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\ No newline at end of file +.TH PYTHON "1" "$Date$" + +.\" To view this file while editing, run it through groff: +.\" groff -Tascii -man python.man | less + +.SH NAME +python \- an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming language +.SH SYNOPSIS +.B python +[ +.B \-B +] +[ +.B \-d +] +[ +.B \-E +] +[ +.B \-h +] +[ +.B \-i +] +[ +.B \-m +.I module-name +] +.br + [ +.B \-O +] +[ +.B \-OO +] +[ +.B \-R +] +[ +.B -Q +.I argument +] +[ +.B \-s +] +[ +.B \-S +] +[ +.B \-t +] +[ +.B \-u +] +.br + [ +.B \-v +] +[ +.B \-V +] +[ +.B \-W +.I argument +] +[ +.B \-x +] +[ +.B \-3 +] +[ +.B \-? +] +.br + [ +.B \-c +.I command +| +.I script +| +\- +] +[ +.I arguments +] +.SH DESCRIPTION +Python is an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming +language that combines remarkable power with very clear syntax. +For an introduction to programming in Python you are referred to the +Python Tutorial. +The Python Library Reference documents built-in and standard types, +constants, functions and modules. +Finally, the Python Reference Manual describes the syntax and +semantics of the core language in (perhaps too) much detail. +(These documents may be located via the +.B "INTERNET RESOURCES" +below; they may be installed on your system as well.) +.PP +Python's basic power can be extended with your own modules written in +C or C++. +On most systems such modules may be dynamically loaded. +Python is also adaptable as an extension language for existing +applications. +See the internal documentation for hints. +.PP +Documentation for installed Python modules and packages can be +viewed by running the +.B pydoc +program. +.SH COMMAND LINE OPTIONS +.TP +.B \-B +Don't write +.I .py[co] +files on import. See also PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE. +.TP +.BI "\-c " command +Specify the command to execute (see next section). +This terminates the option list (following options are passed as +arguments to the command). +.TP +.B \-d +Turn on parser debugging output (for wizards only, depending on +compilation options). +.TP +.B \-E +Ignore environment variables like PYTHONPATH and PYTHONHOME that modify +the behavior of the interpreter. +.TP +.B \-h ", " \-? ", "\-\-help +Prints the usage for the interpreter executable and exits. +.TP +.B \-i +When a script is passed as first argument or the \fB\-c\fP option is +used, enter interactive mode after executing the script or the +command. It does not read the $PYTHONSTARTUP file. This can be +useful to inspect global variables or a stack trace when a script +raises an exception. +.TP +.BI "\-m " module-name +Searches +.I sys.path +for the named module and runs the corresponding +.I .py +file as a script. +.TP +.B \-O +Turn on basic optimizations. This changes the filename extension for +compiled (bytecode) files from +.I .pyc +to \fI.pyo\fP. Given twice, causes docstrings to be discarded. +.TP +.B \-OO +Discard docstrings in addition to the \fB-O\fP optimizations. +.TP +.B \-R +Turn on "hash randomization", so that the hash() values of str, bytes and +datetime objects are "salted" with an unpredictable pseudo-random value. +Although they remain constant within an individual Python process, they are +not predictable between repeated invocations of Python. +.IP +This is intended to provide protection against a denial of service +caused by carefully-chosen inputs that exploit the worst case performance +of a dict construction, O(n^2) complexity. See +http://www.ocert.org/advisories/ocert-2011-003.html +for details. +.TP +.BI "\-Q " argument +Division control; see PEP 238. The argument must be one of "old" (the +default, int/int and long/long return an int or long), "new" (new +division semantics, i.e. int/int and long/long returns a float), +"warn" (old division semantics with a warning for int/int and +long/long), or "warnall" (old division semantics with a warning for +all use of the division operator). For a use of "warnall", see the +Tools/scripts/fixdiv.py script. +.TP +.B \-s +Don't add user site directory to sys.path. +.TP +.B \-S +Disable the import of the module +.I site +and the site-dependent manipulations of +.I sys.path +that it entails. +.TP +.B \-t +Issue a warning when a source file mixes tabs and spaces for +indentation in a way that makes it depend on the worth of a tab +expressed in spaces. Issue an error when the option is given twice. +.TP +.B \-u +Force stdin, stdout and stderr to be totally unbuffered. On systems +where it matters, also put stdin, stdout and stderr in binary mode. +Note that there is internal buffering in xreadlines(), readlines() and +file-object iterators ("for line in sys.stdin") which is not +influenced by this option. To work around this, you will want to use +"sys.stdin.readline()" inside a "while 1:" loop. +.TP +.B \-v +Print a message each time a module is initialized, showing the place +(filename or built-in module) from which it is loaded. When given +twice, print a message for each file that is checked for when +searching for a module. Also provides information on module cleanup +at exit. +.TP +.B \-V ", " \-\-version +Prints the Python version number of the executable and exits. +.TP +.BI "\-W " argument +Warning control. Python sometimes prints warning message to +.IR sys.stderr . +A typical warning message has the following form: +.IB file ":" line ": " category ": " message. +By default, each warning is printed once for each source line where it +occurs. This option controls how often warnings are printed. +Multiple +.B \-W +options may be given; when a warning matches more than one +option, the action for the last matching option is performed. +Invalid +.B \-W +options are ignored (a warning message is printed about invalid +options when the first warning is issued). Warnings can also be +controlled from within a Python program using the +.I warnings +module. + +The simplest form of +.I argument +is one of the following +.I action +strings (or a unique abbreviation): +.B ignore +to ignore all warnings; +.B default +to explicitly request the default behavior (printing each warning once +per source line); +.B all +to print a warning each time it occurs (this may generate many +messages if a warning is triggered repeatedly for the same source +line, such as inside a loop); +.B module +to print each warning only the first time it occurs in each +module; +.B once +to print each warning only the first time it occurs in the program; or +.B error +to raise an exception instead of printing a warning message. + +The full form of +.I argument +is +.IB action : message : category : module : line. +Here, +.I action +is as explained above but only applies to messages that match the +remaining fields. Empty fields match all values; trailing empty +fields may be omitted. The +.I message +field matches the start of the warning message printed; this match is +case-insensitive. The +.I category +field matches the warning category. This must be a class name; the +match test whether the actual warning category of the message is a +subclass of the specified warning category. The full class name must +be given. The +.I module +field matches the (fully-qualified) module name; this match is +case-sensitive. The +.I line +field matches the line number, where zero matches all line numbers and +is thus equivalent to an omitted line number. +.TP +.B \-x +Skip the first line of the source. This is intended for a DOS +specific hack only. Warning: the line numbers in error messages will +be off by one! +.TP +.B \-3 +Warn about Python 3.x incompatibilities that 2to3 cannot trivially fix. +.SH INTERPRETER INTERFACE +The interpreter interface resembles that of the UNIX shell: when +called with standard input connected to a tty device, it prompts for +commands and executes them until an EOF is read; when called with a +file name argument or with a file as standard input, it reads and +executes a +.I script +from that file; +when called with +.B \-c +.I command, +it executes the Python statement(s) given as +.I command. +Here +.I command +may contain multiple statements separated by newlines. +Leading whitespace is significant in Python statements! +In non-interactive mode, the entire input is parsed before it is +executed. +.PP +If available, the script name and additional arguments thereafter are +passed to the script in the Python variable +.I sys.argv , +which is a list of strings (you must first +.I import sys +to be able to access it). +If no script name is given, +.I sys.argv[0] +is an empty string; if +.B \-c +is used, +.I sys.argv[0] +contains the string +.I '-c'. +Note that options interpreted by the Python interpreter itself +are not placed in +.I sys.argv. +.PP +In interactive mode, the primary prompt is `>>>'; the second prompt +(which appears when a command is not complete) is `...'. +The prompts can be changed by assignment to +.I sys.ps1 +or +.I sys.ps2. +The interpreter quits when it reads an EOF at a prompt. +When an unhandled exception occurs, a stack trace is printed and +control returns to the primary prompt; in non-interactive mode, the +interpreter exits after printing the stack trace. +The interrupt signal raises the +.I Keyboard\%Interrupt +exception; other UNIX signals are not caught (except that SIGPIPE is +sometimes ignored, in favor of the +.I IOError +exception). Error messages are written to stderr. +.SH FILES AND DIRECTORIES +These are subject to difference depending on local installation +conventions; ${prefix} and ${exec_prefix} are installation-dependent +and should be interpreted as for GNU software; they may be the same. +The default for both is \fI/usr/local\fP. +.IP \fI${exec_prefix}/bin/python\fP +Recommended location of the interpreter. +.PP +.I ${prefix}/lib/python<version> +.br +.I ${exec_prefix}/lib/python<version> +.RS +Recommended locations of the directories containing the standard +modules. +.RE +.PP +.I ${prefix}/include/python<version> +.br +.I ${exec_prefix}/include/python<version> +.RS +Recommended locations of the directories containing the include files +needed for developing Python extensions and embedding the +interpreter. +.RE +.IP \fI~/.pythonrc.py\fP +User-specific initialization file loaded by the \fIuser\fP module; +not used by default or by most applications. +.SH ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES +.IP PYTHONHOME +Change the location of the standard Python libraries. By default, the +libraries are searched in ${prefix}/lib/python<version> and +${exec_prefix}/lib/python<version>, where ${prefix} and ${exec_prefix} +are installation-dependent directories, both defaulting to +\fI/usr/local\fP. When $PYTHONHOME is set to a single directory, its value +replaces both ${prefix} and ${exec_prefix}. To specify different values +for these, set $PYTHONHOME to ${prefix}:${exec_prefix}. +.IP PYTHONPATH +Augments the default search path for module files. +The format is the same as the shell's $PATH: one or more directory +pathnames separated by colons. +Non-existent directories are silently ignored. +The default search path is installation dependent, but generally +begins with ${prefix}/lib/python<version> (see PYTHONHOME above). +The default search path is always appended to $PYTHONPATH. +If a script argument is given, the directory containing the script is +inserted in the path in front of $PYTHONPATH. +The search path can be manipulated from within a Python program as the +variable +.I sys.path . +.IP PYTHONSTARTUP +If this is the name of a readable file, the Python commands in that +file are executed before the first prompt is displayed in interactive +mode. +The file is executed in the same name space where interactive commands +are executed so that objects defined or imported in it can be used +without qualification in the interactive session. +You can also change the prompts +.I sys.ps1 +and +.I sys.ps2 +in this file. +.IP PYTHONY2K +Set this to a non-empty string to cause the \fItime\fP module to +require dates specified as strings to include 4-digit years, otherwise +2-digit years are converted based on rules described in the \fItime\fP +module documentation. +.IP PYTHONOPTIMIZE +If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying +the \fB\-O\fP option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to +specifying \fB\-O\fP multiple times. +.IP PYTHONDEBUG +If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying +the \fB\-d\fP option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to +specifying \fB\-d\fP multiple times. +.IP PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE +If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying +the \fB\-B\fP option (don't try to write +.I .py[co] +files). +.IP PYTHONINSPECT +If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying +the \fB\-i\fP option. +.IP PYTHONIOENCODING +If this is set before running the interpreter, it overrides the encoding used +for stdin/stdout/stderr, in the syntax +.IB encodingname ":" errorhandler +The +.IB errorhandler +part is optional and has the same meaning as in str.encode. For stderr, the +.IB errorhandler + part is ignored; the handler will always be \'backslashreplace\'. +.IP PYTHONNOUSERSITE +If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the +\fB\-s\fP option (Don't add the user site directory to sys.path). +.IP PYTHONUNBUFFERED +If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying +the \fB\-u\fP option. +.IP PYTHONVERBOSE +If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying +the \fB\-v\fP option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to +specifying \fB\-v\fP multiple times. +.IP PYTHONWARNINGS +If this is set to a comma-separated string it is equivalent to +specifying the \fB\-W\fP option for each separate value. +.IP PYTHONHASHSEED +If this variable is set to "random", the effect is the same as specifying +the \fB-R\fP option: a random value is used to seed the hashes of str, +bytes and datetime objects. + +If PYTHONHASHSEED is set to an integer value, it is used as a fixed seed for +generating the hash() of the types covered by the hash randomization. Its +purpose is to allow repeatable hashing, such as for selftests for the +interpreter itself, or to allow a cluster of python processes to share hash +values. + +The integer must be a decimal number in the range [0,4294967295]. Specifying +the value 0 will lead to the same hash values as when hash randomization is +disabled. +.SH AUTHOR +The Python Software Foundation: http://www.python.org/psf +.SH INTERNET RESOURCES +Main website: http://www.python.org/ +.br +Documentation: http://docs.python.org/ +.br +Developer resources: http://docs.python.org/devguide/ +.br +Downloads: http://python.org/download/ +.br +Module repository: http://pypi.python.org/ +.br +Newsgroups: comp.lang.python, comp.lang.python.announce +.SH LICENSING +Python is distributed under an Open Source license. See the file +"LICENSE" in the Python source distribution for information on terms & +conditions for accessing and otherwise using Python and for a +DISCLAIMER OF ALL WARRANTIES. |