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diff --git a/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math3/util/Decimal64.java b/src/main/java/org/apache/commons/math3/util/Decimal64.java
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+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.commons.math3.util;
+
+import org.apache.commons.math3.Field;
+import org.apache.commons.math3.RealFieldElement;
+import org.apache.commons.math3.exception.DimensionMismatchException;
+
+/**
+ * This class wraps a {@code double} value in an object. It is similar to the standard class {@link
+ * Double}, while also implementing the {@link RealFieldElement} interface.
+ *
+ * @since 3.1
+ */
+public class Decimal64 extends Number
+ implements RealFieldElement<Decimal64>, Comparable<Decimal64> {
+
+ /** The constant value of {@code 0d} as a {@code Decimal64}. */
+ public static final Decimal64 ZERO;
+
+ /** The constant value of {@code 1d} as a {@code Decimal64}. */
+ public static final Decimal64 ONE;
+
+ /** The constant value of {@link Double#NEGATIVE_INFINITY} as a {@code Decimal64}. */
+ public static final Decimal64 NEGATIVE_INFINITY;
+
+ /** The constant value of {@link Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} as a {@code Decimal64}. */
+ public static final Decimal64 POSITIVE_INFINITY;
+
+ /** The constant value of {@link Double#NaN} as a {@code Decimal64}. */
+ public static final Decimal64 NAN;
+
+ /** */
+ private static final long serialVersionUID = 20120227L;
+
+ static {
+ ZERO = new Decimal64(0d);
+ ONE = new Decimal64(1d);
+ NEGATIVE_INFINITY = new Decimal64(Double.NEGATIVE_INFINITY);
+ POSITIVE_INFINITY = new Decimal64(Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY);
+ NAN = new Decimal64(Double.NaN);
+ }
+
+ /** The primitive {@code double} value of this object. */
+ private final double value;
+
+ /**
+ * Creates a new instance of this class.
+ *
+ * @param x the primitive {@code double} value of the object to be created
+ */
+ public Decimal64(final double x) {
+ this.value = x;
+ }
+
+ /*
+ * Methods from the FieldElement interface.
+ */
+
+ /** {@inheritDoc} */
+ public Field<Decimal64> getField() {
+ return Decimal64Field.getInstance();
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * <p>The current implementation strictly enforces {@code this.add(a).equals(new
+ * Decimal64(this.doubleValue() + a.doubleValue()))}.
+ */
+ public Decimal64 add(final Decimal64 a) {
+ return new Decimal64(this.value + a.value);
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * <p>The current implementation strictly enforces {@code this.subtract(a).equals(new
+ * Decimal64(this.doubleValue() - a.doubleValue()))}.
+ */
+ public Decimal64 subtract(final Decimal64 a) {
+ return new Decimal64(this.value - a.value);
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * <p>The current implementation strictly enforces {@code this.negate().equals(new
+ * Decimal64(-this.doubleValue()))}.
+ */
+ public Decimal64 negate() {
+ return new Decimal64(-this.value);
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * <p>The current implementation strictly enforces {@code this.multiply(a).equals(new
+ * Decimal64(this.doubleValue() * a.doubleValue()))}.
+ */
+ public Decimal64 multiply(final Decimal64 a) {
+ return new Decimal64(this.value * a.value);
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * <p>The current implementation strictly enforces {@code this.multiply(n).equals(new
+ * Decimal64(n * this.doubleValue()))}.
+ */
+ public Decimal64 multiply(final int n) {
+ return new Decimal64(n * this.value);
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * <p>The current implementation strictly enforces {@code this.divide(a).equals(new
+ * Decimal64(this.doubleValue() / a.doubleValue()))}.
+ */
+ public Decimal64 divide(final Decimal64 a) {
+ return new Decimal64(this.value / a.value);
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * <p>The current implementation strictly enforces {@code this.reciprocal().equals(new
+ * Decimal64(1.0 / this.doubleValue()))}.
+ */
+ public Decimal64 reciprocal() {
+ return new Decimal64(1.0 / this.value);
+ }
+
+ /*
+ * Methods from the Number abstract class
+ */
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * <p>The current implementation performs casting to a {@code byte}.
+ */
+ @Override
+ public byte byteValue() {
+ return (byte) value;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * <p>The current implementation performs casting to a {@code short}.
+ */
+ @Override
+ public short shortValue() {
+ return (short) value;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * <p>The current implementation performs casting to a {@code int}.
+ */
+ @Override
+ public int intValue() {
+ return (int) value;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * <p>The current implementation performs casting to a {@code long}.
+ */
+ @Override
+ public long longValue() {
+ return (long) value;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * <p>The current implementation performs casting to a {@code float}.
+ */
+ @Override
+ public float floatValue() {
+ return (float) value;
+ }
+
+ /** {@inheritDoc} */
+ @Override
+ public double doubleValue() {
+ return value;
+ }
+
+ /*
+ * Methods from the Comparable interface.
+ */
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * <p>The current implementation returns the same value as <center> {@code new
+ * Double(this.doubleValue()).compareTo(new Double(o.doubleValue()))} </center>
+ *
+ * @see Double#compareTo(Double)
+ */
+ public int compareTo(final Decimal64 o) {
+ return Double.compare(this.value, o.value);
+ }
+
+ /*
+ * Methods from the Object abstract class.
+ */
+
+ /** {@inheritDoc} */
+ @Override
+ public boolean equals(final Object obj) {
+ if (obj instanceof Decimal64) {
+ final Decimal64 that = (Decimal64) obj;
+ return Double.doubleToLongBits(this.value) == Double.doubleToLongBits(that.value);
+ }
+ return false;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * <p>The current implementation returns the same value as {@code new
+ * Double(this.doubleValue()).hashCode()}
+ *
+ * @see Double#hashCode()
+ */
+ @Override
+ public int hashCode() {
+ long v = Double.doubleToLongBits(value);
+ return (int) (v ^ (v >>> 32));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * <p>The returned {@code String} is equal to {@code Double.toString(this.doubleValue())}
+ *
+ * @see Double#toString(double)
+ */
+ @Override
+ public String toString() {
+ return Double.toString(value);
+ }
+
+ /*
+ * Methods inspired by the Double class.
+ */
+
+ /**
+ * Returns {@code true} if {@code this} double precision number is infinite ({@link
+ * Double#POSITIVE_INFINITY} or {@link Double#NEGATIVE_INFINITY}).
+ *
+ * @return {@code true} if {@code this} number is infinite
+ */
+ public boolean isInfinite() {
+ return Double.isInfinite(value);
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Returns {@code true} if {@code this} double precision number is Not-a-Number ({@code NaN}),
+ * false otherwise.
+ *
+ * @return {@code true} if {@code this} is {@code NaN}
+ */
+ public boolean isNaN() {
+ return Double.isNaN(value);
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public double getReal() {
+ return value;
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 add(final double a) {
+ return new Decimal64(value + a);
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 subtract(final double a) {
+ return new Decimal64(value - a);
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 multiply(final double a) {
+ return new Decimal64(value * a);
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 divide(final double a) {
+ return new Decimal64(value / a);
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 remainder(final double a) {
+ return new Decimal64(FastMath.IEEEremainder(value, a));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 remainder(final Decimal64 a) {
+ return new Decimal64(FastMath.IEEEremainder(value, a.value));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 abs() {
+ return new Decimal64(FastMath.abs(value));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 ceil() {
+ return new Decimal64(FastMath.ceil(value));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 floor() {
+ return new Decimal64(FastMath.floor(value));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 rint() {
+ return new Decimal64(FastMath.rint(value));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public long round() {
+ return FastMath.round(value);
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 signum() {
+ return new Decimal64(FastMath.signum(value));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 copySign(final Decimal64 sign) {
+ return new Decimal64(FastMath.copySign(value, sign.value));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 copySign(final double sign) {
+ return new Decimal64(FastMath.copySign(value, sign));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 scalb(final int n) {
+ return new Decimal64(FastMath.scalb(value, n));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 hypot(final Decimal64 y) {
+ return new Decimal64(FastMath.hypot(value, y.value));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 sqrt() {
+ return new Decimal64(FastMath.sqrt(value));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 cbrt() {
+ return new Decimal64(FastMath.cbrt(value));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 rootN(final int n) {
+ if (value < 0) {
+ return new Decimal64(-FastMath.pow(-value, 1.0 / n));
+ } else {
+ return new Decimal64(FastMath.pow(value, 1.0 / n));
+ }
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 pow(final double p) {
+ return new Decimal64(FastMath.pow(value, p));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 pow(final int n) {
+ return new Decimal64(FastMath.pow(value, n));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 pow(final Decimal64 e) {
+ return new Decimal64(FastMath.pow(value, e.value));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 exp() {
+ return new Decimal64(FastMath.exp(value));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 expm1() {
+ return new Decimal64(FastMath.expm1(value));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 log() {
+ return new Decimal64(FastMath.log(value));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 log1p() {
+ return new Decimal64(FastMath.log1p(value));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * Base 10 logarithm.
+ *
+ * @return base 10 logarithm of the instance
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 log10() {
+ return new Decimal64(FastMath.log10(value));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 cos() {
+ return new Decimal64(FastMath.cos(value));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 sin() {
+ return new Decimal64(FastMath.sin(value));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 tan() {
+ return new Decimal64(FastMath.tan(value));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 acos() {
+ return new Decimal64(FastMath.acos(value));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 asin() {
+ return new Decimal64(FastMath.asin(value));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 atan() {
+ return new Decimal64(FastMath.atan(value));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 atan2(final Decimal64 x) {
+ return new Decimal64(FastMath.atan2(value, x.value));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 cosh() {
+ return new Decimal64(FastMath.cosh(value));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 sinh() {
+ return new Decimal64(FastMath.sinh(value));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 tanh() {
+ return new Decimal64(FastMath.tanh(value));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 acosh() {
+ return new Decimal64(FastMath.acosh(value));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 asinh() {
+ return new Decimal64(FastMath.asinh(value));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 atanh() {
+ return new Decimal64(FastMath.atanh(value));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 linearCombination(final Decimal64[] a, final Decimal64[] b)
+ throws DimensionMismatchException {
+ if (a.length != b.length) {
+ throw new DimensionMismatchException(a.length, b.length);
+ }
+ final double[] aDouble = new double[a.length];
+ final double[] bDouble = new double[b.length];
+ for (int i = 0; i < a.length; ++i) {
+ aDouble[i] = a[i].value;
+ bDouble[i] = b[i].value;
+ }
+ return new Decimal64(MathArrays.linearCombination(aDouble, bDouble));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 linearCombination(final double[] a, final Decimal64[] b)
+ throws DimensionMismatchException {
+ if (a.length != b.length) {
+ throw new DimensionMismatchException(a.length, b.length);
+ }
+ final double[] bDouble = new double[b.length];
+ for (int i = 0; i < a.length; ++i) {
+ bDouble[i] = b[i].value;
+ }
+ return new Decimal64(MathArrays.linearCombination(a, bDouble));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 linearCombination(
+ final Decimal64 a1, final Decimal64 b1, final Decimal64 a2, final Decimal64 b2) {
+ return new Decimal64(
+ MathArrays.linearCombination(
+ a1.value, b1.value,
+ a2.value, b2.value));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 linearCombination(
+ final double a1, final Decimal64 b1, final double a2, final Decimal64 b2) {
+ return new Decimal64(
+ MathArrays.linearCombination(
+ a1, b1.value,
+ a2, b2.value));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 linearCombination(
+ final Decimal64 a1,
+ final Decimal64 b1,
+ final Decimal64 a2,
+ final Decimal64 b2,
+ final Decimal64 a3,
+ final Decimal64 b3) {
+ return new Decimal64(
+ MathArrays.linearCombination(
+ a1.value, b1.value,
+ a2.value, b2.value,
+ a3.value, b3.value));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 linearCombination(
+ final double a1,
+ final Decimal64 b1,
+ final double a2,
+ final Decimal64 b2,
+ final double a3,
+ final Decimal64 b3) {
+ return new Decimal64(
+ MathArrays.linearCombination(
+ a1, b1.value,
+ a2, b2.value,
+ a3, b3.value));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 linearCombination(
+ final Decimal64 a1,
+ final Decimal64 b1,
+ final Decimal64 a2,
+ final Decimal64 b2,
+ final Decimal64 a3,
+ final Decimal64 b3,
+ final Decimal64 a4,
+ final Decimal64 b4) {
+ return new Decimal64(
+ MathArrays.linearCombination(
+ a1.value, b1.value,
+ a2.value, b2.value,
+ a3.value, b3.value,
+ a4.value, b4.value));
+ }
+
+ /**
+ * {@inheritDoc}
+ *
+ * @since 3.2
+ */
+ public Decimal64 linearCombination(
+ final double a1,
+ final Decimal64 b1,
+ final double a2,
+ final Decimal64 b2,
+ final double a3,
+ final Decimal64 b3,
+ final double a4,
+ final Decimal64 b4) {
+ return new Decimal64(
+ MathArrays.linearCombination(
+ a1, b1.value,
+ a2, b2.value,
+ a3, b3.value,
+ a4, b4.value));
+ }
+}