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+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.commons.math3.geometry.euclidean.twod.hull;
+
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Collections;
+import java.util.Comparator;
+import java.util.List;
+
+import org.apache.commons.math3.geometry.euclidean.twod.Line;
+import org.apache.commons.math3.geometry.euclidean.twod.Vector2D;
+import org.apache.commons.math3.util.FastMath;
+import org.apache.commons.math3.util.Precision;
+
+/**
+ * Implements Andrew's monotone chain method to generate the convex hull of a finite set of
+ * points in the two-dimensional euclidean space.
+ * <p>
+ * The runtime complexity is O(n log n), with n being the number of input points. If the
+ * point set is already sorted (by x-coordinate), the runtime complexity is O(n).
+ * <p>
+ * The implementation is not sensitive to collinear points on the hull. The parameter
+ * {@code includeCollinearPoints} allows to control the behavior with regard to collinear points.
+ * If {@code true}, all points on the boundary of the hull will be added to the hull vertices,
+ * otherwise only the extreme points will be present. By default, collinear points are not added
+ * as hull vertices.
+ * <p>
+ * The {@code tolerance} parameter (default: 1e-10) is used as epsilon criteria to determine
+ * identical and collinear points.
+ *
+ * @see <a href="http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Algorithm_Implementation/Geometry/Convex_hull/Monotone_chain">
+ * Andrew's monotone chain algorithm (Wikibooks)</a>
+ * @since 3.3
+ */
+public class MonotoneChain extends AbstractConvexHullGenerator2D {
+
+ /**
+ * Create a new MonotoneChain instance.
+ */
+ public MonotoneChain() {
+ this(false);
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Create a new MonotoneChain instance.
+ * @param includeCollinearPoints whether collinear points shall be added as hull vertices
+ */
+ public MonotoneChain(final boolean includeCollinearPoints) {
+ super(includeCollinearPoints);
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Create a new MonotoneChain instance.
+ * @param includeCollinearPoints whether collinear points shall be added as hull vertices
+ * @param tolerance tolerance below which points are considered identical
+ */
+ public MonotoneChain(final boolean includeCollinearPoints, final double tolerance) {
+ super(includeCollinearPoints, tolerance);
+ }
+
+ /** {@inheritDoc} */
+ @Override
+ public Collection<Vector2D> findHullVertices(final Collection<Vector2D> points) {
+
+ final List<Vector2D> pointsSortedByXAxis = new ArrayList<Vector2D>(points);
+
+ // sort the points in increasing order on the x-axis
+ Collections.sort(pointsSortedByXAxis, new Comparator<Vector2D>() {
+ /** {@inheritDoc} */
+ public int compare(final Vector2D o1, final Vector2D o2) {
+ final double tolerance = getTolerance();
+ // need to take the tolerance value into account, otherwise collinear points
+ // will not be handled correctly when building the upper/lower hull
+ final int diff = Precision.compareTo(o1.getX(), o2.getX(), tolerance);
+ if (diff == 0) {
+ return Precision.compareTo(o1.getY(), o2.getY(), tolerance);
+ } else {
+ return diff;
+ }
+ }
+ });
+
+ // build lower hull
+ final List<Vector2D> lowerHull = new ArrayList<Vector2D>();
+ for (Vector2D p : pointsSortedByXAxis) {
+ updateHull(p, lowerHull);
+ }
+
+ // build upper hull
+ final List<Vector2D> upperHull = new ArrayList<Vector2D>();
+ for (int idx = pointsSortedByXAxis.size() - 1; idx >= 0; idx--) {
+ final Vector2D p = pointsSortedByXAxis.get(idx);
+ updateHull(p, upperHull);
+ }
+
+ // concatenate the lower and upper hulls
+ // the last point of each list is omitted as it is repeated at the beginning of the other list
+ final List<Vector2D> hullVertices = new ArrayList<Vector2D>(lowerHull.size() + upperHull.size() - 2);
+ for (int idx = 0; idx < lowerHull.size() - 1; idx++) {
+ hullVertices.add(lowerHull.get(idx));
+ }
+ for (int idx = 0; idx < upperHull.size() - 1; idx++) {
+ hullVertices.add(upperHull.get(idx));
+ }
+
+ // special case: if the lower and upper hull may contain only 1 point if all are identical
+ if (hullVertices.isEmpty() && ! lowerHull.isEmpty()) {
+ hullVertices.add(lowerHull.get(0));
+ }
+
+ return hullVertices;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Update the partial hull with the current point.
+ *
+ * @param point the current point
+ * @param hull the partial hull
+ */
+ private void updateHull(final Vector2D point, final List<Vector2D> hull) {
+ final double tolerance = getTolerance();
+
+ if (hull.size() == 1) {
+ // ensure that we do not add an identical point
+ final Vector2D p1 = hull.get(0);
+ if (p1.distance(point) < tolerance) {
+ return;
+ }
+ }
+
+ while (hull.size() >= 2) {
+ final int size = hull.size();
+ final Vector2D p1 = hull.get(size - 2);
+ final Vector2D p2 = hull.get(size - 1);
+
+ final double offset = new Line(p1, p2, tolerance).getOffset(point);
+ if (FastMath.abs(offset) < tolerance) {
+ // the point is collinear to the line (p1, p2)
+
+ final double distanceToCurrent = p1.distance(point);
+ if (distanceToCurrent < tolerance || p2.distance(point) < tolerance) {
+ // the point is assumed to be identical to either p1 or p2
+ return;
+ }
+
+ final double distanceToLast = p1.distance(p2);
+ if (isIncludeCollinearPoints()) {
+ final int index = distanceToCurrent < distanceToLast ? size - 1 : size;
+ hull.add(index, point);
+ } else {
+ if (distanceToCurrent > distanceToLast) {
+ hull.remove(size - 1);
+ hull.add(point);
+ }
+ }
+ return;
+ } else if (offset > 0) {
+ hull.remove(size - 1);
+ } else {
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ hull.add(point);
+ }
+
+}