com_LPOI_WP_1_290-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-androgeoid.com_LPOI_WP_1-290"><span>[</span>284<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ilounge_iphone_gems_WP_291-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ilounge_iphone_gems_WP-291"><span>[</span>285<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Zero" title="Wikipedia Zero">Wikipedia Zero</a> is an initiative of the Wikimedia Foundation to expand the reach of the encyclopedia to the developing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-292" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-292"><span>[</span>286<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lih" title="Andrew Lih">Andrew Lih</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Brown_(writer)" title="Andrew Brown (writer)">Andrew Brown</a> both maintain editing Wikipedia with <a href="/wiki/Smart_phone" title="Smart phone" class="mw-redirect">smart phones</a> is difficult and this discourages new potential contributors. Several years running the number of Wikipedia editors has been falling and Tom Simonite of <i><a href="/wiki/MIT_Technology_Review" title="MIT Technology Review">MIT Technology Review</a></i> claims the bureaucratic structure and rules are a factor in this. Simonite alleges some <a href="/wiki/Wikipedian" title="Wikipedian" class="mw-redirect">Wikipedians</a> use the labyrinthine rules and guidelines to dominate others and those editors have a vested interest in keeping the <a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">status quo</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-293" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-293"><span>[</span>287<span>]</span></a></sup> Lih alleges there is serious disagreement among existing contributors how to resolve this. Lih fears for Wikipedia’s long term future while Brown fears problems with Wikipedia will remain and rival encyclopedias will not replace it.<sup id="cite_ref-294" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-294"><span>[</span>288<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-295" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-295"><span>[</span>289<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Impact">Impact</span></h2> +<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Readership">Readership</span></h3> +<p>Wikipedia is extremely popular. In February 2014, <i>The New York Times</i> reported that Wikipedia is ranked fifth globally among all websites, stating "With 18 billion page views and nearly 500 million unique visitors a month [...] Wikipedia trails just Yahoo, Facebook, Microsoft and Google, the largest with 1.2 billion unique visitors."<sup id="cite_ref-small_screen_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-small_screen-16"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>In addition to <a href="/wiki/Logistic_function" title="Logistic function">logistic growth</a> in the number of its articles,<sup id="cite_ref-modelling_296-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-modelling-296"><span>[</span>290<span>]</span></a></sup> Wikipedia has steadily gained status as a general reference website since its inception in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-comscore_297-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comscore-297"><span>[</span>291<span>]</span></a></sup> About 50% of search engine traffic to Wikipedia comes from Google,<sup id="cite_ref-hitwisegoogle_298-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hitwisegoogle-298"><span>[</span>292<span>]</span></a></sup> a good portion of which is related to academic research.<sup id="cite_ref-hitwiseAcademic_299-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hitwiseAcademic-299"><span>[</span>293<span>]</span></a></sup> The number of readers of Wikipedia worldwide reached 365 million at the end of 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-365M_300-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-365M-300"><span>[</span>294<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew</a> Internet and American Life project found that one third of US Internet users consulted Wikipedia.<sup id="cite_ref-Wikipedia_users_301-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia_users-301"><span>[</span>295<span>]</span></a></sup> In 2011 <i>Business Insider</i> gave Wikipedia a valuation of $4 billion if it ran advertisements.<sup id="cite_ref-302" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-302"><span>[</span>296<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>According to "Wikipedia Readership Survey 2011", the average age of Wikipedia readers is 36, with a rough parity between genders. Almost half of Wikipedia readers visit the site more than five times a month, and a similar number of readers specifically look for Wikipedia in search engine results. About 47% of Wikipedia readers do not realize that Wikipedia is a non-profit organization.<sup id="cite_ref-303" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-303"><span>[</span>297<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cultural_significance">Cultural significance</span></h3> +<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_in_culture" title="Wikipedia in culture">Wikipedia in culture</a></div> +<p>Wikipedia's content has also been used in academic studies, books, conferences, and court cases.<sup id="cite_ref-Wikipedia_in_media_304-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wikipedia_in_media-304"><span>[</span>298<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bourgeois_305-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bourgeois-305"><span>[</span>299<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ssrn.com_Wikipedian_Justice_1_306-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssrn.com_Wikipedian_Justice_1-306"><span>[</span>300<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a>'s website refers to Wikipedia's article on <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a> in the "related links" section of its "further reading" list for the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Marriage_Act" title="Civil Marriage Act">Civil Marriage Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-parl.gc.ca_same-sex_marriage_307-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parl.gc.ca_same-sex_marriage-307"><span>[</span>301<span>]</span></a></sup> The encyclopedia's assertions are increasingly used as a source by organizations such as the US federal courts and the <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a><sup id="cite_ref-WP_court_source_308-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_court_source-308"><span>[</span>302<span>]</span></a></sup> – though mainly for <i>supporting information</i> rather than information decisive to a case.<sup id="cite_ref-Courts_turn_to_Wikipedia_309-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Courts_turn_to_Wikipedia-309"><span>[</span>303<span>]</span></a></sup> Content appearing on Wikipedia has also been cited as a source and referenced in some <a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">US intelligence agency</a> reports.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Intelligence_310-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Intelligence-310"><span>[</span>304<span>]</span></a></sup> In December 2008, the scientific journal <i><a href="/wiki/RNA_Biology" title="RNA Biology">RNA Biology</a></i> launched a new section for descriptions of families of RNA molecules and requires authors who contribute to the section to also submit a draft article on the <a href="/wiki/Rfam" title="Rfam">RNA family</a> for publication in Wikipedia.<sup id="cite_ref-Declan_311-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Declan-311"><span>[</span>305<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>Wikipedia has also been used as a source in journalism,<sup id="cite_ref-ajr.org_WP_in_the_newsroom_312-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ajr.org_WP_in_the_newsroom-312"><span>[</span>306<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-twsY23_313-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsY23-313"><span>[</span>307<span>]</span></a></sup> often without attribution, and several reporters have been dismissed for plagiarizing from Wikipedia.<sup id="cite_ref-shizuoka_plagiarized_WP_1_314-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shizuoka_plagiarized_WP_1-314"><span>[</span>308<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WA_Express-News_staffer_resigns_315-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WA_Express-News_staffer_resigns-315"><span>[</span>309<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-starbulletin.com_Inquiry_prompts_dismissal_316-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-starbulletin.com_Inquiry_prompts_dismissal-316"><span>[</span>310<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)"><i>Time</i> magazine</a> recognized Wikipedia's participation (along with <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a>, <a href="/wiki/MySpace" title="MySpace" class="mw-redirect">MySpace</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a><sup id="cite_ref-Time2006_317-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time2006-317"><span>[</span>311<span>]</span></a></sup>) in the rapid growth of online collaboration and interaction by millions of people worldwide.</p> +<p>In July 2007 Wikipedia was the focus of a 30-minute documentary on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a><sup id="cite_ref-318" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-318"><span>[</span>312<span>]</span></a></sup> which argued that, with increased usage and awareness, the number of references to Wikipedia in popular culture is such that the word is one of a select band of 21st-century nouns that are so familiar (<a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, Facebook, YouTube) that they no longer need explanation and are on a par with such 20th-century words as <a href="/wiki/The_Hoover_Company" title="The Hoover Company">hoovering</a> or <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a>.</p> +<p>On September 28, 2007, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> politician <a href="/wiki/Franco_Grillini" title="Franco Grillini">Franco Grillini</a> raised a parliamentary question with the minister of cultural resources and activities about the necessity of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_panorama" title="Freedom of panorama">freedom of panorama</a>. He said that the lack of such freedom forced Wikipedia, "the seventh most consulted website", to forbid all images of modern Italian buildings and art, and claimed this was hugely damaging to tourist revenues.<sup id="cite_ref-319" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-319"><span>[</span>313<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<div class="thumb tright"> +<div class="thumbinner" style="width:262px;"> +<div id="mwe_player_6" class="PopUpMediaTransform" style="width:260px;" videopayload="<div class="mediaContainer" style="width:854px"><video id="mwe_player_7" style="width:854px;height:480px" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Wikipedia%2C_an_introduction_-_Erasmus_Prize_2015.webm/854px--Wikipedia%2C_an_introduction_-_Erasmus_Prize_2015.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" autoplay="" class="kskin" data-durationhint="547.897" data-startoffset="0" data-mwtitle="Wikipedia,_an_introduction_-_Erasmus_Prize_2015.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/33/Wikipedia%2C_an_introduction_-_Erasmus_Prize_2015.webm/Wikipedia%2C_an_introduction_-_Erasmus_Prize_2015.webm.480p.webm" type="video/webm; 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Already, the presidential entries are being edited, dissected and debated countless times each day."<sup id="cite_ref-WP.com_WP_election_usage_320-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP.com_WP_election_usage-320"><span>[</span>314<span>]</span></a></sup> An October 2007 <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> article, titled "Wikipedia page the latest status symbol", reported the recent phenomenon of how having a Wikipedia article vindicates one's notability.<sup id="cite_ref-321" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-321"><span>[</span>315<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>Active participation also has an impact. Law students have been assigned to write Wikipedia articles as an exercise in clear and succinct writing for an uninitiated audience.<sup id="cite_ref-LER_students_write_for_WP_1_322-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LER_students_write_for_WP_1-322"><span>[</span>316<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Awards">Awards</span></h4> +<div class="thumb tright"> +<div class="thumbinner" style="width:262px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_team_visiting_to_Parliament_of_Oviedo_Spain_2015.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Wikipedia_team_visiting_to_Parliament_of_Oviedo_Spain_2015.JPG/260px-Wikipedia_team_visiting_to_Parliament_of_Oviedo_Spain_2015.JPG" width="260" height="173" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Wikipedia_team_visiting_to_Parliament_of_Oviedo_Spain_2015.JPG/390px-Wikipedia_team_visiting_to_Parliament_of_Oviedo_Spain_2015.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Wikipedia_team_visiting_to_Parliament_of_Oviedo_Spain_2015.JPG/520px-Wikipedia_team_visiting_to_Parliament_of_Oviedo_Spain_2015.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a> +<div class="thumbcaption"> +<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_team_visiting_to_Parliament_of_Oviedo_Spain_2015.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> +Wikipedia team visiting to Parliament of Asturias.</div> +</div> +</div> +<div class="thumb tright"> +<div class="thumbinner" style="width:262px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Spain_wikipedians_photo.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Spain_wikipedians_photo.JPG/260px-Spain_wikipedians_photo.JPG" width="260" height="173" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Spain_wikipedians_photo.JPG/390px-Spain_wikipedians_photo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Spain_wikipedians_photo.JPG/520px-Spain_wikipedians_photo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a> +<div class="thumbcaption"> +<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Spain_wikipedians_photo.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> +Wikipedians meeting after the Asturias awards ceremony.</div> +</div> +</div> +<p>Wikipedia won two major awards in May 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-WP_awards_for_WP_1_323-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP_awards_for_WP_1-323"><span>[</span>317<span>]</span></a></sup> The first was a Golden Nica for Digital Communities of the annual <a href="/wiki/Prix_Ars_Electronica" title="Prix Ars Electronica">Prix Ars Electronica</a> contest; this came with a €10,000 (£6,588; $12,700) grant and an invitation to present at the PAE Cyberarts Festival in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> later that year. The second was a Judges' <a href="/wiki/Webby_Award" title="Webby Award">Webby Award</a> for the "community" category.<sup id="cite_ref-webbyawards_WP_awards_1_324-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webbyawards_WP_awards_1-324"><span>[</span>318<span>]</span></a></sup> Wikipedia was also nominated for a "Best Practices" Webby award.</p> +<p>In 2007, readers of brandchannel.com voted Wikipedia as the fourth-highest brand ranking, receiving 15% of the votes in answer to the question "Which brand had the most impact on our lives in 2006?"<sup id="cite_ref-brandchannel.com_awards_1_325-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandchannel.com_awards_1-325"><span>[</span>319<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>In September 2008, Wikipedia received <a href="/wiki/Quadriga_(award)" title="Quadriga (award)">Quadriga</a> <i>A Mission of Enlightenment</i> award of Werkstatt Deutschland along with <a href="/wiki/Boris_Tadi%C4%87" title="Boris Tadić">Boris Tadić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eckart_H%C3%B6fling" title="Eckart Höfling">Eckart Höfling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gabriel" title="Peter Gabriel">Peter Gabriel</a>. The award was presented to Wales by <a href="/wiki/David_Weinberger" title="David Weinberger">David Weinberger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-loomarea.com_WP_award_1_326-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loomarea.com_WP_award_1-326"><span>[</span>320<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>In 2015, Wikipedia was awarded both the annual <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Prize" title="Erasmus Prize">Erasmus Prize</a>, which recognizes exceptional contributions to culture, society or social sciences,<sup id="cite_ref-EP2015_327-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EP2015-327"><span>[</span>321<span>]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Award" title="Princess of Asturias Award" class="mw-redirect">Princess of Asturias Award</a> on International Cooperation.<sup id="cite_ref-328" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-328"><span>[</span>322<span>]</span></a></sup> Speaking at the Asturian Parliament in Oviedo, the city that hosts the awards ceremony, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a> praised the work of the <a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian language</a> Wikipedia users.<sup id="cite_ref-329" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-329"><span>[</span>323<span>]</span></a></sup> The night of the ceremony, members of the Wikimedia Foundation held a meeting with wikipedians from all parts of Spain, including the local <a href="/wiki/Asturian_Wikipedia" title="Asturian Wikipedia">Asturian community</a>.</p> +<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Satire">Satire</span></h4> +<div class="hatnote">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Parodies_of_Wikipedia" title="Category:Parodies of Wikipedia">Category:Parodies of Wikipedia</a>.</div> +<p>Many parodies target Wikipedia's openness and susceptibility to inserted inaccuracies, with characters vandalizing or modifying the online encyclopedia project's articles.</p> +<p>Comedian <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Stephen Colbert</a> has parodied or referenced Wikipedia on numerous episodes of his show <i><a href="/wiki/The_Colbert_Report" title="The Colbert Report">The Colbert Report</a></i> and coined the related term <i><a href="/wiki/Wikiality" title="Wikiality" class="mw-redirect">wikiality</a></i>, meaning "together we can create a reality that we all agree on—the reality we just agreed on".<sup id="cite_ref-wikiality_173-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikiality-173"><span>[</span>168<span>]</span></a></sup> Another example can be found in "Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years of American Independence", a July 2006 front-page article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Onion" title="The Onion">The Onion</a></i>.,<sup id="cite_ref-onion_WP_750_years_1_330-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onion_WP_750_years_1-330"><span>[</span>324<span>]</span></a></sup> as well as the 2010 <i>The Onion</i> article "'L.A. Law' Wikipedia Page Viewed 874 Times Today".<sup id="cite_ref-331" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-331"><span>[</span>325<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>In an episode of the television comedy <a href="/wiki/The_Office_(U.S._TV_series)" title="The Office (U.S. TV series)"><i>The Office</i> U.S.</a>, which aired in April 2007, an incompetent office manager (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Scott_(The_Office)" title="Michael Scott (The Office)">Michael Scott</a>) is shown relying on a hypothetical Wikipedia article for information on <a href="/wiki/Negotiation" title="Negotiation">negotiation</a> tactics in order to assist him in negotiating lesser pay for an employee.<sup id="cite_ref-332" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-332"><span>[</span>326<span>]</span></a></sup> The tactics he used failed, as a joke about the unreliability of Wikipedia and what anyone can do to change its contents. Viewers of the show tried to add the episode's mention of the page as a section of the actual Wikipedia article on negotiation, but this effort was prevented by other users on the article's talk page.<sup id="cite_ref-333" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-333"><span>[</span>327<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>"<a href="/wiki/My_Number_One_Doctor" title="My Number One Doctor" class="mw-redirect">My Number One Doctor</a>", a 2007 episode of the television show <i><a href="/wiki/Scrubs_(TV_series)" title="Scrubs (TV series)">Scrubs</a></i>, played on the perception that Wikipedia is an unreliable reference tool with a scene in which <a href="/wiki/Perry_Cox" title="Perry Cox">Dr. Perry Cox</a> reacts to a patient who says that a Wikipedia article indicates that the <a href="/wiki/Raw_food_diet" title="Raw food diet" class="mw-redirect">raw food diet</a> reverses the effects of <a href="/wiki/Bone_cancer" title="Bone cancer" class="mw-redirect">bone cancer</a> by retorting that the same editor who wrote that article also wrote the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Battlestar_Galactica_(2004_TV_series)_episodes" title="List of Battlestar Galactica (2004 TV series) episodes"><i>Battlestar Galactica</i> episode guide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bakken_one_doctor_1_334-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bakken_one_doctor_1-334"><span>[</span>328<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>In 2008, the comedic website <i><a href="/wiki/CollegeHumor" title="CollegeHumor">CollegeHumor</a></i> produced a video sketch named "Professor Wikipedia", in which the fictitious Professor Wikipedia instructs a class with a medley of unverifiable and occasionally absurd statements.<sup id="cite_ref-collegehumor.com_WP_funny_1_335-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collegehumor.com_WP_funny_1-335"><span>[</span>329<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Dilbert" title="Dilbert">Dilbert</a></i> comic strip from May 8, 2009, features a character supporting an improbable claim by saying "Give me ten minutes and then check Wikipedia."<sup id="cite_ref-dilbert_WP_funny_1_336-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dilbert_WP_funny_1-336"><span>[</span>330<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>In July 2009, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a> broadcast a comedy series called <i><a href="/wiki/Bigipedia" title="Bigipedia">Bigipedia</a></i>, which was set on a website which was a parody of Wikipedia. Some of the sketches were directly inspired by Wikipedia and its articles.<sup id="cite_ref-comedy.org.uk_WP_funny_1_337-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comedy.org.uk_WP_funny_1-337"><span>[</span>331<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>In 2010, comedian Daniel Tosh encouraged viewers of his show, <i><a href="/wiki/Tosh.0" title="Tosh.0">Tosh.0</a></i>, to visit the show's Wikipedia article and edit it at will. On a later episode, he commented on the edits to the article, most of them offensive, which had been made by the audience and had prompted the article to be locked from editing.<sup id="cite_ref-tosh_CC_WP_funny_1_338-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tosh_CC_WP_funny_1-338"><span>[</span>332<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tosh_CC_WP_funny_2_339-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tosh_CC_WP_funny_2-339"><span>[</span>333<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>On August 23, 2013, the <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">New Yorker</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">website</a> published a cartoon with this caption: "Dammit, <a href="/wiki/Bradley_Manning" title="Bradley Manning" class="mw-redirect">Manning,</a> have you considered the pronoun war that this is going to start on your Wikipedia page?"<sup id="cite_ref-340" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-340"><span>[</span>334<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sister_projects_.E2.80.93_Wikimedia">Sister projects – Wikimedia</span></h3> +<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_project" title="Wikimedia project">Wikimedia project</a></div> +<p>Wikipedia has also spawned several sister projects, which are also wikis run by the <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a>. These other <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_projects" title="Wikimedia projects" class="mw-redirect">Wikimedia projects</a> include <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, a dictionary project launched in December 2002,<sup id="cite_ref-WM_dictionary_1_341-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WM_dictionary_1-341"><span>[</span>335<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wikiquote" title="Wikiquote">Wikiquote</a>, a collection of quotations created a week after Wikimedia launched, <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks" title="Wikibooks">Wikibooks</a>, a collection of collaboratively written free textbooks and annotated texts, <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a>, a site devoted to free-knowledge multimedia, <a href="/wiki/Wikinews" title="Wikinews">Wikinews</a>, for citizen journalism, and <a href="/wiki/Wikiversity" title="Wikiversity">Wikiversity</a>, a project for the creation of free learning materials and the provision of online learning activities.<sup id="cite_ref-OurProjects_342-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OurProjects-342"><span>[</span>336<span>]</span></a></sup> Of these, only Commons has had success comparable to that of Wikipedia. Another sister project of Wikipedia, <a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>, is a catalogue of species. In 2012 <a href="/wiki/Wikivoyage" title="Wikivoyage">Wikivoyage</a>, an editable travel guide, and <a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>, an editable knowledge base, launched.</p> +<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Publishing">Publishing</span></h3> +<div class="thumb tright"> +<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiMedia_DC_2013_Annual_Meeting_08.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/WikiMedia_DC_2013_Annual_Meeting_08.JPG/220px-WikiMedia_DC_2013_Annual_Meeting_08.JPG" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/WikiMedia_DC_2013_Annual_Meeting_08.JPG/330px-WikiMedia_DC_2013_Annual_Meeting_08.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/WikiMedia_DC_2013_Annual_Meeting_08.JPG/440px-WikiMedia_DC_2013_Annual_Meeting_08.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a> +<div class="thumbcaption"> +<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiMedia_DC_2013_Annual_Meeting_08.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> +A group of Wikimedians of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wikimediadc.org/wiki/Home">Wikimedia DC chapter</a> at the 2013 DC Wikimedia annual meeting standing in front of the Encyclopædia Britannica (back left) at the US National Archives</div> +</div> +</div> +<p>The most obvious economic effect of Wikipedia has been the death of commercial encyclopedias, especially the printed versions, e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica" class="mw-redirect">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a>,</i> which were unable to compete with a product that is essentially free.<sup id="cite_ref-343" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-343"><span>[</span>337<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-344" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-344"><span>[</span>338<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FT_impact_on_traditional_media_345-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FT_impact_on_traditional_media-345"><span>[</span>339<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_G._Carr" title="Nicholas G. Carr">Nicholas Carr</a> wrote a 2005 essay, "The amorality of <a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a>", that criticized websites with <a href="/wiki/User-generated_content" title="User-generated content">user-generated content</a>, like Wikipedia, for possibly leading to professional (and, in his view, superior) content producers going out of business, because "free trumps quality all the time". Carr wrote: "Implicit in the ecstatic visions of Web 2.0 is the hegemony of the amateur. I for one can't imagine anything more frightening."<sup id="cite_ref-RType_WP_traditional_media_impact_1_346-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RType_WP_traditional_media_impact_1-346"><span>[</span>340<span>]</span></a></sup> Others dispute the notion that Wikipedia, or similar efforts, will entirely displace traditional publications. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Anderson_(writer)" title="Chris Anderson (writer)">Chris Anderson</a>, the editor-in-chief of <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired Magazine</a></i>, wrote in <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> that the "<a href="/wiki/Wisdom_of_crowds" title="Wisdom of crowds" class="mw-redirect">wisdom of crowds</a>" approach of Wikipedia will not displace top <a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">scientific journals</a>, with their rigorous <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a> process.<sup id="cite_ref-nature.com_crowds_wisdom_347-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature.com_crowds_wisdom-347"><span>[</span>341<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>There is also an ongoing debate about the influence of Wikipedia on the biography publishing business. "The worry is that, if you can get all that information from Wikipedia, what's left for biography?" said <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Hughes" title="Kathryn Hughes">Kathryn Hughes</a>, professor of life writing at UEA and author of <i>The Short Life and Long Times of Mrs Beeton</i> and <i>George Eliot: the Last Victorian</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-348" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-348"><span>[</span>342<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Scientific_use">Scientific use</span></h3> +<p>In <a href="/wiki/Computational_linguistics" title="Computational linguistics">computational linguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">information retrieval</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">natural language processing</a>, Wikipedia has seen widespread use as a <a href="/wiki/Text_corpus" title="Text corpus">corpus</a> for linguistic research. In particular, it commonly serves as a target knowledge base for the <a href="/wiki/Entity_linking" title="Entity linking">entity linking</a> problem, which is then called "wikification",<sup id="cite_ref-wikify_349-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikify-349"><span>[</span>343<span>]</span></a></sup> and to the related problem of <a href="/wiki/Word_sense_disambiguation" title="Word sense disambiguation" class="mw-redirect">word sense disambiguation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-milne_witten_WP_usage_1_350-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-milne_witten_WP_usage_1-350"><span>[</span>344<span>]</span></a></sup> Methods similar to wikification can in turn be used to find "missing" links in Wikipedia.<sup id="cite_ref-discovering_missing_WP_links_1_351-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-discovering_missing_WP_links_1-351"><span>[</span>345<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Related_projects">Related projects</span></h2> +<p>A number of interactive multimedia encyclopedias incorporating entries written by the public existed long before Wikipedia was founded. The first of these was the 1986 <a href="/wiki/BBC_Domesday_Project" title="BBC Domesday Project">BBC Domesday Project</a>, which included text (entered on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Micro" title="BBC Micro">BBC Micro</a> computers) and photographs from over 1 million contributors in the UK, and covered the geography, art, and culture of the UK. This was the first interactive multimedia encyclopedia (and was also the first major multimedia document connected through internal links), with the majority of articles being accessible through an interactive map of the UK. The user interface and part of the content of the Domesday Project were emulated on a website until 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-Domesday_Project_352-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Domesday_Project-352"><span>[</span>346<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>One of the most successful early online encyclopedias incorporating entries by the public was <a href="/wiki/H2g2" title="H2g2">h2g2</a>, which was created by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Adams" title="Douglas Adams">Douglas Adams</a>. The h2g2 encyclopedia is relatively light-hearted, focusing on articles which are both witty and informative. <a href="/wiki/Everything2" title="Everything2">Everything2</a> was created in 1998. All of these projects had similarities with Wikipedia, but were not wikis and neither gave full editorial privileges to public users.</p> +<p><a href="/wiki/GNE_(encyclopedia)" title="GNE (encyclopedia)">GNE</a>, an encyclopedia which was not a wiki, also created in January 2001, co-existed with Nupedia and Wikipedia early in its history; however, it has been retired.<sup id="cite_ref-stallman1999_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stallman1999-21"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<p>Other websites centered on collaborative <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_base" title="Knowledge base">knowledge base</a> development have drawn inspiration from Wikipedia. Some, such as <a href="/wiki/Susning.nu" title="Susning.nu">Susning.nu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Libre_Universal_en_Espa%C3%B1ol" title="Enciclopedia Libre Universal en Español">Enciclopedia Libre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hudong" title="Hudong" class="mw-redirect">Hudong</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baidu_Baike" title="Baidu Baike">Baidu Baike</a> likewise employ no formal review process, although some like <a href="/wiki/Conservapedia" title="Conservapedia">Conservapedia</a> are not as open. Others use more traditional <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">Encyclopedia of Life</a> and the online wiki encyclopedias <a href="/wiki/Scholarpedia" title="Scholarpedia">Scholarpedia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citizendium" title="Citizendium">Citizendium</a>. The latter was started by Sanger in an attempt to create a reliable alternative to Wikipedia.<sup id="cite_ref-Orlowski18_353-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orlowski18-353"><span>[</span>347<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JayLyman_354-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JayLyman-354"><span>[</span>348<span>]</span></a></sup></p> +<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> +<div class="noprint portal tright" style="border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em"> +<table style="background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;max-width:175px"> +<tr style="vertical-align:middle"> +<td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_browser.png" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Crystal_Clear_app_browser.png/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_browser.png" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Crystal_Clear_app_browser.png/42px-Crystal_Clear_app_browser.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Crystal_Clear_app_browser.png/56px-Crystal_Clear_app_browser.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></td> +<td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> +<div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> +<ul> +<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Wikipedia" title="Outline of Wikipedia">Outline of Wikipedia</a> – guide to the subject of <i>Wikipedia</i> presented as a <a href="/wiki/Tree_structure" title="Tree structure">tree structured</a> list of its subtopics; for an outline of the contents of <i>Wikipedia</i>, see <a href="/wiki/Portal:Contents/Outlines" title="Portal:Contents/Outlines">Portal:Contents/Outlines</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Conflict-of-interest_editing_on_Wikipedia" title="Conflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia">Conflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Democratization_of_knowledge" title="Democratization of knowledge">Democratization of knowledge</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Interpedia" title="Interpedia">Interpedia</a>, an early proposal for a collaborative <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> encyclopedia</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_encyclopedias" title="List of Internet encyclopedias" class="mw-redirect">List of Internet encyclopedias</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Network_effect" title="Network effect">Network effect</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Print_Wikipedia" title="Print Wikipedia">Print Wikipedia</a> art project to visualize how big Wikipedia is. In cooperation with Wikimedia foundation.</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/QRpedia" title="QRpedia">QRpedia</a> – multilingual, mobile interface to Wikipedia</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Review" title="Wikipedia Review">Wikipedia Review</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +<p><b>Special searches</b></p> +<ul> +<li><span class="selfreference"><a href="/wiki/Special:Search/intitle:Wikipedia" title="Special:Search/intitle:Wikipedia">All pages with titles containing "Wikipedia"</a></span></li> +<li><span class="selfreference"><a href="/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex/Wikipedia" title="Special:PrefixIndex/Wikipedia">All pages beginning with "Wikipedia"</a></span></li> +</ul> +<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2> +<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> +<ol class="references"> +<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Kiss, Jemima; Gibbs, Samuel (August 6, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/aug/06/wikipedia-lila-tretikov-glasnost-freedom-of-information">"Wikipedia boss Lila Tretikov: 'Glasnost taught me much about freedom of information"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+boss+Lila+Tretikov%3A+%27Glasnost+taught+me+much+about+freedom+of+information&rft.aufirst=Jemima&rft.au=Gibbs%2C+Samuel&rft.aulast=Kiss&rft.date=August+6%2C+2014&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2014%2Faug%2F06%2Fwikipedia-lila-tretikov-glasnost-freedom-of-information&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-roadchap-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-roadchap_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Roger Chapman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rogchap.com/2011/09/06/top-40-website-programming-languages/">"Top 40 Website Programming Languages"</a>. <i>roadchap.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.au=Roger+Chapman&rft.btitle=Top+40+Website+Programming+Languages&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frogchap.com%2F2011%2F09%2F06%2Ftop-40-website-programming-languages%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-Sidener-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sidener_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Jonathan Sidener. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html">"Everyone's Encyclopedia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/U-T_San_Diego" title="U-T San Diego" class="mw-redirect">U-T San Diego</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Everyone%27s+Encyclopedia&rft.au=Jonathan+Sidener&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.signonsandiego.com%2Funiontrib%2F20041206%2Fnews_mz1b6encyclo.html&rft.jtitle=U-T+San+Diego&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-Alexa_siteinfo-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alexa_siteinfo_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexa_siteinfo_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexa_siteinfo_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexa_siteinfo_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org">"How popular is wikipedia.org?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alexa_Internet" title="Alexa Internet">Alexa Internet</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=How+popular+is+wikipedia.org%3F&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alexa.com%2Fsiteinfo%2Fwikipedia.org&rft.pub=Alexa+Internet&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theverge.com/2015/9/4/9260981/jimmy-wales-wikipedia-china">"Wikipedia founder defends decision to encrypt the site in China"</a>. <i>The Verge</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=Wikipedia+founder+defends+decision+to+encrypt+the+site+in+China&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2015%2F9%2F4%2F9260981%2Fjimmy-wales-wikipedia-china&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-Tancer-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tancer_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Bill Tancer (May 1, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1595184,00.html">"Look Who's Using Wikipedia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2007</span>. <q>The sheer volume of content [...] is partly responsible for the site's dominance as an online reference. When compared to the top 3,200 educational reference sites in the US, Wikipedia is No. 1, capturing 24.3% of all visits to the category</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Look+Who%27s+Using+Wikipedia&rft.au=Bill+Tancer&rft.date=May+1%2C+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fbusiness%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1595184%2C00.html&rft.jtitle=Time&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cf." title="Cf.">Cf.</a> Bill Tancer (Global Manager, Hitwise), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weblogs.hitwise.com/bill-tancer/2007/03/wikipedia_search_and_school_ho.html">"Wikipedia, Search and School Homework"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hitwise" title="Hitwise">Hitwise</a></i>, March 1, 2007.</span></li> +<li id="cite_note-Woodson-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woodson_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Alex Woodson (July 8, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/internetNews/idUSN0819429120070708">"Wikipedia remains go-to site for online news"</a>. Reuters<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2007</span>. <q>Online encyclopedia Wikipedia has added about 20 million unique monthly visitors in the past year, making it the top online news and information destination, according to Nielsen//NetRatings.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+remains+go-to+site+for+online+news&rft.au=Alex+Woodson&rft.date=July+8%2C+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FinternetNews%2FidUSN0819429120070708&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comscore.com/Insights/Press_Releases/2012/9/comScore_Media_Metrix_Ranks_Top_50_US_Web_Properties_for_August_201">"comScore MMX Ranks Top 50 US Web Properties for August 2012"</a>. comScore. September 12, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=comScore+MMX+Ranks+Top+50+US+Web+Properties+for+August+2012&rft.date=September+12%2C+2012&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comscore.com%2FInsights%2FPress_Releases%2F2012%2F9%2FcomScore_Media_Metrix_Ranks_Top_50_US_Web_Properties_for_August_201&rft.pub=comScore&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-MiliardWho-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MiliardWho_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Mike Miliard (March 1, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityweekly.net/utah/article-5129-feature-wikipediots-who-are-these-devoted-even-obsessive-contributors-to-wikipedia.html">"Wikipediots: Who Are These Devoted, Even Obsessive Contributors to Wikipedia?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City_Weekly" title="Salt Lake City Weekly">Salt Lake City Weekly</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Wikipediots%3A+Who+Are+These+Devoted%2C+Even+Obsessive+Contributors+to+Wikipedia%3F&rft.au=Mike+Miliard&rft.date=March+1%2C+2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityweekly.net%2Futah%2Farticle-5129-feature-wikipediots-who-are-these-devoted-even-obsessive-contributors-to-wikipedia.html&rft.jtitle=Salt+Lake+City+Weekly&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-J_Sidener-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-J_Sidener_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Sidener, Jonathan (October 9, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/tech/personaltech/20061009-9999-mz1b9wikiped.html">"Wikipedia family feud rooted in San Diego"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_San_Diego_Union-Tribune" title="The San Diego Union-Tribune" class="mw-redirect">The San Diego Union-Tribune</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+family+feud+rooted+in+San+Diego&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.aulast=Sidener&rft.date=October+9%2C+2006&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.signonsandiego.com%2Fnews%2Ftech%2Fpersonaltech%2F20061009-9999-mz1b9wikiped.html&rft.pub=The+San+Diego+Union-Tribune&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Wiki" in the Hawaiian Dictionary, revised and enlarged edition, University of Hawaii Press, 1986</span></li> +<li id="cite_note-CBS-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CBS_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/news/wikipedia-jimmy-wales-morley-safer-60-minutes/">"Wikipedia cofounder Jimmy Wales on 60 Minutes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=Wikipedia+cofounder+Jimmy+Wales+on+60+Minutes&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fwikipedia-jimmy-wales-morley-safer-60-minutes%2F&rft.pub=CBS+News&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-small_screen-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-small_screen_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-small_screen_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-small_screen_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-small_screen_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-small_screen_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-small_screen_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Cohen, Noam (February 9, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/10/technology/wikipedia-vs-the-small-screen.html?_r=0">"Wikipedia vs. the Small Screen"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+vs.+the+Small+Screen&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.date=February+9%2C+2014&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F02%2F10%2Ftechnology%2Fwikipedia-vs-the-small-screen.html%3F_r%3D0&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-GilesJ2005Internet-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GilesJ2005Internet_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GilesJ2005Internet_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Giles_(reporter)" title="Jim Giles (reporter)">Jim Giles</a> (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7070/full/438900a.html">"Internet encyclopedias go head to head"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> <b>438</b> (7070): 900–901. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.438..900G">2005Natur.438..900G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F438900a">10.1038/438900a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16355180">16355180</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Internet+encyclopedias+go+head+to+head&rft.au=Jim+Giles&rft.date=December+2005&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv438%2Fn7070%2Ffull%2F438900a.html&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Natur.438..900G&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F438900a&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16355180&rft.issue=7070&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=900-901&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=438" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size: 90%; color: #555">(subscription required)</span> Note: The study was cited in several news articles; e.g.:</span> +<ul> +<li><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4530930.stm">"Wikipedia survives research test"</a>. BBC News. December 15, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+survives+research+test&rft.date=December+15%2C+2005&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Ftechnology%2F4530930.stm&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li id="cite_note-EdwinBlack-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EdwinBlack_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EdwinBlack_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EdwinBlack_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Black" title="Edwin Black">Black, Edwin</a> (April 19, 2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historynewsnetwork.org/article/125437">Wikipedia—The Dumbing Down of World Knowledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_News_Network" title="History News Network">History News Network</a> Retrieved October 21, 2014</span></li> +<li id="cite_note-Petrilli-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Petrilli_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petrilli_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Petrilli , Michael (SPRING 2008/Vol.8, No.2) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://educationnext.org/wikipedia-or-wickedpedia/">Wikipedia or Wickedpedia?</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education_Next" title="Education Next" class="mw-redirect">Education Next</a> Retrieved October 22, 2014</span></li> +<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niemanlab.org/2011/10/the-contribution-conundrum-why-did-wikipedia-succeed-while-other-encyclopedias-failed/">"The contribution conundrum: Why did Wikipedia succeed while other encyclopedias failed?"</a>. <i>Nieman Lab</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=The+contribution+conundrum%3A+Why+did+Wikipedia+succeed+while+other+encyclopedias+failed%3F&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.niemanlab.org%2F2011%2F10%2Fthe-contribution-conundrum-why-did-wikipedia-succeed-while-other-encyclopedias-failed%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-stallman1999-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stallman1999_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stallman1999_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard M. Stallman</a> (June 20, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html">"The Free Encyclopedia Project"</a>. Free Software Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.au=Richard+M.+Stallman&rft.btitle=The+Free+Encyclopedia+Project&rft.date=June+20%2C+2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Fencyclopedia.html&rft.pub=Free+Software+Foundation&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Jonathan Sidener (December 6, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html">"Everyone's Encyclopedia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/U-T_San_Diego" title="U-T San Diego" class="mw-redirect">U-T San Diego</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Everyone%27s+Encyclopedia&rft.au=Jonathan+Sidener&rft.date=December+6%2C+2004&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.signonsandiego.com%2Funiontrib%2F20041206%2Fnews_mz1b6encyclo.html&rft.jtitle=U-T+San+Diego&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-Meyers-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meyers_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Meyers, Peter (September 20, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9800E5D6123BF933A1575AC0A9679C8B63&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fSubjects%2fC%2fComputer%20Software">"Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2007</span>. <q>'I can start an article that will consist of one paragraph, and then a real expert will come along and add three paragraphs and clean up my one paragraph,' said Larry Sanger of Las Vegas, who founded Wikipedia with Mr. Wales.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Fact-Driven%3F+Collegial%3F+This+Site+Wants+You&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.aulast=Meyers&rft.date=September+20%2C+2001&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9800E5D6123BF933A1575AC0A9679C8B63%26n%3DTop%252fReference%252fTimes%2520Topics%252fSubjects%252fC%252fComputer%2520Software&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-SangerMemoir-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SangerMemoir_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SangerMemoir_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SangerMemoir_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Sanger, Larry (April 18, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://features.slashdot.org/features/05/04/18/164213.shtml">"The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir"</a>. <i>Slashdot</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=The+Early+History+of+Nupedia+and+Wikipedia%3A+A+Memoir&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft.aulast=Sanger&rft.date=April+18%2C+2005&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffeatures.slashdot.org%2Ffeatures%2F05%2F04%2F18%2F164213.shtml&rft.jtitle=Slashdot&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-Sanger-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sanger_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Sanger, Larry (January 17, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010506042824/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000684.html">"Wikipedia Is Up!"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000684.html">the original</a> on May 6, 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+Is+Up%21&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft.aulast=Sanger&rft.date=January+17%2C+2001&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nupedia.com%2Fpipermail%2Fnupedia-l%2F2001-January%2F000684.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-WM_foundation_of_WP_1-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WM_foundation_of_WP_1_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-October/000671.html">"Wikipedia-l: LinkBacks?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=Wikipedia-l%3A+LinkBacks%3F&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flists.wikimedia.org%2Fpipermail%2Fwikipedia-l%2F2001-October%2F000671.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-nupedia_feeder_from_WP_1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nupedia_feeder_from_WP_1_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Sanger, Larry (January 10, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030414014355/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html">"Let's Make a Wiki"</a>. Internet Archive. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html">the original</a> on April 14, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Let%27s+Make+a+Wiki&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft.aulast=Sanger&rft.date=January+10%2C+2001&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nupedia.com%2Fpipermail%2Fnupedia-l%2F2001-January%2F000676.html&rft.pub=Internet+Archive&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-WikipediaHome-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WikipediaHome_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010331173908/http://www.wikipedia.com/">"Wikipedia: HomePage"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikipedia.com/">the original</a> on March 31, 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2001</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=Wikipedia%3A+HomePage&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikipedia.com%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-NPOV-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NPOV_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Neutral">point of view&oldid=102236018 Wikipedia:Neutral point of view</a>, Wikipedia (January 21, 2007).</span></li> +<li id="cite_note-Seth-Finkelstein-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seth-Finkelstein_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Finkelstein, Seth (September 25, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2008/sep/25/wikipedia.internet">"Read me first: Wikipedia isn't about human potential, whatever Wales says"</a>. London: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Read+me+first%3A+Wikipedia+isn%27t+about+human+potential%2C+whatever+Wales+says&rft.au=Finkelstein%2C+Seth&rft.date=September+25%2C+2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Ftechnology%2F2008%2Fsep%2F25%2Fwikipedia.internet&rft.place=London&rft.pub=%27%27The+Guardian%27%27&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-Wikipedia_August_08.2C_2001-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wikipedia_August_08.2C_2001_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20010808121638/http://www.wikipedia.org/">"Wikipedia, August 8, 2001"</a>. Web.archive.bibalex.org. August 8, 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=Wikipedia%2C+August+8%2C+2001&rft.date=August+8%2C+2001&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.bibalex.org%2Fweb%2F20010808121638%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikipedia.org%2F&rft.pub=Web.archive.bibalex.org&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-Wikipedia_September_25.2C_2001-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wikipedia_September_25.2C_2001_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.bibalex.org/web/20011010233257/www.wikipedia.com/">"Wikipedia, September 25, 2001"</a>. Web.archive.bibalex.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=Wikipedia%2C+September+25%2C+2001&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.bibalex.org%2Fweb%2F20011010233257%2Fwww.wikipedia.com%2F&rft.pub=Web.archive.bibalex.org&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-WP_early_language_stats_1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WP_early_language_stats_1_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">[Wikipedia:Multilingual_statistics "Multilingual statistics"]. <i>Wikipedia</i>. March 30, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=Multilingual+statistics&rft.date=March+30%2C+2005&rft.genre=book&rft_id=Wikipedia%3AMultilingual_statistics&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-EB_encyclopedia-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB_encyclopedia_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">"Encyclopedias and Dictionaries". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> <b>18</b> (15th ed.). 2007. pp. 257–286.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Encyclopedias+and+Dictionaries&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2007&rft.edition=15th&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=257-286&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.volume=18" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-EL_fears_and_start_1-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EL_fears_and_start_1_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://osdir.com/ml/science.linguistics.wikipedia.international/2003-03/msg00008.html">"[long] Enciclopedia Libre: msg#00008"</a>. <i>Osdir</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=%5Blong%5D+Enciclopedia+Libre%3A+msg%2300008&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fosdir.com%2Fml%2Fscience.linguistics.wikipedia.international%2F2003-03%2Fmsg00008.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-Shirky-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shirky_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Clay_Shirky" title="Clay Shirky">Clay Shirky</a> (February 28, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/1594201536/ref=sib_dp_srch_pop?v=search-inside&keywords=spanish&go.x=0&go.y=0&go=Go%21"><i>Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations</i></a>. The Penguin Press via Amazon Online Reader. p. 273. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59420-153-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-59420-153-6">1-59420-153-6</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.au=Clay+Shirky&rft.btitle=Here+Comes+Everybody%3A+The+Power+of+Organizing+Without+Organizations&rft.date=February+28%2C+2008&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fgp%2Freader%2F1594201536%2Fref%3Dsib_dp_srch_pop%3Fv%3Dsearch-inside%26keywords%3Dspanish%26go.x%3D0%26go.y%3D0%26go%3DGo%2521&rft.isbn=1-59420-153-6&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=The+Penguin+Press+via+Amazon+Online+Reader&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-guardian_WP_user_peak_1-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardian_WP_user_peak_1_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Bobbie Johnson (August 12, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/aug/12/wikipedia-deletionist-inclusionist">"Wikipedia approaches its limits"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i> (London)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+approaches+its+limits&rft.au=Bobbie+Johnson&rft.date=August+12%2C+2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Ftechnology%2F2009%2Faug%2F12%2Fwikipedia-deletionist-inclusionist&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.place=London&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-WP_growth_modelling_1-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WP_growth_modelling_1_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Modelling_Wikipedia_extended_growth" title="Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia extended growth">Wikipedia:Modelling_Wikipedia_extended_growth</a></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-wikisym_slowing_growth_1-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikisym_slowing_growth_1_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation conference"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikisym.org/ws2009/procfiles/p108-suh.pdf"><i>The Singularity is Not Near: Slowing Growth of Wikipedia</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. The International Symposium on Wikis. Orlando, Florida. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=The+Singularity+is+Not+Near%3A+Slowing+Growth+of+Wikipedia&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikisym.org%2Fws2009%2Fprocfiles%2Fp108-suh.pdf&rft.place=Orlando%2C+Florida&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-bostonreview_the_end_of_WP_1-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bostonreview_the_end_of_WP_1_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Evgeny Morozov (November–December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bostonreview.net/books-ideas/edit-page-wikipedia-evgeny-morozov">"Edit This Page; Is it the end of Wikipedia"</a>. <i>Boston Review</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Edit+This+Page%3B+Is+it+the+end+of+Wikipedia&rft.au=Evgeny+Morozov&rft.date=November-December+2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonreview.net%2Fbooks-ideas%2Fedit-page-wikipedia-evgeny-morozov&rft.pub=%27%27Boston+Review%27%27&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Cohen, Noam (March 28, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/weekinreview/29cohen.html">"Wikipedia – Exploring Fact City"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+%E2%80%93+Exploring+Fact+City&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.date=March+28%2C+2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F03%2F29%2Fweekinreview%2F29cohen.html&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-stanford_WP_lack_of_future_growth_1-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stanford_WP_lack_of_future_growth_1_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Austin Gibbons, David Vetrano, Susan Biancani (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snap.stanford.edu/class/cs341-2012/reports/09-GibbonsVetranoBiancaniCS341.pdf">Wikipedia: Nowhere to grow</a> <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication - free to read"><img alt="open access publication - free to read" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/8px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" width="8" height="13" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/12px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/16px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-guardian_editors_leaving_1-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardian_editors_leaving_1_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Jenny Kleeman (November 26, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/nov/26/wikipedia-losing-disgruntled-editors">"Wikipedia falling victim to a war of words"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i> (London)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+falling+victim+to+a+war+of+words&rft.au=Jenny+Kleeman&rft.date=November+26%2C+2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Ftechnology%2F2009%2Fnov%2F26%2Fwikipedia-losing-disgruntled-editors&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.place=London&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120403172516/http://libresoft.es/publications/thesis-jfelipe">"Wikipedia: A quantitative analysis"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libresoft.es/publications/thesis-jfelipe">the original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> on April 3, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Wikipedia%3A+A+quantitative+analysis&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibresoft.es%2Fpublications%2Fthesis-jfelipe&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-WSJ_WP_losing_editors_1-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WSJ_WP_losing_editors_1_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Volunteers Log Off as Wikipedia Ages, The Wall Street Journal, November 27, 2009.</span></li> +<li id="cite_note-telegraph_Wales_WP_not_losing_editors_1-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-telegraph_Wales_WP_not_losing_editors_1_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Barnett, Emma (November 26, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/6660646/Wikipedias-Jimmy-Wales-denies-site-is-losing-thousands-of-volunteer-editors.html">"Wikipedia's Jimmy Wales denies site is 'losing' thousands of volunteer editors"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i> (London)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Wikipedia%27s+Jimmy+Wales+denies+site+is+%27losing%27+thousands+of+volunteer+editors&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.date=November+26%2C+2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftechnology%2Fwikipedia%2F6660646%2FWikipedias-Jimmy-Wales-denies-site-is-losing-thousands-of-volunteer-editors.html&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.place=London&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-wiki-women-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wiki-women_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wiki-women_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Kevin Rawlinson (August 8, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/wikipedia-seeks-women-to-balance-its-geeky-editors-2333605.html">"Wikipedia seeks women to balance its 'geeky' editors"</a>. <i>The Independent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+seeks+women+to+balance+its+%27geeky%27+editors&rft.au=Kevin+Rawlinson&rft.date=August+8%2C+2011&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Fgadgets-and-tech%2Fnews%2Fwikipedia-seeks-women-to-balance-its-geeky-editors-2333605.html&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-Simonite-2013-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Simonite-2013_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simonite-2013_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Simonite, Tom (October 22, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/520446/the-decline-of-wikipedia/">"The Decline of Wikipedia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MIT_Technology_Review" title="MIT Technology Review">MIT Technology Review</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=The+Decline+of+Wikipedia&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.aulast=Simonite&rft.date=October+22%2C+2013&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.technologyreview.com%2Ffeaturedstory%2F520446%2Fthe-decline-of-wikipedia%2F&rft.jtitle=MIT+Technology+Review&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/3-charts-that-show-how-wikipedia-is-running-out-of-admins/259829">"3 Charts That Show How Wikipedia Is Running Out of Admins"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. July 16, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=3+Charts+That+Show+How+Wikipedia+Is+Running+Out+of+Admins&rft.date=July+16%2C+2012&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Ftechnology%2Farchive%2F2012%2F07%2F3-charts-that-show-how-wikipedia-is-running-out-of-admins%2F259829&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ward, Katherine. <i>New York</i> Magazine, issue of November 25, 2013, p. 18.</span></li> +<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcworld.com/article/129135/wikipedia_breaks_into_us_top_10_sites.html">"Wikipedia Breaks Into US Top 10 Sites"</a>. PCWorld. February 17, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=Wikipedia+Breaks+Into+US+Top+10+Sites&rft.date=February+17%2C+2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcworld.com%2Farticle%2F129135%2Fwikipedia_breaks_into_us_top_10_sites.html&rft.pub=PCWorld&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-Alexa_top-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alexa_top_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org">"Wikipedia.org Site Overview"</a>. <i>alexa.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=Wikipedia.org+Site+Overview&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alexa.com%2Fsiteinfo%2Fwikipedia.org&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm">"Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report – Wikipedia Page Views Per Country"</a>. Wikimedia Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=Wikimedia+Traffic+Analysis+Report+%E2%80%93+Wikipedia+Page+Views+Per+Country&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstats.wikimedia.org%2Fwikimedia%2Fsquids%2FSquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm&rft.pub=Wikimedia+Foundation&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-LA_Times_Jan_19-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LA_Times_Jan_19_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Netburn, Deborah (January 19, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2012/01/wikipedia-sopa-blackout-congressional-representatives.html">"Wikipedia: SOPA protest led 8 million to look up reps in Congress"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Wikipedia%3A+SOPA+protest+led+8+million+to+look+up+reps+in+Congress&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft.aulast=Netburn&rft.date=January+19%2C+2012&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatimesblogs.latimes.com%2Ftechnology%2F2012%2F01%2Fwikipedia-sopa-blackout-congressional-representatives.html&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-BBC_WP_blackout_protest_1-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_WP_blackout_protest_1_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-16590585">"Wikipedia joins blackout protest at US anti-piracy moves"</a>. BBC News. January 18, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+joins+blackout+protest+at+US+anti-piracy+moves&rft.date=January+18%2C+2012&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-16590585&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/SOPA/Blackoutpage">"SOPA/Blackoutpage"</a>. Wikimedia Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=SOPA%2FBlackoutpage&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwikimediafoundation.org%2Fwiki%2FSOPA%2FBlackoutpage&rft.pub=Wikimedia+Foundation&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-sagepub_WP_and_encyclopedic_production_1-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sagepub_WP_and_encyclopedic_production_1_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Jeff Loveland and Joseph Reagle (January 15, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nms.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/01/13/1461444812470428.full">"Wikipedia and encyclopedic production. New Media & Society. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.aulast=Zittrain&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+the+Internet+and+How+to+Stop+It%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+Chapter+6%3A+The+Lessons+of+Wikipedia&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyupnet.org%2Fzittrain%2Farchives%2F16&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12487-3&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" since October 2015">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tutorial/Registration" title="Wikipedia:Tutorial/Registration">Registration notes</a></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-WP_protection_policy_1-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WP_protection_policy_1_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy" title="Wikipedia:Protection policy">Protection Policy</a></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Help:Semi-protection" title="Help:Semi-protection" class="mw-redirect">English Wikipedia's semi-protection policy</a></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Full_protection" title="Wikipedia:Full protection" class="mw-redirect">English Wikipedia's full protection policy</a></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-WP_some_sites_stable_versions_1-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WP_some_sites_stable_versions_1_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WP_some_sites_stable_versions_1_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation mailinglist">Birken, P. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2007</span>. <q>The Wikipedia's open structure makes it a target for trolls and vandals who malevolently add incorrect information to articles, get other people tied up in endless discussions, and generally do everything to draw attention to themselves.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=World+of+Knowledge&rft.aufirst=Torsten&rft.aulast=Kleinz&rft.date=February+2005&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw3.linux-magazine.com%2Fissue%2F51%2FWikipedia_Encyclopedia.pdf&rft.jtitle=Linux+Magazine&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:New_pages_patrol" title="Wikipedia:New pages patrol">Wikipedia:New pages patrol</a></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-FMonday_collaborative_effort_1-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FMonday_collaborative_effort_1_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrea Ciffolilli, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://firstmonday.org/article/view/1108/1028">"Phantom authority, self-selective recruitment and retention of members in virtual communities: The case of Wikipedia"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/First_Monday_(journal)" title="First Monday (journal)">First Monday</a></i> December 2003.</span></li> +<li id="cite_note-upenn_link_spamming_1-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-upenn_link_spamming_1_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1508&context=cis_papers">Link spamming Wikipedia for profit</a> (2011)</span></li> +<li id="cite_note-WP_vandalism_manipulation_1-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WP_vandalism_manipulation_1_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vandalism" title="Wikipedia:Vandalism">Vandalism</a>. <i>Wikipedia</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=A+False+Wikipedia+%27biography%27&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Seigenthaler&rft.date=November+29%2C+2005&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fopinion%2Feditorials%2F2005-11-29-wikipedia-edit_x.htm&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-book_The_World_is_Flat_1-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-book_The_World_is_Flat_1_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Friedman, Thomas L. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.aufirst=Brian+J.&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.btitle=Founder+shares+cautionary+tale+of+libel+in+cyberspace&rft.date=November+17%2C+2006&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.firstamendmentcenter.org%2Fnews.aspx%3Fid%3D17798&rft.pub=archive.firstamendmentcenter.org&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Helm, Burt (December 13, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2005-12-13/wikipedia-a-work-in-progress">"Wikipedia: "A Work in Progress<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BusinessWeek" title="BusinessWeek" class="mw-redirect">BusinessWeek</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Wikipedia%3A+%22A+Work+in+Progress%22&rft.aufirst=Burt&rft.aulast=Helm&rft.date=December+13%2C+2005&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fstories%2F2005-12-13%2Fwikipedia-a-work-in-progress&rft.jtitle=BusinessWeek&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-pcworld_who.27s_behind_WP-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pcworld_who.27s_behind_WP_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/index.php/id;1866322157;fp;2;fpid;2">"Who's behind Wikipedia?"</a>. <i>PC World</i>. February 6, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Wikipedia is not a dictionary, usage, or jargon guide."</span></li> +<li id="cite_note-WP_notability_guide_1-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WP_notability_guide_1_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability" title="Wikipedia:Notability">Notability</a>. Retrieved February 13, 2008. "A topic is presumed to be notable if it has received significant coverage in reliable secondary sources that are independent of the subject."</span></li> +<li id="cite_note-NOR-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOR_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">No original research</a>. February 13, 2008. "Wikipedia does not publish original thought."</span></li> +<li id="cite_note-WP_Verifiability_policy_1-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WP_Verifiability_policy_1_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Verifiability</a>. February 13, 2008. "Material challenged or likely to be challenged, and all quotations, must be attributed to a reliable, published source."</span></li> +<li id="cite_note-IHT_WP_valid_info_wrong_removable_1-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IHT_WP_valid_info_wrong_removable_1_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Cohen, Noam (August 9, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news-business.vlex.com/vid/inclusive-mission-is-that-goes-far-425135170">"For inclusive mission, Wikipedia is told that written word goes only so far"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Herald_Tribune" title="International Herald Tribune" class="mw-redirect">International Herald Tribune</a></i>. p. 18 – via vLex.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=For+inclusive+mission%2C+Wikipedia+is+told+that+written+word+goes+only+so+far&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.date=August+9%2C+2011&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews-business.vlex.com%2Fvid%2Finclusive-mission-is-that-goes-far-425135170&rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&rft.pages=18&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size: 90%; color: #555">(subscription required)</span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">Neutral point of view</a>. February 13, 2008. "All Wikipedia articles and other encyclopedic content must be written from a neutral point of view, representing significant views fairly, proportionately and without bias."</span></li> +<li id="cite_note-alternet_WP_unethical_editing_destroy.27s_credibility_1-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alternet_WP_unethical_editing_destroy.27s_credibility_1_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Eric Haas (October 26, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alternet.org/story/61365/?page=entire">"Will Unethical Editing Destroy Wikipedia's Credibility?"</a>. AlterNet<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.au=Eric+Haas&rft.btitle=Will+Unethical+Editing+Destroy+Wikipedia%27s+Credibility%3F&rft.date=October+26%2C+2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alternet.org%2Fstory%2F61365%2F%3Fpage%3Dentire&rft.pub=AlterNet&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Sanger, Larry (April 18, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://features.slashdot.org/story/05/04/18/164213/the-early-history-of-nupedia-and-wikipedia-a-memoir">"The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir"</a>. <i>Slashdot</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 2,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.aufirst=Robinson&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.btitle=3+Charts+That+Show+How+Wikipedia+Is+Running+Out+of+Admins&rft.date=July+16%2C+2012&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Ftechnology%2Farchive%2F2012%2F07%2F3-charts-that-show-how-wikipedia-is-running-out-of-admins%2F259829&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_warring" title="Wikipedia:Edit warring">"edit war"</a></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dispute_Resolution" title="Wikipedia:Dispute Resolution" class="mw-redirect">Dispute Resolution</a></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-NBC_WP_editorial_warzone_1-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NBC_WP_editorial_warzone_1_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Coldewey, Devin (June 21, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sys03-public.nbcnews.com/technology/wikipedia-editorial-warzone-says-study-838793">"Wikipedia is editorial warzone, says study"</a>. <i>Technology</i>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.au=Coldewey%2C+Devin&rft.btitle=Wikipedia+is+editorial+warzone%2C+says+study&rft.date=June+21%2C+2012&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsys03-public.nbcnews.com%2Ftechnology%2Fwikipedia-editorial-warzone-says-study-838793&rft.pub=NBC+News&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-emory_disputes_handled_1-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-emory_disputes_handled_1_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hoffman, David A., Mehra, Salil K. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1354424">"Wikitruth through Wikiorder"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Emory Law Journal</i> (<a href="/wiki/Emory_University_School_of_Law" title="Emory University School of Law">Emory University School of Law</a>) <b>59</b> (1): 181.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Wikitruth+through+Wikiorder&rft.au=Hoffman%2C+David+A.%2C+Mehra%2C+Salil+K.&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1354424&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Emory+Law+Journal&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Emory+University+School+of+Law&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=59" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hoffman, David A., Mehra, Salil K. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1354424">"Wikitruth through Wikiorder"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Emory_Law_Journal" title="Emory Law Journal" class="mw-redirect">Emory Law Journal</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Emory_University_School_of_Law" title="Emory University School of Law">Emory University School of Law</a>) <b>59</b> (1): 151–210.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Wikitruth+through+Wikiorder&rft.au=Hoffman%2C+David+A.%2C+Mehra%2C+Salil+K.&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1354424&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Emory+Law+Journal&rft.pages=151-210&rft.pub=Emory+University+School+of+Law&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=59" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/Fernanda_B._Vi%C3%A9gas" title="Fernanda B. Viégas" class="mw-redirect">Fernanda B. Viégas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Martin_M._Wattenberg" title="Martin M. Wattenberg">Martin M. Wattenberg</a>; Jesse Kriss; Frank van Ham (January 3, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/wikipedia_coordination_final.pdf">"Talk Before You Type: Coordination in Wikipedia"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Visual Communication Lab, <a href="/wiki/IBM_Research" title="IBM Research">IBM Research</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Talk+Before+You+Type%3A+Coordination+in+Wikipedia&rft.au=Fernanda+B.+Vi%C3%A9gas&rft.au=Frank+van+Ham&rft.au=Jesse+Kriss&rft.au=Martin+M.+Wattenberg&rft.date=January+3%2C+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.research.ibm.com%2Fvisual%2Fpapers%2Fwikipedia_coordination_final.pdf&rft.pub=Visual+Communication+Lab%2C+IBM+Research&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Arthur, Charles (December 15, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2005/dec/15/wikipedia.web20">"Log on and join in, but beware the web cults"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> (London)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Log+on+and+join+in%2C+but+beware+the+web+cults&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.aulast=Arthur&rft.date=December+15%2C+2005&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Ftechnology%2F2005%2Fdec%2F15%2Fwikipedia.web20&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.place=London&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Lu Stout, Kristie (August 4, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/internet/08/03/wikipedia/index.html">"Wikipedia: The know-it-all Web site"</a>. CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Wikipedia%3A+The+know-it-all+Web+site&rft.aufirst=Kristie&rft.aulast=Lu+Stout&rft.date=August+4%2C+2003&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2003%2FTECH%2Finternet%2F08%2F03%2Fwikipedia%2Findex.html&rft.pub=CNN&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Sanger" title="Larry Sanger">Larry Sanger</a> (December 31, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25">"Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Kuro5hin.org" title="Kuro5hin.org" class="mw-redirect">Kuro5hin</a>, Op–Ed</i>. <q>There is a certain mindset associated with unmoderated Usenet groups [...] that infects the collectively-managed Wikipedia project: if you react strongly to trolling, that reflects poorly on you, not (necessarily) on the troll. If you [...] demand that something be done about constant disruption by trollish behavior, the other listmembers will cry "censorship", attack you, and even come to the defense of the troll. [...] The root problem: anti-elitism, or lack of respect for expertise. There is a deeper problem [...] which explains both of the above-elaborated problems. Namely, as a community, Wikipedia lacks the habit or tradition of respect for expertise. As a community, far from being elitist, it is anti-elitist (which, in this context, means that expertise is not accorded any special respect, and snubs and disrespect of expertise is tolerated). This is one of my failures: a policy that I attempted to institute in Wikipedia's first year, but for which I did not muster adequate support, was the policy of respecting and deferring politely to experts. (Those who were there will, I hope, remember that I tried very hard.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.au=Larry+Sanger&rft.btitle=Why+Wikipedia+Must+Jettison+Its+Anti-Elitism&rft.date=December+31%2C+2004&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kuro5hin.org%2Fstory%2F2004%2F12%2F30%2F142458%2F25&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">T. Kriplean, I. Beschastnikh, et al. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1460563.1460573">"Articulations of wikiwork: uncovering valued work in Wikipedia through barnstars"</a>. Proceedings of the ACM. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1145%2F1460563.1460573">10.1145/1460563.1460573</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60558-007-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60558-007-4">978-1-60558-007-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Articulations+of+wikiwork%3A+uncovering+valued+work+in+Wikipedia+through+barnstars&rft.au=I.+Beschastnikh&rft.au=McDonald%2C+David+W.&rft.au=T.+Kriplean&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.acm.org%2Fcitation.cfm%3Fid%3D1460563.1460573&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1460563.1460573&rft.isbn=978-1-60558-007-4&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Proceedings+of+the+ACM&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size: 90%; color: #555">(Subscription required.)</span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-user_identification-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-user_identification_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Jean Goodwin (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.public.iastate.edu/~goodwin/pubs/goodwinwikipedia.pdf">"The Authority of Wikipedia"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2011</span>. <q>Wikipedia's commitment to anonymity/pseudonymity thus imposes a sort of epistemic agnosticism on its readers</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.au=Jean+Goodwin&rft.btitle=The+Authority+of+Wikipedia&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.public.iastate.edu%2F~goodwin%2Fpubs%2Fgoodwinwikipedia.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kittur, Aniket. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary;jsessionid=5F2472BC3443736B94200AFDCECAC3C8?doi=10.1.1.212.8218">"Power of the Few vs. Wisdom of the Crowd: Wikipedia and the Rise of the Bourgeoisie"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Viktoria_Institute" title="Viktoria Institute">Viktoria Institute</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.aufirst=Aniket&rft.aulast=Kittur&rft.btitle=Power+of+the+Few+vs.+Wisdom+of+the+Crowd%3A+Wikipedia+and+the+Rise+of+the+Bourgeoisie&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Bjsessionid%3D5F2472BC3443736B94200AFDCECAC3C8%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.212.8218&rft.pub=Viktoria+Institute&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-blodget-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blodget_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blodget_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blodget_110-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Blodget, Henry (January 3, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/2009/1/who-the-hell-writes-wikipedia-anyway">"Who The Hell Writes Wikipedia, Anyway?"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Who+The+Hell+Writes+Wikipedia%2C+Anyway%3F&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.aulast=Blodget&rft.date=January+3%2C+2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2F2009%2F1%2Fwho-the-hell-writes-wikipedia-anyway&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Wilson, Chris (February 22, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2184487">"The Wisdom of the Chaperones"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=The+Wisdom+of+the+Chaperones&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.date=February+22%2C+2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fid%2F2184487&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Swartz, Aaron (September 4, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/whowriteswikipedia">"Raw Thought: Who Writes Wikipedia?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft.aulast=Swartz&rft.btitle=Raw+Thought%3A+Who+Writes+Wikipedia%3F&rft.date=September+4%2C+2006&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaronsw.com%2Fweblog%2Fwhowriteswikipedia&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-labor_squeeze_on_WP_1-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-labor_squeeze_on_WP_1_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Goldman, Eric. "Wikipedia's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences" <b>8</b>. Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Wikipedia%27s+Labor+Squeeze+and+its+Consequences&rft.au=Goldman%2C+Eric&rft.genre=article&rft.pub=Journal+on+Telecommunications+and+High+Technology+Law&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=8" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-legal_edu_and_WP_1-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-legal_edu_and_WP_1_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Noveck, Beth Simone. "Wikipedia and the Future of Legal Education" <b>57</b>. Journal of Legal Education.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+and+the+Future+of+Legal+Education&rft.au=Noveck%2C+Beth+Simone&rft.genre=article&rft.pub=Journal+of+Legal+Education&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=57" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-sciam_good_samaritans_1-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sciam_good_samaritans_1_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=good-samaritans-are-on-the-money">"Wikipedia "Good Samaritans" Are on the Money"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i>. October 19, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+%22Good+Samaritans%22+Are+on+the+Money&rft.date=October+19%2C+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciam.com%2Farticle.cfm%3Fid%3Dgood-samaritans-are-on-the-money&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-liebertonline_view_on_WP_users_1-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-liebertonline_view_on_WP_users_1_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yair Amichai–Hamburger, Naama Lamdan, Rinat Madiel, Tsahi Hayat, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/abs/10.1089/cpb.2007.0225">Personality Characteristics of Wikipedia Members</a>, <i>CyberPsychology & Behavior</i>, December 1, 2008, 11 (6): 679–681; <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1089%2Fcpb.2007.0225">10.1089/cpb.2007.0225</a>.</span></li> +<li id="cite_note-newscientist_view_on_WP_users_1-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-newscientist_view_on_WP_users_1_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20126883.900-wikipedians-are-closed-and-disagreeable.html">"Wikipedians are 'closed' and 'disagreeable<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2008</span>. <q>[The author, Danah Boyd, describes herself as] an expert on social media[,] [...] a doctoral student in the School of Information at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> [,] and a fellow at the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> <a href="/wiki/Berkman_Center_for_Internet_%26_Society" title="Berkman Center for Internet & Society">Berkman Center for Internet & Society</a> [at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a>.]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.au=Danah+Boyd&rft.btitle=Academia+and+Wikipedia&rft.date=January+4%2C+2005&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmany.corante.com%2Farchives%2F2005%2F01%2F04%2Facademia_and_wikipedia.php&rft.pub=Corante&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-McHenry_2004-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McHenry_2004_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_McHenry" title="Robert McHenry">Robert McHenry</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.techcentralstation.com/111504A.html">"The Faith-Based Encyclopedia"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" since October 2015">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup>, <a href="/wiki/TCS_Daily" title="TCS Daily">Tech Central Station</a>, November 15, 2004.</span></li> +<li id="cite_note-dw-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dw_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.de/inside-wikipedia-attack-of-the-pr-industry/av-17745881">"Inside Wikipedia - Attack of the PR Industry"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=Toward+a+New+Compendium+of+Knowledge+%28longer+version%29&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citizendium.org%2Fessay.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_168-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_168-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">June 16, 2014, "Wikipedia Strengthens Rules Against Undisclosed Editing", By Jeff Elder, <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>.</span></li> +<li id="cite_note-DeathByWikipedia-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeathByWikipedia_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Ahrens, Frank (July 9, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/08/AR2006070800135.html">"Death by Wikipedia: The Kenneth Lay Chronicles"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Death+by+Wikipedia%3A+The+Kenneth+Lay+Chronicles&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.aulast=Ahrens&rft.date=July+9%2C+2006&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2006%2F07%2F08%2FAR2006070800135.html&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-cnet_politicians_and_WP_1-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cnet_politicians_and_WP_1_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kane, Margaret (January 30, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-6032713-7.html">"Politicians notice Wikipedia"</a>. CNET<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.au=Kane%2C+Margaret&rft.btitle=Politicians+notice+Wikipedia&rft.date=January+30%2C+2006&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cnet.com%2F8301-10784_3-6032713-7.html&rft.pub=CNET&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-msnbc_MS_cash_for_WP_edits_1-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-msnbc_MS_cash_for_WP_edits_1_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Bergstein" title="Brian Bergstein">Bergstein, Brian</a> (January 23, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16775981">"Microsoft offers cash for Wikipedia edit"</a>. MSNBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Wikiality&rft.au=Stephen+Colbert&rft.date=July+30%2C+2006&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cc.com%2Fvideo-clips%2Fz1aahs%2Fthe-colbert-report-the-word---wikiality&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-WideWorldOfWikipedia-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WideWorldOfWikipedia_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emorywheel.com/detail.php?n=17902">"Wide World of Wikipedia"</a>. The Emory Wheel. April 21, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=Wide+World+of+Wikipedia&rft.date=April+21%2C+2006&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emorywheel.com%2Fdetail.php%3Fn%3D17902&rft.pub=The+Emory+Wheel&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" since October 2015">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-insidehighered_against_WP_1-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-insidehighered_against_WP_1_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Waters, N. L. (2007). 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"Linterweb is authorized to make a commercial use of the Wikipedia trademark restricted to the selling of the Encyclopedia CDs and DVDs".</span></li> +<li id="cite_note-wikipediaondvd_commercially_available_1-275"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikipediaondvd_commercially_available_1_275-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikipediaondvd.com/site.php?temp=buy">"Wikipedia 0.5 Available on a CD-ROM"</a>. <i>Wikipedia on DVD</i>. Linterweb. "The DVD or CD-ROM version 0.5 was commercially available for purchase." Retrieved June 1, 2007.</span></li> +<li id="cite_note-WM_polish_WP_on_dvd-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WM_polish_WP_on_dvd_276-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Polska_Wikipedia_na_DVD_%28z_Helionem%29/en">"Polish Wikipedia on DVD"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=Polish+Wikipedia+on+DVD&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeta.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPolska_Wikipedia_na_DVD_%2528z_Helionem%2529%2Fen&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-WP_german_on_dvd_1-277"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WP_german_on_dvd_1_277-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:DVD">"Wikipedia:DVD"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=Wikipedia%3ADVD&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fde.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWikipedia%3ADVD&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-python.org_CDPedia_Argentina_1-278"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-python.org_CDPedia_Argentina_1_278-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://python.org.ar/pyar/Proyectos/CDPedia">"CDPedia (Python Argentina)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 7,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=CDPedia+%28Python+Argentina%29&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpython.org.ar%2Fpyar%2FProyectos%2FCDPedia&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-WP_CD_selection_1-279"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WP_CD_selection_1_279-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_CD_Selection" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia CD Selection">Wikipedia CD Selection</a>. Retrieved September 8, 2009.</span></li> +<li id="cite_note-WP_into_books_1-280"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WP_into_books_1_280-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webcitation.org/5jeCgQjpj">"Wikipedia turned into book"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i> (London: Telegraph Media Group). June 16, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/5549589/Wikipedia-turned-into-book.html">the original</a> on September 8, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+turned+into+book&rft.date=June+16%2C+2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnewstopics%2Fhowaboutthat%2F5549589%2FWikipedia-turned-into-book.html&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Telegraph+Media+Group&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-WP_schools_selection_1-281"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WP_schools_selection_1_281-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://schools-wikipedia.org">"Wikipedia Selection for Schools"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=Wikipedia+Selection+for+Schools&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fschools-wikipedia.org&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-FAZ-282"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FAZ_282-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Thiel, Thomas (September 27, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faz.net/s/RubCF3AEB154CE64960822FA5429A182360/Doc~E7A20980B9C0D46E99A9F60BC09506343~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html">"Wikipedia und Amazon: Der Marketplace soll es richten"</a>. <i>Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</i> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.aulast=Thiel&rft.btitle=Wikipedia+und+Amazon%3A+Der+Marketplace+soll+es+richten&rft.date=September+27%2C+2010&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faz.net%2Fs%2FRubCF3AEB154CE64960822FA5429A182360%2FDoc~E7A20980B9C0D46E99A9F60BC09506343~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html&rft.pub=Frankfurter+Allgemeine+Zeitung&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" since October 2015">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-WP_DB_usage_policy_1-283"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WP_DB_usage_policy_1_283-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Database_download" title="Wikipedia:Database download">Wikipedia policies</a> on data download</span></li> +<li id="cite_note-WP_image_data_dumps_1-284"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WP_image_data_dumps_1_284-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_dumps#Downloading_Images" class="extiw" title="meta:Data dumps">Data dumps: Downloading Images</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Meta-Wiki" title="Wikimedia Meta-Wiki" class="mw-redirect">Wikimedia Meta-Wiki</a></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-slis_WP_reference_desk_1-285"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-slis_WP_reference_desk_1_285-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slis.indiana.edu/news/story.php?story_id=2064">"Wikipedia Reference Desk"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 9,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=Wikipedia+Reference+Desk&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slis.indiana.edu%2Fnews%2Fstory.php%3Fstory_id%3D2064&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-286"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brad Stone, "How Google's Android chief, Sundar Pichai, became the most powerful man in mobile", June 30 – July 6, 2014, <i>Bloomberg BusinessWeek</i>, pp. 47-51.</span></li> +<li id="cite_note-287"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.wikipedia&hl=en">"Wikipedia - Android Apps on Google Play"</a>. <i>Play.Google.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=Wikipedia+-+Android+Apps+on+Google+Play&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fstore%2Fapps%2Fdetails%3Fid%3Dorg.wikipedia%26hl%3Den&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-288"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia-mobile/id324715238?mt=8">"Wikipedia Mobile on the App Store on iTunes"</a>. <i>iTunes.Apple.com</i>. August 4, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=Wikipedia+Mobile+on+the+App+Store+on+iTunes&rft.date=August+4%2C+2014&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fitunes.apple.com%2Fus%2Fapp%2Fwikipedia-mobile%2Fid324715238%3Fmt%3D8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-WM_mobile_added_1-289"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WM_mobile_added_1_289-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://techblog.wikimedia.org/2009/06/wikimedia-mobile-launch">"Wikimedia Mobile is Officially Launched"</a>. <i>Wikimedia Technical Blog</i>. June 30, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=Wikimedia+Mobile+is+Officially+Launched&rft.date=June+30%2C+2009&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechblog.wikimedia.org%2F2009%2F06%2Fwikimedia-mobile-launch&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-androgeoid.com_LPOI_WP_1-290"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-androgeoid.com_LPOI_WP_1_290-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://androgeoid.com/2011/04/local-points-of-interest-in-wikipedia">"Local Points Of Interest In Wikipedia"</a>. May 15, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=Local+Points+Of+Interest+In+Wikipedia&rft.date=May+15%2C+2011&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fandrogeoid.com%2F2011%2F04%2Flocal-points-of-interest-in-wikipedia&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-ilounge_iphone_gems_WP-291"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ilounge_iphone_gems_WP_291-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/15802">"iPhone Gems: Wikipedia Apps"</a>. November 30, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=iPhone+Gems%3A+Wikipedia+Apps&rft.date=November+30%2C+2008&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilounge.com%2Findex.php%2Farticles%2Fcomments%2F15802&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-292"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Ellis, Justin (January 17, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niemanlab.org/2013/01/wikipedia-plans-to-expand-mobile-access-around-the-globe-with-new-funding">"Wikipedia plans to expand mobile access around the globe with new funding"</a>. <i>NiemanLab</i>. Nieman Journalism Lab<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The reason? Mobile"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.au=Andrew+Brown&rft.btitle=Wikipedia+editors+are+a+dying+breed.+The+reason%3F+Mobile&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2015%2Fjun%2F25%2Fwikipedia-editors-dying-breed-mobile-smartphone-technology-online-encyclopedia&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-modelling-296"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-modelling_296-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">[Wikipedia:Modelling_Wikipedia%27s_growth "Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia's growth"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 22,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=Wikipedia%3AModelling+Wikipedia%27s+growth&rft.genre=book&rft_id=Wikipedia%3AModelling_Wikipedia%2527s_growth&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-comscore-297"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-comscore_297-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080730011713/http://www.comscore.com/press/release.asp?press=849">"694 Million People Currently Use the Internet Worldwide According To comScore Networks"</a>. comScore. May 4, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comscore.com/press/release.asp?press=849">the original</a> on July 30, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2007</span>. <q>Wikipedia has emerged as a site that continues to increase in popularity, both globally and in the US</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=694+Million+People+Currently+Use+the+Internet+Worldwide+According+To+comScore+Networks&rft.date=May+4%2C+2006&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comscore.com%2Fpress%2Frelease.asp%3Fpress%3D849&rft.pub=comScore&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-hitwisegoogle-298"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hitwisegoogle_298-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weblogs.hitwise.com/leeann-prescott/2007/02/wikipedia_traffic_sources.html">"Google Traffic To Wikipedia up 166% Year over Year"</a>. Hitwise. February 16, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 22,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=Google+Traffic+To+Wikipedia+up+166%25+Year+over+Year&rft.date=February+16%2C+2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweblogs.hitwise.com%2Fleeann-prescott%2F2007%2F02%2Fwikipedia_traffic_sources.html&rft.pub=Hitwise&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-hitwiseAcademic-299"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hitwiseAcademic_299-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weblogs.hitwise.com/leeann-prescott/2006/10/wikipedia_and_academic_researc.html">"Wikipedia and Academic Research"</a>. Hitwise. October 17, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=Wikipedia+and+Academic+Research&rft.date=October+17%2C+2006&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweblogs.hitwise.com%2Fleeann-prescott%2F2006%2F10%2Fwikipedia_and_academic_researc.html&rft.pub=Hitwise&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-365M-300"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-365M_300-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">West, Stuart. <a class="external text" href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/meta/3/3a/TED2010%2C_Stuart_West_full_presentation_updated_with_January_data.pdf">"Wikipedia's Evolving Impact: slideshow presentation at TED2010"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft.aulast=West&rft.btitle=Wikipedia%27s+Evolving+Impact%3A+slideshow+presentation+at+TED2010&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fmeta%2F3%2F3a%2FTED2010%252C_Stuart_West_full_presentation_updated_with_January_data.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-Wikipedia_users-301"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wikipedia_users_301-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Rainie, Lee; Bill Tancer (December 15, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080306031354/http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Wikipedia07.pdf">"Wikipedia users"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Pew Internet & American Life Project</i>. Pew Research Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Wikipedia07.pdf">the original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> on March 6, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2007</span>. <q>36% of online American adults consult Wikipedia. It is particularly popular with the well-educated and current college-age students.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.au=Bill+Tancer&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft.aulast=Rainie&rft.btitle=Wikipedia+users&rft.date=December+15%2C+2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewinternet.org%2Fpdfs%2FPIP_Wikipedia07.pdf&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-302"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">SAI (October 7, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/2011-digital-100#7-wikimedia-foundation-wikipedia-7">"The World's Most Valuable Startups"</a>. Business Insider<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.au=SAI&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Most+Valuable+Startups&rft.date=October+7%2C+2011&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2F2011-digital-100%237-wikimedia-foundation-wikipedia-7&rft.pub=Business+Insider&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-303"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Wikipedia_Readership_Survey_2011/Results">"Research:Wikipedia Readership Survey 2011/Results – Meta"</a>. Wikimedia. February 6, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=Research%3AWikipedia+Readership+Survey+2011%2FResults+%E2%80%93+Meta&rft.date=February+6%2C+2012&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeta.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FResearch%3AWikipedia_Readership_Survey_2011%2FResults&rft.pub=Wikimedia&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-Wikipedia_in_media-304"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wikipedia_in_media_304-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">[Wikipedia:Wikipedia_in_the_media "Wikipedia:Wikipedia in the media"]. <i>Wikipedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=Wikipedia%3AWikipedia+in+the+media&rft.genre=book&rft_id=Wikipedia%3AWikipedia_in_the_media&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-Bourgeois-305"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bourgeois_305-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/ops/200216886.pdf">"Bourgeois <i>et al.</i> v. Peters <i>et al.</i>"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=Bourgeois+et+al.+v.+Peters+et+al.&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ca11.uscourts.gov%2Fopinions%2Fops%2F200216886.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" since October 2015">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-ssrn.com_Wikipedian_Justice_1-306"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ssrn.com_Wikipedian_Justice_1_306-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID1346311_code835394.pdf?abstractid=1346311">"Wikipedian Justice"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=Wikipedian+Justice&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2FDelivery.cfm%2FSSRN_ID1346311_code835394.pdf%3Fabstractid%3D1346311&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-parl.gc.ca_same-sex_marriage-307"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-parl.gc.ca_same-sex_marriage_307-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parl.gc.ca/LegisInfo/BillDetails.aspx?billId=1585203&View=10">"LEGISinfo – House Government Bill C-38 (38–1)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 9,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=LEGISinfo+%E2%80%93+House+Government+Bill+C-38+%2838%E2%80%931%29&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parl.gc.ca%2FLegisInfo%2FBillDetails.aspx%3FbillId%3D1585203%26View%3D10&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-WP_court_source-308"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WP_court_source_308-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Arias, Martha L. (January 29, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibls.com/internet_law_news_portal_view.aspx?s=latestnews&id=1668">"Wikipedia: The Free Online Encyclopedia and its Use as Court Source"</a>. <i>Internet Business Law Services</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Wikipedia%3A+The+Free+Online+Encyclopedia+and+its+Use+as+Court+Source&rft.aufirst=Martha+L.&rft.aulast=Arias&rft.date=January+29%2C+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibls.com%2Finternet_law_news_portal_view.aspx%3Fs%3Dlatestnews%26id%3D1668&rft.jtitle=Internet+Business+Law+Services&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> (The name "<i>World Intellectual Property Office</i>" should however read "<i>World Intellectual Property Organization</i>" in this source.)</span></li> +<li id="cite_note-Courts_turn_to_Wikipedia-309"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Courts_turn_to_Wikipedia_309-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Cohen, Noam (January 29, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/29/technology/29wikipedia.html">"Courts Turn to Wikipedia, but Selectively"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Courts+Turn+to+Wikipedia%2C+but+Selectively&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.date=January+29%2C+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F01%2F29%2Ftechnology%2F29wikipedia.html&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-US_Intelligence-310"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-US_Intelligence_310-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Aftergood, Steven (March 21, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/blog/secrecy/2007/03/the_wikipedia_factor_in_us_int.html">"The Wikipedia Factor in US Intelligence"</a>. Federation of American Scientists Project on Government Secrecy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.aulast=Aftergood&rft.btitle=The+Wikipedia+Factor+in+US+Intelligence&rft.date=March+21%2C+2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fblog%2Fsecrecy%2F2007%2F03%2Fthe_wikipedia_factor_in_us_int.html&rft.pub=Federation+of+American+Scientists+Project+on+Government+Secrecy&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-Declan-311"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Declan_311-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Butler, Declan (December 16, 2008). "Publish in Wikipedia or perish". <i>Nature News</i>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews.2008.1312">10.1038/news.2008.1312</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Publish+in+Wikipedia+or+perish&rft.aufirst=Declan&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.date=December+16%2C+2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnews.2008.1312&rft.jtitle=Nature+News&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-ajr.org_WP_in_the_newsroom-312"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ajr.org_WP_in_the_newsroom_312-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Shaw, Donna (February–March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=4461">"Wikipedia in the Newsroom"</a>. <i>American Journalism Review</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+in+the+Newsroom&rft.aufirst=Donna&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.date=February-March+2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajr.org%2FArticle.asp%3Fid%3D4461&rft.jtitle=American+Journalism+Review&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-twsY23-313"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-twsY23_313-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Lexington (September 24, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/21530100">"Classlessness in America: The uses and abuses of an enduring myth"</a>. <i>The Economist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2011</span>. <q>Socialist Labour Party of America [...] though it can trace its history as far back as 1876, when it was known as the Workingmen's Party, no less an authority than Wikipedia pronounces it "moribund".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Classlessness+in+America%3A+The+uses+and+abuses+of+an+enduring+myth&rft.au=Lexington&rft.date=September+24%2C+2011&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F21530100&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-shizuoka_plagiarized_WP_1-314"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shizuoka_plagiarized_WP_1_314-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japannewsreview.com/society/chubu/20070705page_id=364">"Shizuoka newspaper plagiarized Wikipedia article"</a>. <i>Japan News Review</i>. July 5, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Shizuoka+newspaper+plagiarized+Wikipedia+article&rft.date=July+5%2C+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japannewsreview.com%2Fsociety%2Fchubu%2F20070705page_id%3D364&rft.jtitle=Japan+News+Review&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-WA_Express-News_staffer_resigns-315"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WA_Express-News_staffer_resigns_315-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015045010/http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/metro/stories/MYSA010307.02A.richter.132c153.html">"Express-News staffer resigns after plagiarism in column is discovered"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived October 15, 2007)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" since October 2015">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup>, <i><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_Express-News" title="San Antonio Express-News">San Antonio Express-News</a></i>, January 9, 2007.</span></li> +<li id="cite_note-starbulletin.com_Inquiry_prompts_dismissal-316"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-starbulletin.com_Inquiry_prompts_dismissal_316-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Frank Bridgewater. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.starbulletin.com/2006/01/13/news/story03.html">"Inquiry prompts reporter's dismissal"</a>. <i>Honolulu Star-Bulletin</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 9,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.au=Frank+Bridgewater&rft.btitle=Inquiry+prompts+reporter%27s+dismissal&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.starbulletin.com%2F2006%2F01%2F13%2Fnews%2Fstory03.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-Time2006-317"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Time2006_317-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Grossman, Lev (December 13, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1570810,00.html">"Time's Person of the Year: You"</a>. <i>Time</i> (Time)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Time%27s+Person+of+the+Year%3A+You&rft.aufirst=Lev&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.date=December+13%2C+2006&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C1570810%2C00.html&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.pub=Time&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-318"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b007tc6x">"Radio 4 documentary, BBC"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=Radio+4+documentary%2C+BBC&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb007tc6x&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" since July 2014">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-319"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grillini.it/show.php?4885">"Comunicato stampa. On. Franco Grillini. Wikipedia. Interrogazione a Rutelli. Con "diritto di panorama" promuovere arte e architettura contemporanea italiana. Rivedere con urgenza legge copyright" [Press release. Honorable Franco Grillini. Wikipedia. Interview with Rutelli about the "right to view" promoting contemporary art and architecture of Italy. Review with urgency copyright law]</a> (in Italian). October 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=Comunicato+stampa.+On.+Franco+Grillini.+Wikipedia.+Interrogazione+a+Rutelli.+Con+%22diritto+di+panorama%22+promuovere+arte+e+architettura+contemporanea+italiana.+Rivedere+con+urgenza+legge+copyright&rft.date=October+12%2C+2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grillini.it%2Fshow.php%3F4885&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" since July 2014">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-WP.com_WP_election_usage-320"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WP.com_WP_election_usage_320-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Jose Antonio Vargas (September 17, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/16/AR2007091601699_pf.html">"On Wikipedia, Debating 2008 Hopefuls' Every Facet"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=On+Wikipedia%2C+Debating+2008+Hopefuls%27+Every+Facet&rft.au=Jose+Antonio+Vargas&rft.date=September+17%2C+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F09%2F16%2FAR2007091601699_pf.html&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-321"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Jennifer Ablan (October 22, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSN2232893820071022?sp=true">"Wikipedia page the latest status symbol"</a>. Reuters<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+page+the+latest+status+symbol&rft.au=Jennifer+Ablan&rft.date=October+22%2C+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FdomesticNews%2FidUSN2232893820071022%3Fsp%3Dtrue&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-LER_students_write_for_WP_1-322"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LER_students_write_for_WP_1_322-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Witzleb, Normann (2009). "Engaging with the World: Students of Comparative Law Write for Wikipedia" <b>19</b> (1 and 2). Legal Education Review. pp. 83–98.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Engaging+with+the+World%3A+Students+of+Comparative+Law+Write+for+Wikipedia&rft.au=Witzleb%2C+Normann&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1+and+2&rft.pages=83-98&rft.pub=Legal+Education+Review&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=19" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-WP_awards_for_WP_1-323"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WP_awards_for_WP_1_323-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Trophy_box" class="extiw" title="m:Trophy box">"Trophy box"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Meta" title="Wikipedia:Meta">Meta-Wiki</a> (March 28, 2005).</span></li> +<li id="cite_note-webbyawards_WP_awards_1-324"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-webbyawards_WP_awards_1_324-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722174246/http://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/winners-2004.php">"Webby Awards 2004"</a>. The International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences. 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/winners-2004.php">the original</a> on July 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=Webby+Awards+2004&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webbyawards.com%2Fwebbys%2Fwinners-2004.php&rft.pub=The+International+Academy+of+Digital+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-brandchannel.com_awards_1-325"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brandchannel.com_awards_1_325-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Zumpano, Anthony (January 29, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brandchannel.com/features_effect.asp?pf_id=352">"Similar Search Results: Google Wins"</a>. Interbrand<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Similar+Search+Results%3A+Google+Wins&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.aulast=Zumpano&rft.date=January+29%2C+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brandchannel.com%2Ffeatures_effect.asp%3Fpf_id%3D352&rft.pub=Interbrand&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" since October 2015">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-loomarea.com_WP_award_1-326"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-loomarea.com_WP_award_1_326-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://loomarea.com/die_quadriga/e/index.php?title=Award_2008">"Die Quadriga – Award 2008"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=Die+Quadriga%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+Award+2008&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Floomarea.com%2Fdie_quadriga%2Fe%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAward_2008&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-EP2015-327"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EP2015_327-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erasmusprijs.org/?lang=en&page=Erasmusprijs">"Erasmus Prize - Praemium Erasmianum"</a>. Praemium Erasmianum Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=Erasmus+Prize+-+Praemium+Erasmianum&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.erasmusprijs.org%2F%3Flang%3Den%26page%3DErasmusprijs&rft.pub=Praemium+Erasmianum+Foundation&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-328"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fpa.es/es/premios-princesa-de-asturias/premiados/2015-wikipedia.html?especifica=0&idCategoria=0&anio=2015&especifica=0">"Premio Princesa de Asturias de Cooperación Internacional 2015"</a>. Fundación Princesa de Asturias<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=Premio+Princesa+de+Asturias+de+Cooperaci%C3%B3n+Internacional+2015&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fpa.es%2Fes%2Fpremios-princesa-de-asturias%2Fpremiados%2F2015-wikipedia.html%3Fespecifica%3D0%26idCategoria%3D0%26anio%3D2015%26especifica%3D0&rft.pub=Fundaci%C3%B3n+Princesa+de+Asturias&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-329"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">. La Nueva España <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.lne.es/sociedad-cultura/2015/10/22/fundadores-wikipedia-destacan-version-asturiano/1830529.html">http://www.lne.es/sociedad-cultura/2015/10/22/fundadores-wikipedia-destacan-version-asturiano/1830529.html</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lne.es%2Fsociedad-cultura%2F2015%2F10%2F22%2Ffundadores-wikipedia-destacan-version-asturiano%2F1830529.html&rft.pub=La+Nueva+Espa%C3%B1a&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-onion_WP_750_years_1-330"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-onion_WP_750_years_1_330-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theonion.com/articles/wikipedia-celebrates-750-years-of-american-indepen,2007/">"Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years Of American Independence"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Onion" title="The Onion">The Onion</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=The+Office%3A+The+Negotiation%2C+3.19&rft.date=April+5%2C+2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.officetally.com%2Fthe-office-the-negotiation&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-333"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/webguide/internetlife/2007-04-12-office-wikipedia_N.htm">"<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>Office' fans, inspired by Michael Scott, flock to edit Wikipedia"</a>. USA Today. April 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=%27Office%27+fans%2C+inspired+by+Michael+Scott%2C+flock+to+edit+Wikipedia&rft.date=April+12%2C+2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Ftech%2Fwebguide%2Finternetlife%2F2007-04-12-office-wikipedia_N.htm&rft.pub=USA+Today&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-Bakken_one_doctor_1-334"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bakken_one_doctor_1_334-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bakken, Janae. "<a href="/wiki/My_Number_One_Doctor" title="My Number One Doctor" class="mw-redirect">My Number One Doctor</a>"; <i><a href="/wiki/Scrubs_(TV_series)" title="Scrubs (TV series)">Scrubs</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>; December 6, 2007.</span></li> +<li id="cite_note-collegehumor.com_WP_funny_1-335"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-collegehumor.com_WP_funny_1_335-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collegehumor.com/video/3581424/professor-wikipedia">"Professor Wikipedia – CollegeHumor Video"</a>. CollegeHumor. November 17, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=Professor+Wikipedia+%E2%80%93+CollegeHumor+Video&rft.date=November+17%2C+2009&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collegehumor.com%2Fvideo%2F3581424%2Fprofessor-wikipedia&rft.pub=CollegeHumor&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-dilbert_WP_funny_1-336"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dilbert_WP_funny_1_336-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dilbert.com/strips/comic/2009-05-08">"Dilbert comic strip for 05/08/2009 from the official Dilbert comic strips archive"</a>. Universal Uclick. May 8, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=Dilbert+comic+strip+for+05%2F08%2F2009+from+the+official+Dilbert+comic+strips+archive&rft.date=May+8%2C+2009&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdilbert.com%2Fstrips%2Fcomic%2F2009-05-08&rft.pub=Universal+Uclick&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-comedy.org.uk_WP_funny_1-337"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-comedy.org.uk_WP_funny_1_337-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comedy.org.uk/guide/radio/bigipedia/interview/">"Interview With Nick Doody and Matt Kirshen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Comedy_Guide" title="British Comedy Guide">British Comedy Guide</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=Interview+With+Nick+Doody+and+Matt+Kirshen&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comedy.org.uk%2Fguide%2Fradio%2Fbigipedia%2Finterview%2F&rft.pub=British+Comedy+Guide&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-tosh_CC_WP_funny_1-338"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tosh_CC_WP_funny_1_338-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tosh.comedycentral.com/blog/2010/02/03/your-wikipedia-entries">"<i>Your Wikipedia Entries</i>"</a>. <i>Tosh.0</i>. February 3, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 9,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=Your+Wikipedia+Entries&rft.date=February+3%2C+2010&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftosh.comedycentral.com%2Fblog%2F2010%2F02%2F03%2Fyour-wikipedia-entries&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-tosh_CC_WP_funny_2-339"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tosh_CC_WP_funny_2_339-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tosh.comedycentral.com/video-clips/wikipedia-updates">"<i>Wikipedia Updates</i>"</a>. <i>Tosh.0</i>. February 3, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 9,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=Wikipedia+Updates&rft.date=February+3%2C+2010&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftosh.comedycentral.com%2Fvideo-clips%2Fwikipedia-updates&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-340"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Emily_Flake" title="Emily Flake">Emily Flake</a> (August 23, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.condenaststore.com/-sp/Dammit-Manning-have-you-considered-the-pronoun-war-that-this-is-going-t-Cartoon-Prints_i9813981_.htm">"Manning/Wikipedia cartoon"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.au=Emily+Flake&rft.btitle=Manning%2FWikipedia+cartoon&rft.date=August+23%2C+2013&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.condenaststore.com%2F-sp%2FDammit-Manning-have-you-considered-the-pronoun-war-that-this-is-going-t-Cartoon-Prints_i9813981_.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-WM_dictionary_1-341"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WM_dictionary_1_341-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_News&diff=prev&oldid=4133">"Announcement of Wiktionary's creation"</a>. meta.wikimedia.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=Announcement+of+Wiktionary%27s+creation&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeta.wikimedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DWikimedia_News%26diff%3Dprev%26oldid%3D4133&rft.pub=meta.wikimedia.org&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-OurProjects-342"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OurProjects_342-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="//wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Our_projects" class="extiw" title="foundation:Our projects">"Our projects"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a>. Retrieved January 24, 2007.</span></li> +<li id="cite_note-343"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Bosman, Julie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com//2012/03/13/after-244-years-encyclopaedia-britannica-stops-the-presses/">"After 244 Years, Encyclopaedia Britannica Stops the Presses"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft.aulast=Bosman&rft.btitle=After+244+Years%2C+Encyclopaedia+Britannica+Stops+the+Presses&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com%2F%2F2012%2F03%2F13%2Fafter-244-years-encyclopaedia-britannica-stops-the-presses%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-344"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gizmocrazed.com/2012/03/encyclopedia-britannica-dies-at-the-hands-of-wikipedia-infographic/">"<i>Encyclopedia Britannica Dies At The Hands Of Wikipedia</i>, Gizmocrazed.com (with <i>statista</i> infographic from NYTimes.com)"</a>. Gizmocrazed.com. March 20, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica+Dies+At+The+Hands+Of+Wikipedia%2C+Gizmocrazed.com+%28with+statista+infographic+from+NYTimes.com%29&rft.date=March+20%2C+2012&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gizmocrazed.com%2F2012%2F03%2Fencyclopedia-britannica-dies-at-the-hands-of-wikipedia-infographic%2F&rft.pub=Gizmocrazed.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-FT_impact_on_traditional_media-345"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FT_impact_on_traditional_media_345-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Caldwell" title="Christopher Caldwell">Christopher Caldwell</a> (June 14, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ae22314a-d383-11e2-b3ff-00144feab7de.html">"A chapter in the Enlightenment closes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">ft.com</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2013</span>. <q>Bertelsmann did not resort to euphemism this week when it announced the end of the Brockhaus encyclopedia brand. Brockhaus had been publishing reference books for two centuries when the media group bought it in 2008. [...] The internet has finished off Brockhaus altogether. [...] What Germans like is Wikipedia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.au=Christopher+Caldwell&rft.btitle=A+chapter+in+the+Enlightenment+closes&rft.date=June+14%2C+2013&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Fae22314a-d383-11e2-b3ff-00144feab7de.html&rft.pub=ft.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-RType_WP_traditional_media_impact_1-346"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RType_WP_traditional_media_impact_1_346-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roughtype.com/archives/2005/10/the_amorality_o.php">"The amorality of Web 2.0"</a>. <i>Rough Type</i>. October 3, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=The+amorality+of+Web+2.0&rft.date=October+3%2C+2005&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roughtype.com%2Farchives%2F2005%2F10%2Fthe_amorality_o.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-nature.com_crowds_wisdom-347"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nature.com_crowds_wisdom_347-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/peerreview/debate/nature04992.html">"Technical solutions: Wisdom of the crowds"</a>. <i>Nature</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.btitle=Technical+solutions%3A+Wisdom+of+the+crowds&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fpeerreview%2Fdebate%2Fnature04992.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-348"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Alison Flood. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/booksblog/2013/feb/07/traditional-biography-shakespeare-breakfast">"Alison Flood: <i>Should traditional biography be buried alongside Shakespeare's breakfast?</i>"</a>. The Guardian<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.au=Alison+Flood&rft.btitle=Alison+Flood%3A+Should+traditional+biography+be+buried+alongside+Shakespeare%27s+breakfast%3F&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fbooks%2Fbooksblog%2F2013%2Ffeb%2F07%2Ftraditional-biography-shakespeare-breakfast&rft.pub=The+Guardian&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-wikify-349"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikify_349-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rada Mihalcea and Andras Csomai (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cse.unt.edu/~tarau/teaching/NLP/papers/Mihalcea-2007-Wikify-Linking_Documents_to_Encyclopedic.pdf">Wikify! Linking Documents to Encyclopedic Knowledge</a>. Proc. CIKM.</span></li> +<li id="cite_note-milne_witten_WP_usage_1-350"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-milne_witten_WP_usage_1_350-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Milne and Ian H. Witten (2008). Learning to link with Wikipedia. Proc. CIKM.</span></li> +<li id="cite_note-discovering_missing_WP_links_1-351"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-discovering_missing_WP_links_1_351-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sisay Fissaha Adafre and [Maarten de Rijke] (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://staff.science.uva.nl/~mdr/Publications/Files/linkkdd2005.pdf">Discovering missing links in Wikipedia</a>. Proc. LinkKDD.</span></li> +<li id="cite_note-Domesday_Project-352"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Domesday_Project_352-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Heart Internet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.domesday1986.com/">"Website discussing the emulator of the Domesday Project User Interface"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 9,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.au=Heart+Internet&rft.btitle=Website+discussing+the+emulator+of+the+Domesday+Project+User+Interface&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.domesday1986.com%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-Orlowski18-353"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Orlowski18_353-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Orlowski" title="Andrew Orlowski">Orlowski, Andrew</a> (September 18, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/09/18/sanger_forks_wikipedia">"Wikipedia founder forks Wikipedia, More experts, less fiddling?"</a>. <i>The Register</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2007</span>. <q>Larry Sanger describes the Citizendium project as a "progressive or gradual fork", with the major difference that experts have the final say over edits.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+founder+forks+Wikipedia%2C+More+experts%2C+less+fiddling%3F&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.aulast=Orlowski&rft.date=September+18%2C+2006&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2006%2F09%2F18%2Fsanger_forks_wikipedia&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-JayLyman-354"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JayLyman_354-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Lyman, Jay (September 20, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crmbuyer.com/story/53137.html">"Wikipedia Co-Founder Planning New Expert-Authored Site"</a>. LinuxInsider<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+Co-Founder+Planning+New+Expert-Authored+Site&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft.aulast=Lyman&rft.date=September+20%2C+2006&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crmbuyer.com%2Fstory%2F53137.html&rft.pub=LinuxInsider&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> +</ol> +</div> +<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h3> +<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> +<ol class="references"> +<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Registration is required for certain tasks such as editing <a href="/wiki/Protected_page" title="Protected page" class="mw-redirect">protected pages</a>, creating pages in the English Wikipedia, and uploading files.</span></li> +<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an editor to be considered <a href="/wiki/Special:ActiveUsers" title="Special:ActiveUsers">active</a> in a given month, one or more edits have had to be made in said month.</span></li> +<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wikis are a type of website. The word "wiki" itself is from the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> <a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wiki#Hawaiian" class="extiw" title="wikt:wiki">word for "quick"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The procrastination principle consists in waiting for an issue to cause enough problems before taking measures to solve it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span></li> +<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Revisions with libelous content, criminal threats, or copyright infringements <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Suppression" title="Wikipedia:Suppression" class="mw-redirect">may be removed completely</a>.</span></li> +<li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://texaspress.com/index.php/publications/law-media/731-law-a-the-media-in-texas--libel-cases">"Libel"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" since October 2015">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup> by David McHam for the legal distinction</span></li> +</ol> +</div> +<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2> +<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Academic_studies">Academic studies</span></h3> +<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia" title="Academic studies about Wikipedia">Academic studies about Wikipedia</a></div> +<div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;"> +<ul> +<li>Leitch, Thomas. <i>Wikipedia U: Knowledge, authority, and a liberal education in the digital age</i> (2014)</li> +<li>Jensen, Richard. "Military History on the Electronic Frontier: Wikipedia Fights the War of 1812", <i>The Journal of Military History</i> 76#4 (October 2012): 523–556; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanhistoryprojects.com/downloads/JMH1812.PDF">online version</a>.</li> +<li><cite class="citation journal">Yasseri, Taha; Robert Sumi; János Kertész (2012). Szolnoki, Attila, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0030091">"Circadian Patterns of Wikipedia Editorial Activity: A Demographic Analysis"</a>. <i>PLoS ONE</i> <b>7</b> (1): e30091. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1109.1746">1109.1746</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...7E0091Y">2012PLoSO...7E0091Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0030091">10.1371/journal.pone.0030091</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3260192">3260192</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22272279">22272279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Circadian+Patterns+of+Wikipedia+Editorial+Activity%3A+A+Demographic+Analysis&rft.aufirst=Taha&rft.au=J%C3%A1nos+Kert%C3%A9sz&rft.aulast=Yasseri&rft.au=Robert+Sumi&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.plosone.org%2Farticle%2Finfo%253Adoi%252F10.1371%252Fjournal.pone.0030091&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1109.1746&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...7E0091Y&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0030091&rft_id=info%3Apmc%2F3260192&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22272279&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&rft.pages=e30091&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=7" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> +<li><cite class="citation journal">Goldman, Eric (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1458162##">"Wikipedia's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences"</a>. <i>Journal of Telecommunications and High Technology Law</i> <b>8</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Wikipedia%27s+Labor+Squeeze+and+its+Consequences&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1458162%23%23&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Telecommunications+and+High+Technology+Law&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=8" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.ericgoldman.org/archives/2010/02/catching_up_wit.htm">A blog post by the author.</a>)</li> +<li><cite class="citation journal">Nielsen, Finn (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue12_8/nielsen/index.html">"Scientific Citations in Wikipedia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/First_Monday_(journal)" title="First Monday (journal)">First Monday</a></i> <b>12</b> (8). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.5210%2Ffm.v12i8.1997">10.5210/fm.v12i8.1997</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Scientific+Citations+in+Wikipedia&rft.aufirst=Finn&rft.aulast=Nielsen&rft.date=August+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstmonday.org%2Fissues%2Fissue12_8%2Fnielsen%2Findex.html&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5210%2Ffm.v12i8.1997&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=First+Monday&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=12" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> +<li><cite class="citation journal">Pfeil, Ulrike; Panayiotis Zaphiris; Chee Siang Ang (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jcmc.indiana.edu./vol12/issue1/pfeil.html">"Cultural Differences in Collaborative Authoring of Wikipedia"</a>. <i>Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication</i> <b>12</b> (1): 88. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1083-6101.2006.00316.x">10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00316.x</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Cultural+Differences+in+Collaborative+Authoring+of+Wikipedia&rft.au=Chee+Siang+Ang&rft.aufirst=Ulrike&rft.aulast=Pfeil&rft.au=Panayiotis+Zaphiris&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjcmc.indiana.edu.%2Fvol12%2Fissue1%2Fpfeil.html&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1083-6101.2006.00316.x&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Computer-Mediated+Communication&rft.pages=88&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=12" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> +<li>Priedhorsky, Reid, Jilin Chen, Shyong (Tony) K. Lam, Katherine Panciera, <a href="/wiki/Loren_Terveen" title="Loren Terveen">Loren Terveen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Riedl" title="John Riedl" class="mw-redirect">John Riedl</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1316624.1316663">"Creating, Destroying, and Restoring Value in Wikipedia"</a>. Proc. GROUP 2007; <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1145%2F1316624.1316663">10.1145/1316624.1316663</a></li> +<li><cite class="citation conference">Reagle, Joseph (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reagle.org/joseph/2007/10/Wikipedia-Authorial-Leadership.pdf"><i>Do as I Do: Authorial Leadership in Wikipedia</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>WikiSym '07: Proceedings of the 2007 International Symposium on Wikis</i> (Montreal, Canada: ACM)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Do+as+I+Do%3A+Authorial+Leadership+in+Wikipedia&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.aulast=Reagle&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freagle.org%2Fjoseph%2F2007%2F10%2FWikipedia-Authorial-Leadership.pdf&rft.jtitle=WikiSym+%2707%3A+Proceedings+of+the+2007+International+Symposium+on+Wikis&rft.place=Montreal%2C+Canada&rft.pub=ACM&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Rosenzweig" title="Roy Rosenzweig">Rosenzweig, Roy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chnm.gmu.edu/resources/essays/d/42">Can History be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" since October 2015">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup>. (Originally published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_American_History" title="The Journal of American History">The Journal of American History</a></i> 93.1 (June 2006): 117–46.)</li> +<li><cite class="citation journal">Wilkinson, Dennis M.; Bernardo A. Huberman (April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue12_4/wilkinson/index.html">"Assessing the Value of Cooperation in Wikipedia"</a>. <i>First Monday</i> <b>12</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.5210%2Ffm.v12i4.1763">10.5210/fm.v12i4.1763</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Assessing+the+Value+of+Cooperation+in+Wikipedia&rft.au=Bernardo+A.+Huberman&rft.aufirst=Dennis+M.&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.date=April+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstmonday.org%2Fissues%2Fissue12_4%2Fwilkinson%2Findex.html&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5210%2Ffm.v12i4.1763&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=First+Monday&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=12" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> +<li><cite class="citation journal">Aaron Halfaker, R. Stuart Geiger, Jonathan T. Morgan, John Riedl (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abs.sagepub.com/content/57/5/664">"The Rise and Decline of an Open Collaboration Community"</a>. <i>American Behavioral Scientist</i> <b>57</b> (5): 664. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0002764212469365">10.1177/0002764212469365</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Decline+of+an+Open+Collaboration+Community&rft.au=Aaron+Halfaker%2C+R.+Stuart+Geiger%2C+Jonathan+T.+Morgan%2C+John+Riedl&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabs.sagepub.com%2Fcontent%2F57%2F5%2F664&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0002764212469365&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=American+Behavioral+Scientist&rft.pages=664&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=57" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> +</ul> +</div> +<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Books">Books</span></h3> +<div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_Wikipedia" title="List of books about Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect">List of books about Wikipedia</a></div> +<div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;"> +<ul> +<li><cite class="citation book">Ayers, Phoebe; Matthews, Charles; Yates, Ben (September 2008). <i><a href="/wiki/How_Wikipedia_Works" title="How Wikipedia Works">How Wikipedia Works</a>: And How You Can Be a Part of It</i>. San Francisco: No Starch Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59327-176-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59327-176-3">978-1-59327-176-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.aufirst=Phoebe&rft.aulast=Ayers&rft.au=Matthews%2C+Charles&rft.au=Yates%2C+Ben&rft.btitle=How+Wikipedia+Works%3A+And+How+You+Can+Be+a+Part+of+It&rft.date=September+2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-59327-176-3&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=No+Starch+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> +<li><cite class="citation book">Broughton, John (2008). <i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_%E2%80%93_The_Missing_Manual" title="Wikipedia – The Missing Manual">Wikipedia – The Missing Manual</a></i>. O'Reilly Media. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-596-51516-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-596-51516-2">0-596-51516-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Broughton&rft.btitle=Wikipedia+%E2%80%93+The+Missing+Manual&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-596-51516-2&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> (See book review by Baker, as listed hereafter.)</li> +<li><cite class="citation book">Broughton, John (2008). <i>Wikipedia Reader's Guide</i>. Sebastopol: Pogue Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-596-52174-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-596-52174-X">0-596-52174-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Broughton&rft.btitle=Wikipedia+Reader%27s+Guide&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-596-52174-X&rft.place=Sebastopol&rft.pub=Pogue+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> +<li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Dalby" title="Andrew Dalby">Dalby, Andrew</a> (2009). <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_and_Wikipedia" title="The World and Wikipedia">The World and Wikipedia</a>: How We are Editing Reality</i>. Siduri. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9562052-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9562052-0-9">978-0-9562052-0-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.aulast=Dalby&rft.btitle=The+World+and+Wikipedia%3A+How+We+are+Editing+Reality&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-9562052-0-9&rft.pub=Siduri&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> +<li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Keen" title="Andrew Keen">Keen, Andrew</a> (2007). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cult_of_the_Amateur" title="The Cult of the Amateur">The Cult of the Amateur</a></i>. Doubleday/Currency. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-52080-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-52080-5">978-0-385-52080-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.aulast=Keen&rft.btitle=The+Cult+of+the+Amateur&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-385-52080-5&rft.pub=Doubleday%2FCurrency&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> (Substantial criticisms of Wikipedia and other web 2.0 projects.) +<ul> +<li>Listen to: +<ul> +<li><cite class="citation web">Keen, Andrew (June 16, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11131872">"Does the Internet Undermine Culture?"</a>. National Public Radio, USA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.aulast=Keen&rft.btitle=Does+the+Internet+Undermine+Culture%3F&rft.date=June+16%2C+2007&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D11131872&rft.pub=National+Public+Radio%2C+USA&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> The NPR interview with A. Keen, Weekend Edition Saturday, June 16, 2007.</li> +</ul> +</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lih" title="Andrew Lih">Lih, Andrew</a> (2009). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wikipedia_Revolution:_How_a_Bunch_of_Nobodies_Created_the_World%27s_Greatest_Encyclopedia" title="The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect">The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Hyperion. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4013-0371-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4013-0371-6">978-1-4013-0371-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.aulast=Lih&rft.btitle=The+Wikipedia+Revolution%3A+How+a+Bunch+of+Nobodies+Created+the+World%27s+Greatest+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4013-0371-6&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hyperion&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> +<li><cite class="citation book">O'Sullivan, Dan (September 24, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=htu8A-m_Y4EC"><i>Wikipedia: a new community of practice?</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7433-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7433-7">978-0-7546-7433-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.aulast=O%27Sullivan&rft.btitle=Wikipedia%3A+a+new+community+of+practice%3F&rft.date=September+24%2C+2009&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhtu8A-m_Y4EC&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-7433-7&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Sheizaf_Rafaeli" title="Sheizaf Rafaeli">Sheizaf Rafaeli</a> & Yaron Ariel (2008). "Online motivational factors: Incentives for participation and contribution in Wikipedia." In <cite class="citation book">Barak, A. <i>Psychological aspects of cyberspace: Theory, research, applications</i>. Cambridge, UK: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 243–267.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.au=Barak%2C+A.&rft.btitle=Psychological+aspects+of+cyberspace%3A+Theory%2C+research%2C+applications&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=243-267&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> +<li><cite class="citation book">Reagle, Joseph Michael Jr. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reagle.org/joseph/2010/gfc"><i>Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: the MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01447-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01447-2">978-0-262-01447-2</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Michael+Jr.&rft.aulast=Reagle&rft.btitle=Good+Faith+Collaboration%3A+The+Culture+of+Wikipedia&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freagle.org%2Fjoseph%2F2010%2Fgfc&rft.isbn=978-0-262-01447-2&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts%2C+USA&rft.pub=the+MIT+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> +</ul> +</div> +<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Book_reviews_and_other_articles">Book reviews and other articles</span></h3> +<div class="refbegin" style=""> +<ul> +<li><a href="/wiki/Nicholson_Baker" title="Nicholson Baker">Baker, Nicholson</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/21131">"The Charms of Wikipedia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i>, March 20, 2008. Retrieved December 17, 2008. (Book rev. of <i>The Missing Manual</i>, by John Broughton, as listed previously.)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/L._Gordon_Crovitz" title="L. Gordon Crovitz">Crovitz, L. Gordon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123897399273491031.html">"Wikipedia's Old-Fashioned Revolution: The online encyclopedia is fast becoming the best."</a> (Originally published in <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal"><i>Wall Street Journal</i></a> online – April 6, 2009.)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Postrel" title="Virginia Postrel">Postrel, Virginia</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psmag.com/books-and-culture/killed-wikipedia-93777">"Who Killed Wikipedia? : A hardened corps of volunteer editors is the only force protecting Wikipedia. They might also be killing it"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Standard" title="Pacific Standard">Pacific Standard</a></i> magazine, November/December 2014 issue.</li> +</ul> +</div> +<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Learning_resources">Learning resources</span></h4> +<div class="refbegin" style=""> +<ul> +<li><a href="//en.wikiversity.org/wiki/wikipedia#Learning_resources" class="extiw" title="v:wikipedia">Wikiversity list of learning resources</a>. (Includes related courses, <a href="/wiki/Web_conferencing" title="Web conferencing">Web-based seminars</a>, slides, lecture notes, text books, quizzes, glossaries, etc.)</li> +<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/ideas/episodes/2014/01/15/the-great-book-of-knowledge-part-1/">The Great Book of Knowledge, Part 1: A Wiki is a Kind of Bus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ideas_(radio_show)" title="Ideas (radio show)">Ideas, with Paul Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/CBC_Radio_One" title="CBC Radio One">CBC Radio One</a>, originally broadcast January 15, 2014. Webpage includes a link to the archived audio program (also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/ideas/popupaudio.html?clipIds=2430203709">found here</a>). The radio documentary discusses Wikipedia's history, development and its place within the broader scope of the trend to democratized knowledge. It also includes interviews with several key Wikipedia staff and contributors, including <a href="/wiki/Kat_Walsh" title="Kat Walsh" class="mw-redirect">Kat Walsh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sue_Gardner" title="Sue Gardner">Sue Gardner</a> (audio, 53:58, Flash required).</li> +</ul> +</div> +<h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_media_coverage">Other media coverage</span></h4> +<div class="hatnote">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_Wikipedia" title="List of films about Wikipedia">List of films about Wikipedia</a></div> +<div class="refbegin" style=""> +<ul> +<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wired.com/politics/onlinerights/news/2007/08/wiki_tracker?currentPage=all">"See Who's Editing Wikipedia – Diebold, the CIA, a Campaign", <i>WIRED</i>, August 14, 2007.</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" since October 2015">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></li> +<li><cite class="citation news">Balke, Jeff (March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.chron.com/brokenrecord/2008/03/for_music_fans_wikipedia_myspa.html">"For Music Fans: Wikipedia; MySpace"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i>. Broken Record (blog)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=For+Music+Fans%3A+Wikipedia%3B+MySpace&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft.aulast=Balke&rft.date=March+2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.chron.com%2Fbrokenrecord%2F2008%2F03%2Ffor_music_fans_wikipedia_myspa.html&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> +<li><cite class="citation news">Dee, Jonathan (July 1, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/01/magazine/01WIKIPEDIA-t.html">"All the News That's Fit to Print Out"</a>. <i>The New York Times Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=All+the+News+That%27s+Fit+to+Print+Out&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.aulast=Dee&rft.date=July+1%2C+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F07%2F01%2Fmagazine%2F01WIKIPEDIA-t.html&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+Magazine&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> +<li><cite class="citation news">Giles, Jim (September 20, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19526226.200">"Wikipedia 2.0 – Now with Added Trust"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+2.0%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+Now+with+Added+Trust&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.aulast=Giles&rft.date=September+20%2C+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg19526226.200&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> +<li><cite class="citation news">Miliard, Mike (December 2, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thephoenix.com/Boston/Life/52864-Wikipedia-rules">"Wikipedia Rules"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Phoenix_(newspaper)" title="The Phoenix (newspaper)">The Phoenix</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+Rules&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft.aulast=Miliard&rft.date=December+2%2C+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthephoenix.com%2FBoston%2FLife%2F52864-Wikipedia-rules&rft.jtitle=The+Phoenix&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> +<li><cite class="citation news"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Poe" title="Marshall Poe">Poe, Marshall</a> (September 1, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia">"The Hive"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic Monthly</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=The+Hive&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft.aulast=Poe&rft.date=September+1%2C+2006&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fdoc%2F200609%2Fwikipedia&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic+Monthly&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> +<li><cite class="citation news">Rosenwald, Michael S. (October 23, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/22/AR2009102204715.html?hpid=topnews">"Gatekeeper of D.C.'s entry: Road to city's Wikipedia page goes through a DuPont Circle bedroom"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Gatekeeper+of+D.C.%27s+entry%3A+Road+to+city%27s+Wikipedia+page+goes+through+a+DuPont+Circle+bedroom&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft.aulast=Rosenwald&rft.date=October+23%2C+2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2009%2F10%2F22%2FAR2009102204715.html%3Fhpid%3Dtopnews&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> +<li><cite class="citation news">Runciman, David (May 28, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v31/n10/runc01_.html">"Like Boiling a Frog"</a>. <i>London Review of Books</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Like+Boiling+a+Frog&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.date=May+28%2C+2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fv31%2Fn10%2Frunc01_.html&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> +<li><cite class="citation news">Taylor, Chris (May 29, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1066904-1,00.html">"It's a Wiki, Wiki World"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=It%27s+a+Wiki%2C+Wiki+World&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.date=May+29%2C+2005&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C1066904-1%2C00.html&rft.jtitle=Time&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> +<li><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/science/tq/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11484062">"Technological Quarterly: Brain Scan: The Free-knowledge Fundamentalist"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> Web and <a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">Print</a></i>. June 5, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2008</span>. <q>Jimmy Wales changed the world with Wikipedia, the hugely popular online encyclopedia that anyone can edit. What will he do next?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia&rft.atitle=Technological+Quarterly%3A+Brain+Scan%3A+The+Free-knowledge+Fundamentalist&rft.date=June+5%2C+2008&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fscience%2Ftq%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D11484062&rft.jtitle=The+Economist+Web+and+Print&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> +<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/features/is-wikipedia-cracking-up-1543527.html">"Is Wikipedia Cracking Up?" <i>The Independent</i>, February 3, 2009.</a></li> +<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-24613608">"Wikipedia probe into paid-for 'sockpuppet' entries", BBC News', October 21, 2013.</a></li> +<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/520446/the-decline-of-wikipedia/">"The Decline of Wikipedia"</a>, <i>MIT Technology Review</i>, October 22, 2013</li> +<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/city-hall/2015/03/8563947/edits-wikipedia-pages-bell-garner-diallo-traced-1-police-plaza">Edits to Wikipedia pages on Bell, Garner, Diallo traced to 1 Police Plaza</a> (March 2015), <i><a href="/wiki/Media_in_New_York%27s_Capital_District" title="Media in New York's Capital District">Capital</a></i></li> +</ul> +</div> +<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2> +<table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="padding:0.25em 0.5em 0.5em 0.75em;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#f9f9f9;"> +<tr> +<td colspan="2" style="padding-bottom:0.75em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"> +<div style="clear:both;">Find more about<br /> +<b>Wikipedia</b><br /> +at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr style="height:25px;"> +<td style="padding-top:0.75em;"><a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Wikipedia" title="Search Wiktionary"><img alt="Search Wiktionary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/23px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" width="23" height="25" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/35px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/46px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1089" /></a></td> +<td style="padding-top:0.75em;"><a href="//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Wikipedia" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Wikipedia">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</td> +</tr> +<tr style="height:25px;"> +<td><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Wikipedia" title="Search Commons"><img alt="Search Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="18" height="25" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/37px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></td> +<td><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Wikipedia" class="extiw" title="c:Special:Search/Wikipedia">Media</a> from Commons</td> +</tr> +<tr style="height:25px;"> +<td><a href="//en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Wikipedia" title="Search Wikinews"><img alt="Search Wikinews" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/25px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" width="25" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/38px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/50px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></td> +<td><a href="//en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Wikipedia" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Wikipedia">News stories</a> from Wikinews</td> +</tr> +<tr style="height:25px;"> +<td><a href="//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Wikipedia" title="Search Wikiquote"><img alt="Search Wikiquote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" width="21" height="25" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></td> +<td><a href="//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Wikipedia" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Wikipedia">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</td> +</tr> +<tr style="height:25px;"> +<td><a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia" title="Search Wikisource"><img alt="Search Wikisource" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" width="24" height="25" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/48px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></td> +<td><a href="//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia" class="extiw" title="s:Category:Wikipedia">Source texts</a> from Wikisource</td> +</tr> +<tr style="height:25px;"> +<td><a href="//en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Wikipedia" title="Search Wikibooks"><img alt="Search Wikibooks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" width="25" height="25" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></td> +<td><a href="//en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Wikipedia" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Wikipedia">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</td> +</tr> +<tr style="height:25px;"> +<td><a href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Wikivoyage:Cooperating_with_Wikipedia" title="Search Wikivoyage"><img alt="Search Wikivoyage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/25px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" width="25" height="25" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/50px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></td> +<td><a href="//en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Wikivoyage:Cooperating_with_Wikipedia" class="extiw" title="voy:Wikivoyage:Cooperating with Wikipedia">Travel guide</a> from Wikivoyage</td> +</tr> +<tr style="height:25px;"> +<td><a href="//en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Wikipedia" title="Search Wikiversity"><img alt="Search Wikiversity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/25px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" width="25" height="23" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/38px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/50px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="900" /></a></td> +<td><a href="//en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Wikipedia" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Wikipedia">Learning resources</a> from Wikiversity</td> +</tr> +<tr style="height:25px;"> +<td><a href="//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52" title="Search Wikidata"><img alt="Search Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/25px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" width="25" height="14" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/38px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/50px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></td> +<td><a href="//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52" class="extiw" title="d:Q52">Data</a> from Wikidata</td> +</tr> +<tr style="height:25px;"> +<td><a href="//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Search Meta-Wiki"><img alt="Search Meta-Wiki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/25px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png" width="25" height="25" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/38px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/50px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></td> +<td><a href="//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" class="extiw" title="m:Wikipedia">Discussion</a> from Meta-Wiki</td> +</tr> +<tr style="height:25px;"> +<td><a href="//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Search MediaWiki"><img alt="Search MediaWiki" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/MediaWiki-notext.svg/25px-MediaWiki-notext.svg.png" width="25" height="19" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/MediaWiki-notext.svg/38px-MediaWiki-notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/MediaWiki-notext.svg/50px-MediaWiki-notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="530" /></a></td> +<td><a href="//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikipedia" class="extiw" title="mw:Wikipedia">Documentation on Wikipedia</a> from MediaWiki</td> +</tr> +</table> +<ul> +<li><span class="official website"><span class="url"><a class="external text" href="https://www.wikipedia.org">Official website</a></span></span> (<span class="url"><a class="external text" href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org">Mobile</a></span>) – multilingual portal (contains links to all language editions) +<ul> +<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a></li> +<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> on <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Open_Source/Open_Content/Encyclopedias/Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="/wiki/DMOZ" title="DMOZ">DMOZ</a></li> +<li><a href="//toolserver.org/~johang/wikitrends/english-most-visited-today.html" class="extiw" title="tools:~johang/wikitrends/english-most-visited-today.html">Wikitrends: Wikipedia articles most visited today</a></li> +<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theguardian.com/technology/wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> collected news and commentary at <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i></li> +<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/companies/wikipedia/index.html">Wikipedia</a> topic page at <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></li> +<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/jimmy_wales_on_the_birth_of_wikipedia.html">Video of TED talk by Jimmy Wales on the birth of Wikipedia</a></li> +<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econtalk.org/archives/2009/03/wales_on_wikipe.html">Audio of interview with Jimmy Wales about Wikipedia in general</a> on the <a href="/wiki/EconTalk" title="EconTalk">EconTalk</a> podcast</li> +<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/class/ee380/Abstracts/020116.html">Wikipedia and why it matters</a> – Larry Sanger's 2002 talk at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stanford-online.stanford.edu/courses/ee380/020116-ee380-100.asx">video archive</a> and <a href="//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_and_why_it_matters" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikipedia and why it matters">transcript of the talk</a></li> +<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cqOHbihYbhE"><span class="plainlinks">"Intelligence in Wikipedia" Google TechTalk</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, describing an intelligence project utilizing Wikipedia, and how Wikipedia articles could be auto-generated from web content</li> +<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoq.com/presentations/vibber-community-perf-opt"><i>Community Performance Optimization: Making Your People Run as Smoothly as Your Site</i></a>, talk presented at <a href="/wiki/OOPSLA" title="OOPSLA">OOPSLA</a> 2009 by the <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a>'s senior <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> architect and former <a href="/wiki/Chief_technology_officer" title="Chief technology officer">chief technology officer</a> Brion Vibber, comparing the challenges of a large community of editors with those of a large community of software developers</li> +<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wikipapers.referata.com/">WikiPapers</a> – compilation of conference papers, journal articles, theses, books, datasets and tools about Wikipedia and wikis</li> +<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wikirank.di.unimi.it/">Open Wikipedia Ranking</a></li> +</ul> +<table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> +<tr> +<td style="padding:2px"> +<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> +<tr> +<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> +<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> +<ul> +<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia" title="Template:Wikipedia"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</abbr></a></li> +<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia" title="Template talk:Wikipedia"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</abbr></a></li> +<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Wikipedia&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</abbr></a></li> +</ul> +</div> +<div style="font-size:114%"><strong class="selflink">Wikipedia</strong></div> +</th> +</tr> +<tr style="height:2px"> +<td colspan="2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Wikipedia" title="Outline of Wikipedia">Overview</a></th> +<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> +<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> +<ul> +<li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_Wikipedia" title="Censorship of Wikipedia">Censorship of</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Conflict-of-interest_editing_on_Wikipedia" title="Conflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia">Conflict-of-interest editing</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Wikipedia" title="Criticism of Wikipedia">Criticism</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Deletionism_and_inclusionism_in_Wikipedia" title="Deletionism and inclusionism in Wikipedia">Deletionism and inclusionism</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Gender_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Gender bias on Wikipedia">Gender bias</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Racial bias on Wikipedia">Racial bias</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/MediaWiki" title="MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Notability_in_the_English_Wikipedia" title="Notability in the English Wikipedia">Notability</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Reliability_of_Wikipedia" title="Reliability of Wikipedia">Reliability</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism_on_Wikipedia" title="Vandalism on Wikipedia">Vandalism</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr style="height:2px"> +<td colspan="2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_community" title="Wikipedia community">Community</a></th> +<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> +<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> +<ul> +<li><a href="/wiki/Administrators_(Wikipedia)" title="Administrators (Wikipedia)" class="mw-redirect">Administrators</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Arbitration_Committee" title="Arbitration Committee">Arbitration Committee</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Edit-a-thon" title="Edit-a-thon">Edit-a-thon</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedian_in_residence" title="Wikipedian in residence">Wikipedian in residence</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Wikimania" title="Wikimania">Wikimania</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr style="height:2px"> +<td colspan="2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">People</th> +<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> +<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> +<ul> +<li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Devouard" title="Florence Devouard">Florence Devouard</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Manske" title="Magnus Manske">Magnus Manske</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Erik_M%C3%B6ller" title="Erik Möller">Erik Möller</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Sanger" title="Larry Sanger">Larry Sanger</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Lila_Tretikov" title="Lila Tretikov">Lila Tretikov</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_community" title="Wikipedia community">Wikipedians</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr style="height:2px"> +<td colspan="2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wikipedia" title="History of Wikipedia">History</a></th> +<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> +<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> +<ul> +<li><a href="/wiki/Bomis" title="Bomis">Bomis</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_logo" title="Wikipedia logo">Logo</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedia_controversies" title="List of Wikipedia controversies">Controversies</a> +<ul> +<li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Congressional_staff_edits_to_Wikipedia" title="U.S. Congressional staff edits to Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect">U.S. Congressional staff edits</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Essjay_controversy" title="Essjay controversy">Essjay controversy</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Seigenthaler_biography_incident" title="Wikipedia Seigenthaler biography incident">Seigenthaler biography incident</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Batuta_hoax" title="Henryk Batuta hoax">Henryk Batuta hoax</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Bicholim_conflict" title="Bicholim conflict">Bicholim Conflict hoax</a></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Watch_Foundation_and_Wikipedia" title="Internet Watch Foundation and Wikipedia">Internet Watch Foundation</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_editing_on_Wikipedia" title="Church of Scientology editing on Wikipedia">Scientology</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wikipedia#2011_mass_blanking_protest" title="Italian Wikipedia">Italian Wikipedia blackout</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_SOPA_and_PIPA#Wikimedia_community" title="Protests against SOPA and PIPA">English Wikipedia blackout</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_Wikipedia_posts" title="Hillsborough Wikipedia posts">Hillsborough Wikipedia posts</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/MyWikiBiz" title="MyWikiBiz">MyWikiBiz</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Lsjbot" title="Lsjbot">Lsjbot</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/VisualEditor" title="VisualEditor">VisualEditor</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr style="height:2px"> +<td colspan="2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Recognition<br /> +and honors</th> +<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> +<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> +<ul> +<li><a href="/wiki/Quadriga_(award)" title="Quadriga (award)">2008 Quadriga award</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Monument" title="Wikipedia Monument">Wikipedia Monument</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Prize" title="Erasmus Prize">2015 Erasmus Prize</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Awards" title="Princess of Asturias Awards">2015 Princess of Asturias Award</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr style="height:2px"> +<td colspan="2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">References<br /> +and analysis</th> +<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> +<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> +<ul> +<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_in_culture" title="Wikipedia in culture">Cultural</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Wikipedia" title="Bibliography of Wikipedia">Books</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_Wikipedia" title="List of films about Wikipedia">Films</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Academic_studies_about_Wikipedia" title="Academic studies about Wikipedia">Academic studies</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/WikiScanner" title="WikiScanner">WikiScanner</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Review" title="Wikipedia Review">Wikipedia Review</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipediocracy" title="Wikipediocracy">Wikipediocracy</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Wiki-Watch" title="Wiki-Watch">Wiki-Watch</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr style="height:2px"> +<td colspan="2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Mobile access</th> +<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> +<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> +<ul> +<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedia_mobile_applications" title="List of Wikipedia mobile applications">Apps</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/QRpedia" title="QRpedia">QRpedia</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Wapedia" title="Wapedia">Wapedia</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/WikiNodes" title="WikiNodes">WikiNodes</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Zero" title="Wikipedia Zero">Wikipedia Zero</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Wikiwand" title="Wikiwand">Wikiwand</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr style="height:2px"> +<td colspan="2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Content use</th> +<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> +<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> +<ul> +<li><a href="/wiki/Books_LLC" title="Books LLC">Books LLC</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/DBpedia" title="DBpedia">DBpedia</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Deletionpedia" title="Deletionpedia">Deletionpedia</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Kiwix" title="Kiwix">Kiwix</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/WikiReader" title="WikiReader">WikiReader</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Health_information_on_Wikipedia" title="Health information on Wikipedia">Health information</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr style="height:2px"> +<td colspan="2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Similar projects</th> +<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> +<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> +<ul> +<li><a href="/wiki/Interpedia" title="Interpedia">Interpedia</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Nupedia" title="Nupedia">Nupedia</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Citizendium" title="Citizendium">Citizendium</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Libre_Universal_en_Espa%C3%B1ol" title="Enciclopedia Libre Universal en Español">Enciclopedia Libre Universal en Español</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Veropedia" title="Veropedia">Veropedia</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_encyclopedias" title="List of Internet encyclopedias" class="mw-redirect">List of online encyclopedias</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wikis" title="List of wikis">List of wikis</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> +<tr> +<td style="padding:2px"> +<table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> +<tr> +<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> +<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> +<ul> +<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Template:Wikimedia Foundation"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</abbr></a></li> +<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Template talk:Wikimedia Foundation"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</abbr></a></li> +<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Wikimedia_Foundation&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</abbr></a></li> +</ul> +</div> +<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a></div> +</th> +</tr> +<tr style="height:2px"> +<td colspan="2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Trustees" title="Board of Trustees" class="mw-redirect">Board of Trustees</a></th> +<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> +<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> +<ul> +<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/User:Patricio.lorente" title="User:Patricio.lorente">Patricio Lorente</a> (Chair)</li> +<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/User:Lyzzy" title="User:Lyzzy">Alice Wiegand</a> (Vice Chair)</li> +</ul> +<ul> +<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/User:Frieda" title="User:Frieda">Frieda Brioschi</a></li> +<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/James_Heilman" title="James Heilman">James Heilman</a></li> +<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" width="23" height="14" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Dariusz_Jemielniak" title="Dariusz Jemielniak">Dariusz Jemielniak</a></li> +<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Guy_Kawasaki" title="Guy Kawasaki">Guy Kawasaki</a></li> +<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/User:Denny" title="User:Denny">Denny Vrandečić</a></li> +<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/User:Jan-Bart" title="User:Jan-Bart">Jan-Bart de Vreede</a></li> +<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimmy Wales</a></li> +<li><span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> <span class="flagicon"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/User:Stu" title="User:Stu">Stu West</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr style="height:2px"> +<td colspan="2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_project" title="Wikimedia project">Content projects</a></th> +<td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> +<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> +<ul> +<li><strong class="selflink">Wikipedia</strong></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_project#List" title="Wikimedia project">Meta-Wiki</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/MediaWiki" title="MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Wikiquote" title="Wikiquote">Wikiquote</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Wikibooks" title="Wikibooks">Wikibooks</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Wikinews" title="Wikinews">Wikinews</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_project#List" title="Wikimedia project">Wikimedia Incubator</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Wikiversity" title="Wikiversity">Wikiversity</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Wikivoyage" title="Wikivoyage">Wikivoyage</a><sup>1</sup></li> +</ul> +</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr style="height:2px"> +<td colspan="2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other</th> +<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> +<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> +<ul> +<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias" title="List of Wikipedias">List of Wikipedias</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikimedia_chapters" title="List of Wikimedia chapters">List of Wikimedia chapters</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Wikimania" title="Wikimania">Wikimania</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_project#Software_projects_and_other_backstage_projects" title="Wikimedia project">Software and backstage</a></li> +<li><i><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_v._NSA" title="Wikimedia Foundation v. NSA">Wikimedia v. NSA</a></i></li> +</ul> +</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr style="height:2px"> +<td colspan="2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> +<div><sup>1</sup> <a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">Forked</a> from <a href="/wiki/Wikitravel" title="Wikitravel">Wikitravel</a> in 2006; joined the Wikimedia Foundation in 2012. Wikitravel founded in 2003.</div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> +<tr> +<td style="padding:2px"> +<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> +<tr> +<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> +<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> +<ul> +<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedias" title="Template:Wikipedias"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</abbr></a></li> +<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedias" title="Template talk:Wikipedias"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</abbr></a></li> +<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Wikipedias&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</abbr></a></li> +</ul> +</div> +<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias" title="List of Wikipedias">List of Wikipedias</a> by article count</div> +</th> +</tr> +<tr style="height:2px"> +<td colspan="2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">5,000,000+</th> +<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> +<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> +<ul> +<li><b><a href="/wiki/English_Wikipedia" title="English Wikipedia">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Main Page">en</a>)</b></li> +</ul> +</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr style="height:2px"> +<td colspan="2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">2,000,000+</th> +<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> +<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> +<ul> +<li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Wikipedia" title="Swedish Wikipedia">Swedish</a> (<a href="//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="sv:">sv</a>)</li> +</ul> +</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr style="height:2px"> +<td colspan="2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">1,000,000+</th> +<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> +<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> +<ul> +<li><a href="/wiki/German_Wikipedia" title="German Wikipedia">German</a> (<a href="//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="de:">de</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Wikipedia" title="Dutch Wikipedia">Dutch</a> (<a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="nl:">nl</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/French_Wikipedia" title="French Wikipedia">French</a> (<a href="//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="fr:">fr</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_Wikipedia" title="Cebuano Wikipedia">Cebuano</a> (<a href="//ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ceb:">ceb</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Wikipedia" title="Russian Wikipedia">Russian</a> (<a href="//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ru:">ru</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Waray_Wikipedia" title="Waray Wikipedia">Waray</a> (<a href="//war.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="war:">war</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wikipedia" title="Italian Wikipedia">Italian</a> (<a href="//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="it:">it</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Wikipedia" title="Spanish Wikipedia">Spanish</a> (<a href="//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="es:">es</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Wikipedia" title="Polish Wikipedia">Polish</a> (<a href="//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="pl:">pl</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Wikipedia" title="Vietnamese Wikipedia">Vietnamese</a> (<a href="//vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="vi:">vi</a>)</li> +</ul> +</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr style="height:2px"> +<td colspan="2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">500,000+</th> +<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> +<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> +<ul> +<li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Wikipedia" title="Japanese Wikipedia">Japanese</a> (<a href="//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ja:">ja</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Wikipedia" title="Portuguese Wikipedia">Portuguese</a> (<a href="//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="pt:">pt</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Wikipedia" title="Chinese Wikipedia">Chinese</a> (<a href="//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="zh:">zh</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Wikipedia" title="Ukrainian Wikipedia">Ukrainian</a> (<a href="//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="uk:">uk</a>)</li> +</ul> +</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr style="height:2px"> +<td colspan="2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">200,000+</th> +<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> +<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> +<ul> +<li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Wikipedia" title="Catalan Wikipedia">Catalan</a> (<a href="//ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ca:">ca</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Wikipedia" title="Persian Wikipedia">Persian</a> (<a href="//fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="fa:">fa</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_Wikipedia" title="Serbo-Croatian Wikipedia">Serbo-Croatian</a> (<a href="//sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="sh:">sh</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Wikipedia" title="Norwegian Wikipedia">Norwegian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a>) (<a href="//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="no:">no</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Wikipedia" title="Arabic Wikipedia">Arabic</a> (<a href="//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ar:">ar</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Wikipedia" title="Finnish Wikipedia">Finnish</a> (<a href="//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="fi:">fi</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Wikipedia" title="Hungarian Wikipedia">Hungarian</a> (<a href="//hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="hu:">hu</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Wikipedia" title="Indonesian Wikipedia">Indonesian</a> (<a href="//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="id:">id</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Wikipedia" title="Romanian Wikipedia">Romanian</a> (<a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ro:">ro</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Wikipedia" title="Czech Wikipedia">Czech</a> (<a href="//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="cs:">cs</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Wikipedia" title="Korean Wikipedia">Korean</a> (<a href="//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ko:">ko</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Wikipedia" title="Serbian Wikipedia">Serbian</a> (<a href="//sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="sr:">sr</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Wikipedia" title="Malay Wikipedia">Malay</a> (<a href="//ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ms:">ms</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Wikipedia" title="Turkish Wikipedia">Turkish</a> (<a href="//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="tr:">tr</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Wikipedia" title="Esperanto Wikipedia">Esperanto</a> (<a href="//eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="eo:">eo</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_Wikipedia" title="Minangkabau Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect">Minangkabau</a> (<a href="//min.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="min:">min</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Wikipedia" title="Basque Wikipedia">Basque</a> (<a href="//eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="eu:">eu</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Wikipedia" title="Kazakh Wikipedia">Kazakh</a> (<a href="//kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="kk:">kk</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Wikipedia" title="Danish Wikipedia">Danish</a> (<a href="//da.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="da:">da</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Wikipedia" title="Bulgarian Wikipedia">Bulgarian</a> (<a href="//bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="bg:">bg</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Wikipedia" title="Slovak Wikipedia">Slovak</a> (<a href="//sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="sk:">sk</a>)</li> +</ul> +</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr style="height:2px"> +<td colspan="2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">100,000+</th> +<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> +<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> +<ul> +<li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Wikipedia" title="Armenian Wikipedia">Armenian</a> (<a href="//hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="hy:">hy</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Wikipedia" title="Hebrew Wikipedia">Hebrew</a> (<a href="//he.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="he:">he</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wikipedia" title="Lithuanian Wikipedia">Lithuanian</a> (<a href="//lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="lt:">lt</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Wikipedia" title="Croatian Wikipedia">Croatian</a> (<a href="//hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="hr:">hr</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Wikipedia" title="Slovene Wikipedia">Slovene</a> (<a href="//sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="sl:">sl</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Wikipedia" title="Estonian Wikipedia">Estonian</a> (<a href="//et.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="et:">et</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Wikipedia" title="Uzbek Wikipedia">Uzbek</a> (<a href="//uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="uz:">uz</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Wikipedia" title="Galician Wikipedia">Galician</a> (<a href="//gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="gl:">gl</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Wikipedia" title="Norwegian Wikipedia">Norwegian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a>) (<a href="//nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="nn:">nn</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Wikipedia" title="Latin Wikipedia">Latin</a> (<a href="//la.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="la:">la</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Volapuk_Wikipedia" title="Volapuk Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect">Volapük</a> (<a href="//vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="vo:">vo</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Simple_English_Wikipedia" title="Simple English Wikipedia">Simple English</a> (<a href="//simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="simple:">simple</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Wikipedia" title="Chechen Wikipedia">Chechen</a> (<a href="//ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ce:">ce</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Wikipedia" title="Greek Wikipedia">Greek</a> (<a href="//el.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="el:">el</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Wikipedia" title="Belarusian Wikipedia">Belarusian</a> (<a href="//be.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="be:">be</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Wikipedia" title="Georgian Wikipedia">Georgian</a> (<a href="//ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ka:">ka</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Wikipedia" title="Azerbaijani Wikipedia">Azerbaijani</a> (<a href="//az.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="az:">az</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_Wikipedia" title="Hindi Wikipedia">Hindi</a> (<a href="//hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="hi:">hi</a>)</li> +</ul> +</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr style="height:2px"> +<td colspan="2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">50,000+</th> +<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> +<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> +<ul> +<li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Wikipedia" title="Thai Wikipedia">Thai</a> (<a href="//th.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="th:">th</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Wikipedia" title="Urdu Wikipedia">Urdu</a> (<a href="//ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ur:">ur</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Min_Nan_Wikipedia" title="Min Nan Wikipedia">Min Nan</a> (<a href="//zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="zh-min-nan:">zh-min-nan</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_Wikipedia" title="Occitan Wikipedia">Occitan</a> (<a href="//oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="oc:">oc</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Wikipedia" title="Macedonian Wikipedia">Macedonian</a> (<a href="//mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="mk:">mk</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Wikipedia" title="Tamil Wikipedia">Tamil</a> (<a href="//ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ta:">ta</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Bhasa_Wikipedia" title="Nepal Bhasa Wikipedia">Nepal Bhasa</a> (<a href="//new.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="new:">new</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Wikipedia" title="Welsh Wikipedia">Welsh</a> (<a href="//cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="cy:">cy</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Wikipedia" title="Bosnian Wikipedia">Bosnian</a> (<a href="//bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="bs:">bs</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Wikipedia" title="Latvian Wikipedia">Latvian</a> (<a href="//lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="lv:">lv</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_Wikipedia" title="Tagalog Wikipedia">Tagalog</a> (<a href="//tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="tl:">tl</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Wikipedia" title="Telugu Wikipedia">Telugu</a> (<a href="//te.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="te:">te</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Wikipedia" title="Belarusian Wikipedia">Belarusian</a> (<a href="//be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="be-tarask:">be-tarask</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Wikipedia" title="Breton Wikipedia">Breton</a> (<a href="//br.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="br:">br</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Wikipedia" title="Albanian Wikipedia">Albanian</a> (<a href="//sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="sq:">sq</a>)</li> +</ul> +</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr style="height:2px"> +<td colspan="2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">20,000+</th> +<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> +<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> +<ul> +<li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_Wikipedia" title="Javanese Wikipedia">Javanese</a> (<a href="//jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="jv:">jv</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_Wikipedia" title="Asturian Wikipedia">Asturian</a> (<a href="//ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ast:">ast</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Wikipedia" title="Marathi Wikipedia">Marathi</a> (<a href="//mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="mr:">mr</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Wikipedia" title="Cantonese Wikipedia">Cantonese</a> (<a href="//zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="zh-yue:">zh-yue</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Wikipedia" title="Malayalam Wikipedia">Malayalam</a> (<a href="//ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ml:">ml</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Wikipedia" title="Bengali Wikipedia">Bengali</a> (<a href="//bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="bn:">bn</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_Wikipedia" title="Afrikaans Wikipedia">Afrikaans</a> (<a href="//af.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="af:">af</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language_Wikipedia" title="Irish language Wikipedia">Irish</a> (<a href="//ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ga:">ga</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Scots_Wikipedia" title="Scots Wikipedia">Scots</a> (<a href="//sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="sco:">sco</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_Wikipedia" title="Chuvash Wikipedia">Chuvash</a> (<a href="//cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="cv:">cv</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_Wikipedia" title="West Frisian Wikipedia">West Frisian</a> (<a href="//fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="fy:">fy</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Wikipedia" title="Burmese Wikipedia">Burmese</a> (<a href="//my.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="my:">my</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_Wikipedia" title="Swahili Wikipedia">Swahili</a> (<a href="//sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="sw:">sw</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Wikipedia" title="Yoruba Wikipedia">Yoruba</a> (<a href="//yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="yo:">yo</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_Wikipedia" title="Aragonese Wikipedia">Aragonese</a> (<a href="//an.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="an:">an</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Wikipedia" title="Sicilian Wikipedia">Sicilian</a> (<a href="//scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="scn:">scn</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupriya_Manipuri_Wikipedia" title="Bishnupriya Manipuri Wikipedia">Bishnupriya Manipuri</a> (<a href="//bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="bpy:">bpy</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Wikipedia" title="Kurdish Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect">Kurdish</a> (<a href="//ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ku:">ku</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_Wikipedia" title="Alemannic Wikipedia">Alemannic</a> (<a href="//als.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="als:">als</a>)</li> +</ul> +</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr style="height:2px"> +<td colspan="2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">10,000+</th> +<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> +<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> +<ul> +<li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Wikipedia" title="Punjabi Wikipedia">Punjabi</a> (<a href="//pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="pa:">pa</a> and <a href="//pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="pnb:">pnb</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_Wikipedia" title="Sundanese Wikipedia">Sundanese</a> (<a href="//su.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="su:">su</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Wikipedia" title="Kannada Wikipedia">Kannada</a> (<a href="//kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="kn:">kn</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Wikipedia" title="Mongolian Wikipedia">Mongolian</a> (<a href="//mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="mn:">mn</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Arabic_Wikipedia" title="Egyptian Arabic Wikipedia">Egyptian Arabic</a> (<a href="//arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="arz:">arz</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_Wikipedia" title="Yiddish Wikipedia">Yiddish</a> (<a href="//yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="yi:">yi</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_Wikipedia" title="Ossetian Wikipedia">Ossetian</a> (<a href="//os.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="os:">os</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Oriya_Wikipedia" title="Oriya Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect">Oriya</a> (<a href="//or.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="or:">or</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_Wikipedia" title="Sanskrit Wikipedia">Sanskrit</a> (<a href="//sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="sa:">sa</a>)</li> +</ul> +</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr style="height:2px"> +<td colspan="2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">1,000+</th> +<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> +<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> +<ul> +<li><a href="/wiki/Tarantino_language" title="Tarantino language" class="mw-redirect">Tarantino</a> (<a href="//roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="roa-tara:">roa-tara</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/South_Azerbaijani_Wikipedia" title="South Azerbaijani Wikipedia">South Azerbaijani</a> (<a href="//azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="azb:">azb</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sami_Wikipedia" title="Northern Sami Wikipedia">Northern Sami</a> (<a href="//se.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="se:">se</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon_Wikipedia" title="Dutch Low Saxon Wikipedia">Dutch Low Saxon</a> (<a href="//nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="nds-nl:">nds-nl</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Wikipedia" title="Sindhi Wikipedia">Sindhi</a> (<a href="//sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="sd:">sd</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Wikipedia" title="Silesian Wikipedia">Silesian</a> (<a href="//szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="szl:">szl</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_Wikipedia" title="Assamese Wikipedia">Assamese</a> (<a href="//as.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="as:">as</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_Wikipedia" title="Ripuarian Wikipedia">Ripuarian</a> (<a href="//ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ksh:">ksh</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sotho_Wikipedia" title="Northern Sotho Wikipedia">Northern Sotho</a> (<a href="//nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="nso:">nso</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Wolof_Wikipedia" title="Wolof Wikipedia">Wolof</a> (<a href="//wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="wo:">wo</a>)</li> +</ul> +</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr style="height:2px"> +<td colspan="2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">100+</th> +<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> +<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> +<ul> +<li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Wikipedia" title="Zulu Wikipedia">Zulu</a> (<a href="//zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="zu:">zu</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_Wikipedia" title="Xhosa Wikipedia">Xhosa</a> (<a href="//xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="xh:">xh</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Wikipedia" title="Moldovan Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect">Moldovan</a> (<a href="//mo.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="mo:">mo</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Bambara_Wikipedia" title="Bambara Wikipedia">Bambara</a> (<a href="//bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="bm:">bm</a>)</li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Tsonga_Wikipedia" title="Tsonga Wikipedia">Tsonga</a> (<a href="//ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ts:">ts</a>)</li> +</ul> +</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr style="height:2px"> +<td colspan="2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> +<div><a href="//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias" class="extiw" title="meta:List of Wikipedias">Full list of Wikipedias</a></div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> +<tr> +<td style="padding:2px"> +<table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> +<tr> +<th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> +<div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> +<ul> +<li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wiki_topics" title="Template:Wiki topics"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</abbr></a></li> +<li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wiki_topics" title="Template talk:Wiki topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</abbr></a></li> +<li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Wiki_topics&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</abbr></a></li> +</ul> +</div> +<div style="font-size:114%"><a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">Wikis</a></div> +</th> +</tr> +<tr style="height:2px"> +<td colspan="2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Types</th> +<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> +<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> +<ul> +<li><a href="/wiki/Personal_wiki" title="Personal wiki">Personal</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_wikis" title="List of medical wikis">Medical</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_wiki" title="Semantic wiki">Semantic</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_hosting_service" title="Wiki hosting service">Wiki farm</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr style="height:2px"> +<td colspan="2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Components</th> +<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> +<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> +<ul> +<li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_software" title="Wiki software">Software</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Wiki_markup" title="Wiki markup">Markup</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Interwiki_links" title="Interwiki links">Interwiki links</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr style="height:2px"> +<td colspan="2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Lists</th> +<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> +<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> +<ul> +<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wikis" title="List of wikis">Wikis</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wiki_software" title="List of wiki software">Software</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Wiki_markups" title="List of Wiki markups" class="mw-redirect">Markups and parsers</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr style="height:2px"> +<td colspan="2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Comparisons</th> +<td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> +<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> +<ul> +<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_wiki_software" title="Comparison of wiki software">Software</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_wiki_hosting_services" title="Comparison of wiki hosting services">Wiki farms</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +</td> +</tr> +<tr style="height:2px"> +<td colspan="2"></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th scope="row" class="navbox-group">See also</th> +<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> +<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> +<ul> +<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wikis" title="History of wikis">History of wikis</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Creole_(markup)" title="Creole (markup)">Creole</a></li> +</ul> +</div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +<table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> +<tr> +<td style="padding:2px"> +<table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> +<tr> +<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a></th> +<td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> +<div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> +<ul> +<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no2008-072801">WorldCat</a></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/195846295">195846295</a></span></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/no2008072801">no2008072801</a></span></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/7545251-0">7545251-0</a></span></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idref.fr/11109383X">11109383X</a></span></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb150837752">cb150837752</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb150837752">(data)</a></span></li> +<li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20090528031&CON_LNG=ENG">kn20090528031</a></span></li> +</ul> +</div> +</td> +</tr> +</table> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<!-- +NewPP limit report +Parsed by mw1011 +Cached time: 20151203140256 +Cache expiry: 3600 +Dynamic content: true +CPU time usage: 6.145 seconds +Real time usage: 6.753 seconds +Preprocessor visited node count: 41897/1000000 +Preprocessor generated node count: 0/1500000 +Post‐expand include size: 701412/2097152 bytes +Template argument size: 32096/2097152 bytes +Highest expansion depth: 23/40 +Expensive parser function count: 23/500 +Lua time usage: 2.587/10.000 seconds +Lua memory usage: 20.73 MB/50 MB +Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1--> + +<!-- +Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) +100.00% 5865.571 1 - 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href="//bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="উইকিপিডিয়া – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn"><a href="//bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipidia" title="Wikipidia – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn">Bahasa Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan"><a href="//zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Chinese (Min Nan)" lang="zh-min-nan" hreflang="zh-min-nan">Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms"><a href="//map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Basa Banyumasan" lang="map-bms" hreflang="map-bms">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba"><a href="//ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Википедия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><a href="//be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Вікіпедыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old"><a href="//be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Вікіпэдыя – беларуская (тарашкевіца)" lang="be-x-old" hreflang="be-x-old">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh"><a href="//bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="विकिपीडिया – भोजपुरी" lang="bh" hreflang="bh">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl"><a href="//bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipidya" title="Wikipidya – Bikol Central" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi"><a href="//bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="//bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Уикипедия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar"><a href="//bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo"><a href="//bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%9B%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91" title="ལྦེ་ཁེ་རིག་མཛོད – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><a href="//bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br"><a href="//br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr"><a href="//bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Википеэди – буряад" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="//ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia" title="Viquipèdia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv"><a href="//cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Википеди – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedya" title="Wikipedya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedie" title="Wikipedie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch"><a href="//ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam"><a href="//cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Chavacano de Zamboanga" lang="cbk-zam" hreflang="cbk-zam">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co"><a href="//co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy"><a href="//cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="//da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc"><a href="//pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv"><a href="//dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%86%DE%A8%DE%95%DE%A9%DE%91%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%A7" title="ވިކިޕީޑިޔާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb"><a href="//dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija" title="Wikipedija – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="//et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipeedia" title="Vikipeedia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="//el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Βικιπαίδεια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml"><a href="//eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichiped%C3%ACa" title="Vichipedìa – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="eml" hreflang="eml">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv"><a href="//myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Википедиясь – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><a href="//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><a href="//eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedio" title="Vikipedio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext"><a href="//ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="//eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="//fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ویکیپدیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo"><a href="//fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia" title="Wikipédia – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy"><a href="//fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedy" title="Wikipedy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff"><a href="//ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipeediya" title="Wikipeediya – Fulah" lang="ff" hreflang="ff">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur"><a href="//fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichipedie" title="Vichipedie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><a href="//ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicip%C3%A9id" title="Vicipéid – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv"><a href="//gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag"><a href="//gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipediya" title="Vikipediya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd"><a href="//gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uicipeid" title="Uicipeid – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="//gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan"><a href="//gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91" title="維基百科 – Gan Chinese" lang="gan" hreflang="gan">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki"><a href="//ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu"><a href="//gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="વિકિપીડિયા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got"><a href="//got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%80%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐍅𐌹𐌺𐌹𐍀𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom"><a href="//gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipidia" title="Wikipidia – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom">गोवा कोंकणी / Gova Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak"><a href="//hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak">客家語/Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal"><a href="//xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Бикипеди – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC" title="위키백과 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha"><a href="//ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw"><a href="//haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipikia" title="Wikipikia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw">Hawai`i</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy"><a href="//hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Վիքիպեդիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="//hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="विकिपीडिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb"><a href="//hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija" title="Wikipedija – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="//hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija" title="Wikipedija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io"><a href="//io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedio" title="Wikipedio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig"><a href="//ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo"><a href="//ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy"><a href="//bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="উইকিপিডিয়া – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia"><a href="//ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie"><a href="//ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu"><a href="//iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%85%E1%90%83%E1%91%AD%E1%90%B1%E1%91%8E%E1%90%8A" title="ᐅᐃᑭᐱᑎᐊ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ/inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik"><a href="//ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uiqipitia" title="Uiqipitia – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik">Iñupiak</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os"><a href="//os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Википеди – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh"><a href="//xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwikipedia" title="Iwikipedia – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu"><a href="//zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="//is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="//he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94" title="ויקיפדיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><a href="//jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv">Basa Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl"><a href="//kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl">Kalaallisut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn"><a href="//kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam"><a href="//pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc"><a href="//krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Википедия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="//ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ვიკიპედია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks"><a href="//ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%96%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ویکیپیٖڈیا – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb"><a href="//csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedij%C3%B4" title="Wikipedijô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="//kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Уикипедия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw"><a href="//kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedya" title="Wikipedya – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><a href="//sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht"><a href="//ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedya" title="Wikipedya – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku"><a href="//ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%AEk%C3%AEpediya" title="Wîkîpediya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky"><a href="//ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Уикипедия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj"><a href="//mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Википеди – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad"><a href="//lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedya" title="Vikipedya – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe"><a href="//lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Википедия – лакку" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez"><a href="//lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Википедия – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo"><a href="//lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%8D" title="ວິກິພີເດຍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lrc"><a href="//lrc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ویکی پدیا – Northern Luri" lang="lrc" hreflang="lrc">لۊری شومالی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg"><a href="//ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedeja" title="Vikipedeja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="//la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicipaedia" title="Vicipaedia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="//lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikip%C4%93dija" title="Vikipēdija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb"><a href="//lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="//lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedija" title="Vikipedija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij"><a href="//lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li"><a href="//li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln"><a href="//ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo"><a href="//jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/uikipidias" title="uikipidias – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo">Lojban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg"><a href="//lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo"><a href="//lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo">Lumbaart</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="//hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia" title="Wikipédia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="//mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Википедија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg"><a href="//mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href="//ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="വിക്കിപീഡിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt"><a href="//mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija" title="Wikipedija – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi"><a href="//mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="//mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="विकिपीडिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf"><a href="//xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ვიკიპედია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz"><a href="//arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ويكيبيديا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn"><a href="//mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ویکیپدیا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="//ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min"><a href="//min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min">Baso Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo"><a href="//cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Min Dong Chinese" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo">Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl"><a href="//mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biquip%C3%A9dia" title="Biquipédia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf"><a href="//mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Википедие – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mo"><a href="//mo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Википедия – молдовеняскэ" lang="mo" hreflang="mo">Молдовеняскэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn"><a href="//mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Википедиа – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my"><a href="//my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah"><a href="//nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huiquipedia" title="Huiquipedia – Nāhuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-na"><a href="//na.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipediya" title="Wikipediya – Nauru" lang="na" hreflang="na">Dorerin Naoero</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl"><a href="//nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedie" title="Wikipedie – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne"><a href="//ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="विकिपीडिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new"><a href="//new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="विकिपिडिया – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AD%E3%83%9A%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2" title="ウィキペディア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap"><a href="//nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce"><a href="//ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Википеди – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr"><a href="//frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih"><a href="//pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikkapedya" title="Wikkapedya – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="//nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm"><a href="//nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viq%C3%B9ip%C3%A9die" title="Viqùipédie – Nouormand" lang="nrm" hreflang="nrm">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov"><a href="//nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedie" title="Wikipedie – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href="//oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia" title="Wikipèdia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr"><a href="//mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Википедий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or"><a href="//or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ଉଇକିପିଡ଼ିଆ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ng"><a href="//ng.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Ndonga" lang="ng" hreflang="ng">Oshiwambo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a href="//uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipediya" title="Vikipediya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><a href="//pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi"><a href="//pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="विकिपीडिया – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl"><a href="//pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag"><a href="//pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb"><a href="//pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="وکیپیڈیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap"><a href="//pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps"><a href="//ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%89%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ويکيپېډيا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi"><a href="//koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Википедия – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi">Перем Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km"><a href="//km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B6" title="វិគីភីឌា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd"><a href="//pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia" title="Wikipédia – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms"><a href="//pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi"><a href="//tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds"><a href="//nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt"><a href="//pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Βικιπαίδεια – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><a href="//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia" title="Wikipédia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-aa"><a href="//aa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Afar" lang="aa" hreflang="aa">Qafár af</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa"><a href="//kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh"><a href="//crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipediya" title="Vikipediya – Crimean Turkish" lang="crh" hreflang="crh">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty"><a href="//ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitipetia" title="Vitipetia – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh"><a href="//ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy"><a href="//rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipidiya" title="Vikipidiya – Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy">Romani</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm"><a href="//rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichipedia" title="Vichipedia – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu"><a href="//qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipidiya" title="Wikipidiya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue"><a href="//rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Вікіпедія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Википедия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah"><a href="//sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8D" title="Бикипиэдьийэ – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se"><a href="//se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se">Sámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm"><a href="//sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="विकिपीडिया – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg"><a href="//sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%AFk%C3%AFp%C3%AAd%C3%AFy%C3%A4a" title="Wïkïpêdïyäa – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc"><a href="//sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco"><a href="//sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipaedia" title="Wikipaedia – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq"><a href="//stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso"><a href="//nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn"><a href="//tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a href="//sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn"><a href="//scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si"><a href="//si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="විකිපීඩියා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="//simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd"><a href="//sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="وڪيپيڊيا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss"><a href="//ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="//sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia" title="Wikipédia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="//sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija" title="Wikipedija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu"><a href="//cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%94%D0%B4%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Википєдїꙗ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl"><a href="//szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedyjo" title="Wikipedyjo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so"><a href="//so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a href="//ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ویکیپیدیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb">کوردیی ناوەندی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn"><a href="//srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="//sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Википедија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="//sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su"><a href="//su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia" title="Wikipédia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su">Basa Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a href="//tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="//ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="விக்கிப்பீடியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab"><a href="//kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara"><a href="//roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uicchip%C3%A8die" title="Uicchipèdie – tarandíne" lang="roa-Tara" hreflang="roa-Tara">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt"><a href="//tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Википедия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt">Татарча/tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te"><a href="//te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="వికీపీడియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet"><a href="//tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia" title="Wikipédia – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article"><a href="//th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="วิกิพีเดีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti"><a href="//ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%8A%E1%8A%AA%E1%8D%94%E1%8B%B2%E1%8B%AB" title="ዊኪፔዲያ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg"><a href="//tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Википедиа – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr"><a href="//chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%AB%E1%8E%A9%E1%8F%87%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%AF" title="ᏫᎩᏇᏗᏯ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy"><a href="//chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vekepete%27a" title="Vekepete'a – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve"><a href="//ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedi" title="Vikipedi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk"><a href="//tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedi%C3%BDa" title="Wikipediýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw"><a href="//tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm"><a href="//udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Википедия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug"><a href="//bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug">ᨅᨔ ᨕᨘᨁᨗ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Вікіпедія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur"><a href="//ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ویکیپیڈیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug"><a href="//ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8B%D9%89%D9%83%D9%89%D9%BE%DB%90%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="ۋىكىپېدىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za"><a href="//za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veizgiek_Bakgoh" title="Veizgiek Bakgoh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec"><a href="//vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep"><a href="//vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedii" title="Vikipedii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="//vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo"><a href="//vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BCkiped" title="Vükiped – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro"><a href="//fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipeedi%C3%A4" title="Vikipeediä – Võro" lang="fiu-vro" hreflang="fiu-vro">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa"><a href="//wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical"><a href="//zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%B8" title="維基大典 – Classical Chinese" lang="zh-classical" hreflang="zh-classical">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls"><a href="//vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war"><a href="//war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo"><a href="//wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu"><a href="//wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91" title="维基百科 – Wu Chinese" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts"><a href="//ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipediya" title="Wikipediya – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a href="//yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A2" title="וויקיפעדיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo"><a href="//yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue"><a href="//zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91" title="維基百科 – Cantonese" lang="zh-yue" hreflang="zh-yue">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq"><a href="//diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipediya" title="Wikipediya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea"><a href="//zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg"><a href="//bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikiped%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Vikipedėjė – Samogitian" lang="bat-smg" hreflang="bat-smg">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91" title="维基百科 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai"><a href="//mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="विकिपिडिया – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv"><a href="//tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Википедия – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="uls-p-lang-dummy"><a href="#"></a></li> </ul> + <div class='after-portlet after-portlet-lang'><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> + </div> + </div> + </div> + <div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> + <ul id="footer-info"> + <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last modified on 30 November 2015, at 17:09.</li> + <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="license" 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